THOLUS.CORE 1 / PLANETARY REBIRTH MISSION ARCHITECTURE FEASIBILITY STUDY
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH) ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1
SOLAR WIND
STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD: SIGNIFICANT/CONSISTENT PROTECTION WEAK ‘UMBRELLA’ MAGNETOSPHERE: INTERMITTENT PROTECTION
EARTH
MARS
1.0
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BRIEF
FEASIBILITY
CIRT (THE INTERNATION COUNCIL OF TERRAFORMING RESEARCH) IS A SCIENTIFIC THINK-TANK FOCUSED ON DELIVERING ROBUST, HIGH-QUALITY PROPOSALS UNSOLICITED, AND IRRESPECTIVE OF CURRENT POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY. AS SUCH, CIRT HAS TO DATE DEVELOPED SEVERAL
MARS’ CORE (PREDOMINANTLY CONSISTING OF FeS: IRON SULPHIDE AND NICKEL) IS CURRENTLY
MARS TERRAFORMING PROPOSALS.
THE PHENOMENON INVOLVES IRON AND NICKEL PARTICLES ON THE OUTER (COOLER) EDGE OF THE CORE COOLING AND SOLIDIFIYING, INCREASING IN DENSITY AND SINKING GRADUALLY TO THE CENTRE, IN A CONTINUOUS CYCLE. THE PROCESS IS EFFECTIVELY A WEAKER VERSION OF THE CORE DYNAMO EFFECT THAT IS THE GOAL OF THOLUS.CORE 1, SUGGESTING THAT MARS REQUIRES ONLY A CRITICAL ENERGY TO REACH THE DYNAMO THRESHOLD NEEDED FOR REBIRTH.
PARTIALLY LIQUIFIED, IN A PROCESS TERMED THE “SNOWING CORE” PHENOMENON.
UNFORTUNATELY, A MAJOR OBSTACLE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND REALISATION OF REVOLUTIONARY TERRAFORMING MISSIONS IS THE COMBINATION OF HIGH COST, HIGH TECHNICAL RISK AND A LACK OF POLITICAL SUPPORT. PLANETS OTHER THAN EARTH CANNOT BE MADE HABITABLE WITHOUT INVESTMENT OF HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS, OR THE SUPPORT OF GOVERNMENTS REPRESENTING BILLIONS OF PEOPLE. HOWEVER, SUCH AN ENDEAVOUR MAY BECOME FEASIBLE IN THE NEAR FUTURE, PERHAPS DUE TO UNFORESEEN POLITICAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS. IT IS UNDER THIS PRESUMPTION THAT CIRT HAS UNDERTAKEN A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TERRAFORMING MARS THROUGH THE REIGNITION OF ITS CORE, AND HENCE THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF ITS MAGNETOSPHERE.
COST
THE APPROXIMATE TOTAL COST OF THE THOLUS.CORE 1 PROPOSAL IS $120 TRILLION OVER THE LIFE OF THE PROJECT, THOUGH CIRT CONSIDERS THIS AFFORDABLE IN COMPARISON TO CURRENT
PROPOSAL
EXPENDITURE ON NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING ($32 BILLION TO DATE IN THE US ALONE).
CIRT PROPOSES THE REIGINITION OF MARS’ CORE THROUGH THE RELEASE OF SUFFICIENT ENERGY TO RESTART THE CORE DYNAMO EFFECT, VIA AN EXPLOSION NEAR THE CORE EDGE. THE PROPOSAL HAS BEEN NAMED “THOLUS.CORE 1.”
ALTERNATIVES
THE PROPOSED MISSION ARCHITECTURE IS PRESENTED IN DETAIL IN THIS FEASIBILITY STUDY, BUT MAY BE SUMMARISED AS FOLLOWS: 1. 2. 3.
GATHER/REFINE SUFFICIENT EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL. TRANSPORT EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL TO MARS. DRILL HOLE FROM SURFACE TO CORE EDGE.
4.
PLACE EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL NEAR CORE EDGE AND DETONATE.
ACHIEVING THE RESTORATION OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE BY OTHER MEANS IS CONSIDERED INFEASIBLE. ALTERNATIVE METHODS INCLUDE THE GENERATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL MAGNETOSPHERE BY SATELLITES (SHORT-TERM/FALLIBLE) AND THE INSERTION OF AN ADDITIONAL BODY INTO MARS’ ORBIT (SUCH AS AN ASTEROID) TO GENERATE A MAGNTEOSPHERE BY ACTION OF TIDAL FORCES (NOT POSSIBLE WITH CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES).
SUFFICIENT EXPLOSIVE ENERGY EXISTS IN GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS, POWER GENERATION AND WASTE MATERIALS. CORE REIGNITION MAY BE ACHIEVED THROUGH THE REPURPOSING OF THIS GLOBAL NUCLEAR STOCKPILE. CIRT ESTIMATES 900,000,000TJ IS REQUIRED TO RESUSCITATE THE CORE DYNAMO EFFECT (FOS 1.2).
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 1 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
1.0
MISSION ARCHITECTURE
2063
2053
2043
2042
2041
2040
2039
2038
2037
2036
2035
2034
PROPOSED TIMELINE
PRE-LAUNCH: COLLECTION/PROCESSING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND WASTE MATERIAL FOR TRANSPORTATION.
BI-ANNUAL LASER LAUNCH SEQUENCE: 150,000 CAPSULES OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED NUCLEAR MATERIAL TRANSPORTED FROM EARTH TO MARS IN PREPARATION FOR CORE REIGNITION.
PHASE 1 LAUNCH: ROBOTIC CREW/ RAPID PROTOTYPING MACHINES + PRIMARY MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT
REMOTE ESTABLISHMENT PHASE: CONSTRUCTION OF BASE /PRIMARY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM (LSS) INFRASTRUCTURE DRILLING + BASE PRODUCTION PHASE: PERIODIC ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE OF CREW MEMBERS (REACHING PEAK OF 100). LSS PROCESSES FULLY ESTABLISHED/SEMI-AUTOMATED. FOCUS PRIMARILY ON DRILLING + CAPSULE COLLECTION/STORAGE PROCESS.
