Instant ebooks textbook Asvab for dummies - 2021/2022 2021/2022 edition edition angie papple johnsto

Full download ebook at ebookmass.com

ASVAB for Dummies - 2021/2022 2021/2022 edition Edition Angie Papple Johnston https://ebookmass.com/product/asvab-fordummies-2021-2022-2021-2022-edition-edition-angie-papplejohnston/

OR CLICK BUTTON DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download more ebook from https://ebookmass.com

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

2023/2024 ASVAB For Dummies 12th Edition Angie Papple Johnston

https://ebookmass.com/product/2023-2024-asvab-for-dummies-12thedition-angie-papple-johnston/

2022/2023 ASVAB For Dummies 11th Edition Angie Papple Johnston

https://ebookmass.com/product/2022-2023-asvab-for-dummies-11thedition-angie-papple-johnston/

ASVAB: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies 2nd Edition Angie Papple Johnston

https://ebookmass.com/product/asvab-1001-practice-questions-fordummies-2nd-edition-angie-papple-johnston/

ASVAB AFQT For Dummies: Book + 8 Practice Tests Online, 4th Edition Papple Johnston

https://ebookmass.com/product/asvab-afqt-for-dummiesbook-8-practice-tests-online-4th-edition-papple-johnston/

PowerPoint For Dummies, Office 2021 Edition Doug Lowe

https://ebookmass.com/product/powerpoint-for-dummiesoffice-2021-edition-doug-lowe/

Microsoft Office 2021 for Macs For Dummies 1st Edition Bob Levitus

https://ebookmass.com/product/microsoft-office-2021-for-macs-fordummies-1st-edition-bob-levitus/

Marketing 5th Edition (2021) Levy Michael

https://ebookmass.com/product/marketing-5th-edition-2021-levymichael/

Internistische Therapie 23rd Edition Thomas R. Weihrauch (Herausgeber)

https://ebookmass.com/product/internistische-therapie-23rdedition-thomas-r-weihrauch-herausgeber/

Mastering AutoCAD 2021 and AutoCAD LT 2021 Brian C. Benton

https://ebookmass.com/product/mastering-autocad-2021-and-autocadlt-2021-brian-c-benton/

This book comes with access to more content online.

Watch videos, take practice tests, and study with flashcards!

Register your book or ebook at www.dummies.com/go/getaccess.

Select your product, and then follow the prompts to validate your purchase.

You’ll receive an email with your PIN and instructions.

2021/2022 ASVAB with Online Practice

by Angie Papple Johnston

2021/2022 ASVAB For Dummies® with Online Practice Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.

For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/dummies.

Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021930612 ISBN 978-1-119-78417-3 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-78418-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-78419-7 (ebk) Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents at a Glance Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 1: Getting Started with the ASVAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Putting the ASVAB under a Microscope ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 CHAPTER 2: Knowing What It Takes to Get Your Dream Job ���������������������������������������������������������������������19 CHAPTER 3: Getting Acquainted with Test-Taking and Study Techniques ���������������������������������������������25 CHAPTER 1:

Part 2: Words to Live By: Communication Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 5:

Word Knowledge �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 Paragraph Comprehension �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55

Part 3: Making the Most of Math: Arithmetic Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Mathematics Knowledge and Operations �������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 CHAPTER 7: Algebra �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������97 CHAPTER 8: Geometry �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������115 CHAPTER 9: Arithmetic Reasoning: Math Word Problems �����������������������������������������������������������������������135 CHAPTER 6:

Part 4: Examining General Science under a Microscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 CHAPTER 10: General Science and Life Science �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������153 CHAPTER 11: Physical Sciences �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������175 CHAPTER 12: Earth and Space Sciences ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������195

Part 5: The Whole Ball of Facts: Technical Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 CHAPTER 13: Auto Information �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������217 CHAPTER 14: Shop Information ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������233 CHAPTER 15: Mechanical Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������247 CHAPTER 16: Electronics Information �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������275 CHAPTER 17: Assembling Objects �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������299

