Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Rotterdam adaptation strategy

Foreword Rotterdam is a thriving world port city. Our city has a long tradition of continually adapting PK JAS ?EN?QIOP=J?AO =J@ =JPE?EL=PEJC =J@ >AJA[PPEJC BNKI A?KJKIE? =J@ OK?E=H ?D=JCAÅ» The climate too is changing and will most certainly have an impact on the delta city of Rotterdam. Climate change adaptation is essential if Rotterdam is to be able to cope with PDAOA AYA?POÅ» =GEJC PDEO EJPK =??KQJP JKS SEHH LNKRE@A = SDKHA N=JCA KB KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN KQN city.

Many businesses in the region are active in the hydraulic engineering sector, with Rotterdam accounting for 17% of the total Netherlands’ production. Climate change adaptation provides QJEMQA KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN CNKSPDŻ ARAHKLEJC OI=NP OKHQPEKJO BKN PDA ?EPU SEHH JKP KJHU I=GA PDA ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKB >QP SEHH =HOK I=GA EP = IKNA =PPN=?PERA LH=?A EJ SDE?D PK HERA =J@ SKNGŻ Rotterdam is already seen as an international role model by many other cities around the world.

The growth of Rotterdam has always been driven by visionary foresight - from the Oude

=RAJ =J@ PDA EAQSA =PANSAC PK PDA SAA@A ==ORH=GPAż BNKI PDA @=I EJ PDA KPPA PK the delta metropolis of the Netherlands. Continuing in this tradition, the Rotterdam Climate D=JCA @=LP=PEKJ PN=PACU D=O >AAJ @ARAHKLA@ SEPD PDA =EI KB I=GEJC KPPAN@=I ?HEI=PA proof by 2025. By climate proof we mean: ƈ >U kikn IA=OQNAO SEHH D=RA =HNA=@U >AAJ P=GAJ PK AJOQNA PD=P ARANU OLA?E[? NACEKJ

EO IEJEI=HHU @EONQLPA@ >Uż =J@ I=TEI=HHU >AJA[PO BNKIż ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA both then and throughout the following decades ƈ OPNQ?PQN=HHU P=GEJC EJPK =??KQJP PDA HKJCƄPANI BKNAOAA=>HA ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA EJ =HH spatial development of Rotterdam, while allowing for any associated uncertainties We will only be able to achieve this through the cooperation and commitment of all parties SKNGEJC EJ =J@ BKN PDA ?EPUŻ DA EPU KB KPPAN@=Iż EJD=>EP=JPOż >QOEJAOOAOż LNKLANPU KSJANO and other government institutions must all contribute according to their own responsibilities, aims and ideas. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy sets a course that will lead to a climate-proof city and provides insight into the opportunities that climate change presents.

Doing nothing is not an option. The proper functioning of the city is much too important to >A HA_ PK ?D=J?AŻ KPPAN@=I EO =J@ SEHH NAI=EJ = O=BAż =PPN=?PERAż HERAHU =J@ A?KJKIE?=HHU strong city. We are convinced that over the coming decades, by following in the footsteps of our ancestors, we will be able to achieve these aims.

Ahmed Aboutaleb Mayor

HAT=J@N= R=J QYAHAJ City Councillor for sustainability, inner city and public space

Contents Summary

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1

Introduction

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2

Rotterdam and the climate

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2.1 2.2 2.3

The climate is changing Rotterdam is vulnerable to climate change Rotterdam is changing

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The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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3.1 3.2 3.3

Rotterdam’s ambitions The primary objectives for climate change adaptation The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy · The basis of the strategy Ƈ KNGEJC PKCAPDAN =J@ HEJGEJC PK KPDAN LNKFA?PO Ƈ DA ?EPU >AJA[PO BNKI ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ

22 23 24 24 26 27

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HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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4.1 mŻk mŻl mŻm 4.5 4.6 4.7

Climate and delta scenarios HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO DA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB DECDAN S=PAN HARAHO BKN KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O DA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB DECDAN S=PAN HARAHO BKN @EGAO =J@ EJJANƄ@EGA =NA=O The consequences of extreme rainfall The consequences of drought The consequences of higher temperatures

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Biological adaptation

J PDA [AH@ KB >EKHKCUż =@=LP=PEKJO =NA PDKOA ?D=JCAO PK PDA OPNQ?PQNA KN >AD=REKQN KB =J KNC=JEOI PD=P EILNKRA EPO ?D=J?AO KB OQNRER=H KN KB OQ??AOOBQHHU N=EOEJC KYOLNEJCŻ

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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APPEJC PDA ?KQNOA BKN = ?HEI=PA LNKKB KPPAN@=I

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nŻj nŻk 5.3 5.4 5.5

QPANƄ@EGA ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ JJANƄ@EGA ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ Extreme rainfall Drought High temperatures

68 74 80 86 92

o

ANOLA?PERAO BKN PDA ?HEI=PA LNKKB @AHP= ?EPU

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6.1 6.2 6.3 oŻm oŻn 6.6 6.7 6.8

Combined perspectives Perspective for the port Perspective for Stadshavens ANOLA?PERA BKN PDA KQPANƄ@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?PO ANOLA?PERA BKN PDA EJJANƄ@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?PO Perspective for the compact city centre Perspective for the post-war districts and surrounding areas A journey through climate proof Rotterdam

100 103 107 111 115 119 123 126

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APPEJC OP=NPA@ƀ

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7.1 7.2

Instruments From strategy to implementation

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Colophon

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HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ

@=LP=PEKJ PK ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA EO PDA LNK?AOO SDANA>U OK?EAPU NA@Q?AO EPO RQHJAN=>EHEPU PK ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA KN SDANA>U EP LNK[PO BNKI PDA KLLKNPQJEPEAO LNKRE@A@ >U = ?D=JCEJC ?HEI=PAŻ

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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Summary The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy sets the course that will enable the city to adapt to the changing climate. The goal is to create a climate-proof city for all the people of Rotterdam, both now and for future generations - a city that is both attractive and economically prosperous.

Rotterdam and the changing climate What will be the consequences of global climate change for Rotterdam? What must we do to ensure that our city remains climate proof both now and in the future? With which parties must we cooperate, how can the people of Rotterdam play their part =J@ DKS =NA SA CKEJC PK P=?GHA PDA OEPQ=PEKJĆ =J climate change adaptation strengthen Rotterdam’s social and economic aims and contribute to creating an attractive environment? The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy provides answers to these questions.

Our climate is changing. Predictions indicate that we will experience more extreme weather conditions, such as heavier rainstorms, longer periods of drought and more heat waves, as well as higher water levels in the river Meuse. Since Rotterdam is a delta city, it is especially vulnerable to these consequences of climate change.

Fortunately, throughout recent centuries, Rotterdam D=O =HNA=@U P=GAJ I=JU IA=OQNAOĹť J EJCAJEKQO =J@ NK>QOP OUOPAI ?QNNAJPHU GAALO PDA ?EPU =J@ EPO LKNP O=BA =J@ @NUĹź I=GEJC KPPAN@=I KJA KB PDA safest delta cities in the world. In spite of this, the city is already being disrupted and damaged by, for example, extreme rainfall. In the face of these uncertain consequences of a changing climate, it is essential that Rotterdam continues to adapt. Doing nothing is not an option.

While the delta has brought Rotterdam its fair share of problems, it has also brought much more in the S=U KB >AJA[POĹť D=JGO PK PDA BKNAOECDP KB PDA LAKLHA of Rotterdam such as Rose and Caland, the city has

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been able to evolve into an attractive and dynamic international port. With our economy continuing to thrive and our population continuing to grow it is AOOAJPE=H PD=P SA I=GA KQN ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKB =J@ ?=NNU on with the tradition of smart solutions, technical innovation and urban development, both now and in the future.

In line with this tradition we have developed the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. This strategy provides guidelines for creating a climate proof city, what we intend to do and how the city can I=TEI=HHU >AJA[P BNKI ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJĹť DEO EO PDA [NOP PEIA PD=P PDA ?EPU D=O >AAJ REASA@ BNKI PDA perspective of climate change. The consequences for the functioning of the city have been thoroughly researched and suitable measures proposed. Furthermore, this OPN=PACU EJPNEJOE?=HHU HEJGO ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ PK the goals of creating a more attractive city and boosting the economy.

The basis of the adaptation strategy =EJP=EJEJC =J@ OPNAJCPDAJEJC PDA >=OE?O J KN@AN PK I=GA KQN ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKB SA JAA@ PK >A =>HA to continue to rely on our system of storm surge barriers =J@ @EGAOĹź ?=J=HO =J@ H=GAOĹź KQPHAPOĹź OASANO =J@ LQILEJC stations. In the future we must maintain and improve this system, which forms the robust basis of a climate proof Rotterdam.

@=LP=PEKJŽ I=GEJC QOA KB PDA AJPENA QN>=J AJRENKJIAJP While being essential, the above basis alone is not enough. Adaptation involves solutions being found in all =OLA?PO KB PDA QN>=J AJRENKJIAJP PD=P I=GA EP LKOOE>HA PK =HHARE=PA PDA OUOPAI =J@ I=GA EP IKNA NAOEHEAJPŝ J addition to the current system, small-scale measures SEHH >A P=GAJ EJ PDA ƙ=NPANEAO KB PDA ?EPUƛş EJ LQ>HE? =J@ private property. Green roofs and water squares are good examples of such small-scale solutions. We will become more in tune with the dynamics of the water and will focus more on nature when adapting Rotterdam to the changing climate.

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

KNGEJC PKCAPDAN =J@ HEJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO EJ PDA ?EPU

@@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA AJRENKJIAJPĹź OK?EAPUĹź A?KJKIU =J@ A?KHKCU

Maintaining the current robust system is and will remain the duty and responsibility of the government and local authorities. In addition to the City of Rotterdam, the water boards and national government also play a prominent role in projects such as, for example, the national Delta Programme. Furthermore, climate change adaptation requires cooperation with other parties.

Adaptation concerns the urban environment, therefore inhabitants, businesses, universities and colleges and interest groups can all participate and actively contribute PK I=GEJC KPPAN@=I ?HEI=PA LNKKBĹť DA NKHA KB PDA City of Rotterdam EO PK LNKRE@A = BN=IASKNG =J@ PK B=?EHEP=PA =J@ OPEIQH=PAĹť CKK@ AT=ILHA EO PDA Ć™ NAAJ A=IĆ› EJEPE=PERA Ć™ =REJC KQPĹź H=JPO EJĆ› EJ SDE?D PDA LAKLHA KB KPPAN@=I =NA AJ?KQN=CA@ PK I=GA PDAEN C=N@AJO CNAAJANĹť

Climate change adaptation provides a multitude of opportunities to strengthen the economy of the city and the port, to improve the living environment of neighbourhoods and districts, to increase biodiversity in the city and to encourage the people of Rotterdam to become involved and actively participate in society.

J?KNLKN=PEJC IKNA CNAAJ EJPK PDA ?EPU SEHH I=GA PDA ?EPU less vulnerable to extreme rainfall, drought and heat OPNAOOĹť DEO Ć™CNAAJ =@=LP=PEKJĆ› SEHH OEIQHP=JAKQOHU I=GA our surroundings more attractive, become the motor for green growth and will inspire the people of Rotterdam PK =?PERAHU L=NPE?EL=PAĹť QOEJAOOAO SEHH >AJA[P BNKI PDA increasing interest in climate change adaptation, which at present accounts for 3,600 jobs in the region. In the Rotterdam region the many businesses in the maritime, hydraulic engineering and delta technology sectors all have excellent growth prospects. Climate change adaptation contributes to the city’s goals in physical, economic and social terms and the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is in line with the targets expressed in the Rotterdam implementation strategy Ć?Ć™ EPRKANEJCOOPN=PACEA KPPAN@=IĆ›Ć?Ĺť

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We still have enough time to adjust to the changing ?HEI=PAŝ DEO IA=JO PD=P EP EO LKOOE>HA PK HEJG PDA =@=LPERA measures to other spatial development projects in the city and to intelligently combine them with existing management and maintenance programmes. This is GJKSJ =O ƙIKREJC PK PDA NDUPDI KB PDA ?EPUƛŝ EJGEJC EJ with other projects requires intensive cooperation with other partners who are active in the city. The City of Rotterdam will actively discuss climate proof approaches with the initiators of all new and existing projects. The emphasis is on joint responsibilities and shared aims for climate-proof urban development.