BASE CONSOLIDATION PHASE: OXYGEN/NUTRIENT SUPPLIES ACCRUED IN PREPARATION FOR ADDITIONAL HUMAN CREW MEMBERS PHASE 2 LAUNCH: PILOT HUMAN CREW + ADDITIONAL MANUFACTURING/LSS EQUIPMENT
3033
2933
2833
2733
2633
2533
2433
2333
2233
2133
2123
2113
2103
2083
2073
2093
TERRAFORMING PHASE 1: ECOPOEISIS (100 YEARS). RESTORATION OF TERRAFORMING PHASE 2: PHOTOSYNTHESIS.(10,000-100,000 YEARS).SELF-PERPETUATING ATMOSPHERIC DENSIFICATION/WARMING ATMOSPHERE (DUE TO PRESENCE OF MAGNETOSPHERE).GROWTH OF (POSITIVE FEEDBACK GREENHOUSE EFFECT). SURFACE WATER. ENDEMIC MICROBIAL LIFE.
PHASE 3 LAUNCH: EVACUATION OF ALL PERSONNEL IN PREPARATION FOR DETONATION/CORE REIGNITION
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 2 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
MARS VS. EARTH
MARS EARTH LENGTH OF DAY LENGTH OF ORBIT ORBITAL ECCENTRICITY AV. DIST. FROM SUN
24H 39 M 35.2S 687 DAYS 1.36-1.60AU 228,000,000KM
23H 56M 4.1S 365.3 DAYS 0.0167AU 152,000,000KM
SURFACE TEMP. EQUATORIAL AV. TEMP.
-153/+35°C -41°C
-96/+71°C +30°C
ATMOSPHERIC 613 KPA 101.3KPA PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC O2: 0.145% O2: 0.145% COMPONENTS CO: 0.0557% N2: 78% CO2: 96.0%
AV. WIND SPEED 31.3M/S 19.2M/S 112.7KM/H 69.1KM/H MAX. WIND SPEED 44.7M/S 113.0M/S 160.9KM/H 407.9KM/H GRAVITY 3.7M/S2 9.8M/S2 AXIAL TILT 25.2° 23.5° SATELLITES DEIMOS MOON PHOBOS DIAMETER 3390KM 6370KM CORE RADIUS 1794KM 1220KM APPROX. MAX. 4000°C 6000°C
MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR (1996-2006)
MARS EXPRESS (2003-19) VIKING 1 (1975-80)
90°
90° VIKING 2 (1975-78)
MARS RECON. (2006-21)
PHOENIX (2008)
60°
60°
VIKING 1 (1975)
MARS ONE (2024-2029)
30°
30°
PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER (1997)
CURIOSITY (2012-28)
0° OPPORTUNITY (2004-23)
150°
120°
90°
60°
30°
30°
330°
60°
M.O.M. (2014- )
SPIRIT (2004-10)
MAVEN (2014- )
30°
0°
300°
270°
240°
210°
60°
PHOBOS 2 (1988-89)
2001 MARS ODYSSEY (2001-16)
90°
90°
MARINER 9
MARS 2 (1971-72)
(1971-72)
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 3 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
2.0 GEOLOGICAL/RESOURCES SURVEY BASE LOCATION INVESTIGATION
1
VOLCANIC CONSTRUCTS
1
2
CRATERED PLAINS
2
CRATERED TERRAIN
MAX. WATER CONCENTRATION AT POLES (ICE)`
MAJORITY IRON DEPOSITS IN CHAOTIC TERRAIN
PERMANENT ICE
PLAINS UNDIVIDED
CRATERED TERRAIN
VOLCANIC PLAINS`
PLAINS UNDIVIDED
FORMATIONS
3
WATER
3
IRON
CIRT HAS CONDUCTED A DESK SURVEY OF 3 X POTENTIAL BASE LOCATIONS, IDENTIFIED AS POSSIBLY PROVIDING THE NECESSARY RESOURCE AND ACCESSIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE MISSION. 1. THOLUS PLAIN 2. VALLES MARINERIS 3. HELLAS BASIN CIRT RECOMMENDS THE SITE BE LOCATED IN THE THOLUS PLAIN, A BASIN TO THE WEST OF THARSIS VOLCANIC REGION. FOR COMPLETENESS, A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE VALLES MARINERIS AND HELLAS
1
BASIN ASSESSMENTS HAS BEEN INCLUDED FOR REFERENCE. VALLES MARINERIS:
2
THE SITE HAS RELATIVELY POOR ACCESS TO WATER, BUT IS -6000M RL, SO PROVIDES A SIGNIFICANTLY DENSER ATMOSPHERE, REDUCING THE BURDEN ON ARTIFICIAL PRESSURISATION SYSTEMS. THE VALLEY IS EQUATORIAL, MAXIMISING OPPORTUNITY FOR SOLAR HARVESTING. NATURAL CAVES ALONG THE VALLEY EDGE MAY ALSO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM SOLAR RADIATION, THOUGH THE EXISTENCE OF SUCH CAVES REMAINS SPECULATION. HELLAS BASIN: THE POTENTIAL SITE HAS GOOD PROXIMITY TO RESOURCES AND LIES AT -8200M RL, PROVIDING THE DENSEST POSSIBLE ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS ON THE MARS SURFACE. HOWEVER, THE BASIN CONTAINS 10-100M OF EXTREMELY UNCOMPACTED/LOOSE SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT (AEOLIAN DEPOSIT). IN ADDITION, RECENT OBSERVATIONS HAVE LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THE MAJORITY OF DUST STORM EVENTS ORIGINATE FROM THE BASIN, SO THE BASE IS LIKELY TO BE ENGULFED IN DUST ON A VERY REGULAR BASIS. THE BASIN IS ALSO FAR SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR, REDUCING THE OPPORTUNITY TO EFFECTIVELY HARVEST SOLAR ENERGY. SIMILARLY TO VALLES MARINERIS, HELLAS BASIN IS ALSO SURROUNDED BY EXTREMELY ROUGH TERRAIN, MAKING TRAVEL/EXPLORATION EFFORTS BEYOND THE BASE INFEASIBLE. THOLUS PLAIN: THOLUS PLAIN IS A REGION OF FORMER OCEANIC CRUST AND HAS THEREFORE BEEN SELECTED TO MINIMISE DRILLING EFFORT (NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CRUST IS DRAMATICALLY THINNER THAN SOUTHERN, DUE TO DIFFERENTIATION TERMED “HEMISPHERIC DICHOTOMY PHENOMENON”: AVERAGE DEPTH APPROX. 50KM) AND RETAIN PROXIMITY TO CRITICAL RESOURCES (WATER, IRON, BASALT, ETC.). THE SITE IS SURROUNDED BY RELATIVELY TRAVERSABLE TERRAIN AND THE EQUATORIAL LOCATION MAXIMISES LIGHT INTENSITY (BENEFICIAL FOR SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING). IN ADDITION, THE PRESENCE OF LARGE DEPOSITS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IS HIGHLY LIKELY, DUE TO THE DETECTION OF HIGH LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE REGION.