Part 6: Practice ASVAB Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 CHAPTER 18: Practice Exam 1 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������311 CHAPTER 19: Practice Exam 1: Answers and Explanations �����������������������������������������������������������������������343 CHAPTER 20: Practice Exam 2 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������363 CHAPTER 21: Practice Exam 2: Answers and Explanations �����������������������������������������������������������������������395 CHAPTER 22: Practice Exam 3 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������413 CHAPTER 23: Practice Exam 3: Answers and Explanations �����������������������������������������������������������������������445 CHAPTER 24: AFQT Practice Exam 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������465 CHAPTER 25: AFQT Practice Exam 1: Answers and Explanations �������������������������������������������������������������483 CHAPTER 26: AFQT Practice Exam 2 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������493 CHAPTER 27: AFQT Practice Exam 2: Answers and Explanations �������������������������������������������������������������511

Part 7: The Part of Tens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 CHAPTER 28: Ten Surefire Ways to Fail the ASVAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

525 CHAPTER 29: Ten Tips for Doing Well on the AFQT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 CHAPTER 30: Ten Ways to Boost Your Math and English Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Part 8: Appendixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 APPENDIX A: Matching ASVAB Scores to Military Jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

539 557 APPENDIX C: Word Knowledge Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 APPENDIX B: Countdown to Taking the ASVAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Foolish Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Icons Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Beyond the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

PART 1: GETTING STARTED WITH THE ASVAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CHAPTER 1:

Putting the ASVAB under a Microscope ���������������������������������������������������������7 Knowing Which Version You’re Taking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Mapping Out the ASVAB Subtests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Deciphering ASVAB Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Defining all the scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Understanding the big four: Your AFQT scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Do-Over: Retaking the ASVAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 U.S. Army retest policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 U.S. Air Force retest policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 U.S. Navy retest policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 U.S. Marine Corps retest policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 U.S. Coast Guard retest policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

CHAPTER 2:

Knowing What It Takes to Get Your Dream Job �����������������������������������19 Eyeing How ASVAB Scores Determine Military Training Programs and Jobs . . . . . . . .

Understanding How Each Branch Computes Line Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Line scores and the Army. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Line scores and the Navy and Coast Guard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Line scores and the Marine Corps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Line scores and the Air Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 3:

20 21 21 22 23 23

Getting Acquainted with Test-Taking and Study Techniques �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Taking the Test: Computerized or Paper? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Going paperless: The pros and cons of the computerized test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Writing on hard copy: The advantages and disadvantages of the paper version. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tackling Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

When You Don’t Know an Answer: Guessing Smart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Studying and Practicing for the ASVAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Making Last-Minute Preparations: 24 Hours and Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 26 27 28 29 30 32

PART 2: WORDS TO LIVE BY: COMMUNICATION SKILLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 CHAPTER 4:

Word Knowledge �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 Grasping the Importance of Word Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Checking Out the Word Knowledge Question Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Building Words from Scratch: Strategies to Help You Decipher Word Meanings . . . .

From beginning to end: Knowing prefixes and suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Determining the root of the problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Word families: Finding related words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Deconstructing words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table of Contents

35 36 37 37 39 40 41

vii

Yin and Yang: Understanding Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ASVAB Word Knowledge Strategy: Finding the Answer When You Just Don’t Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Creating your own context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How’s it feel? Letting the words speak to you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Compare and contrast: Picking up on signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

One of these things is not like the other: Ruling out wrong answers . . . . . . . . . . .

Mind filling in? Replacing the word with the answer choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Say what? Parts of speech matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If all else fails, break your word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Guess what! It’s okay on the ASVAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

You Are What You Speak: Improving Your Vocabulary, Improving Yourself. . . . . . . . .

Reading your way to a larger vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Keeping a list and checking it twice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Crosswords: Making vocabulary fun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sounding off by sounding it out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Word Knowledge Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5:

42 42 43 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 50 50 51 53

Paragraph Comprehension �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Understanding the Importance of Paragraph Comprehension for Military Jobs. . . . .

Eyeing the Physique of the Paragraph Comprehension Subtest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trying the Four Flavors of Comprehension Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Treasure hunt: Finding specific information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cutting to the chase: Recognizing the main idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If the shoe fits: Determining word meaning in context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reading between the lines: Understanding implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Do You Get My Point? Breaking down Paragraphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

What’s the big idea? Determining the main idea in a paragraph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extra, extra! Identifying subpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analyzing What You’ve Read: Guessing at What the Writer Really Means . . . . . . . . . .

