Link:
https://eike-klima-energie.eu/2025/05/19/treibhausdaemmer ung-der-faktor-4-macht-aus-unserer-erde-einehalbdunkelwelt/
Please see the link above for the source text.
Greenhouse Twilight:
The Factor 4 throws
us
back into the energy poverty of the Middle Ages
Uli Weber
May 25, 2025
The difference between the climate science’s view of Earth and true reality is the “Factor 4”. This means the solar constant of the incoming insolation on a circular area with the Earth’s radius becomes distributed not correctly to the dayside alone but to the whole surface of the Earth by climate sciences. This area is double the size of the dayside and four times greater as the circle of incoming solar radiation. Based on this Factor4 a "natural" temperature of the Earth of (-18) degrees Celsius has been established using the law of Stefan and Boltzmann. And a so-called "natural atmospheric green-house effect” of 33 Kelvin was created to
Photo & Editing U. Weber
adjust this Factor4-result to the measured average global temperature of about 15°C. However, already the very term "atmospheric greenhouse effect" is a departure from serious physics, as the following figure demonstrates:
1: The interruption of convective air exchange in a greenhouse
The sun heats the Earth's surface – and, of course, the floor of a greenhouse. However, the glass roof of this greenhouse simply prevents heat from escaping due to the rising of light-weighted warm air, and therefore it is warmer inside the glasshouse than in its surroundings. In the wild, this rising of warm and therefore lighter air helps birds of prey and gliders cover long distances without effort or propulsion. Convection is therefore a gravity-driven transport of matter and has nothing to do with radiation. Physically, the greenhouse effect does not generate additional heat, but merely prevents the dissipation of heat already been generated.
The so-called 'natural atmospheric greenhouse effect' is the Holy Grail of climate religion. So let's start from the very beginning. The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina explains this questionable greenhouse effect in its 'Factsheet' as follows, quote (translated):
"The Greenhouse Effect: A simple energy balance determines the temperature on Earth
● The key to understanding human-induced global warming lies in the energy balance of our planet and the physics of the greenhouse effect.
Figure
● Solar radiation hits the Earth, and one-third of this radiation is reflected, the rest is absorbed. The Earth emits long-wave thermal radiation, thereby balancing the short-wave radiation coming from the sun (stable climate).
● Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane molecules in the atmosphere hinder the radiation of heat from the Earth's surface and re-radiate some of it back. Without this natural greenhouse effect, the global average temperature would not be around 14°C, but instead at −18°C. Life would then not be possible.
● Due to the combustion of fossil fuels, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased. As a result, more heat is re-radiated back to Earth. The temperature at the Earth's surface and in the lower atmosphere rises.
● The human-induced greenhouse effect changes the energy balance of the Earth and has led to an excess energy flow of 0.6 Watts/m².
● Residues from the combustion of fossil fuels in the atmosphere (aerosols) simultaneously have a cooling effect. "
And the following Factor4 image for "the energy balance of the Earth" is supposed to explain these relationships – it may be that the currently honored scholars of the Leopoldina have not quite understood the difference between energy [Ws=Joule] and power [W]. Among its more than 7,000 appointed members, the Leopoldina particularly highlights Marie Curie, Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alexander von Humboldt, Justus von Liebig, and Max Planck. At least Messrs. Einstein and Planck would certainly be baffled by the explanation of how a surface radiation of 398 W/m² could arise from an absorbed solar radiation power of 160 W/m², bypassing the fundamental laws of thermodynamics – and an questionable "back radiation" of 342 W/m² does not correct this erroneous physics either. I had thoroughly unravelled the paradox of this 'counter-radiation', which itself brings about its own creation, in this German article as a 'paranormal Chuck Norris feedback loop’.
Figure 2 – Leopoldina (translated): "Climate change brings the Earth's energy balance out of equilibrium" (in watts per square meter), caption: "How does climate change occur? The warming of the atmosphere occurs when the re-radiation of solar energy is reduced due to the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. The increase in greenhouse gas concentrations leads to radiation from a greater height in the atmosphere, where it is colder. As a result, less heat radiation escapes back into space. We measure the surplus of energy as warming of the Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere. The numbers in parentheses indicate the range of uncertainty."