3
PRECISE LOCATION OF PROPOSED SITE: 18.910°N, 192.623°E
CIRT BASALT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 4 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
3.0 NUCLEAR TRANSFER STRATEGY LOCATION/QUANTITY OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL: EARTH
RUSSIA ARSENAL: 1600 ACTIVE 6400 INACTIVE 45,000 PEAK U.S.A. ARSENAL: 2100 ACTIVE 5200 INACTIVE 31,000 PEAK
16,400/ 73,800,000TJ NUCLEAR WEAPONS DECLARED GLOBALLY . ESTIMATED GLOBAL NUCLEAR RESERVES SUFFICIENT TO MORE THAN QUADRUPLE STOCKPILE: 354,200,000TJ. 1390 TONNES HEU (HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM). 490 TONNES SEPARATED PLUTONIUM. 45,000 TONNES RADIOACTIVE WASTE. TOTAL EXTANT NUCLEAR ENERGY: APPROX. 830,000,000TJ. FORECAST TOTAL BY 2050: 1,050,000TJ.
POTENTIAL LAUNCH SITES/TRAJECTORIES: EARTH
VIK
CAPE CANAVERAL
CRASH ZONE: LAUNCH OVER WATER/ LOW POPULATED ARES
CARNVARVON
ATACAMA 150,000 TOTAL LAUNCHES REQUIRED. 9 X SITES SELECTED ON THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA: HIGH ALTITUDE, PROXIMITY TO COASTLINE, EXISTING LAUNCH INFRASTRUCTURE
OVERBERG
CIRT RECOMMENDS A STAGED LAUNCH METHODOLOGY, WITH GRADUAL RAMPING UP OF LAUNCH FREQUENCY TO AVOID CATASTROPHIC FAILURE AND POTENTIAL NUCLEAR CONTAMINATION THROUGH VEHICLE CRASH.
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 5 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
3.0 NUCLEAR TRANSFER STRATEGY EARTH-MARS TRAJECTORY
EARTH AT POSITION 2
NUCLEAR TRANSFER PERIOD
NUCLEAR LAUNCH VEHICLES WILL TRAVELTO MARS VIA THE HOHMANN TRANSFER ELLIPSE (9 MONTH DURATION/400,000,000KM). MANNED FLIGHTS WILL TRAVEL VIA AN IMPULSIVE TRANSFER, REQUIRING MAX. PROPULSION LOAD (6 MONTH DURATION). LAUNCH WINDOWS OCCUR APPROX. BIANNUALLY (25 MONTHS) OVER A 2 MONTH DURATION. CIRT ESTIMATES THAT 46. 3 LAUNCH WINDOWS (94 YEARS) ARE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THE DELIVERY OF 900,000,000TJ OF NUCLEAR ENERGY TO MARS. THIS TIMELINE ASSUMES AN AVERAGE RATE OF 6 LAUNCHES PER DAY PER SITE (MAXIMUM 10), ALLOWING FOR WEATHER/EQUIPMENT DELAYS.
EARTH AT POSITION 1
POTENTIAL LANDING SITES/TRAJECTORIES: MARS
POTENTIAL NUCLEAR RECOVERY ZONES
THOLUS.CORE 1 BASE
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 6 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
4.0 NUCLEAR TRANSFER OPERATION EARTH LAUNCH FACILITY
NUCLEAR PROCESSING FACILITY
LAUNCH VEHICLE TRAJECTORY
SOLID FUEL ROCKET ZONE OF INFLUENCE
CAPE CANAVERAL LAUNCH COMPLEX 39B
PRIMARY LASER ZONE OF INFLUENCE
SECONDARY LASER ZONE OF INFLUENCE PRIMARY LASER ARRAY
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 7 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND SECONDARY LASER ARRAY
EXTRA-HABITAT ACTIVITY (EH.A.) SUIT
NOSE CAP: DETACH DURING LANDING/PARACHUTE SEQUENCE
AFT HEAT SHIELD
PAYLOAD CAPACITY 6000KG/114.5TJ. MASS OF VEHICLE (TARE) 720N.
LOX VENT
AFT SKIRT
FUEL TANK
LASER ENERGY RECEIVERS BOTTOM OF THRUST STRUCTURE
SECONDARY THRUSTERS PRIMARY THRUSTER
3000 NOM.
ABLATIVE LASER PROPULSION CONCEPT
5200 EXT.
ELECTRICAL INSULATOR OUTPUT WINDOW SUPER-CONDUCTING MAGNET
LASER-ELECTRON GUN
GYROTRON: HIGH POWERED LINEAR BEAM VACUUM TUBE. GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
2 X LASER ARRAYS: 200 X A.L.P. UNITS TOTAL
STRUCTURAL SHELL
FIRST DEVELOPEDIN 1972, ABLATIVE LASER PROPULSION (A.L.P.) TECHNOLOGY HAS RECENTLY BECOME THE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE ORBITAL LAUNCH METHOD AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE, OUTPERFORMING BOTH MICROWAVE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RAIL METHODS. COMBINED WITH CONVENTIONAL LAUNCH SYSTEMS (SOLID FUEL PROPULSION), A.L.P. ALLOWS FOR THE DRAMATIC REDUCTION IN UNIT SIZE AND COST OF THE NUCLEAR LAUNCH VEHICLE (ESTIMATED COST = $550/KG COMPARED TO $10,000-15,000/KG FOR CONVENTION LAUNCH METHOD). TIME FROM LAUNCH TO ORBIT IS APPROX. 8 MINUTES.