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Climate adaptive measures in the city Research carried out in the context of the climate change =@=LP=PEKJ LNKCN=IIA KPPAN@=I HEI=PA NKKB Ə Ɛż the national research programme Knowledge for Climate and the national Delta Programme has provided insight into the vulnerability of the city, the threats to the ?EPUƛO BQJ?PEKJEJC =J@ PDA OLA?E[? SKNG PD=P IQOP >A carried out to create a climate proof Rotterdam. Climate adaptive measures in the city contribute to creating an attractive, lively and healthy city. This requires precise, =NA=ƄOLA?E[? OL=PE=H @AOECJ =J@ IQHPEƄBQJ?PEKJ=H QO=CAŻ DA LNEJ?EL=H LNEKNEPU EJ KQPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=I EO IQHPEƄ H=UANA@ ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ >=OA@ KJ =@=LPERA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J@ @AOECJŻ T=ILHAO EJ?HQ@A ƙ^KK@ƄLNKKBƛ >QEH@EJCOż ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB ^KK@ƄLNKKB LQ>HE? =NA=Oż ^K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAO =J@ ƙ>QEH@EJC SEPD J=PQNAƛŻ LA?E=H =PPAJPEKJ is paid to the port and essential infrastructure, which =NA SAHH LNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^KK@EJCŻ DA LNKPA?PEKJ KB EJJANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=Iż DKSARANż BK?QOAO KJ LNARAJPEKJŻ In cooperation with the various parties, the storm surge barriers will be optimised and where necessary the @EGAO NAEJBKN?A@ PK ?NA=PA IQHPEƄBQJ?PEKJ=H @EGAO PD=P =NA seamlessly incorporated into the city, for example as NA?NA=PEKJ=H NKQPAOż J=PQN=H AI>=JGIAJPO KN ?KI>EJA@ with area development.

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EPDEJ PDA @EGAOż PDA ƙOLKJCA BQJ?PEKJƛ KB PDA ?EPU SEHH >A restored by implementing measures to capture and store rainwater where it falls and to delay drainage. These measures include green roofs and façades, less paving =J@ IKNA ^KN= EJ PDA LQ>HE? OPNAAPO =J@ JAECD>KQNDKK@Oż S=PAN OMQ=NAO =J@ EJ[HPN=PEKJ VKJAO =O L=NP KB PDA EJBN=OPNQ?PQNAŻ DAOA IA=OQNAO SEHH >A AOLA?E=HHU AYA?PERA in highly populated, built-up areas with little open space.

In those parts of the city where there is more space, robust measures such as increasing the water storage ?=L=?EPU KB ?=J=HO =J@ H=GAO =J@ ?KJOPNQ?PEJC CNAAJƄ>HQA ?KNNE@KNO SEHH OECJE[?=JPHU ?KJPNE>QPA PK I=GEJC PDA ?EPU climate proof. This green-blue adaptation of the city is = ƙJK NACNAPƛ IA=OQNA PD=P SEHH JKP KJHU LH=U = L=NP EJ I=GEJC PDA ?EPU ?HEI=PAƄLNKKB >QP SEHH =HOK I=GA PDA ?EPU a more attractive and pleasant place in which to live.

Getting started DEO OPN=PACU KQPHEJAO PDA ?KQNOA PK >A P=GAJŻ DA Rotterdam implementation approach, which has yet to >A @N=SJ QLż EJ@E?=PAO SD=P PDA LNEKNEPEAO =NAż SDE?D HEJGO will be made with the plans and projects in the city and the timeframe within which actions will be carried out.

KNA =OLA?PO KB ƙDKSƛ PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ SEHH >A ?=NNEA@ out include joining in with existing planned projects, HEJGEJC EJ SEPD OLA?E[? =NA= @ARAHKLIAJPż ?NA=PEJC =@@A@ R=HQA =J@ SKNGEJC PKCAPDANŻ HH L=NPEAO SKNGEJC in and for this city will be involved in drawing up this implementation approach, which will be based on clear agreements and shared ambitions. By setting up pilots and example projects Rotterdam will continue to lead the way as an innovative and climate proof delta city.

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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1 Introduction In 2008, the City Council of Rotterdam N=PE[A@ PDA Rotterdam Climate Proof programme. This part of the Rotterdam Climate Initiative consists of three main activities: development of knowledge, implementation of climate change adaptation measures and presenting Rotterdam internationally as an innovative delta city. Devising an adaptation strategy is a vital step in the process of creating a climate proof Rotterdam.

Mitigation and adaptation In the context of the sustainable development of Rotterdam, the City of Rotterdam EO SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN SEPD its partners to implement mitigating measures to reduce kƄAIEOOEKJOŻ KSARANż PDAOA AYKNPO SEHH JKP LNARAJP the consequences of a changing climate from becoming apparent throughout the world and in Rotterdam in particular. We therefore need to gain an insight into what AYA?PO ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA SEHH D=RA KJ PDA ?EPU =J@ SD=P SA ?=J @K =>KQP EPŻ DE?D OPN=PACE? @A?EOEKJO IQOP >A P=GAJ to ensure that Rotterdam becomes climate proof?

The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy outlines the course for a climate proof city so that by 2025 Rotterdam will be well-prepared for the consequences of climate change, while at the same time NA=LEJC I=TEIQI >AJA[POŻ B PDA OEPQ=PEKJ EO P=?GHA@ AYA?PERAHUż =@=LPEJC PDA ?EPU PK ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA SEHH =HOK I=GA EP IKNA =PPN=?PERA =J@ A?KJKIE?=HHU =J@ OK?E=HHU stronger.

OKHE@ BKQJ@=PEKJ The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is based on research that has been carried out within the Knowledge for Climate and the national Delta Programmes. Both programmes will be completed in kijn >QP PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB GJKSHA@CA ?KJ?ANJEJC climate change will of course continue unabated. One thing is certain: climate change is a slow process and its consequences will only gradually become apparent. @=LPEJC PDA ?EPU PK PDEO ?D=JCA SEHH P=GA PEIAż SDE?D EO why outlining the course for a climate proof Rotterdam in 2025 is a priority issue today.

Research and innovative projects will continue to be JA?AOO=NUŻ KSARANż PDA BK?QO SEHH ODE_ PK AI>A@@EJC ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ EJPK ATEOPEJC SKNGż development and planning processes being carried out by the City of Rotterdam =J@ PDA L=NPJANO SKNGEJC EJ PDA ?EPUŻ For this reason the topic of climate change adaptation will remain on the agenda for discussions with our partners

1. Introduction

=J@ SA SEHH ?KJPEJQA PK I=GA ?KJ?NAPA =CNAAIAJPO =>KQP SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN PKS=N@O = ?HEI=PA LNKKB KPPAN@=IŻ The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy describes and depicts the main features of the strategy for a climate proof Rotterdam. Separate reports covering PDAIAO OQ?D =O ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJż QN>=J S=PAN OUOPAIż urban climate and accessibility & infrastructure, provide =J EJƄ@ALPD >=OEO =J@ FQOPE[?=PEKJ BKN PDEO OPN=PACU =O SAHH =O @AO?NE>EJC NAHAR=JP O?EAJPE[? =J@ PA?DJE?=H NAOA=N?DŻ

QJEMQA =LLNK=?D The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is unique. There are four reasons for this. Firstly, it is the [NOP PEIA PD=P KPPAN@=I D=O ARAN >AAJ REASA@ BNKI PDA perspective of climate change and that the consequences for all the important aspects of the functioning of the city have been detailed. This has led to the creation of a more ?KILHAPA =J@ ?KDAOERA LE?PQNA KB PDA P=OG =DA=@ =J@ KB PDA PULAO KB IA=OQNAO NAMQENA@ EJ PDA @EYANAJP L=NPO KB PDA city.

The second reason is that the measures in the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy are the result of OLA?E[? NAOA=N?D ?=NNEA@ KQP >U ATPANJ=H L=NPEAOż >U the Delta Programme and by the national research programme Knowledge for Climate. Thirdly, right from PDA OP=NPż PDA ƄLNKCN=IIA Ə KPPAN@=I HEI=PA NKKBƐ BK?QOOA@ KJ C=EJEJC GJKSHA@CA =J@ EILHAIAJPEJC ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ IA=OQNAO PD=P SKQH@ NAOQHP EJ ƙOLEJƄ KYOƛ BKN KPPAN@=IŻ DA =EI EO PK ?KJPNE>QPA PK ?NA=PEJC a lively and attractive city with a strong economy and an involved society. Finally, in an international context, the Rotterdam approach to climate change adaptation is regarded as exceptional and has greatly improved the image of Rotterdam as an ambitious delta city.

QE@AHEJAO The people of Rotterdam have been adapting their city to the ever-changing delta for centuries. If the city is to be made climate proof, we will once again have to roll up our OHAARAO =J@ OAP PK SKNGŻ KPPAN@=I D=O =HNA=@U I=@A = start, with adaptive measures such as the construction of green roofs and water squares now under way. However, that is not enough. This Rotterdam Climate Change @=LP=PEKJ PN=PACU LNKRE@AO = BN=IASKNG BKN =HH L=NPEAO SKNGEJC EJ =J@ BKN PDA ?EPU PD=P SEHH HA=@ PK = ?HEI=PAƄ proof Rotterdam. Agreements with initiators regarding projects and activities will focus on climate proof urban development. This is one of the priorities of the City of Rotterdam.

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2 Rotterdam and the climate There is no denying it: the climate is changing.

Although climate change is not a recent phenomenon, global warming will cause the rate of change to accelerate.

We cannot predict the exact speed and extent of the ?D=JCAOŻ DA AYA?PO =J@ ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB ?HEI=PA change on urban development are similarly uncertain.

However, we simply cannot wait until we are 100% certain.

The potential consequences could be catastrophic, especially in delta cities. Furthermore opportunities =NA PDANA BKN PDA P=GEJCŽ PK EILNKRA PDA =PPN=?PERAJAOO KB KQN AJRENKJIAJPż PK SKNG PKCAPDAN =J@ PK strengthen the economy.

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

2. Rotterdam and the climate

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2.1 The climate is changing

Global warming is changing our climate. What consequences will this change have for the Netherlands and for Rotterdam in particular? It is predicted that the Netherlands will be subject to increasingly milder winters and hotter summers. On average our winters will become wetter and the rainfall increasingly extreme. During summers in particular, the frequency and severity of the rainfall will increase, although the total number of rainy summer days will decrease. Meteorologists predict that ATPNAIA SA=PDAN ?KJ@EPEKJO SEHH >A?KIA ARAN IKNA HEGAHUĹź for example in the form of heat waves. Moreover (and PDEO EO AOLA?E=HHU OECJE[ ?=JP PK KPPAN@=IĆ? OA= HARAHO SEHH continue to rise, at least for the time being.

rain rotterdam

the sea

the river

groundwater

DA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA PD=P SEHH =Y A?P Rotterdam: The water in Rotterdam comes from four sides:

‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

from the sea from the river BNKI =>KRA Ć?LNA?ELEP=PEKJĆ?

BNKI >AHKS Ć?CNKQJ@S=PANĆ?

KN PDEO NA=OKJ KPPAN@=IĹź HEGA I=JU KPDAN @AHP= ?EPEAOĹź EOA EJ OA= HARAHO

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is vulnerable to the consequences of climate change.

The rise in sea levels and increase in water levels directly EJ^ QAJ?A PDA ?EPUƛO ^ KK@ NEOGOŝ QNEJC LANEK@O KB ATPNAIA N=EJB=HHş EP EO RANU @Ed ?QHP BKN PDA S=PAN PK @N=EJ =S=Uŝ Drought manifests itself for example by low water tables =J@ HKS NERAN HARAHOŝ QNPDANIKNAş PDA JAC=PERA AY A?PO KB a heat wave are more apparent in a highly populated, compact city such as Rotterdam than in the surrounding

KSAN NERAN @EO?D=NCAO

ECDAN NERAN @EO?D=NCAO

countryside.

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KJCAN DKP LANEK@O

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KJCAN @NU LANEK@O

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

2.2 Rotterdam is vulnerable to climate change

KPPAN@=I EO = @AHP= ?EPU

J EJCAJEKQO >QP RQHJAN=>HA OUOPAI

HEI=PA ?D=JCA EO P=GEJC LH=?A EJ = ?D=JCEJC SKNH@Ĺť DA global population has grown exponentially over recent centuries. More than half of all people now live in towns and cities, most of which, due to their population density and economic value, are vulnerable to climate change.

In particular, the densely populated and economically prosperous cities in the large river deltas that open out EJPK PDA OA= SEHH >A @ENA?PHU =Y A?PA@ >U PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO of climate change.

J EJCAJEKQO OUOPAI GAALO KQN ?EPU O=BA =J@ @NU Ć?=J@ OKIAPEIAO SAPĆ?Ĺť DA HKSANĆ„HUEJC LKH@ANO =NA SAHHĆ„ protected from high water levels in the river Meuse by NK>QOP @EGAO =J@ >=NNEANO OQ?D =O PDA =AOH=JP OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANĹť DA ?EPU GAALO PDA S=PAN HARAHO EJ PDA polders stable by means of a system of canals and H=GAOĹź KQPHAPO =J@ S=PANS=UOĹź OASANO =J@ LQILEJC OP=PEKJOĹť DA KQPANĆ„@EGA ?EPU @EOPNE?PO =J@ D=N>KQNO =NA generally constructed on higher ground and are therefore inherently safer. The system is truly a masterpiece of Dutch technical engineering. However, it is also a ?KILHATĹź EJ^ ATE>HA OUOPAIĹť B =JUPDEJC ODKQH@ CK SNKJCĹź the damage to people and property in the lower-lying and densely populated city would be catastrophic.

Rotterdam is one such vulnerable delta city. Rotterdam is located in the delta of the rivers Rhine and Meuse.