We can already derive the following "hard" physical information about this natural greenhouse effect (GHE) from the highly scientific Leopoldina "factsheet":
[1] The Earth receives (340-100=) 240 W/m² of temperatureeffective solar radiation.
[2] Without the GHE, the global average temperature would be -18 °C.
[3] It is only the GHE that raises the Earth's average temperature by 32K to 14°C.
With these statements, we arrive at the well-known climate religious trinity (Figure 3 - right) with the difference that the questionable GHE at the Leopoldina takes place between -18°C and +14°C, resulting in only 32K. The difference of 1K is likely to help further dramatize the 'anthropogenic greenhouse effect':
So, now let's take a closer look at the actual geometric situation of the sunlit Earth with the original dimensions:
Figure 4: The geometric relationships on the sunlit Earth at the equinox with the so-called 'measured global NST', which requires a GHE in the Factor4 model
The area ratio between the solar radiation incident on a circular area with the Earth's radius, the daylight side of the Earth, and its total area is [1:2:4]. And now we also immediately recognize the old enemy of the Stefan-Boltzmann law, namely the global averaging of solar radiation
using the questionable Factor4. For it is intellectually quite twisted to mathematically blend a linear average value into a physical T^4 relationship and then ignite a world-changing climate alarm with it.
Solar radiation on our Earth depends on the time of day, the season, and the geographic latitude, but is represented as a one-dimensional average:
In climate mania, one calculates the area of the circle of incoming solar radiation in square meters, multiplies it by the solar constant and the 86,400 seconds of the 24-hour day, and gets an amount of energy in joules. This is then divided by the 86,400 seconds of the 24-hour day and the total area of the Earth in square meters, and - presto - it is claimed that with this quartering of the solar constant to 340 W/m², even the Earth's rotation has been taken into account. The climate church thus multiplies and divides by 86,400 seconds, and surprisingly, this results in no change at all. Furthermore, the multiplication by 10^6 from square kilometers to square meters in terms of circular area and the Earth's surface yields no change in the original area ratio of 1:4; it simply remains at a factor of 4. Because no matter how you turn it, essentially, one simply divides the solar constant by the mysterious factor of 4 and this accounts for absolutely nothing.
INSIGHT: In the Factor4 averaging, the difference between day and night fades into a uniform gray. This is because any formula can be 'spiced up' by multiplying it by X/X without changing the result. Whether one first multiplies a calculation by any number of seconds and then divides it again by the same number, or whether a sack of rice bursts in China, does not matter at all and changes nothing in the outcome – except that one can brazenly obscure the fact that the solar constant has been averaged not only over the sunlit daytime side, but also over the dark night-time side of the Earth.
And it is precisely this circumstance that creates the space for a so-called 'natural atmospheric greenhouse effect' of 155 W/m² as a correction factor against the measured reality. Of course, you can also do this antiscientific hocus-pocus with seconds for an entire year and claim to have taken the seasons into account, or, even more ambitiously, you can take the WMO's climate definition of 30 years and thus have considered the world's climate as well (sarcasm off). The climate church hence unifies
one-dimensional over day and night, summer and winter, as well as all climate zones of our Earth by a quarter of the solar constants. Such a flawed 'calculated normal temperature' of our Earth ignores a lot of phenomena that should actually be dear to us from a physical reality perspective:
▪ The regular change of day and night.
▪ The regular change of the seasons.
▪ The highly diverse natural climates on our Earth.
The mentioned differences simply disappear with a one-dimensional "global average temperature" of 15°C, which allegedly relies on a constant GHE of 33K – and in the further consideration of the climate church, all these cyclic solar-driven phenomena no longer play any role; instead, they prefer to focus on man-made CO2.
In no single second of sunlight does the Earth's rotation play any role. The so-called 'natural atmospheric greenhouse effect' is merely an entirely invented one-dimensional correction value that adjusts a fraudulent linear day-and-night average calculation using the Stefan-Boltzmann law to the measured and averaged reality. Therefore, there is no way back from the questionable 'global average temperature' to the solar-driven reality; rather, it leads directly into the self-destructive CO2 climate madness.