CIRT
RETRACTABLE SWIVEL RACK
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 8 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
4.0 DRILLING OPERATION MARS DRILL SI`TE
SUBTERRANEAN NUCLEAR STOARGE FACILITY
TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOWERS
SOLAR P.V. ARRAY 2
BIOMASS PRODUCTION UNITS
DRILL STRUCTURE/ MAIN BASE
SOLAR P.V. ARRAY 1
WIND TURBINE ARRAY
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 9 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
SOLAR RADATION RISK
BASE CONSTRUCTION
THE PRIMARY RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH ON MARS IS INCREASED RISK OF FATAL CANCER DUE TO PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION. HUMAN CREW ARE EXPOSED TO 2 X TYPES OF RADIATION ON MARS:
THE PROPOSED BASE HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO MITIGATE BOTH THE RADIATION AND WIND/DUST RISK FACTORS. THE THOLUS.CORE 1 BASE COMPLEX IS A SERIES OF AERODYNAMIC DOME STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED PRIMARILY FROM BASALT, A HIGHLY RADIATION-RESISTANT MATERIAL..
1. 2.
BASALT IS ABUNDANT IN THE THOLUS REGION, AND IS COMPRISED OF PLAGIOCLASE, PYROXENE AND OLIVINE. ASIDE FROM RADIATION-INSULATION, BASALT IS CORROSION RESISTANT AND FIRE-
ACUTE (SHORT-TERM, HIGH-DOSE) SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES (SEP) VIA SOLAR FLARES AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. CHRONIC (LONG-TERM, LOW-DOSE) GALACTIC COSMIS RAYS (GCRS).
ESTIMATED EXPOSURE IS 0.67MSV/DAY ON MARS SURFACE (LOW IN COMPARISON WITH 1.8MSV/DAY EXPOSURE FOR 7 MONTHS IN TRANSIT BETWEEN EARTH AND MARS: EXTREMELY HIGH COMPARED TO 0.2MSV/YEAR ON EARTH.)
RESISTANT. BASALT IS ALSO HYDROPHOBIC, OLEOPHILIC, NON-COMBUSTIBLE, NON-TOXIC AND PERFORMS WELL IF SUBJECTED TO EXPLOSION. BASALT IS ISOTROPIC AND OUTPERFORMS STEEL BY A RATIO OF 9.6:1 (STEEL IS CONSIDERED THE NEXT BEST ALTERNATIVE, BUT IS INFEASIBLE IN THE MARS CONTEXT DUE TO RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS).
EXPOSURE OVER THE COURSE OF MIN. MISSION DURATION FOR INDIVIDUAL CREW MEMBERS (TRAVEL AND 500-DAY SURFACE VISIT: 700 DAYS) INCREASES THE RISK OF FATAL CANCER BY 5%. THIS IS WITHIN ACCEPTABLE RISK LIMIT FOR DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, BUT WILL BE EXCEEDED ON THE LONG-TERM/PERMANENT MISSION DURATIONS PROPOSED FOR THOLUS.CORE 1. CIRT PROPOSES THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ICE-BERG TYPE BASE TO MITIGATE EXPOSURE OF HUMAN CREW TO HARMFUL SOLAR RADIATION. CIRT ANTICIPATES THAT LOCATING THE INFLATABLE HABITAT AND LABORATORY UNITS ON THE LOWER LEVELS OF THE BASE (BENEATH THE SURFACE L.S.S. AND DRILLING INFRASTRUCTURE, AND SEVERAL LAYERS OF D.M.L.S.BASALT STRUCTURE) WILL SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE CUMULATIVE EXPOSURE OF HUMAN CREW TO SOLAR RADIATION OVER THE DURATION OF THE MISSION.
THE FOLLOWING PROCESS IS RECOMMENDED FOR OBTAINING AND REFINING BASALT IN THE THOLUS REGION: 1. 2.
REGOLITH IS STRIPPED TO REVEAL SURFACE BASALT DEPOSIT. THE BASALT IS HARVESTED BY THE CMM (CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINE), DELIVERED
TO THE BASE AND CRUSHED (JAW CRUSHER).
3. 4.
THE CRUSHED BASALT IS THEN MELTED TO 1400°C AND PROCESSED INTO POWDER FOR “PRINTING”, OR EXTRUDED INTO FIBRE UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. RAPID PROTOTYPING MACHINES DEPOSIT THE POWDERED BASALT IN LAYERS BY
DIRECT METAL LASER SINTERING (D.M.L.S.) TO FORM THE BASE STRUCTURES.
HIGH WIND/DUST STORM RISK
SUBTERRANEAN VITAMIN D + PHOTOSYNTHESIS
MARS’ SURFACE IS SUBJECT TO HIGH WINDS AND PROLONGED DUST STORM EVENTS (MAXIMUM OBSERVED DURATION IS 27 DAYS), OBSCURING LIGHT TO THE SURFACE AND THEREFORE POSING A RISK TO ENERGY HARVESTING AND EXPLORATION/RECONNAISSANCE ACTIVITIES.
THE LACK OF NATURAL LIGHT (HOWEVER HARMFUL) IS AN OBVIOUS OBSTACLE TO ESTABLISHING A BASE PARTIALLY BURIED BENEATH THE SURFACE. THEREFORE, CIRT PROPOSES THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR HARVESTING VIA REMOTE SKYLIGHT (HELIOTUBE) TECHNOLOGY.