E= PDA EAQSA =PANSAC Ć? AS =PANS=UĆ?Ĺź PDA ?EPU D=O KLAJ HEJGO PK PDA OA= =J@ EO EJ^ QAJ?A@ >U PDA PE@AĹť Much of Rotterdam, including the main port, lies in KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹť EPDEJ PDA @EGAOĹź PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA ?EPU KB Rotterdam is mostly well below sea level, with the lowest point being as much as 6.67 metres below NAP in the Alexanderpolder district (NAP the National Amsterdam ARAHĹź EO =J =CNAA@ KN@J=J?A IA=OQNAIAJP PD=P EO =HIKOP AMQ=H PK IA=J OA= HARAHĆ?Ĺť B PDA NACEKJ SANA PK ^ KK@Ĺź PDA consequences would be disastrous. Pumping stations run >U PDA S=PAN >K=N@O NACQH=PA PDA S=PAN HARAHO =J@ GAAL the polder dry.

Outer-dike

Inner-dike

Polders and green buffers

Groundwater

Polder ditches

Pump Polder outlet

Urban districts

Pump

Compact city centre

Canal

Pumping station

Dike

Urban districts

Port and harbour areas

river Meuse

Dike

North Sea

2. Rotterdam and the climate

15

KPPAN@=I D=O EPO =Y=ENO EJ KN@AN Rotterdam’s tradition of adapting to the natural ?EN?QIOP=J?AO EJ PDA @AHP= @=PAO S=U >=?G PK PDA RANU KNECEJO KB PDA ?EPUŻ EREJC SEPD PDA PDNA=P KB S=PAN EO EJ KQN genes. While Rotterdam’s position at the river estuary has presented many problems over the years, it has also brought far more in the way of prosperity to the city.

Rotterdam has been protecting itself from the threat of the water from the rivers and especially from the sea BKN ?AJPQNEAOŻ DA @=IOż @EGAO =J@ H=J@ NA?H=I=PEKJ D=RA >NKQCDP PDA @=JCANO =J@ NEOG KB ^KK@EJC QJ@AN ?KJPNKH =J@ PDA SAPH=J@O KB PDA EJJANƄ@EGA ?EPU D=RA been drained. This has made Rotterdam – although still vulnerable – one of the safest delta cities in the world.

KPPAN@=I D=O EPO =Y=ENO EJ KN@ANÅ»

1270

1854

1953-2010

=I EJ PDA KPPA

Canal plan

AHP= SKNGO

The dam separated fresh water from salt water, provided protection and gave the city its name. Rotterdam’s growth as both a commercial city and a port stemmed from this dam, which still forms the heart of the city today.

Rose’s canal plan for water management in the polder city improved the water quality and the water level management, and at the same time made the city more attractive. Rose introduced water as an urban quality in Rotterdam.

To this day the canals are attractive assets to the city.

KHHKSEJC PDA @EO=OPNKQO ^KK@O KB jrnlż PDA AHP= SKNGO SANA constructed to permanently protect our country from the threat of water, so that we would never again have PK OQYAN OQ?D = ?=P=OPNKLDAŻ DA AHP= SKNGO ALEPKIEOA KHH=J@ƛO decisiveness and ingenuity in its [CDP =C=EJOP PDA =@RANOA AYA?PO KB water. The culmination of the Delta SKNGOż PDA =AOH=JP OPKNI OQNCA barrier, protects Rotterdam and GAALO PDA ?KJJA?PEKJ >APSAAJ PDA port and the sea open.

16

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

HKK@EJC EJ KKN@ANAEH=J@

=PAN MQ=HEPU

T?AOO OPKNIS=PAN KJ PDA OPNAAPO

EGA OQ>OE@AJ?A

JQJ@=PA@ ?AHH=NO

A=P =J@ >NE@CAO

DA OEPQ=PEKJ JKS HPDKQCD PDA OUOPAI PD=P EO GAALEJC KPPAN@=I O=BA =J@ dry is robust and well-maintained, in extreme situations the city is already noticing the consequences of very high water levels, heavy downpours and long periods of drought or high temperatures. Whereas in the past these weather conditions occurred infrequently, over recent decades they have become more common. Such events show how vulnerable the city is to the changing climate.

In the city itself, the problems manifest themselves BKN AT=ILHA EJ PDA BKNI KB ^KK@EJC =HKJC PDA MQ=UO EJ PDA KH@AN KQPANƄ@EGA L=NPO KB PDA ?EPUż ^KK@EJC EJ PDA streets and inundated cellars during periods of extreme rainfall. When temperatures are very hot some bridges

2. Rotterdam and the climate

do not close properly and the water quality in the canals =J@ H=GAO @APANEKN=PAOŻ KNPQJ=PAHU PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO so far have not been too severe. They have merely been inconvenient and caused minor damage and mild disruption to the city.

However, faced with the uncertain consequences of the ?D=JCEJC ?HEI=PAż EP EO AOOAJPE=H PD=P KPPAN@=I I=GAO itself less vulnerable. Rotterdam must continue adapting to changes in the delta.

Doing nothing is not an option!

17

2.3 Rotterdam is changing

HKJC PN=@EPEKJ KB QN>=J @ARAHKLIAJP EJ PDA @AHP=

KPPAN@=I EO ?KJPEJQEJC PK ?D=JCA

It is not only the climate that is changing. The city of Rotterdam itself is also continually changing and evolving, as you would expect of a delta port. Throughout NA?AJP ?AJPQNEAOż KPPAN@=IƛO PN=@EPEKJ KB ƙLNKPA?PEJC itself against and living with water’ has shaped the development of the city. The strategic location of Rotterdam in the Dutch Delta has brought prosperity and growth.

Rotterdam is forever in motion. The city is continually adapting to its changing population and social-economic circumstances. Rotterdam is a densely populated city and is still growing. For the foreseeable future, it is expected that the number of inhabitants in the city will increase. The good news is that the people of Rotterdam =NA >A?KIEJC IKNA =J@ IKNA O=PEO[A@ SEPD HEBA EJ PDAEN city and the economy is continuing to grow. With its port and industrial complex Rotterdam is internationally oriented and the city is home to a number of strong, promising economic clusters such as maritimeprofessional services and delta technology.

The city developed around the dam in the river Rotte, =HKJC =J@ >ADEJ@ PDA DECD OA= @EGAO =J@ =NKQJ@ PDA DEOPKNE? KQPANƄ@EGA D=N>KQNOŻ J PDA jrPD ?AJPQNUż constructions such as Rose’s canals formed the context for urban development. The port developed rapidly, partially due to the construction of the Nieuwe Waterweg Ə AS =PANS=UƐż =J@ PDA ?EPU CNAS =HKJC SEPD EPŻ J the 20th century, as the port slowly moved further out towards the sea, the abandoned old harbours such as Kop van Zuid became part of the city. In this way Rotterdam has evolved into a modern and dynamic international port.

Binnenrotte

DA EHHAIOG=@A SEPD = REAS KB PDA N=OIQO NE@CA =J@ PDA EHDAHIEJ= EAN Nesselande

18

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Boompjes

==ORH=GPA k RDM campus

In a physical sense Rotterdam will continue to change.

The emphasis over the coming period will mainly be on compacting and gradually transforming the existing city rather than on growth outwards, as was the case in the 20th century. In particular, the inner city, Stadshavens and South Rotterdam are priorities for urban development. As residential and recreational amenities on the waterfront are highly desirable, the prospects for waterfront development in Rotterdam are extremely promising. The port is also continuing to develop and IK@ANJEOAĹť AS =NA=O OQ?D =O PDA SAA@A ==ORH=GPA =NA >AEJC ?KJOPNQ?PA@ =J@ PDA BK?QO EO ODE_EJC PK OQOP=EJ=>HA =J@ Ad?EAJP LNK?AOO ?D=EJOĹť

2. Rotterdam and the climate

Over recent decades the population of Rotterdam and PDA A?KJKIU KB PDA ?EPUĹź EJ >KPD EJJANĆ„ =J@ KQPANĆ„@EGA regions, have grown considerably. As a result, there is a B=N CNA=PAN HEGAHEDKK@ KB ?=OQ=HPEAOĹź @=I=CA =J@ A?KJKIE? HKOOAO EBĹź BKN AT=ILHAĹź ^KK@EJC SANA PK K??QNĹť @AMQ=PA long-lasting protection from the consequences of climate change is therefore essential to the city of Rotterdam and its inhabitants.

19

3 The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy “Rotterdam is the city of the future. A city for everyone. The city continually provides new opportunities for the many people of Rotterdam, some of whom are new to the city while others have been =OOK?E=PA@ SEPD EP BKN CAJAN=PEKJOĹť KCAPDANĹź SA HKKG PK PDA BQPQNA =J@ OAEVA KLLKNPQJEPEAO SEPD >KPD D=J@OĹť We in Rotterdam are proud of our city and its port, active and involved as we are in our neighbourhoods and districts.â€? Ć?BNKI PDA EPU KQJ?EH CNAAIAJP kijiĆ„kijmĆ?

NE=H ?HKOQNA KB PDA =AOH=JP OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEAN Ć?OQ?D =O ODKSJ DANA EJ kijiĆ? =PPN=?PO I=JU OLA?P=PKNOĹť

20

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

3. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

21

3.1 Rotterdam’s ambitions

The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy outlines the course that will enable Rotterdam to adapt to climate change and discusses the consequences for the city. The primary goal is to create a climate proof city for the people of Rotterdam now and for future generations.

KSARANĹź KPPAN@=I =HOK DKLAO PK P=GA =@R=JP=CA KB PDA opportunities presented by climate change adaptation to strengthen its economy, to improve the environment, to enhance the natural resources and to increase the involvement of the inhabitants of Rotterdam with their city. As such, the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is in line with the city’s aims as presented in the Ć™ P=@OREOEA KPPAN@=IĆ› Ć? KPPAN@=I QN>=J REOEKJĹź OL=PE=H @ARAHKLIAJP OPN=PACUĆ? =J@ SEPD PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ =O set out in the Rotterdam implementation strategy.

The world is changing and Rotterdam needs to change with it. The Rotterdam implementation strategy discusses the four themes on which the city intends to focus: the development of talent, the strength of a caring OK?EAPUĹź =J =PPN=?PERA Ć?EJJANĆ? ?EPU =J@ = OPNKJC A?KJKIUĹť

DA OPN=PACU NAMQENAO QO =HH PK SKNG PKCAPDANĹť U @KEJC so we can broaden our scope and set ourselves more =I>EPEKQO P=NCAPOĹť EPD PDAOA FKEJP AYKNPO SA =NA SKNGEJC towards the future and ensuring that Rotterdam remains an attractive, healthy, lively and economically strong city.

=GEJC KPPAN@=I ?HEI=PA LNKKB >U kikn Rotterdam aims to be 100% climate proof by 2025.

This is the goal expressed in the city’s climate change adaptation programme. This means that by 2025 IA=OQNAO SEHH =HNA=@U D=RA >AAJ P=GAJ EJ KPPAN@=I PK AJOQNA PD=P A=?D OLA?E[? =NA= EO IEJEI=HHU @EONQLPA@ >U =J@ I=TEI=HHU >AJA[PO BNKI ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA >KPD PDAJ and throughout the following decades. Furthermore, all OL=PE=H @ARAHKLIAJP EJ KPPAN@=I SEHH OPNQ?PQN=HHU P=GA into account the long-term foreseeable climate change while allowing for uncertain eventualities. This goal of a climate proof Rotterdam is in line with the Rotterdam implementation strategy and is also a prerequisite for achieving the city’s more wide-reaching aims.

Rotterdam Municipal Executive Committee

22

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

3.2 The primary objectives for climate change adaptation

DA ?EPU =J@ EPO EJD=>EP=JPO =NA LNKPA?PA@ BNKI PDA NERANO =J@ PDA OA=

DA ?EPU =J@ EPO EJD=>EP=JPO ATLANEAJ?A IEJEI=H @EONQLPEKJ BNKI PKK IQ?D KN PKK HEPPHA N=EJB=HH

DA KNP KB KPPAN@=I NAI=EJO O=BA =J@ =??AOOE>HA

It is vital that Rotterdam and its inhabitants remain protected from ^KK@EJC =J@ PD=P EJRAOPKNO NAP=EJ PDAEN ?KJ[@AJ?A EJ PDA ?EPU =J@ region.

Rotterdam needs to be able to cope with extreme weather situations such as prolonged downpours, heat waves and periods of drought. To PDEO AJ@Ĺź SA =NA =HNA=@U SKNGEJC together with the partners of the Rotterdam water plan and will continue to do so.

Rotterdam needs to remain accessible to people, goods and services.

It is crucial that the essential urban Ć?LQ>HE? QPEHEPEAOĆ? JAPSKNGO =NA NK>QOP and that weather conditions, no matter how extreme, do not lead to uncontrollable situations.