Faster than a Speeding Turtle: Tips for Slow Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Read more, watch less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Become a lean, mean word machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Build your confidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test-Taking Tips for Reading and Gleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paragraph Comprehension Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55 56 56 57 57 58 58 60 60 61 62 63 63 63 63 64 66 70

PART 3: MAKING THE MOST OF MATH: ARITHMETIC SKILLS. . . . . . . . . . . 73 CHAPTER 6:

Mathematics Knowledge and Operations �������������������������������������������������75 Just When You Thought You Were Done with Vocab: Math Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . 76 Operations: What You Do to Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 First things first: Following the order of operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Completing a number sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Averaging mean, median, and mode in a range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Working on Both Sides of the Line: Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Common denominators: Preparing to add and subtract fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Multiplying and reducing fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Dividing fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Converting improper fractions to mixed numbers . . . and back again. . . . . . . . . . 83 Expressing a fraction in other forms: Decimals and percents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Showing comparisons with ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

viii 2021/2022 ASVAB For Dummies with Online Practice

A Powerful Shorthand: Writing in Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Getting to the Root of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Perfect squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Irrational numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Other roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Test-Taking Techniques for Your Mathematical Journey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Knowing what the question is asking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Figuring out what you’re solving for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Solving what you can and guessing the rest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Using the process of elimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Math Knowledge and Operations Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 CHAPTER 7:

Algebra �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������97 Coming to Terms with Basic Algebra Lingo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Solving for x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 When All Things Are Equal: Keeping an Algebra Equation Balanced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Solving one-step equations involving addition and subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Multiplying and dividing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Solving multistep equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Simplifying equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Using FOIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Tackling Two-Variable Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Combining equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Explaining Exponents in Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 A Step Back: Factoring Algebra Expressions to Find Original Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Pulling out the greatest common factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Factoring a three-term equation (x2 + bx = c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Making Alphabet Soup: Solving Quadratic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 All Math Isn’t Created Equal: Solving Inequalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Algebra Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

CHAPTER 8:

Geometry �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������115 Outlining Angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Parallel lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Naming angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Pointing Out Triangle Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Back to Square One: Quadrilaterals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Going around in Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Navigating the circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Mapping out the area of a circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Fillin’ It Up: Calculating Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Scratching the surface area of solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Breaking down combined figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Mapping Out Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Geometry Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

CHAPTER 9:

Arithmetic Reasoning: Math Word Problems ���������������������������������������135 Tackling the Real World of Word Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Reading the entire problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 As plain as the nose on a fly: Figuring out what the question is asking . . . . . . . . 136 Digging for the facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Table of Contents

ix

Setting up the problem and working your way to the answer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Drawing a diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Reviewing your answer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Guessing Game: Putting Reason in Your Guessing Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Using the process of elimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Solving what you can and guessing the rest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Making use of the answer choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Arithmetic Reasoning (Math Word Problems) Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

PART 4: EXAMINING GENERAL SCIENCE UNDER A MICROSCOPE. . . . 151 CHAPTER 10:

General Science and Life Science �������������������������������������������������������������������153 There’s a Scientific Method to the Madness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Understanding Forms of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Uncovering Biology, from Big to Small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Relating to your world through ecology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Variety is the spice of life: Biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Categorizing Mother Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Perusing the Human Body Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Picking your brain: The nervous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Flowing through the heart, blood, and circulatory system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Renal 9-1-1: Emergency toxin filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Breathing in and out: The respiratory system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 You are what you eat: The digestive system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Muscling your way through life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Taking the skeletons out of the closet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Ending up in the endocrine system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 The lymphatic system: When things go haywire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Damage control through the integumentary system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Continuing the species through the reproductive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Keeping the body in peak operating condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Digging through Plant Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Types of plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Where plant processes take place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Plant reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Thinking Small: A Look at Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Inspecting cell structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Profiting from cell processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Swimming in the Gene Pool: Genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Copying genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Determining your sex with two little letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Knowing which genes get passed down the family line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Using Common Sense to Hypothesize about Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 General and Life Science Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

CHAPTER 11:

Physical Sciences �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������175 Chemistry: Not Blowing Up the Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 How chemists look at things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Understanding the elements, my dear Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Sitting down at the periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Changing states: Physical and chemical moves for molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Boiling and freezing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

x

2021/2022 ASVAB For Dummies with Online Practice

Compounds, mixtures, and reactions: When elements get together . . . . . . . . . . 179 Covering all the bases (and the acids, too) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Physics: It Matters (and It’s Matter). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Keeping track with SI units of measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Weight and mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Newton’s laws: The science of motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Measuring work, force, energy, and power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Did you hear that? Understanding sound waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 The rainbow of frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Heating things up with energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Opposites attract: Magnetism and polarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Physical Science Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 CHAPTER 12:

Earth and Space Sciences ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������195 Staying Down to Earth with Geology and Meteorology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Peeling back the layers of the planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Seeing the sea through a different lens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Outta this world: Checking the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Warming up to cold fronts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 We’re not in Kansas anymore: Understanding what causes extreme weather events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Keeping track of weather patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Classifying clouds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Figuring out temperature conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Paleontology: Can You Dig It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Plants, germs, dinosaurs, and humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Dating a caveman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Where Few Have Gone Before: Astronomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Taking a bite out of the Milky Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Taking a quick glimpse at the sun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Perusing the planets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Shooting for the moons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Watching for meteors, comets, and asteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Getting Back to Your Latin Roots to Improve Your Test Score. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Earth and Space Science Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

PART 5: THE WHOLE BALL OF FACTS: TECHNICAL SKILLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 CHAPTER 13:

Auto Information ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������217 Checking under the Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Chassis and frame: Holding it all together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 The engine: Different strokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Electrical and ignition systems: Starting up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Cooling systems: Preventing a meltdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Lubrication systems: Keeping the engine moving smoothly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Exhaust systems: Where byproducts go to die. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Emissions-control systems: Filtering out pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Drive systems: Taking it for a spin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Suspension and steering systems: Keeping it on the road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Brake system: Pulling out all the stops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Cruising toward a Better Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Auto Information Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Table of Contents

xi

CHAPTER 14:

Shop Information ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������233 Picking Up the Tools of the Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Measuring tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Leveling and squaring tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Striking tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Fastening tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Soldering and welding tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Cutting tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Drilling, punching, and gouging tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Finishing tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Clamping tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Sticking Materials Together with Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Nails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Screws and bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Nuts and washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Rivets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Building a Better Score. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Shop Information Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

CHAPTER 15:

Mechanical Comprehension �������������������������������������������������������������������������������247 A-mass-ing Knowledge on Matter, Weight, Density, and Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Understanding the Forces of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 He hit me first! The basics of action and reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Equilibrium: Finding a balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Under pressure: Spreading out the force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Looking at kinds of forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 You Call That Work?!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Contrasting the difference between potential and kinetic energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Exerting force to make things happen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Overcoming resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Powering through work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Relying on Machines to Help You Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Using levers to your advantage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Ramping up the inclined plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Easing your effort: Pulleys and gears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Multiplying your effort: Wheels and axles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Opening up the door to torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Getting a grip on things with vises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Magnifying your force with liquid: Hydraulic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Working Your Way to a Better Test Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Using your observations and common sense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Using the mathematics of mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Guessing with a mechanical mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Mechanical Comprehension Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

CHAPTER 16:

Electronics Information �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������275 Uncovering the Secrets of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Going subatomic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Earning the good conduct(or) medal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Examining the current of the electrical river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Resistance: Putting the brakes on electrical flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Measuring voltage: Do you have the potential? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Getting around to circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

xii

2021/2022 ASVAB For Dummies with Online Practice

Measuring power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Producing electrical effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Switching Things Up with Alternating and Direct Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Figuring out frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Impedance: Join the resistance!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Rectifying the situation: Going direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Turning up the transistor radio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Picture It: Decoding Electrical Circuit Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Coming in Hot: Wire Color Codes Used in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Eyeing Some Electronics Information Test Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Memorizing simple principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Playing the guessing game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Electronics Information Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 CHAPTER 17:

Assembling Objects �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������299 Getting the Picture about Assembling Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Two Types of Questions for the Price of One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Putting tab A into slot B: Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Solving the jigsaw puzzle: Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Tips for the Assembling Objects Subtest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Comparing one piece or point at a time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Visualizing success: Practicing spatial skills ahead of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Assembling Objects Practice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

PART 6: PRACTICE ASVAB EXAMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 CHAPTER 18:

Practice Exam 1 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������311 Answer Sheet for Practice Exam 1 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 313 Subtest 1: General Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Subtest 2: Arithmetic Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Subtest 3: Word Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Subtest 4: Paragraph Comprehension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Subtest 5: Mathematics Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Subtest 6: Electronics Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Subtest 7: Auto & Shop Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Subtest 8: Mechanical Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Subtest 9: Assembling Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