THE DUST STORM SEASON TYPICALLY LASTS FROM SOL 370 TO 699, DURING THE SOUTHERN
HELIOTUBES DELIVER A RADIATION-FREE SOURCE OF LIGHT TO THE SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBERS
HEMISPHERE SPRING/SUMMER. STORM EVENTS ARE THOUGHT TO BE INITIATED BY SOLAR HEATING AND STRONG WINDS, AND DUST REMAINS SUSPENDED IN THE ATMOSPHERE FOR PROLONGED DURATIONS DUE TO LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE/DENSITY. LARGE STORM EVENTS MAY ENVELOPE
OF THE THOLUS.CORE 1 BASE VIA FIBRE OPTIC CONDUIT, PROVIDING ADEQUATE LIGHT FOR VITAMIN D ABSORPTION (FOR THE HUMAN CREW) AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS (AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SUBTERRANEAN ORNAMENTAL PLANT CULTIVATION).
ENTIRE PLANET.
84,600 DIA. 15,800 MAX. HT.
EXPOSURE TO EXTERIOR CONDITIONS (RADIATION, EXTREME TEMP. + WIND HAZARD: 4% MISSION DURATION SKYLIGHT: U.V. FILTRATION -4023m M.H.D. STRUCTURAL SHELL (D.M.L.S. BASALT): RADIATION EXPOSURE LOW-TO-MODERATE
DRILLING OPERATION, I.S.R.U. PROCESSING + PRIMARY MANUFACUTRING (PREDOMINANTLY AUTOMATED TO MINIMISE RISK TO HUMAN CREW).: 12% MISSION DURATION
HELIO TUBE/RADIATION FILTER: FIBRE OPTIC CONDUIT DELIVERS SUFFICIENT LIGHT TO BASE INTERIOR FOR VITAMIN D ABSORPTION/PHOTOSYNTHESIS
VAULTED ARCHES SUPPORTING FLOOR PLATES (D.M.L.S. BASALT) PLANNING + LABORATORY HABS, SECONDARY MANUFACTURING: 45% MISSION DURATION -4043m M.H.D.
RECREATION, SLEEPING + HYGIENE HABS: 39% MISSION DURATION
-4059m M.H.D.
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT -4078m M.H.D.
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 10 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
THERMAL DRILLING CONCEPT
SUPERINSULATED ELECTRICITY + DRILL FLUID SUPPLY CABLES
DUE TO THE RELATIVELY LOW GRAVITY, DRILLING EFFORT ON THE MARS SURFACE IS 2.6 X THE EQUIVALENT OPERATION ON EARTH. THEREFORE, CONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL DRILLING TECHNIQUES (ELECTRICAL, PNUEMATIC, ROTARY AND PERCUSSION) ARE DEEMED UNSUITABLE FOR DEPLOYMENT ON MARS. HOWEVER, THERMAL OR CHEMICAL DRILLING TECHNIQUES DO NOT RELY ON AXIAL FORCE TO DRILL THROUGH SUBSTRATE MATERIAL, AND SO ARE FAR MORE EFFECTIVE IN LOW-GRAVITY ENVIRONMENTS.
STRUCTURAL SHELL
THERMAL DRILLING IS MORE SUITED TO EXTREME DEPTHS (>300KM), AS THE METHOD DOES NOT DEPEND ON FLUIDS REACHING THE DRILL HEAD DURING OPERATION (NOT POSSIBLE AT THE HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ENCOUNTERED AT EXTREME DEPTH). THEREFORE, CIRT RECOMMENDS THERMAL DRILLING FOR THE THOLUS.CORE_1 OPERATION.
THERMAL DRILLING MAY BE ACHIEVED THROUGH EITHER SPALLING OR VAPORISATION. THERMAL DRILLING (SPALLING) INVOLVES DISPLACEMENT OF SUBSTRATE AND OCCURS AT MUCH LOWER TEMPERATURES (400-600C). THERMAL DRILLING (VAPORISATION) INVOLVES SUPERHEATING SURROUNDING ROCK/SUBSTRATE MATERIAL (1100-2900C), CAUSING THE ROCK TO MELT (GLASSIFY), BECOME MALEABLE AND REDUCE IN VOLUME, CREATING A PATH FOR THE DRILL HEAD TO MOVE DOWN THROUGH. VAPORISATION IS THE PREFERRED TECHNIQUE FOR THIS APPLICATION. GLASS-FORMING SECTION
HIGH-GRADE TUNGSTEN IS RECOMMENDED AS THE PRIMARY MATERIAL FOR THE DRILL HEAD, AS THE MELTING POINT (3414C) FAR EXCEEDS THE ESTIMATE TEMPERATURE AT MANTLE EDGE (CORE TEMPERATURE EST. 2760C).
KERF MELTER
IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT LIQUID GROUND WATER (SALINE) WILL BE ENCOUNTERED AT DEPTH, DUE TO THE INCREASED PRESSURE AND THE POTENTIAL FOR AQUIFER TO BE ISOLATED FROM THE SURFACE BY IMPERMEABLE ROCK FORMATIONS.
THERMAL PENETRATOR
8000 NOM.
DRILLING INFRASTRUCTURE
DRILL FLUID PUMPS
ELECTRICITY TRANSFORMERS
CABLE ROLL PRIMARY + RESERVE KELLY ROTARY MOTORS CALF WHEEL KELLY
SUPERINSULATED ELECTRICITY + DRILL FLUID SUPPLY CABLE
DRILL FLUID RESERVOIR
CABLE ROLL ROTARY MOTOR
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 11 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
4.0 MISSION INFRASTRUCTURE IN-SITU RESOURCE UTILISATION (I.S.R.U.)
ELECTROLYSIS BY-PRODUCT: HYDROGEN FUEL FOR E.R.V. (EARTH RETURN VEHICLE) AND TERRAIN VEHICULAR ACTIVITY
PRIMARY OXYGEN PRODUCTION UNITS: ELECTROLYSIS/SABATIER REACTOR
SECONDARY OXYGEN PRODUCTION UNIT: SOIL PROCESSOR. SUPERHEAT REGOLITH TO 2500°C IN VACUUM TO RELEASE OXYGEN/WATER/ETC. 20% SAMPLE VOLUME CONVERTED.