DA EJD=>EP=JPO KB KPPAN@=I =NA =S=NA KB PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =J@ GJKS SD=P PDAU PDAIOAHRAO ?=J @K

HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ ?KJPNE>QPAO PK = ?KIBKNP=>HAĹź LHA=O=JP =J@ =PPN=?PERA ?EPU EJ SDE?D PK HERA =J@ SKNG

HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ OPNAJCPDAJO PDA A?KJKIU KB KPPAN@=I =J@ EPO EI=CA

Inhabitants and businesses in Rotterdam need to be aware of the consequences of climate change, to become conscious of their own NAOLKJOE>EHEPEAO =J@ PK GJKS SD=P =?PEKJ PDAU PDAIOAHRAO ?=J P=GAĹť The City of Rotterdam provides the BN=IASKNG SEPDEJ SDE?D PDAU ?=J assume their own responsibilities.

Rotterdam must continue to be a city in which it is pleasant to live =J@ SKNG =J@ SDANA ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA @KAO JKP =@RANOAHU =YA?P PDA DA=HPD and welfare of its inhabitants. The measures used to guarantee this SEHH @ENA?PHU ?KJPNE>QPA PK I=GEJC the city more attractive and to improving the environment.

=GEJC PDA ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKB SEHH >AJA[P PDA A?KJKIU KB KPPAN@=IĹť Climate change adaptation will create new, economic impulses in the city and strengthen the international image of Rotterdam as an ambitious and progressive delta city. In this way Rotterdam will ?KJ[NI EPO =>EHEPU PK P=GA ?D=NCA KB = situation and promote itself as a role model for other cities.

i

3. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

23

3.3 The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

+

ROBUST SYSTEM

N

24

ROBUST SYSTEM

PTAT

IO

In Rotterdam, society can still rely on this protection today. However, patterns are changing. Climate change and social and economic growth mean that the emphasis EO ODE_EJC PKS=N@O =J =@=LPERA =LLNK=?DŻ =PDAN PD=J FQOP [CDPEJC =C=EJOP EPż KJA S=U KB ?KLEJC EO PK >A LNAL=NA@ PK HERA SEPD PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCAŻ

PTAT

N

In the 20th century the emphasis was on combating the PDNA=P LKOA@ >U S=PANŻ J KN@AN PK I=GA PDA ?KQJPNUż =J@ Rotterdam in particular, safe and dry, the emphasis was on protection, and above all on prevention. The Delta SKNGO ALEPKIEOA OQ?D =J =LLNK=?DŻ

When it comes to adapting the city to cope with the AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCAż KPPAN@=I ?=J ?KJPEJQA PK NAHU on the current robust system, which consists of storm OQNCA >=NNEANO =J@ @EGAOż KB ?=J=HO =J@ H=GAOż KQPHAPOż OASANO =J@ LQILEJC OP=PEKJOŻ A SEHH ?KJPEJQA PK GAAL this system in good shape, to maintain it and to improve it where necessary. This system forms the basis for a climate proof Rotterdam.

IO

DA CKK@ JASO EO PD=P PDA ?HEI=PAƄNAH=PA@ P=OGO B=?EJC the city are not acutely critical. In other words Rotterdam D=O AJKQCD PEIA PK =@FQOP PK =J@ PK ARKHRA SEPD PDA ƙ@AHP= dynamics’. We will be able to adapt to the unpredictable AYA?PO KB = ?D=JCEJC ?HEI=PA EJ = ?D=JCEJC ?EPUŻ

K>QOP OUOPAI

ADA

As has already been mentioned, Rotterdam has the situation under control. We can rely on a robust system BKN PDA OQLLHU KB QN>=J S=PAN =J@ BKN ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ - a system that is both durable and resilient. However, SA ?=JJKP =YKN@ PK NAOP KJ KQN H=QNAHOŻ J=?PEKJ SEHH ARAJPQ=HHU HA=@ PK CNA=PAN NEOGO =J@ =J EJ?NA=OA EJ ƏNAL=EN=>HAƐ @=I=CA =J@ ATLAJOERA =@=LP=PEKJOŻ

DA >=OEO KB PDA OPN=PACU

ADA

Rotterdam’s location in the delta, dominated as it is by PDA CNA=P NERANO =J@ PDA OA= EJ L=NPE?QH=Nż I=GAO PDA ?EPU RQHJAN=>HA PK PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCAŻ QNPDANIKNAż the region is densely populated and has considerable economic value. When these aspects are combined, it >A?KIAO ?HA=N PD=P = OPN=PACU PK I=GA KPPAN@=I HAOO RQHJAN=>HA PK PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA EO AOOAJPE=HŻ

Adaptation However, this basic robust system alone is not enough.

Adaptation means that we must also focus on adapting PDA ?EPU PK I=GA EP HAOO RQHJAN=>HA =J@ IKNA NAOEHEAJPŻ Throughout all aspects of the urban environment, solutions must be found to alleviate the system and I=GA EP IKNA ^ATE>HAŻ @=LP=PEKJ =HOK EJRKHRAO BK?QOEJC on adapting the city to move in tune with the dynamics of the delta and its rising and falling water levels. In =@@EPEKJ PK PDA EIIAJOA PA?DJE?=H ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ SKNGO and barriers, we need to devise small-scale solutions - the large-scale application of small-scale measures EJ PDA DA=NP KB PDA ?EPUŻ A =NA CN=@Q=HHU P=GEJC OI=HH ƙJKƄNACNAPƛ OPALOŻ A @K JKP EJPAJ@ PK NAHU OKHAHU KJ PA?DJE?=H OUOPAIOż >QP SEHH =HOK I=GA QOA KB J=PQNAƛO KSJ potential to adapt Rotterdam to the changing climate.

There is plenty of time, so we can create opportunities for experimentation and innovation. Successful developments will be directly implemented in Rotterdam.

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

QE@EJC LNEJ?ELHAO This adaptive approach is based on the following guiding principles:

+ K>QOP =J@ NAOEHEAJP

+ NKPA?PEKJ =J@ IKREJC EJ PQJA

+ AHP= SKNGO =J@ OI=HHÆ„O?=HA LNKFA?PO

+ A?DJKHKCU =J@ J=PQNA

3. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

25

KPDAN LNKFA?PO KNGEJC PKCAPDAN @=LPEJC PK ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA EO JKP = P=OG BKN PDA EPU KB Rotterdam alone. Maintaining the technical system of OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANOĹź NK>QOP @EGAOĹź OASANO =J@ LQILEJC stations is of course the responsibility of national government, the water boards and the City of Rotterdam, and will remain so. The people of Rotterdam will continue to be able to rely on this.

However, climate change adaptation involves much IKNAĹť K >A?KIA NAOEHEAJP =J@ ^ATE>HAĹź ATPN= OL=?A IQOP be created for adaptive measures in both public and private areas of the city. This means that climate change adaptation has become the responsibility of many other parties, and not just the local authorities. The authorities IQOP SKNG PKCAPDAN SEPD JAS L=NPJANO =J@ OP=GADKH@ANOĹť In the past, traditional joint ventures have included the water boards, the province and national government SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN EJ PDA [AH@O KB ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJĹź QN>=J water supply and urban development. For climate change adaptation in the city, the inhabitants and businesses, ?KNLKN=PEKJO =J@ JAPSKNG LNKRE@ANOĹź A@Q?=PEKJ=H AOP=>HEODIAJPO =J@ OK?EAP=H KNC=JEO=PEKJO Ć? Ć? SEHH =HH have to become involved, each in their own way.

NKRE@EJC JBKNI=PEKJ

=GEJC =?PEKJ D=JGO PK CKK@ş P=NCAPA@ EJBKNI=PEKJş ?EPEVAJO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO =NA >A?KIEJC IKNA =S=NA KB PDA AYA?PO KB climate change. This improved awareness has resulted in measures being actively supported and in particular EJ LKOEPERA EJ@ERE@Q=H =?PEKJO >AEJC P=GAJŝ I=HHƄO?=HA =@=LPERA IA=OQNAO PDNKQCDKQP PDA ƙRAEJOƛ KB PDA ?EPU provide opportunities for active participation and lead to broader cooperation between the regional authorities and other parties. In this way inhabitants, collectives and corporations, organisations and businesses can all contribute to a climate proof city. Green roofs are a good example of this. Climate change adaptation is both topdown and bottom-up.

EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN =?PEREPEAO DA ?D=HHAJCA EO PK HEJG ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ measures to other urban programmes and projects such as regular management and maintenance of the roads and public areas. Not only to large-scale urban area development plans, but also, and above all, to ?QNNAJP LNKFA?PO P=GEJC LH=?A EJ PDA ?EPUĹť JHU PDAJ ?=J the city become climate-proof through and through. In

PTAT

N

ROBUST SYSTEM

IO

ROBUST SYSTEM

N

26

PTAT

IO

ADA

Few of the inhabitants of Rotterdam are currently OQd?EAJPHU =S=NA KB PDA NEOGO KB HEREJC EJ PDA HKSĆ„HUEJC LKH@ANO KN KB PDA LNKPA?PEKJ PD=P PDA @EGAO LNKRE@AĹť P is essential that the regional authorities educate the ?EPEVAJO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO =J@ LNKRE@A EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP PDA NEOGO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCAĹť DA @ECEP=H AJRENKJIAJP has an ever-increasing range of communication tools, for example the apps for smart phones and interactive

communication via social media. A good example of OQ?D = PKKH EO PDA Ć™ HEI=PA =IAĆ› PD=P S=O @ARAHKLA@ SEPDEJ PDA BN=IASKNG KB PDA Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. In an active and accessible digital AJRENKJIAJP PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA ?=J >A >NKQCDP to life and it is possible to play an active role in the adaptation of Rotterdam and to learn more about the various interests involved.

ADA

Working together and linking in with

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

3. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

O

ROBUST SYSTEM

+

ER

GY

IN

T E G G TO ON EC

Y

K

M

T

R

E G TOG

OL

IN

EC

R

H

ER

WO K

+

N

+

PTAT

H

IN

T SO EN N I M G K N N IN LI

WO

ROBUST SYSTEM

Climate change adaptation provides a multitude of opportunities for boosting the economy of the city and port, for improving the environment in neighbourhoods and districts, for increasing the biodiversity in the city =J@ ƙH=OP >QP JKP HA=OPƛ BKN AJ?KQN=CEJC PDA EJD=>EP=JPO of Rotterdam to actively participate in the community.

In this way climate change adaptation will contribute to achieving the aims that the city has in physical, economic and social terms and the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is in line with the targets expressed in the Rotterdam implementation strategy.

IO

PTAT

N

ADA

NG

IO

+

NKI

KNGEJC PKCAPDAN PKS=N@O = ?HEI=PA LNKKB KPPAN@=I EO JKP AJKQCDŻ DA ?EPU EO =EIEJC PK ?=LEP=HEVA KJ PDA opportunities provided by climate change adaptation.

Rotterdam’s ultimate objective is to adapt to climate change while at the same time creating added value for the city.

Y ET CI

LI

KPPAN@=I =EIO PK LNK[P BNKI ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ =J@ PK ?NA=PA =@@A@ R=HQA

ENV IRO

J PDA LNK?AOO KB SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN PKS=N@O = ?HEI=PAƄ proof Rotterdam, the regional authorities have a new role PK LH=UŻ J =@@EPEKJ PK PDAEN ?QOPKI=NU NKHA =O ƙCQ=N@E=JO KB LQ>HE? =Y=ENOƛ PDAU JAA@ PK >A?KIA =?PERA B=?EHEP=PKNO and initiators, as well as supporters and driving forces behind initiatives in the Rotterdam community. This will create conditions whereby inhabitants and businesses can independently contribute to the city’s climate proof BQPQNAŻ EPEVAJO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO =HEGA SEHH LH=U =J =?PERA =J@ LKOEPERA NKHA =O ƙLNK@Q?ANOƛŻ AKLHA KB KPPAN@=I D=RA already accepted the challenge, as can be seen by the I=JU AJPNEAO PK PDA ƙ?EPU EJEPE=PERAOƛ LNKCN=IIAŻ DA EPU of Rotterdam will discuss climate proof approaches with initiators of all development projects and activities. The emphasis is on joint responsibilities and shared aims for climate proof urban development.

adaptation

O

APPEJC QL BN=IASKNGOż B=?EHEP=PEJC =J@ EJEPE=PEJC

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these unstable economic times, less money than ever before is available for implementing ambitious plans. By SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN SEPD KPDAN L=NPEAO PD=P =NA EJRAOPEJC EJ KPPAN@=Iż EP EO LKOOE>HA PK HEJG EJ SEPD =NA= @ARAHKLIAJPż JAPSKNG I=EJPAJ=J?A KN PDA PN=JOBKNI=PEKJ KB NA=H AOP=PAŻ DA OI=HHƄO?=HA EJEPE=PERAO ?=NNEA@ KQP >U ?EPEVAJO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO =HOK LNKRE@A KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN HEJGEJC EJŻ

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J =PPN=?PERA ?EPU @@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA AJRENKJIAJP Climate change adaptation provides opportunities for reinforcing Rotterdam’s image as an attractive city and BKN EILNKREJC PDA AJRENKJIAJPŝ =GEJC PDA ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKB ?=J A=OEHU >A ?KI>EJA@ SEPD I=GEJC EP ARAJ IKNA =PPN=?PERAŝ A ?=J HEJG EJ SEPD PDA ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O KB PDA @AHP=ş PDA NERAN =J@ PDA D=N>KQNOş PDA MQ=UO =J@ PDA L=NGO along the Meuse, and we can also combine it with the =PPN=?PEKJO KB PDA @EGAOş ?=J=HOş L=NGO =J@ H=GAO EJ PDA city itself.