CHAPTER 19:

Practice Exam 1: Answers and Explanations �����������������������������������������343 Subtest 1: General Science Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Subtest 2: Arithmetic Reasoning Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Subtest 3: Word Knowledge Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Subtest 4: Paragraph Comprehension Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Subtest 5: Mathematics Knowledge Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Subtest 6: Electronics Information Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Subtest 7: Auto & Shop Information Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Subtest 8: Mechanical Comprehension Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Subtest 9: Assembling Objects Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

CHAPTER 20:

Practice Exam 2 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������363 Answer Sheet for Practice Exam 2 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 365 Subtest 1: General Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Subtest 2: Arithmetic Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Table of Contents

xiii

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

CHAPTER XIV DEPENDENT PLANTS

Thus far we have spoken of plants that have roots and foliage and that depend on themselves. They collect the raw materials and make them over into assimilable food. They are independent. Plants without green foliage cannot make food; they must have it made for them or they die. They are dependent. A sprout from a potato tuber in a dark cellar cannot collect and elaborate carbon dioxide. It lives on the food stored in the tuber.

All plants with naturally white or blanched parts are dependent.

Their leaves do not develop. They live on organic matter—that which has been made by a plant or elaborated by an animal. The dodder, Indian pipe, beech drop, coral root among flower-bearing plants, also mushrooms and other fungi (Figs. 131, 132) are examples. The dodder is common Fig. 131.—A Mushroom, example of a in swales, being conspicuous late saprophytic plant. This is the edible in the season from its thread-like cultivated mushroom. yellow or orange stems spreading over the herbage of other plants.

One kind attacks alfalfa and is a bad pest. The seeds germinate in the spring, but as soon as the twining stem attaches itself to another plant, the dodder dies away at the base and becomes wholly dependent. It produces flowers in clusters and seeds itself freely (Fig. 133).

Parasites and Saprophytes.—A plant that is dependent on a living plant or animal is a parasite, and the plant or animal on which it lives is the host. The dodder is a true parasite; so are the rusts, mildews, and other fungi that attack leaves and shoots and injure them.

The threads of a parasitic fungus usually creep through the intercellular spaces in the leaf or the stem and send suckers (or haustoria) into the cells (Fig. 132). The threads (or the hyphæ) clog the airFig. 132.—A Parasitic Fungus, spaces of the leaf and often magnified. The plug the stomates, and they mycelium, or also appropriate and vegetative part, is disorganize the cell fluids; thus shown by the they injure or kill their host. dotted-shaded parts ramifying in The mass of hyphæ of a the leaf tissue. fungus is called mycelium.

The rounded Some of the hyphæ finally haustoria projecting into the grow out of the leaf and produce spores or cells are also shown. The long reproductive cells that answer fruiting parts of the purpose of seeds in the fungus hang distributing the plant (b, Fig. Fig. 133.—Dodder in from the under Fruit.

132). surface of the leaf.

A plant that lives on dead or decaying matter is a saprophyte. Mushrooms (Fig. 131) are examples; they live on the decaying matter in the soil.

Mould on bread and cheese is an example. Lay a piece of moist bread on a plate and invert a tumbler over it. In a few days it will be mouldy. The spores were in the air, or perhaps they had already fallen on the bread but had not had opportunity to grow. Most green plants are unable to make any direct use of the humus or vegetable

mould in the soil, for they are not saprophytic. The shelf fungi (Fig. 134) are saprophytes. They are common on logs and trees. Some of them are perhaps partially parasitic, extending the mycelium into the wood of the living tree and causing it to become black-hearted (Fig. 134).

Some parasites spring from the ground, as other plants do, but they are parasitic on the roots of their hosts.

Some parasites may be partially parasitic and partially saprophytic. Many (perhaps most) of these ground saprophytes are aided in securing their food by soil fungi, which spread their delicate threads over the root-like branches of the plant and act as intermediaries between the food and the saprophyte. These funguscovered roots are known as mycorrhizas (meaning “fungus root”).

Mycorrhizas are not peculiar to saprophytes. They are found on many wholly independent plants, as, for example, the heaths, oaks, apples, and pines. It is probable that the fungous Fig. 134.—Tinder Fungus (Polyporus igniarius) on beech threads perform some of the offices of log. The external part of the root-hairs to the host. On the other fungus is shown below; the hand, the fungus obtains some heart-rot injury above. nourishment from the host. The association seems to be mutual.