“SAND” WASHING MACHINE: DE-CONTAMINATION OF RAW MATERIAL.
BASALT EXTRUSTION/FIBRE PRODUCTION UNIT: FURNACE + BUSHING. MELTING POINT 1400-1600°C. BUSHING DIAMETER 12 MICRONS. HORIZONTAL SHAFT IMPACT CRUSHER: SECONDARY CRUSHING (BASALT).
CIRCULAR VIBRATING SCREEN: SECONDARY PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (BASALT)
EXTERNAL DELIVERY UNIT: BASALT + SOIL. JAW CRUSHER. PRIMARY CRUSHING OF RAW MATERIAL. COARSE SCREEN. PRIMARY PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION.
RAPID MANUFACTURING INFRASTRUCTURE
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM) MACHINE:
FIXED RAPID PROTOTYPE ARM. (ROVER MOUNTED-RAPID PROTOTYPE ARM: BASE MAINENANCE WORKS)
RAIL-MOUNTED DIRECT METAL LASER SINTERING (DMLS) ARM.
3D SCANNER-REPLICATORS
ELECTRON BEAM MELTING (EBM) MACHINE: MANUFACUTRING OF EXTREMELY DETAILED COMPONENTS
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 12 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
INFLATABLE HABITAT
PLANNING, LABORATORY, RECREATION + SLEEPING/HYGIENE MODULES IMPORTED FROM EARTH (STERILE).
TESTS HAVE DETECTED SUPEROXIDES IN THE MARS SOIL. SUPEROXIDES ARE COMPOUNDS THAT WILL RELEASE ADDITIONAL OXYGEN ON CONTACT WITH WATER, AUGMENTING OXYGEN PRODUCTION ALREADY UNDERTAKEN BY PLANT MATTER WITHIN THE BPC SYSTEM. 1 X SUPEROXIDE MOLECULE (PERCHLORATE ClO4: 1% SOIL CONTENT) BREAKS DOWN ORGANIC MOLECULES IF EXPOSED TO SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION. PERCHLORATE IS THEREFORE A POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCE FOR AN IMPORTED MICROBIAL COLONY, BUT ALSO RESULTS IN POSSIBLE TISSUE DAMAGE TO HUMAN CREW (THYROID DEGRADATION). THEREFORE, CIRT PROPOSES THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “SUIT-DOCK” SYSTEM, EFFECTIVELY ELMINATING THE EXPOSURE OF HUMANS TO MARS SOIL/SUPEROXIDES (SEE INFLATABLE HABITAT). PERCHLORATE (IN THE FORM OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE) IS ALSO A SOURCE OF ENERGY AS SOLID ROCKET FUEL. CIRT PROPOSES THE INVESTIGATION OF PERCHLORATE EXTRACTION FROM THE MARS SOIL.
SUIT-DOCK SYSTEM: DIRECT REAR ACCESS TO STERILE INTERIOR. MITIGATE CONTACT WITH SOIL PERCHLORATES.
EXTRA-HABITAT ACTIVITY (EH.A.) SUIT
SUIT-DOCK SYSTEM: DIRECT REAR ACCESS TO STERILE INTERIOR. MITIGATE CONTACT WITH SOIL PERCHLORATES.
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYCARBONATE HELMET
BATTERY PACK: GRAPHENE SUPERCAPACITOR RIGID FIBREGLASS TORSO: INTEGRATED ELECTROLUMINESCENT WIRE. NYLON TRICOT/SPANDEX (INNER LAYER). URETHANE-COATED NYLON (PRESSURISATION LAYER). DACRON, NEOPRENE, ALUMINIZED MYLAR, GORTEX, KEVLAR, AND NOMEX (PRESSURE-RETENTION LAYER). LITHIUM HYDROXIDE CO2 + VAPOUR FILTER
AV. HUMAN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION: ENERGY 9000KJ/DAY. WATER 3L/DAY. OXYGEN 550L/DAY (AIR 11000L/DAY). TOTAL SUIT MASS: 4.7N (EQ. 17.9KG MARS SURFACE ENVIRONMENT)
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 13 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
BIOMASS PRODUCTION CHAMBER
BIOMASS PRODUCTION CHAMBER (B.P.C.): HYPOBARIC GLAZED DOME. MIN. 20KPA FOR FIRE SAFETY (MIN. 10KPA REQUIRED FOR PLANT CULTIVATION). PRESSURE SUIT REQUIRED.
SEVERAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION CHAMBERS WILL PROVIDE THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE HUMAN CREW MEMBERS AND SERVE AS SUPPLEMENTARY OXYGEN PRODUCTION, WATER PURIFICATION AND ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM. SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL CULTIVATION INCLUDE DWARF WHEAT, POTATO, KUMARA, BEAN, LETTUCE, TOMATO, RED BEET, SPINACH, RADISH, STRAWBERRY, SOYBEAN, PEANUT. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS ALSO RECOMMENDED TO MAINTAIN CREW MORALE. STOCK PLANTS TRANSPORTED TO MARS WITH ROOTS ENCASED IN BIOFOAM (BIODEGRADABLE CONDUIT FOR NUTRIENTS AND WATER) AND LIGHT SUPPLIED BY MONOCHROMATIC LEDS (2 X WAVELENGTH: OPTIMAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION). AGRICULTURAL LOADING IS ESTIMATED TO BE EQUIVALENT TO 200M2 (CONSUMING 100W/DAY) PER CREW MEMBER (F.O.S. 2.0). ACCORDING TO DATA GATHERED BY RECONNAISSANCE GEOLOGISTS, MARS SOIL HAS AN AVERAGE PH OF 7.7 (SLIGHTLY ALKALINE) AND DEFICIENCIES IN CARBON AND NITROGEN. POTASSIUM AND PHOSPHORUS EXIST IN ABUNDANCE. THEREFORE, CIRT RECOMMENDS IRRIGATION WITH AERATED WATER (WITH INCREASED CO2 CONTENT: CARBONIC ACID) TO DECREASE THE PH AND INCREASE CARBON LEVELS. NITROGEN FERTILISER (AMMONIUM NITRATE) IS SUFFICIENT TO TREAT NITROGEN DEFFICIENCY.