Climate change adaptation is based on integrating and EILNKREJC PDA SDKHA QN>=J AJRENKJIAJPĹť EGAO =NA SAHH EJPACN=PA@ EJ PDA ?EPU =J@ =NA IQHPEĆ„BQJ?PEKJ=HĹť =GEJC space for water storage in the city can create new and attractive public areas, for example water squares.

Waterproof designs may include extending the green>HQA JAPSKNG SDEHA OEIQHP=JAKQOHU @AJOEBUEJC PDA ?EPUĹť On a smaller scale, homes and gardens can be used to create added value for the environment for example via the many initiatives for removing paving stones and replacing them with plants.

DA >AJA[ PO PK KPPAN@=I ?=J =HNA=@U >A OAAJ EJ I=JU parts of the city. A good example is the Eendragtspolder district, where extra water storage has been intelligently combined with a rowing course and other sport facilities.

J AOOAH=J@AĹź PDA OQNB=?A KB PDA ARAJDQEVANLH=O =GA has been doubled and it now forms the centrepiece of an attractive area in which to live and spend leisure time.

J PDA EFJD=RAJ PDA ^ K=PEJC L=REHEKJ I=NGO PDA OP=NP KB PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB Ć™^ K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAOƛş SDEHA =P PDA Bellamyplein water square, the water storage has been used to create an attractive public area in the heart of the neighbourhood. Following on from the ideals expressed in Rotterdam by the 19th century urban architect W.N. Rose: a climate proof city is a beautiful and attractive Ć?S=PANĆ? ?EPUĹť

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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DA LAKLHA KB KPPAN@=I >AJA[ P BNKI =@=LP=PEKJ @@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA ?KIIQJEPU JPE?EL=PEJC PDA AY A?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA LNKRE@AO = multitude of opportunities to strengthen and inspire the community of Rotterdam. Increasing the amount of J=PQN=H RACAP=PEKJ =J@ ^ KN= NECDP EJ PDA DA=NP KB PDA ?EPUż for example, enables the people of Rotterdam to play = @ENA?P =J@ =?PERA NKHA =J@ PK SKNG PKCAPDANŻ HEI=PA change adaptation presents opportunities for individuals to implement their own initiatives, frequently in their own street or neighbourhood. This active participation not only improves relationships between people but also encourages mutual involvement with the environment.

There are already many green urban initiatives in progress, each in their own way encouraging people to LH=U =J =?PERA L=NP EJ I=GEJC PDA ?EPU IKNA =PPN=?PERA and to improve the environment. Examples include urban B=NIO KJ ƏPAILKN=NEHUƐ QJQOA@ LHKPO EJ PDA ?EPUż ?KHHA?PERA gardens and the construction of wilderness playgrounds and child-friendly districts.

DA EJ@ENA?P >AJA[ PO BKN OK?EAPU EJ?HQ@A PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB JAS FK>O BKN PDA LAKLHA KB KPPAN@=I EJ PDA ƙCNAAJƄ>HQAƛ economy and delta technology sectors. These sectors are increasingly becoming the driving force behind economic growth and provide job opportunities for both the highly A@Q?=PA@ =J@ PDA QJOGEHHA@ =HEGAŻ EJ=HHUż OLA?E[ ? AILD=OEO KJ @AHP= PA?DJKHKCU =J@ adaptation in schools and other educational programmes provide ideal opportunities for the young people of Rotterdam. Opportunities arise at all levels from practical training to higher technical education, for example on the RDM campus. Climate change adaptation is the @ARAHKLIAJP KB P=HAJP =J@ GJKSHA@CAŻ

3. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ L=UO KY @@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA A?KJKIU Its economically favourable location in the delta has enabled Rotterdam to evolve into a modern and bustling EJPANJ=PEKJ=H LKNPŻ JRAOPKN ?KJ[ @AJ?A EO AOOAJPE=H PK PDA main port of Rotterdam. In order to stay ahead of the international competition it is vital that the business district and the essential infrastructure are protected BNKI ^ KK@EJC =J@ KPDAN JAC=PERA ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA AY A?POŻ The safety and security of the region and port must be guaranteed, both now and in the future.

The Rijnmond-Drechtsteden region, and Rotterdam in particular, are home to many businesses that operate internationally in the maritime service, hydraulic engineering and delta technology sectors. It is estimated that 3600 jobs in the construction industry, EJ ?KJOQHP=J?U Kd ?AO =J@ EJ =NA ?QNNAJPHU @ENA?PHU related to climate change adaptation. Rotterdam can SKNG PK BQNPDAN EILNKRA PDEO B=RKQN=>HA OEPQ=PEKJŻ DA ?EPU EO BK?QOEJC KJ ƙCNAAJ CNKSPDƛ =O = LNKIEOEJC =J@ sustainable development strategy for the economy.

Climate change adaptation presents ample economic perspectives. Investing in climate adaption now will pay KY EJ PDA HKJCƄPANIŽ = SE@AƄN=JCEJC QNKLA=J OPQ@U has indicated that the cost of implementing adaptation measures is on average only about seven per cent of the ?KOP KB NAL=ENEJC PDA ^ KK@ @=I=CA PD=P I=U KPDANSEOA occur. This is a clear case of prevention being better than cure.

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Rotterdam is a showcase and testing ground for innovative adaptive measures and hopes to remain so EJ PDA BQPQNAŻ J HEJA SEPD PDA ?EPUƛO IKPPK ƙ ?PEKJOż JKP SKN@Oƛż PDA [ NOP NAOQHPO =NA =HNA=@U JKPE?A=>HA EJ PDA ?EPU and are helping to enhance Rotterdam’s image. This will encourage more new businesses to invest in the Rotterdam region and to relocate here. @@A@ R=HQA =HOK EJ?HQ@AO ATLKNPEJC PDA ƙGJKSDKSƛ that has been amassed in Rotterdam by businesses, universities and colleges and the regional authorities.

Rotterdam hopes to share this climate change adaptation GJKSHA@CA SEPD KPDAN @AHP= ?EPEAO RE= JAPSKNGO OQ?D as C40 and Connecting Delta Cities. Rotterdam is @AIKJOPN=PEJC EPO HA=@ANODEL OGEHHO >U @AREOEJCż BKN example, an adaptation strategy for Ho Chi Minh City in EAPJ=IŻ HNA=@Uż @KVAJO KB EJPANJ=PEKJ=H @AHAC=PEKJO visit Rotterdam each year to learn about the city’s approach to climate change.

There is another important reason that proves that ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ @KAO EJ B=?P L=U KY Ż PALƄ >UƄOPAL EJRAOPIAJP EJ I=GEJC PDA ?EPUż >QEH@EJCO =J@ LQ>HE? =NA=O ?HEI=PA LNKKB EO BNAMQAJPHU ?KOP AY A?PERA EJ the long-term and is therefore advisable. At times when the economy is struggling, the rate of adaptation can be tempered. Combining climate change adaptation with KPDAN EJRAOPIAJPO EJ PDA ?EPU =J@ HEJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO EO =HOK LNK[ P=>HAŻ J PDEO ?=OA UKQ NA=HHU @K CAP more for your money.

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

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NAAJĆ„>HQA =@=LP=PEKJ @@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA A?KHKCU Climate change adaptation can easily be combined with improving the ecological quality of Rotterdam. More S=PAN =J@ ^ KN= Ć?I=GEJC PDA ?EPU CNAAJANĆ? SEHH I=GA PDA city more resilient during periods of extreme rainfall or @NKQCDPĹť J KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹź Ć™>QEH@EJC SEPD J=PQNAĆ› ?=J become an alternative for solid constructions to prevent ^ KK@EJC @QNEJC DECD S=PAN HARAHOĹť NAAJ >=JGO EILNKRA PDA MQ=HEPU KB PDA S=PAN =J@ I=GA EP A=OEAN PK AJFKU EPĹť Adaptation can lead to increased biodiversity in Rotterdam and can stimulate ecological added value for the city. This can be seen throughout the city, from green roofs and wilderness school playgrounds to natural NERAN>=JGO =J@ LHA=O=JP CNAAJ OQNNKQJ@EJC ?KQJPNUOE@AĹť At the same time the city is becoming a more attractive place to live.

3. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Finally, climate change adaptation presents a range of KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN OPNAJCPDAJEJC PDA =NA=Ć„OLA?E[ ? A?KĆ„ system of the delta. The estuary ecology with its gradual transition from fresh water to salt water and from wetlands to dry land can be reincorporated in the city in PDA BKNI KB PE@=H L=NGO =J@ PE@=H J=PQNAĹť CKK@ AT=ILHA EO PDA NAAJ KNP >U PDA LAJEJOQH= EJ KVAJ>QNCĹť DANA EO also great potential for creating ecological added value in Stadshavens. =GEJC >APPAN QOA KB A?KHKCE?=H OKHQPEKJO =J@ A?KĆ„OUOPAI services is a win-win situation. The city becomes greener and at the same time more climate proof.

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4 Climate change AYA?PO =J@ PDA consequences for Rotterdam DE?D ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO D=RA PK >A P=GAJ EJPK account by Rotterdam? What are the potential consequences of climate change for the city? What are the consequences of higher water levels, more intensive rainfall, longer periods of heat and drought?

KS RQHJAN=>HA EO KPPAN@=IƁ EHH KQN @EGAO >A high enough and strong enough in the future? How SAHHƄLNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^KK@EJC =NA PDA LKNP =NA=O KB Rotterdam? And what problems will heat stress cause in the city?

ECDAN OA= =J@ NERAN HARAHO SEHH ?=QOA IKNA BNAMQAJP ^KK@EJC KB PDA HKSANƄHUEJC KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O OQ?D =O KKN@ANAEH=J@Ż

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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4.1 Climate and delta scenarios

HEI=PA O?AJ=NEKO In the Netherlands, climate change is mainly dictated by global warming and the changing air circulation patterns in Western Europe. Based on these climatological variables, in 2006 the KNMI (Royal Meteorological JOPEPQPA KB PDA APDANH=J@OĆ? @NAS QL BKQN LKPAJPE=H climate scenarios. These scenarios are consistent and plausible visions of the possible future climate in the Netherlands. They show how the temperature, rainfall and wind may change depending on the particular global climate change.

DA BKQN O?AJ=NEKO =NAĹ˝ K@AN=PA Ć? Ć?Ĺź K@AN=PA SEPD ?D=JCEJC =EN ?EN?QH=PEKJ ?QNNAJPO Ć? ǢĆ?Ĺź =NI Ć? Ć? =J@ =NI SEPD ?D=JCEJC =EN ?EN?QH=PEKJ ?QNNAJPO Ć? ǢĆ?Ĺť

O?AJ=NEK PDA JKNI=PERA NERAN ^KS SEHH >A jqşiii IlƕO EJ kjiiş =J EJ?NA=OA KB kşiii IlƕO ?KIL=NA@ PK PDA ?QNNAJP situation. Based on the G scenario, in 2100 the sea level will have risen by 15 cm to 35 cm and the normative NERAN ^KS SEHH >A jpşiii IlƕOŝ The G and W+ scenarios are frequently used when =J=HUOEJC ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ IA=OQNAO EJ PDEO ?KQJPNUŝ Through complex programmes and models, the various normative high water levels can be used to identify LKPAJPE=H @EGA DAECDP @A[?EAJ?EAO =J@ ?=H?QH=PA PDA LNK>=>EHEPU KB ^KK@EJC KB PDA EJJANƄ@EGA LKH@ANO =J@ KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=Oŝ

AHP= O?AJ=NEKO In addition to the direct consequences of climate change, PDA NEOGO PK OK?EAPU =NA =HOK =YA?PA@ >U PDA OK?E=H =J@ economic changes in the Netherlands. For example an increase in the economic value of an area brings with it a CNA=PAN NEOG KB @=I=CA EB ^KK@EJC @KAO K??QNĹź ARAJ EB PDA =?PQ=H HEGAHEDKK@ KB PDA ^KK@EJC EPOAHB @KAO JKP EJ?NA=OAĹť An increase in the population means that there is a CNA=PAN NEOG KB LAKLHA CAPPEJC DQNPĹť DEO ?=J >A ATLNAOOA@ >UĹ˝ NEOG ÇŚ LNK>=>EHEPU T ?KJOAMQAJ?AO In the Delta Programme the two KNMI scenarios (G and ǢĆ? =NA HEJGA@ PK PSK OK?EKĆ„A?KJKIE? O?AJ=NEKOĹž KJA EJ which the population and the economy continue to grow in the very long-term and a second scenario in which the LKLQH=PEKJ ODNEJGO =J@ PDA A?KJKIU >=NAHU CNKSO =P =HHĹť DEO ?KI>EJ=PEKJ D=O HA@ PK BKQN @AHP= O?AJ=NEKO HKKGEJC ahead to 2050 and 2100. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is based on these delta scenarios.