Saprophytes break down or decompose organic substances. Chief of these saprophytes are many microscopic organisms known as bacteria (Fig. 135). These innumerable organisms are immersed in water or in dead animals and plants, and in all manner of moist organic products. By breaking down organic combinations, they produce decay. Largely through their agency, and that of many true but microscopic fungi, all things pass into soil and gas. Thus are the

bodies of plants and animals removed and the continuing round of life is maintained.

Som

e parasit es are greenleaved . Such is the mistlet Fig. 135.—Bacteria of Several Forms, oe much magnified.

(Fig. 136). They anchor themselves on the host and absorb its juices, but they also appropriate and use the carbon dioxide of the air. In some small groups of bacteria a process of organic synthesis has been shown to take place.

Epiphytes.—To be distinguished from the dependent plants are those that grow on other plants without taking food from them. These are green-leaved plants whose roots burrow in the bark of the host plant and perhaps derive some food from it, but which subsist chiefly on materials that they secure from air dust, rain water, and the air. These plants are epiphytes (meaning “upon plants”) or air-plants.

Fig. 136.—American Mistletoe Growing on a Walnut Branch.

Epiphytes abound in the tropics. Certain orchids are among the best known examples (Fig. 37). The Spanish moss or tillandsia of the South is another. Mosses and lichens that grow on trees and fences may also be called epiphytes. In the struggle for existence, the plants probably have been driven to these special places in which to

find opportunity to grow. Plants grow where they must, not where they will.

Suggestions.—114. Is a puffball a plant? Why do you think so? 115. Are mushrooms ever cultivated, and where and how? 116. In what locations are mushrooms and toadstools usually found? (There is really no distinction between mushrooms and toadstools. They are all mushrooms.) 117. What kinds of mildew, blight, and rust do you know? 118. How do farmers overcome potato blight?

Apple scab? Or any other fungous “plant disease”? 119. How do these things injure plants? 120. What is a plant disease? 121. The pupil should know that every spot or injury on a leaf or stem is caused by something,—as an insect, a fungus, wind, hail, drought, or other agency. How many uninjured or perfect leaves are there on the plant growing nearest the schoolhouse steps? 122. Give formula for Bordeaux mixture and tell how and for what it is used.

CHAPTER XV. WINTER AND DORMANT BUDS

A bud is a growing point, terminating an axis either long or short, or being the starting point of an axis. All branches spring from buds. In the growing season the bud is active; later in the season it ceases to increase the axis in length, and as winter approaches the growing point becomes more or less thickened and covered by protecting scales, in preparation for the long resting season. This resting, dormant, or winter body is what is commonly spoken of as a “bud.” A winter bud may be defined as an inactive covered growing point, waiting for spring.

Structurally, a dormant bud is a shortened axis or branch, bearing miniature leaves or flowers or both, and protected by a covering.

Cut in two, lengthwise, a bud of the horsechestnut or other plant that has large buds.

With a pin separate the tiny leaves. Count them. Examine the big bud of the rhubarb as it lies under the ground in late winter or early Fig. 137.— spring; or the crown buds of asparagus,Fig. 138.— hepatica, or other early spring plants. Dissect Bud of Bud of Apricot, large buds of the apricot and pear (Figs. 137, Pear, showing showing 138). both

the miniature The bud is protected by firm and dry scales. leaves leaves. These scales are modified leaves. The scales fit and flowers. close. Often the bud is protected by varnish The latter (see horse-chestnut and the balsam poplars). Most winter are the buds are more or less woolly. Examine some of them little under a lens. As we might expect, bud coverings are most knobs in the centre.

prominent in cold and dry climates. Sprinkle water on velvet or flannel, and note the result and give a reason.

All winter buds give rise to branches, not to leaves alone; that is, the leaves are borne on the lengthening axis. Sometimes the axis, or branch, remains very short,—so short that it may not be noticed. Sometimes it grows several feet long.

Whether the branch grows large or not depends on the chance it has,—position on the plant, soil, rainfall, and many other factors. The new shoot is the unfolding and enlarging of the tiny axis and leaves that we saw in the bud. If the conditions are congenial, the shoot may form more leaves than were tucked away in the bud. The length of the shoot usually depends more on the length of the internodes than on the number of leaves.