HYDROPONIC CELL FERTILISED SOIL CELL
WASTE TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
BIOLOGICAL COMBUSTION UNITS: FERMENTATION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL AT 80-100째C + 20KPA
SODIUM LEECHING VATS: ALGAL COLONY
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION SYSTEM
OZONE GENERATOR
SODIUM LEECHING SYSTEM REQUIRED TO MITIGATE POSITIVE NUTRIENT FEEDBACK LOOP DUE TO HUMAN EXCRETA CONTAINING INCREASED SODIUM RELATIVE TO POTASSIUM. THE SYSTEM REMOVES EXCESS SODIUM (REPLACEMENT WITH POTASSIUM) VIA IMPORTED MARINE ALGAE COLONY (EXTREMOPHILES). THE ALGAE EXIST ON A DIET OF MANUFACTURED BRINE.
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND DO NOT SCALE
RENEWABLE ENERGY HARVESTING
TURBINE BLADES
10 X 5 SOLAR ARRAY: 7500M2 P.V. SURFACE AREA
UPRIGHT STANCHION
ELECTRICAL LOADING FOR THE MAXIMUM ANTICIPATED CREW/OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION IS APPROXIMATE 400KWE. SOLAR LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE MARS SURFACE IN THE EQUATORIAL ZONE IS APPROXIMATELY 43% OF THE INTENSITY ON EARTH (590W/M2). HOWEVER, RECENT ADVANCES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY (MULTI-JUNCTION CELLS CONTAINING GALLIUM ARSENIDE AND SILICON, WITH CARBON NANOTUBE SURFACE TREATMENT TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA/DECREASE REFLECTANCE) RESULT IN A SOLAR P.V. AREA OF 15,000M2. CIRT RECOMMENDS THE P.V. UNITS ARE INSTALLED IN 2 X SEPARATE ARRAYS, AS A PRECAUTION AGAINST FAULT OF ACCIDENT. TO ALLOW FOR UNFORESEEN EXPANSION IN OPERATIONS OR FAILURE IN SOLAR P.V. SYSTEM TO DELIVER REQUIRED BASE LOAD POWER, A WIND TURBINE ARRAY (18 X 10KW VERTICAL TURBINES) IS RECOMMENDED. THE TURBINE ARRAY IS ABLE TO PROVIDE BASE LOAD IN CASE OF EXTENDED DUST STORM EVENTS AND EXPLOITS THE RELATIVELY HIGH WIND SPEEDS OBSERVED ON THE MARS SURFACE. AS AN ADDITIONAL SAFETY MEASURE, CIRT RECOMMENDS THE BASE BE FITTED WITH A RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (RTG) IN CASE OF CATASTROPHIC FAILURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS.
14 OF 16
GEARBOX + GENERATOR
7200
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 15 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
5.0 CLOSING REMARKS
THE THOLUS.CORE 1 PROPOSAL REACHES THE LIMITS OF CURRENT SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY AND EXCEEDS THE CURRENT FINANCIAL COMMITMENT TO SUCH PROGRAMS. HOWEVER, CIRT BELIEVES THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT THE CREATION OF A SECOND HABITABLE PLANET WITHIN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS FEASIBLE AS A LONG-TERM GOAL. THE QUESTION IS NOT NOW ONE OF MISSION ARCHITECTURE, BUT VISION.
CIRT
REVISED 2015.11.03
THOLUS.CORE 1 / MISSION ARCHITECTURE
SHEET 16 OF 16
CIRT (INTERNATION COUNCIL FOR TERRAFORMING RESEARCH)
DO NOT SCALE
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ROUTE DE MEYRIN 385, 1217 MEYRIN, SWITZERLAND
REFERENCES
KEY SOURCES
HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/ HTTP://WWW.MARSSOCIETY.ORG/
HTTP://WWW.THESPACEREVIEW.COM/ “TERRAFORMING: ENGINEERING PLANETARY ENVIRONMENTS” BY MARTYN J. FOGG EXPLORATION HTTP://WWW.ASTRONOMYCAST.COM/2007/09/EPISODE-52-MARS/ HTTP://CARS9.UCHICAGO.EDU/GSECARS/LVP/PUBLICATION/NEWS/X-RAYS%20REVEAL%20SECRETS%20OF%20MARS’%20CORE.HTM CORE HTTP://CARS9.UCHICAGO.EDU/GSECARS/LVP/PUBLICATION/NEWS/X-RAYS%20REVEAL%20SECRETS%20OF%20MARS’%20CORE.HTM HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/3874-MARS-GOOEY-CORE-FREEZING.HTML HTTP://SPACECOLONIZATION.WIKIA.COM/WIKI/TERRAFORMING_OF_MARS HTTP://WWW.THESPACEREVIEW.COM/ARTICLE/65/1 MAGNETOSPHERE HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/3632-MARS-CAVES-TARGETS-SEARCH-LIFE.HTML HTTP://WWW.EVOLO.US/COMPETITION/RHIZOME-TOWER-A-THOUSAND-UNDERGROUND-PLATEAUS/ NUCLEAR
HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/MISSION_PAGES/THEMIS/MAIN/#.U_5QHVMSYSO HTTP://CSELIGMAN.COM/TEXT/PLANETS/MAGNETISM.HTM HTTP://EXPERTS.FOREIGNPOLICY.COM/POSTS/2009/04/13/WHERE_NUCLEAR_WEAPONS_GO_TO_DIE HTTP://WWW.WASHINGTONPOST.COM/WORLD/NATIONAL-SECURITY/THE-EXPLOSIVE-COST-OF-DISPOSING-OF-NUCLEAR-WEAPONS/2013/07/03/64F896E0-E287-11E2-80EB-3145E2994A55_STORY.HTML HTTP://FAS.ORG/ISSUES/NUCLEAR-WEAPONS/STATUS-WORLD-NUCLEAR-FORCES/
HTTP://RT.COM/NEWS/ISRAEL-NUCLEAR-WEAPONS-MASS-DESTRUCTION-899/ HTTP://WWW.FISSILEMATERIALS.ORG/ HTTP://EXPERTS.FOREIGNPOLICY.COM/POSTS/2009/04/13/WHERE_NUCLEAR_WEAPONS_GO_TO_DIE HTTP://WWW.WASHINGTONPOST.COM/WORLD/NATIONAL-SECURITY/THE-EXPLOSIVE-COST-OF-DISPOSING-OF-NUCLEAR-WEAPONS/2013/07/03/64F896E0-E287-11E2-80EB-3145E2994A55_STORY.HTML MARS COLONY HTTP://WWW.THESPACEREVIEW.COM/ARTICLE/437/2’ HTTP://WWW.SPACEDAILY.COM/NEWS/LASER-97B.HTML TRAJECTORY
HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/26705-NASA-2020-ROVER-MARS-COLONY-TECH.HTML HTTP://WWW.MARSJOURNAL.ORG/CONTENTS/2007/0002/FILES/WOOSTER_MARS_2007_0002.PDF HTTP://WWW.PHY6.ORG/STARGAZE/SMARS3.HTM
HYDROGEN FUEL
HTTP://WWW.UNIVERSETODAY.COM/14841/HOW-LONG-DOES-IT-TAKE-TO-GET-TO-MARS/ HTTP://WWW.GLOBAL-HYDROGEN-BUS-PLATFORM.COM/TECHNOLOGY/HYDROGENPRODUCTION/ELECTROLYSIS
HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/TOPICS/TECHNOLOGY/HYDROGEN/HYDROGEN_FUEL_OF_CHOICE.HTML HTTP://WWW.NSS.ORG/SETTLEMENT/NASA/SPACERESVOL4/HUMAN.HTML HTTP://WWW.NEWMARS.COM/FORUMS/VIEWTOPIC.PHP?ID=6238 LASER LAUNCH
HTTP://WWW.THESPACEREVIEW.COM/ARTICLE/437/2’ HTTP://WWW.SPACEDAILY.COM/NEWS/LASER-97B.HTML HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/7067-LASER-PROPULSION-WILD-IDEA-FINALLY-SHINE.HTML
HTTP://WWW.DARKGOVERNMENT.COM/LASERCRAFT.HTML HTTP://WWW.ASTROBIO.NET/NEWS-EXCLUSIVE/BEAMING-ROCKETS-INTO-SPACE/
CAVES
HTTP://WWW.WIRED.CO.UK/NEWS/ARCHIVE/2012-05/08/MARS-AUSTRIAN-ICE-CAVES HTTP://WWW.GUTENBERG.ORG/FILES/32360/32360-H/32360-H.HTM
HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/3891-DEEP-HOLE-MARS.HTML HTTP://WWW.WIRED.COM/2014/07/NEW-GEOLOGIC-MAP-MARS-USGS/ HYDROPONICS HTTP://WWW.HYDROPONICS.COM.AU/ISSUE-58-THE-NEXT-STEP-MARS-OR-BUST/ HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/CENTERS/MARSHALL/NEWS/BACKGROUND/FACTS/BPS.HTML MARS CLIMATE HTTP://WWW.MSSS.COM/HTTP/PS/SEASONS/SEASONS.HTML TOXIC DUST SPACE SUITS
HTTP://WWW-MARS.LMD.JUSSIEU.FR/MARS/TIME/SOLAR_LONGITUDE.HTML HTTP://WWW.ASTRONOMYCAST.COM/2008/06/EP-91-THE-SEARCH-FOR-WATER-ON-MARS/ HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/21554-MARS-TOXIC-PERCHLORATE-CHEMICALS.HTML HTTP://WWW.GIZMAG.COM/Z-1-PROTOTYPE-SPACESUIT/23408/ HTTP://WWW.WIRED.COM/2014/04/RADIATION-RISK-ISS-MARS/
ROVERS SOLAR RADIATION 3D PRINTING
HTTP://MARS.JPL.NASA.GOV/PROGRAMMISSIONS/MISSIONS HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/24731-MARS-RADIATION-CURIOSITY-ROVER.HTML HTTP://WWW.SCI-NEWS.COM/SPACE/SCIENCE-MARS-RADIATION-MEASUREMENTS-SURFACE-01629.HTML HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/21353-SPACE-RADIATION-MARS-MISSION-THREAT.HTML HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/23059-3D-PRINTING-MARS-COLONY.HTML
SELF-DEPLOYING HAB. SPACE ARCH.
HTTP://WWW.CSIRO.AU/ORGANISATION-STRUCTURE/FLAGSHIPS/FUTURE-MANUFACTURING-FLAGSHIP/TI-TECHNOLOGIES/ARCAM.ASPX HTTP://WWW.EXTREMETECH.COM/EXTREME/143552-3D-PRINTING-WITH-METAL-THE-FINAL-FRONTIER-OF-ADDITIVE-MANUFACTURING HTTP://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2012/08/22/STONE-SPRAY-ROBOT-BY-ANNA-KULIK-INDER-SHERGILL-AND-PETR-NOVIKOV/ HTTP://WWW.HPEE.ORG/ HTTP://WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU/3356911/LIVING_BEYOND_EARTH_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_FEATURES_OF_HUMAN_HABITATS_IN_EXTREME_ENVIRONMENTS_OF_SPACE_AND_OTHER_PLANETARY_SURFACES HTTP://SPACEARCHITECT.ORG/PORTFOLIOS/MEDUSA-FROM-SUBSEA-TO-THE-MOON/
BASALT
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=N18HCPFKV1E
FUTURE NOW / PLANETARY REBIRTH. JIL RALEIGH.