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The four climate scenarios are an important aid when it ?KIAO PK ?=H?QH=PEJC =J@ DULKPDAOEOEJC KJ PDA AYA?PO of climate change. They are used for all climate research =J@ LKHE?UĆ„I=GEJC EJ PDA APDANH=J@OĹź BKN AT=ILHA in urban climate change adaptation plans and in the national Delta Programme.

The Delta Programme uses the two extreme KNMI climate O?AJ=NEKO Ć? =J@ ǢĆ? PK @APANIEJA PDA QLLAN =J@ HKSAN HEIEPO BKN PDA NEOA EJ OA= HARAH =J@ PDA JKNI=PERA NERAN ^KS =P K>EPDĹť =OA@ KJ PDA Ǣ O?AJ=NEKĹź PDA OA= HARAH SEHH have risen by between 35 cm and 85 cm in 2100. In this

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

4.2 HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO

AOA=N?D EJPK ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA EJ KPPAN@=I EPDEJ PDA BN=IASKNG KB PDA KPPAN@=I HEI=PA NKKB climate change adaptation programme, the Knowledge for Climate programme has carried out extensive research EJPK DKS ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA SEHH =YA?P KPPAN@=I =J@ SD=P the consequences will be. Within the Delta Programme ?KJOE@AN=>HA GJKSHA@CA D=O =HOK >AAJ @ARAHKLA@ concerning the Rijnmond-Drechtsteden region. In the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, this GJKSHA@CA EO =LLHEA@ PK @AO?NE>A PDA ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?POĹź PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO =YA?PEJC KPPAN@=I =J@ PDA NEOGO PD=P PDA ?EPU IQOP P=GA EJPK =??KQJPĹť Q?D KB PDEO information has been included in the newly developed Rotterdam interactive climate atlas.

EYANAJ?AO >APSAAJ PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =J@ KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O KB KPPAN@=I When describing the consequences of higher sea and river HARAHO EJ PANIO KB ^KK@ NEOGO =J@ S=PAN O=BAPUĹź PDANA EO = ?HA=N @EOPEJ?PEKJ >APSAAJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O =J@ PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA=O KB KPPAN@=IĹť DA KQPANĆ„@EGA NACEKJO =NA directly exposed to the river and the sea and there are no LNKPA?PERA @EGAOĹť DEO IA=JO PD=P PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O =NA IQ?D IKNA HEGAHU PK ^KK@ PD=J PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹť

KSARANĹź =O PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O =NA CAJAN=HHU KJ IQ?D DECDAN CNKQJ@Ĺź PDA ^KK@O =NA ODKNPĆ„HERA@ =J@ PDA ^KK@ Ć?EJQJ@=PEKJĆ? @ALPD EO NAH=PERAHU HKSĹť DA NAOLKJOE>EHEPU BKN PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA NACEKJ LNEI=NEHU HEAO SEPD PDA IQJE?EL=HEPUĹź PDA EJD=>EP=JPO =J@ OLA?E[? L=NPEAO I=GEJC QOA KB PDA area.

J EJJANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB DECDAN OA= =J@ NERAN HARAHO =NA KB = @EYANAJP J=PQNAĹť J AT?AHHAJP OUOPAI KB LNEI=NU ^KK@ >=NNEANO AYA?PERAHU LNKPA?PO PDA HKSANĆ„HUEJC LKH@ANO BNKI ^KK@EJCĹť P EO ATPNAIAHU QJHEGAHU that conditions will exceed the safety standards for the @EGAOĹť KN AT=ILHAĹź PDA LNK>=>EHEPU KB PDA @EGAO KJ PDA JKNPD >=JGO ?KHH=LOEJC EO j EJ jiĹźiii UA=NOĹť KSARANĹź PDANA EO =HS=UO = NEOG KB ^KK@EJCĹť DA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB = LKPAJPE=H EJJANĆ„@EGA ^KK@ SKQH@ >A @EO=OPNKQO >KPD EJ terms of the number of casualties and the amount of damage caused. The national government and the water >K=N@O =NA LNEI=NEHU NAOLKJOE>HA BKN EJJANĆ„@EGA ^KK@ protection.

mĹť HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

In summary, the direct consequences for the delta city Rotterdam could include:

higher sea and river levels ‡ EJ?NA=OA@ NEOG KB KQPANƄ@EGA ^KK@EJC ‡ more frequent closure of the Maeslant storm surge barrier

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EJ?NA=OA@ NEOG KB EJJANĆ„@EGA ^KK@EJC

more intensive rainfall

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water is less able to drain away EJ?NA=OA@ NEOG KB @EONQLPEKJ =J@ water damage

longer periods of drought

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lower water tables decrease in the water quality EJ?NA=OA@ HEGAHEDKK@ KB @=I=CA PK >QEHPĆ„QL =NA=OĹź ^KN= =J@ B=QJ= low river levels obstruct shipping

longer hotter periods (heat waves)

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decrease in the thermal comfort in the city JAC=PERA AYA?PO KJ DA=HPD =J@ well-being EJ?NA=OA@ HEGAHEDKK@ KB @=I=CA PK ^KN= =J@ B=QJ=

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4.3 The consequences of higher water levels for outer-dike areas

DA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O KB KPPAN@=I =NA JKP LNKPA?PA@ >U @EGAO =J@ =NA @ENA?PHU =YA?PA@ >U PDA S=PAN HARAHO KB PDA river and by the tide. This means that they are vulnerable PK PDA AYA?PO KB DECD S=PAN HARAHO ?=QOA@ >U OPKNI PE@AO at sea and high river discharge.

extreme rises in sea level of 85 cm, by 2100, in addition PK PDA =HNA=@U RQHJAN=>HA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O EJ PDA DA=NP KB the city, such as Noordereiland, Stadshavens and some post-war harbour areas will also be more susceptible to ^KK@EJCĹť

KOP KB PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O =NA KJ DECDAN CNKQJ@ PD=J PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA ?EPUĹť QNEJC @ARAHKLIAJP KB PDA ?EPU =J@ LKNPĹź PDA KQPAN @EGA =NA=O D=RA =HS=UO >AAJ N=EOA@ EJ KN@AN PK NA@Q?A PDA NEOG KB ^KK@EJCĹť J =HH JAS @ARAHKLIAJPO EJ KQPANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I PDA NEOG KB ^KK@EJC SEHH ?KJPEJQA PK >A P=GAJ EJPK =??KQJP SDAJ determining the construction elevation. The elevation of the quaysides varies from a little less than 3 metres =>KRA Ć?ǢƕƄ OA= HARAHĆ? EJ PDA ?EPU PK nĹťn IAPNAO =>KRA EJ PDA SAA@A ==ORH=GPAĹť DA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O NEOA high above the polders, which can be as low-lying as 6 metres below NAP.

DA NAH=PERAHU HKSĆ„HUEJC DEOPKNE? KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O OQ?D =O PDA KKN@ANAEH=J@Ĺź PDA ?DAALR==NPGS=NPEANĹź PDA KL R=J Feijenoord and Heijplaat are the most vulnerable to the AYA?PO KB DECD S=PAN HARAHOĹť B OA= HARAHO NEOA >U oi ?IĹź PDA BNAMQAJ?U KB ^KK@EJC KB PDAOA =NA=O SEHH EJ?NA=OA BNKI once every 50 years to an average of once every year.

KNAKRANĹź IQ?D H=NCAN =NA=O SEHH >A =YA?PA@Ĺť

DA HEGAHEDKK@ KB ^KK@O EJ PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O KB KPPAN@=I EO IQ?D CNA=PAN PD=J EJ PDA EJJANƄ@EGA =NA=Oŝ DA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O =NA LNKPA?PA@ >U PDA =AOH=JP storm surge barrier. This barrier closes when water levels reach 3 metres above NAP, thereby greatly reducing PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB ^KK@EJCŝ QA PK PDA DECDAN AHAR=PEKJO =J@ PDA AYA?PO KB PDA PE@Aş ^KK@O EJ PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O =NA QOQ=HHU ODKNPƄHERA@ =J@ PDA ^KK@ EJQJ@=PEKJ @ALPDO =NA HEIEPA@ŝ DA NEOG KB B=P=HEPEAO KN H=NCAƄO?=HA OK?E=H disruption is very low. However, material damage in these urbanised areas, including the largest port and industrial ?HQOPAN EJ QNKLAş ?KQH@ >A ?KJOE@AN=>HAŝ JHEGA PDA ?EPUƛO EJJANƄ@EGA =NA=Oş PDA LNEI=NU NAOLKJOE>EHEPU EJ KQPANƄ@EGA Rotterdam lies with the municipality, the inhabitants and OLA?E[? L=NPEAO QOEJC PDA =NA=ŝ

Recently developed areas such as Katendrecht, the EHDAHIEJ= EANĹź PDA HKU@ EAN =J@ PDA QHHAN EAN SEHH =HOK OQYAN PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB DECDAN S=PAN HARAHOĹť NEOA EJ OA= HARAH KB oi ?I SEHH EJ?NA=OA PDA NEOG KB water damage from 1 x 10,000 to 1 x 1,000. This is PDA LNK>=>EHEPU KB PDA =NA=O ^KK@EJC EJ =JU L=NPE?QH=N UA=N =J@ ?=J >A OAAJ =O = BNAMQAJ?UĹť DA NEOG KB ^KK@O =YA?PEJC P=@OD=RAJO Ć? ANSAĆ„ EAND=RAJOĆ?Ĺź SDE?D =NA EJ the process of transformation, will also increase.

DA JAS LKNP =NA=O EJ?HQ@EJC PDA KPHAGĹź QNKLKKNP =J@ PDA ==ORH=GPA D=RA >AAJ ?KJOPNQ?PA@ =P OQ?D DECD elevations that for many years to come, far into the 21st ?AJPQNUĹź PDA NEOG KB ^KK@EJC SEHH NAI=EJ ATPNAIAHU HKSĹť The main port of Rotterdam is, and will remain, one of PDA O=BAOP LKNPO EJ PDA SKNH@ =O B=N =O ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ EO concerned.

J?NA=OA@ NEOG KB ^KK@EJC EPD DECD OA= =J@ NERAN HARAHOĹź PDA NEOG =J@ BNAMQAJ?U KB ^KK@EJC EJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O KB KPPAN@=I SEHH EJ?NA=OAĹź =O SEHH PDA ^KK@ EJQJ@=PEKJ @ALPDĹť DA I=LO KJ L=CA lp EHHQOPN=PA PDA LNA@E?PA@ ^KK@EJC KB KQPANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I EJ kijn =J@ kjii Ć? ǢĆ? SEPD a probability of 1 x 1,000 years. In other words, the I=LO @ALE?P PDA ^KK@EJC @QA PK S=PAN HARAHO PD=P SEHH on average occur once in every thousand years. In the O?AJ=NEK >=OA@ KJ = N=LE@ ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA Ć? ǢĆ?Ĺź SEPD

36

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

=L jŽ QPANƄ@EGA ^KK@EJC EJ KPPAN@=I EJ kijn ƏOKQN?AŽ AHP=NAOƐ SEPD = BNAMQAJ?U KB j T jżiii UA=NO

inundation depth 0.0 - 0.2 m 0.2 - 0.5 m 0.5 - 0.8 m 0.8 - 2.0 m 2.0 - 5.0 m >5m

=L kŽ QPANƄ@EGA ^KK@EJC EJ KPPAN@=I EJ kjii ƏOKQN?AŽ AHP=NAOƐ Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEK SEPD = BNAMQAJ?U KB j T jżiii UA=NO

inundation depth 0.0 - 0.2 m 0.2 - 0.5 m 0.5 - 0.8 m 0.8 - 2.0 m 2.0 - 5.0 m >5m

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

37

KJOAMQAJ?AO KB ^KK@EJC J EJ?NA=OA@ LNK>=>EHEPU KB ^KK@EJC KB PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O SEHH HA=@ PK =J EJ?NA=OEJC HEGAHEDKK@ KB A?KJKIE? HKOOAO =J@ OK?E=H @EONQLPEKJĹť P EO RANU QJHEGAHU PD=P ?=OQ=HPEAO SEHH K??QN =O = @ENA?P NAOQHP KB ^KK@EJC KB KQPANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=IĹť DA NACEKJ D=O = NAH=PERAHU DECD AHAR=PEKJ =J@ PDA ^KK@ S=PAN ^KS N=PAO =J@ ^KK@ @ALPDO will be limited.