If we now take a look at the actual solar radiation over 24 hours during the equinox, we can observe a uniform day and night distribution across all latitudes, with the respective half-hour value plotted as the average for the specified time window:
Figure 5: The net radiation power in W/m² for all latitudes from 90°N to 90°S over 24 hours during the equinox with 12:00 being the sun's position at zenith
This and the following figure are color-coded Excel tables. The geographic latitude from 90°N to 90°S is plotted on the left, and the hourly intervals of the 24-hour day, which represent a flat 360° projection of the Earth, are plotted horizontally. Average values for the hour intervals are given as half-hour values.
Throughout the course of daylight (6 am-6 pm), the local solar radiation intensity (with the sun in its zenith at 12:00) changes depending on the local azimuth and zenith angle, and at night-time (6 pm-6 am) it is pitch dark. The general decline of solar radiation intensity towards the poles (here: up and down) is also clearly visible in this figure. The warming of our Earth is, after all, a real-time solar process, as it always precisely warms according to the momentary solar radiation – and at night, it’s just dark!
So, now let's take a look at the Factor4 test: we add up the solar radiation power incident on a circular area over the 86,400 seconds of the 24-hour day, divide the solar radiation area by the total area of the Earth, and then convert it back to a per-second basis. And behold, the entire day & night area of the graphic, including the night side, is represented with a net radiation of 235 W/m² in medium gray, as this
exactly yields the mysterious Factor4. And it doesn’t matter whether you average over a second, a minute, an hour, a day, or a week. Therefore, there is absolutely no connection between the Factor4 GHE model and the reality on our Earth. Nothing, absolutely nothing in the GHE model indicates a dependence on latitude or even a day/night dependence of the local solar radiation. In contrast, the S-B temperature equivalent derived from the solar net radiation clearly illustrates the dependence of terrestrial temperature genesis on time of day and geographic latitude for all latitudes from 90°N to 90°S:
Figure 6: The calculated S-B temperature equivalent in °C from net solar radiation for all latitudes from 90°N to 90°S over 24 hours during the equinox (value for hour@:30 as the average for hour to hour+1 with 12:00 pm = solar position at zenith)
To make it very clear from the outset: The S-B temperature equivalent presented here is never actually reached anywhere on our Earth. Rather, with the onset of local warming, heat is continuously diverted into global circulation systems, primarily through convection and evaporation. Water and water vapor play a dominant role here. While temperatures in the tropics fluctuate only slightly around 30°C over 24 hours, temperatures in desert areas can easily rise above 50°C during the day, only to fall back to single digits at night. And in the polar night, the local temperature does not drop to minus values beyond -200°C, but is maintained well above -100°C due to the heat supply from global circulations. As the following illustration demonstrates, a simple
calculation of the latitude-dependent S-B temperature equivalent is sufficient to roughly outline the geographical climate zones according to Köppen and Geiger:
Figure 7: "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" Source: Wikipedia from Nature Scientific Data - DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
With overlay of S-B temperature equivalent in °C from net solar radiation for all latitudes from 90°N to 90°S between 11-13h at the equinox (12:00 pm = solar zenith position)
During a 24-hour day at the equinox, the Earth is fully illuminated once during its 360° rotation and remains completely dark at the same time, offset by 180 degrees (=12 hours), if we disregard scattered light:
If we consider the Earth's rotation from the perspective of the sun at 12:00 "solar time" when the sun is directly overhead at the equator, the Earth continuously rotates away to the east under the sunlight. However, at every second of the 24-hour day, one hemisphere is always illuminated while the other is in darkness; daylight prevails in the illuminated hemisphere, while night-time exists in the opposing hemisphere. As a result of the Earth's rotation around its axis, during the equinox, two completely differently illuminated areas are derived over a span of 24 hours:
Area [Day]: Over the course of 24 hours, the Earth makes a complete rotation under sunlight, resulting in a fully illuminated Earth's surface in succession.