Where Buds are.—Buds are borne in the axils of the leaves,—in the acute angle that the leaf makes with the stem. When the leaf is growing in the summer, a bud is forming above it. When the leaf falls, the bud remains, and a scar marks the place of the Fig. 139.—Leafleaf. Fig. 139 shows the large leaf-scars of ailanthus.

Scars.— Ailanthus. Observe those on the horse-chestnut, maple, apple, pear, basswood, or any other tree or bush.

Sometimes two or more buds are borne in one axil; the extra ones are accessory or supernumerary buds. Observe them in the Tartarian honeysuckle (common in yards), walnut, butternut, red maple, honey locust, and sometimes in the apricot and peach.

If the bud is at the end of a shoot, however short the shoot, it is called a terminal bud. It continues the growth of the axis in a direct line. Very often three or more buds are clustered at the tip (Fig. 140); and in this case there may be more buds than leaf-scars.

Only one of them, however, is strictly terminal.

A bud in the axil of a leaf is an axillary or lateral bud.

Note that there is normally at least one bud in the axil of every leaf on a tree or shrub in late summer and fall. The axillary buds, if they grow, are the starting points of new shoots the following season. If a leaf is pulled off early in summer, what will become of the young bud in its axil? Try this.

Bulbs and cabbage heads may be likened to buds; that is, they are condensed stems, with scales or modified leaves densely overlapping and Fig. 140.— forming a rounded body Terminal (Fig. 141). They differ from Bud true buds, however, in the between fact that they are two Fig. 141.—A Gigantic Bud.—Cabbage. condensations of whole other Buds.— main stems rather than Currant. embryo stems borne in the axils of leaves. But bulblets (as of tiger lily) may be scarcely distinguishable from buds on the one hand and from bulbs on the other. Cut a cabbage head in two, lengthwise, and see what it is like.

The buds that appear on roots are unusual or abnormal,—they occur only occasionally and in no definite order. Buds appearing in unusual places on any part of the plant are called adventitious buds. Such usually are the buds that arise when a large limb is cut off, and from which suckers or water-sprouts arise.

How Buds Open.—When the bud swells, the scales are pushed apart, the little axis elongates and pushes out. In most plants the outside scales fall very soon, leaving a little ring of scars. With terminal buds, this ring marks the end of the year’s growth. How? Notice peach, apple, plum, willow, and other plants. In some others, all the scales grow for a time, as in the pear (Figs. 142, 143, 144).

In other plants the inner bud scales become green and almost leaf-like. See the maple and hickory.

Sometimes Flowers come out of the Buds.—Leaves may or may not accompany the flowers. We saw the embryo flowers in Fig. 138. The bud is shown again in Fig. 142. In Fig. 143 it is opening. In Fig. 145 it is more advanced, and the woolly unformed flowers are appearing.

Fig. 142. Fig. 143.— In Fig. 146 the growth is more —Fruit- The opening advanced. bud of

Pear.

of the Pear

Buds that contain or produce only leaves are leaf-buds. ThoseFig. 144.— which contain only flowers are Opening Pear flower-buds or fruit-buds. The latter Leaf-bud. occur on peach, almond, apricot, and many very early spring-flowering plants. The single flower is emerging from the apricot bud in Fig. 147. A longitudinal section of this bud, enlarged, is shown in Fig. 148. Those that contain both leaves and flowers are mixed buds, as in pear, apple, and most late spring-flowering plants.

Fruit-bud.

Fruit buds are usually thicker or stouter than leafbuds. They are borne in different positions on different plants. In some plants (apple, pear) they are on the ends of short branches or spurs; in others (peach, red Fig. 145.— Opening of the maple) they are along the sides of the last year’s PEAR-BUD. growths. In Fig. 149 are shown three fruit-buds and one leaf-bud on E, and leaf-buds on A. See also Figs.

150, 151, 152, 153, and explain.

Fig. 146.— A single Flower in the Pear cluster, as Fig. 147.— seen at 7 The opening Fig. 148.—Apricot a.m. on the of the Flower-bud, enlarged. day of its Flower-bud opening. At of Apricot.

10 o’clock it will be fully expanded.

Fig. 149.—Fruit-buds and Leaf-buds of Pear.