KSARANĹź ^KK@EJC KB PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O EJ KPPAN@=I ?=J HA=@ PK ?KJOE@AN=>HA @=I=CA EJ PDA =YA?PA@ =NA=OĹť J =@@EPEKJ PK CAJAN=H @EONQLPEKJĹź PDA I=EJ AYA?PO SEHH >A @=I=CA >U ^KK@ PK LNER=PA LNKLANPU =O SAHH =O @=I=CA to the public areas of the city. The disruption to business activities or the temporary inaccessibility of the area will cause economic losses. Furthermore in addition to this @=I=CAĹź ^KK@EJC ?=J @ENA?PHU ?=QOA KPDAN AJRENKJIAJP=H damage such as pollution resulting from the discharge of D=V=N@KQO OQ>OP=J?AOĹť

KKIĹ˝ KPPAN@=I ?AJPNAĹź ^KK@EJC EJ kijn

38

OOAJPE=H EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA EJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O EO potentionally vulnerable. This includes power stations, AHA?PNE?EPU OQLLHUĹź S=PAN LQNE[?=PEKJ LH=JPOĹź IKPKNS=UOĹź I=FKN NK=@OĹź N=EHS=UOĹź PDA C=O @EOPNE>QPEKJ JAPSKNGĹź sewers and ICT. Transformer stations and electricity OQ>OP=PEKJO EJ PDA DEOPKNE? KQPANĆ„@EGA NACEKJ KB KPPAN@=I EJ L=NPE?QH=N =NA =HOK =P NEOGĹť =JU KB PDAOA B=?EHEPEAO =J@ JAPSKNGO SANA LNKLANHU ?KJOPNQ?PA@ =P PDA PEIAĹź BKN example on higher ground. However the higher water HARAHO =J@ PDAEN IQPQ=H @ALAJ@AJ?A KJ R=NEKQO JAPSKNGO SEHH I=GA PDAI IKNA RQHJAN=>HAĹť DEO EO AOLA?E=HHU PNQA for the port and industrial clusters.

Power cuts or other disruptions to services can paralyse businesses and cause serious problems in inhabited =NA=OĹť DA QPEHEPU JAPSKNGO EJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O OANRA PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA=O KB PDA ?EPUĹź OK B=EHQNAO PDANA ?=J HA=@ to large-scale disruption of social life in the city.

B ^KK@O @K K??QNĹź PDA NAOQHPEJC @=I=CA I=U HA=@ PK = long recovery period in which essential functions (for AT=ILHA S=OPA S=PAN LQNE[?=PEKJĆ? @K JKP SKNG LNKLANHU BKN SAAGO KN ARAJ IKJPDOĹť DEO ?=J D=RA OANEKQO consequences in many parts of the city. This essential

KKIĹ˝ KPPAN@=I ?AJPNAĹź ^KK@EJC EJ kjii Ć? Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEK SEPD = BNAMQAJ?U KB j T jĹźiii UA=NOĆ?

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA EO CAJAN=HHU SAHHƄLNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^KK@O >U its safe elevation or by other protective measures.

O PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB @EONQLPEKJ =J@ @=I=CA EJ?NA=OAOż in the long-term the region will become a less attractive LH=?A EJ SDE?D PK HERA =J@ SKNGŻ DA DEOPKNE? D=N>KQNO SEHH >A KJA KB PDA [NOP =NA=O =YA?PA@Ż B PDA KKN@ANAEH=J@ ATLANEAJ?AO @EONQLPEKJ =J@ @=I=CA @QA PK ^KK@EJC IKNA frequently than once a year then the social acceptance of PDEO ^KK@EJC SEHH @A?NA=OA =J@ż BKN AT=ILHAż PDKOA >=OA@ EJ PDA NACEKJ I=U OAAG PK IKRA PK =JKPDANż HAOO ^KK@ prone, region.

J?NA=OA EJ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO @QA PK PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA= P EO LNA@E?PA@ PD=P PDA A?KJKIE? R=HQA KB KQPANƄ@EGA Rotterdam will increase over time. This means that, if JK ?HEI=PA =@=LPERA IA=OQNAO =NA P=GAJż PDA NEOGO KB economic losses will also increase. This is especially PNQA BKN PDA KQPANƄ@EGA QN>=J @ARAHKLIAJP =NA=O such as Stadshavens, but also applies to the further redevelopment of the port areas such as the Waalhaven.

+ 100 cm

30 cm

+ 30 cm ground level

DA DEOPKNE? KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O =NA PDA IKOP RQHJAN=>HA PK @=I=CA >U ^KK@EJC

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

Transformer stations are vulnerable to inundation depths greater than 30 cm

39

40

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

QPANƄ@EGA S=PAN O=BAPU NEOG I=L Ƅ kjii DA NEOG I=L EHHQOPN=PAO PDA AOOAJPE=H EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA EJ kjii PD=P I=U LKPAJPE=HHU >A?KIA ^KK@A@ Ə Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEKƐż >=OA@ on the current system, assuming that no other climate adaptive IA=OQNAO =NA P=GAJż =J@ SEPD = BNAMQAJ?U KB j T jżiii UA=NO ƏOQ?D water levels are expected to occur on average once every thousand UA=NOƐŻ DA ?HQOPANO Ə>QOEJAOOAO SEPD H=NCA MQ=JPEPEAO KB D=V=N@KQO OQ>OP=J?AOƐż = JQI>AN KB AOOAJPE=H LKSAN =J@ transformer stations and some roads and railways are especially vulnerable.

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

41

4.4 The consequences of higher water levels for dikes and inner-dike areas

Rotterdam is structurally protected by a primary ^KK@ @ABAJOA OUOPAI ?KJOEOPEJC KB @QJAO =HKJC PDA ?K=OP =J@ @EGAO =HKJC PDA NERANOĹť J =@@EPEKJ PDANA =NA ^ATE>HA >=NNEANO PD=P ?=J >A ?HKOA@ SDAJ OPKNI PE@AO =NA ATLA?PA@Ĺž PDA =AOH=JPĆ„Ĺź =NPAHĆ„ =J@ KHH=J@O?DA OOAH storm surge barriers.

In Rotterdam, the level of protection varies from 1:4,000 UA=NO EJ OOAHIKJ@A Ć?@EGA NEJC jpĆ? PK jĹ˝jiĹźiii UA=NO BKN PDA JKNPD >=JG KB PDA NERAN AQOA Ć?@EGA NEJC jmĆ?Ĺť ERAJ EPO HK?=PEKJ Ć?I=EJHU >AHKS OA= HARAHĆ? =J@ PDA LKPAJPE=H ?=P=OPNKLDE? ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB = ^KK@Ĺź KPPAN@=I D=O OAP itself one of the highest safety standards in the world.

EPDEJ PDA @EGAOĹź PDANA =NA I=JU LKH@ANO =J@ KQPHAP systems that drain water to and from the polders. These S=PANS=UO =NA ^=JGA@ >U NACEKJ=H OA?KJ@=NU @EGAO PK LNARAJP ^KK@EJC KB PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹť

DA @EGAO EJ KPPAN@=I OANRA IKNA PD=J FQOP PK LNKPA?P PDA ?EPU =C=EJOP PDA S=PANĹž PDAU =HOK =NA L=NP KB PDA spatial structure of the city and are frequently interwoven EJPK PDA QN>=J B=>NE?Ĺť J OKIA LH=?AO PDA @EGAO =NA CNAAJ and recreational, but elsewhere, such as the Boompjes, they are an integral part of the urban infrastructure. In =@@EPEKJ PK PDAEN LNKPA?PERA BQJ?PEKJĹź PDA @EGAO D=RA KPDAN functions such as major access roads or recreational cycle routes.

=?D NEJC KB LNEI=NU @EGAO LNKPA?PEJC EJJANĆ„@EGA Rotterdam has its own agreed level of protection and safety standards. The standards refer to the so-called Ć™BNAMQAJ?U KB AT?AA@=J?Aƛŝ DEO EO PDA LNK>=>EHEPU KB S=PAN levels occurring that are higher than the normative high S=PAN HARAHO Ć? Ć? BKN SDE?D PDA @EGA S=O ?KJOPNQ?PA@Ĺť In a delta city such as Rotterdam, this normative high S=PAN HARAH Ć? Ć? EO I=EJHU @KIEJ=PA@ >U PDA OA= Ć?OPKNI PE@AOĆ?Ĺž DECD NERAN ^KSO LH=U IQ?D HAOO KB = NKHAĹť

l IK@AH NALNAOAJPEJC PDA DAECDP KB H=J@ EJ KPPAN@=IĹť DA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA= EO HKSAN PD=J PDA NERANĹť Ć?OKQN?AĹ˝ Ĺť K>>EJGĹź AH_Ć?

42

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

=L jŽ QNNAJP HARAHO KB LNKPA?PEKJ

1:10,000

LNKPA?PEKJ HARAH KB PDA @EGA NEJC LNEI=NU @EGAO EJ IQJE?EL=H =NA= KPPAN@=I LNEI=NU @EGAO @EGAO PD=P JAA@ PK >A NAEJBKN?A@ >=OA@ KJ PDA kJ@ =J@ lN@ O=BAPU =OOAOOIAJPO ƏOKQN?AŽ =J @AN N==Jż A?AI>AN kijjƐ

=L kŽ EGA DAECDP @A[?EP EJ kjii ƏOKQN?AŽ AHP=NAOƐ Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEK

LNEI=NU @EGAO EJ IQJE?EL=H =NA= Rotterdam LNEI=NU @EGAO DAECDP @A[?EP 0 - 25 cm 25 - 50 cm 50 - 75 cm 75 - 100 cm 100 - 125 cm 125 - 150 cm 150 - 175 cm

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

43

ECDAN S=PAN HARAHO EOEJC OA= HARAHO =J@ ?D=JCEJC NERAN ^ KSO SEHH HA=@ PK =J increase in water levels. In the W+ climate scenario, the JKNI=PERA DECD S=PAN HARAHO Ć? Ć? ATLA?PA@ =P PDA AJ@ of the century will on average be one metre higher. This AY A?P EJ PDA KPPAN@=I NACEKJ EO I=EJHU @QA PK NEOAO KB sea level. In the W+ scenario, by 2100 the sea level is expected to have risen by between 35 cm and 85 cm.

The Maeslant storm surge barrier is designed to cope with rises in sea level of up to 50 cm. In the rapid climate ?D=JCA O?AJ=NEK Ć? ǢĆ? PDA >=NNEAN SEHH >A =>HA PK BQH[ H EPO BQJ?PEKJ QJPEH =>KQP kipiĹź =_ AN SDE?D EP SEHH JAA@ PK >A replaced. In the milder climate change scenarios, the barrier will be able to remain in operation longer.

DA EJ?NA=OEJC JKNI=PERA DECD S=PAN HARAHO Ć? Ć? IA=J PD=P EP EO HEGAHU PD=P PDA BNAMQAJ?U KB AT?AA@=J?A KB @EGA @AOECJ HARAHO SEHH EJ?NA=OAĹť DA @EGAO SEHH PDAJ JK HKJCAN meet the required statutory standards. If no measures =NA P=GAJĹź PDA NEOG KB EJJANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I ^ KK@EJC SEHH increase.

QNNAJPHU JA=NHU =HH PDA LNEI=NU @EGAO EJ KPPAN@=I meet the agreed standards and provide the desired level of protection. However, an increase in normative high water levels resulting from climate change will mean that at some locations this will no longer be the case. If JK IA=OQNAO =NA P=GAJĹź EJ >KPD O?AJ=NEKO Ć? =J@ ǢĆ?Ĺź OA?PEKJO KB PDA @EGA SEHH JKP >A DECD AJKQCDĹť

KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN PDA =AOH=JP OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEAN Rising water levels mean that the Maeslant storm surge barrier will have to close more frequently. As things ?QNNAJPHU OP=J@Ĺź EP EO ATLA?PA@ PD=P >U kiqi Ć? ǢĆ? PDA barrier will have to close once a year on average, rather than the current average of once every twelve years. It is of course possible to alter the criteria that determine when the Maeslant storm surge barrier closes. It currently closes when the water level reaches 3 metres above Ĺť CKK@ >=H=J?A IQOP >A BKQJ@ >APSAAJ Ć™LNKPA?PEKJĆ› =J@ Ć™=??AOOE>EHEPUƛŝ B PDA @A?EOEKJ EO I=@A PK KJHU ?HKOA the Maeslant storm surge barrier when water levels are IQ?D DECDANĹź PDANA SEHH >A = CNA=PAN NEOG KB PDA HKSAN HUEJC KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O ^ KK@EJCĹť KSARANĹź ?HKOEJC PDA OPKNI surge barrier sooner, at lower water levels, will cause more frequent obstruction to shipping.

KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN PDA @EGAO

U kjii Ć? ǢĆ? PDEO SEHH D=RA >A?KIA = LNK>HAI BKN PDA ANSAĆ„ EAND=RAJOĹź PDA ==O>KQHAR=N@ =J@ PDA KKG KB

KHH=J@Ĺť DA OEPQ=PEKJ =HKJC PDA KVAJ>QNC OKQPD @EGA NEJC NAMQENAO BQNPDAN OPQ@UĹť DA DAECDP @A[ ?EP R=NEAO BNKI about 20 cm in the Merwe-Vierhavens to about 40 to 60 ?I =HKJC PDA ==O>KQHAR=N@Ĺť B JK IA=OQNAO =NA P=GAJĹź PDA NEOG KB PDAOA @EGAO ^ KK@EJC SEHH EJ?NA=OAĹť Moreover, a number of the more easterly regions such as the Krimpenerwaard and the Alblasserwaard are facing = IQ?D PKQCDAN ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ ?D=HHAJCAĹť DA ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ =HKJC PDA KHH=J@O?DA OOAH EJ L=NPE?QH=N IQOP be substantially improved, and this directly impacts the safety of the Alexanderpolder district of Rotterdam.