Area [Night]: The dark half of the Earth, which is turned away from the sun, also moves over the entire Earth's surface in 24 hours, offset by 180° from the daylight area.
As a result, we must distinguish between the area [Day] and the area [Night] for the 24-hour day on Earth and consider them separately. Fundamentally, there are thus two entirely different perspectives on solar radiation on our Earth that are irreconcilable: a realistic representation of day & night and a completely false one, because it is a one-dimensional global averaging of factor 4. For in such a consideration, in the truest sense of the word, only the physics of the very first second countseverything else mathematically cancels each other out.
The Factor4 model (@4 PI R²): The climate church has not even averaged the areas [Day] and [Night], which at least would have maintained the latitude dependence of solar radiation and thus also established a latitude-dependent auxiliary construct named GHE. The Factor4 trick consists rather of distributing the solar radiation incident on the day side of the Earth flatly and uniformly over the entire surface of the Earth. And in doing so, all astronomical laws of the rotation of our Earth and its movement around the Sun are simply obliterated.
=> The Faktor4 model averages the incoming solar radiation over the total surface area of the Earth to a one-dimensional 24-hour twilight surface. This process represents a complete negation of the existing geometric and astronomical conditions, because one can truly no longer speak of simplification here. Nevertheless, or rather precisely because of this, these one-dimensional values for solar radiation, the 'natural' average temperature, and the so-called 'natural atmospheric greenhouse effect' are completely plausible and comprehensible for a news consumer with no background in STEM who has completed elementary school. It is therefore an outstanding missionizing achievement of the climate church to have transformed the variable lighting effect in a complex planetary motion into an easily understandable one-dimensional faith value.
The hemispherical model (simplified: @2 PI R²): The solar
radiation arriving on the daylight side of the Earth is accurately calculated according to azimuth and zenith angle based on latitude for each individual location. And when the sun is not shining (night side), then it’s simply dark. => In the hemispherical model, the two 24-hour surfaces [Day] and [Night] are equally positioned next to each other. This model is, therefore, able to represent the regular alternation of day and night, the change of the seasons, as well as roughly the latitudedependent climates of our Earth.
Figure 8: The net radiation power in W/m² for all latitudes from 90°N to 90°S over 24 hours at the equinox with 12:00 pm = solar zenith position
Top right: The 24-hour twilight area of the Earth derived from the factor 4 for comparison.
The factor 4 for the distribution of solar radiation over the entire Earth's surface thus mixes day & night across all geographical latitudes, making our Earth a twilight world with a non-physical 'natural temperature' that even requires an artificial correction value known as the 'natural atmospheric greenhouse effect' to align with reality. The usual final excuse of the climate church, claiming that this questionable temperature has been derived from terrestrial radiation through a religion-creating 'reverse engineering', is also just a makeshift climate nonsense physically. For such a derivation not only ignores the above criticism but also the natural sequence of solar-induced temperature genesis on our Earth [incoming radiation -> temperature genesis -> outgoing radiation] and
thus the matter-related natural reversal of the vector direction between incoming and outgoing radiation. As can be easily seen, terrestrial temperature genesis occurs between incoming and outgoing radiation. Therefore, the calculation of a 'natural' temperature based on the outgoing radiation of our Earth is a GHE-generating anti-physical bypass action.
In the end, we are facing a deliberate inversion of life on our planet, as Homo climaticus has marginalized the climate influence of our central star and instead slanders the photosynthesis gas of all life as the Beelzebub of selfcombustion. Only through the elementary-school-level reduced day=night-factor4 illumination model of our Earth, which requires a one-dimensional artificial correction factor named GHE, has humanity itself created the religious foundation for this imaginary CO2 threat. And we are now desperately trying to mitigate our influence on this man-made invention of the GHE by destroying our industrial livelihood and the future of our descendants…
A description for the hemispheric nature of temperature genesis on Earth could be found in the post “Uli Weber´s Hemispheric Stefan-Boltzmann model” by Markus Ott. This S-B model has been developed through more than 50 posts on the German EIKE-platform and recently been renamed to the “Hemispheric Convection Model”.