MHW

Maeslant storm surge barrier in the Nieuwe Waterweg Ć? AS =PANS=UĆ?

44

J EJ?NA=OA EJ Ć?JKNI=PERA DECD S=PAN HARAHĆ?

HA=@O PK @EGA DAECDP @A[ ?EPO

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

DA @EGAO EJ PDA ANSAĆ„ EAND=RAJO =J@ PDA Maasboulevard are multi-functional and tightly woven into the surrounding urban infrastructure. There is HEIEPA@ O?KLA BKN @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJPĹť AEJBKN?EJC PDAOA =NA=O EO = ?D=HHAJCAĹź LNKRE@EJC KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN HEJGEJC EP in with the urban spatial area development.

KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN PDA NACEKJ=H @EGAO The water levels in the polder outlets will continue to be maintained using a system of pumps and pumping OP=PEKJOĹť DA NEOGO KB ^ KK@EJC SEHH PDANABKNA JKP EJ?NA=OAĹť ACEKJ=H @EGAO EJ PDA SAOPANJ L=NP KB PDA APDANH=J@O =NA BNAMQAJPHU ?KJOPNQ?PA@ KB KN KJ LA=PĹť Q?D LA=P @EGAO are vulnerable to long periods of drought as they dry out and compact, which may cause them to subside.

KSARANĹź PDA RKHQIA KB S=PAN EJRKHRA@ EJ OQ?D = @EGA breach is considerably less than it would be in the event KB = >NA=?D EJ PDA LNEI=NU @EGA NEJCĹť P EO QJHEGAHU PD=P there will be many casualties. However, a breach could cause wide-scale disruption and considerable damage, BKN AT=ILHA @QA PK PDA B=EHQNA KB QPEHEPEAO KN ^ KK@EJC KB PDA national roads and railways.

AHP= NKCN=IIA The national Delta Programme is currently reassessing PDA ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ IA=OQNAO KJ = J=PEKJ=H HARAH =J@ SKNGEJC KJ =J =LLNK=?D PK CQ=N=JPAA LNKPA?PEKJ BNKI ^ KK@O BKN >KPD LNAOAJP =J@ BQPQNA CAJAN=PEKJOĹť DA BK?QO EO ODE_ EJC BNKI Ć™LNARAJPEKJĆ› PK Ć™NEOG I=J=CAIAJPƛŝ DEO IA=JO PD=P EJ =@@EPEKJ PK PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB = OLA?E[ ? water level occurring, the consequences for the areas SEPDEJ PDA @EGA SEHH =HOK >A P=GAJ EJ PK =??KQJPĹť _ AN =HHĹź PDA NEOG EO PDA LNK@Q?P KB PDA LNK>=>EHEPU =J@ PDA consequences. It is not yet clear what impacts this NEOG I=J=CAIAJP =LLNK=?D SEHH D=RA KJ PDA HARAH KB LNKPA?PEKJ =J@ KJ BQPQNA @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP KLAN=PEKJOĹť KNA GJKSHA@CA =>KQP @EGAO D=O >A?KIA =R=EH=>HAĹť KS=@=UOĹź =??KQJP EO P=GAJ JKP KJHU KB PDA DAECDP KB PDA @EGAĹź >QP =HOK KB EPO OP=>EHEPU =J@ KPDAN B=EHQNA IA?D=JEOIOĹť J =@@EPEKJ PK LNARAJPEKJ Ć?@EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJPĆ?Ĺź @=I=CA NAOPNE?PEKJ EO =HOK >AEJC considered in terms of local protective measures (spatial @AOECJĆ? =J@ AR=?Q=PEKJ LH=JOĹť DEO EO GJKSJ PDA QHPEĆ„ layer safety and security strategy.

QHJAN=>EHEPEAO =J@ NEOGO JJANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I EO ATPNAIAHU SAHHĆ„LNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^ KK@EJCĹť PDAN PD=J EJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA NACEKJĹź PDA NEOEJC OA= =J@ S=PAN HARAHO SEHH EJEPE=HHU KJHU EJ@ENA?PHU =Y A?P PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹť _ AN =HHĹź PDA LNEI=NU @EGAO LNKRE@A = DECD HARAH KB LNKPA?PEKJ BNKI ^ KK@EJCĹť ARANPDAHAOOĹź PDANA EO =HS=UO = ?D=J?AĹź DKSARAN OI=HHĹź PD=P PDA @EGAO SEHH >A breached or collapse.

DA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB ^ KK@EJC =NA ODKSJ EJ PDA NEOG I=LĹť B ^ KK@EJC SANA PK K??QNĹź PDA EIL=?P KJ PDA ?EPU and region would be considerable, both in terms of the number of casualties and in terms of damage to the A?KJKIUĹť B = @EGA EO >NA=?DA@Ĺź PDA S=PAN SEHH OQNCA deep into the city and will not be able to drain away.

QNPDANIKNAĹź KRAN NA?AJP @A?=@AOĹź =_ AN PDA ?QNNAJP safety standards were drawn up in 1960, the number KB EJD=>EP=JPO =J@ PDA A?KJKIE? R=HQA KB PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA ?EPU D=RA >KPD CNKSJ ?KJOE@AN=>HUĹť DEO D=O OECJE[ ?=JPHU =@@A@ PK PDA NEOGOĹť

mĹť HEI=PA ?D=JCA AY A?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

45

€

0 - 25 cm 25 - 50 cm 50 - 75 cm

75 - 100 cm

100 - 125 cm

125 - 150 cm

150 - 175 cm

46

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

JJANƄ@EGA S=PAN O=BAPU NEOG I=L Ƅ kjii DA NEOG I=L ODKSO PDA =NA=O PD=P =NA =P NEOG KB ^KK@EJC PKCAPDAN with the potential economic damage and the number of casualties NAOQHPEJC BNKI = @EGA >NA=?D ƏOKQPD OE@AƐ KN PDA B=EHQNA KB = PA?DJE?=H AJCEJAANEJC SKNGO ƏJKNPD OE@AƐŻ J I=JU LH=?AOż OQ?D = OEPQ=PEKJ would result in water rapidly surging deep into the city.

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

47

4.5 The consequences of extreme rainfall

DA QN>=J S=PAN OUOPAI GAALO PDA LKH@ANO KB KPPAN@=I stable and dry. It is a robust system that consists of OQNB=?A S=PAN Ć??=J=HOĹź H=GAO =J@ S=PANS=UOĆ?Ĺź KQPHAPO PK drain the water in and out and a sewer system whereby N=EJ =J@ S=OPAS=PAN =NA @EO?D=NCA@ EJPK PDA AQOA =_ AN [ NOP >AEJC PNA=PA@ EJ PDA OASAN PNA=PIAJP LH=JPOĹť P EO =J EJCAJEKQOĹź >QP N=PDAN EJ^ ATE>HAĹź OUOPAIĹť During extreme rainfall, the vulnerability of the system >A?KIAO =LL=NAJPĹť A=G @KSJLKQNO =NA =HNA=@U ?=QOEJC @EONQLPEKJ =J@ @=I=CA =O S=PAN ^ KK@O PDA OPNAAPOĹź ?AHH=NO >A?KIA EJQJ@=PA@ =J@ OASAN KRAN^ KS @EO?D=NCAO directly into the canals and waterways. Over recent years the city has made extra room for water, both in the water system (for example, the underground water storage QJ@AN PDA QOAQI =NG =J@ =@@EPEKJ=H OQNB=?A S=PAN EJ PDA QE@ANL=NGĆ? =O SAHH =O EJ EJ@ERE@Q=H LNKFA?PO @AAL into the veins of the city such as the Bellamyplein water square and green roofs.

KNA EJPAJOERA N=EJB=HH We are already experiencing heavy downpours during the summer months. Climate change is expected to lead to these downpours not only becoming more frequent but also more intensive. The KNMI has calculated that for each degree rise in temperature, the intensity of the rainfall will increase by 14%. By the middle of this century, the type of shower that currently occurs once ARANU [ RA UA=NO SEHH KJ =RAN=CA K??QN KJ?A = UA=NĹť

A=RU N=EJB=HH ?=QOAO IKNA BNAMQAJP ^ KK@EJC KB PDA OPNAAPO

KJOAMQAJ?AO KB IKNA EJPAJOERA N=EJB=HH More intensive rainfall as a result of climate change will increase the pressure on the system and therefore EJ?NA=OA PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB ^ KK@EJCĹź NAOQHPEJC EJ @=I=CA PK public areas and buildings as well as mild disruption, for example by the inundation of tunnels.

DA HEGAHEDKK@ KB ^ KK@EJC EO EJ?NA=OA@ >U PDA B=?P PD=P PDA low-lying peat on which many areas of Rotterdam are built is still settling and compacting. The long periods of drought as a result of climate change will compound this problem as the rate of compacting increases (see also OA?PEKJ mĹťoĹź DA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB @NKQCDPĆ?Ĺť

48

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

=L jŽ QNNAJP HK?=PEKJO SEPD EJOQd?EAJP S=PAN OPKN=CA ?=L=?EPU =??KN@EJC PK ƅ =PEKJ=H =PAN CNAAIAJP ƏOKQN?AŽ JPAN=?PERA HEI=PA PH=OƐ

=NA=O SEPD EJOQd?EAJP S=PAN OPKN=CA

=L kŽ QPQNA HK?=PEKJO SEPD EJOQd?EAJP S=PAN OPKN=CA ?=L=?EPU ƏOKQN?AŽ JPAN=?PERA HEI=PA PH=OƐ

=NA=O SEPD EJOQd?EAJP S=PAN OPKN=CA OQ>OE@AJ?A Ə?IƕUA=NƐ -0.1 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.1 >1

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

49

QHJAN=>EHEPU =J@ NEOGO Exactly how and where the negative consequences of more intensive rainfall will manifest themselves depends not only on the functioning of the water system itself but also on the physical characteristics and the design KB PDA =NA=Ż QPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=I EO PDA HA=OP RQHJAN=>HA area. Ground levels are relatively high and future rainfall can usually be easily drained directly to the river. The LKOPƄS=N KQPOGENPO ƏC=N@AJ ?EPEAOƐ QOQ=HHU D=RA OQd?EAJP space for extra water and green. In these districts there =NA OQd?EAJP KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN OQNB=?A S=PAN OPKN=CA KN groundwater storage.

The 19th century urban districts are the most vulnerable areas. These are densely built-up, generally paved over, have relatively little open water and green. The inner-city centre of Rotterdam is especially vulnerable to extreme rainfall because it is densely built-up, the public areas are used intensively and there is very little vegetation. Furthermore, areas with unequal subsidence =NA RQHJAN=>HA PK PDA AYA?PO KB IKNA EJPAJOERA N=EJB=HHŻ DEO OLA?E[?=HHU =LLHEAO PK =NA=O KB PDA ?EPU PD=P =NA >QEHP on peat.

EJ=HHUż PDA EJQJ@=PEKJ KB PQJJAHO =J@ ^KK@EJC KB PDA streets can result in parts of the city become poorly accessible. If this happens on one of the main access NK=@O KN IKPKNS=Uż PDEO ?KQH@ ?=QOA OECJE[?=JP EJ@ENA?P damage to, for example, shops and other businesses ƏLNKREOEKJEJCƐŻ QNPDANIKNAż KPDAN EILKNP=JP BQJ?PEKJO EJ the city can temporarily be disturbed.

The reassessment carried out in the context of Rotterdam S=PAN LH=J kż E@AJPE[A@ @EOPNE?PO SDANA PDA LDUOE?=H characteristics of the urban water system (sewerage =J@ OQNB=?A S=PANƐ @K JKP ?QNNAJPHU IAAP PDA =CNAA@ standards. It is not possible to accurately predict the exact consequences of the anticipated increased rainfall resulting from climate change. The urban areas are PKK @ERANOA =J@ PDA ?KILQP=PEKJ IK@AHO =NA Ə=O UAPƐ inadequate. It is expected that more intensive rainfall SEHH HA=@ PK =J EJ?NA=OA EJ ^KK@ƄNAH=PA@ LNK>HAIO EJ PDA more vulnerable areas in particular, and that the extent of these vulnerable areas will increase. This hypothesis is shown in the map illustrating the future water management issues.

HKK@EJC EJ PDA KPHAG QJJAH EJ kiiq ?=QOA@ HKJC PN=d? F=IO

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

HKK@EJC KB PDA ?EPU OPNAAPO =_AN = @KSJLKQN EO >A?KIEJC IKNA BNAMQAJP =J@ ?=QOAO IKNA @=I=CA

mÅ» HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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52

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

HKK@ NEOG I=L Ƅ kjii DA NEOG I=L @ALE?PO PDA =NA=O SDANA EP EO ATLA?PA@ PD=P S=PAN OPKN=CA @A[?EPO SEHH K??QN EJ PDA BQPQNAż =J@ SDANA QJAMQ=H OQ>OE@AJ?A I=GAO PDA =NA= IKNA RQHJAN=>HA PK PDA AYA?PO KB intensive rainfall. These are mainly areas that are built on peat.

QNPDANIKNAż PDA I=L ODKSO PDA >KPPHAJA?GOŽ PDA OASAN OUOPAIż groundwater and low-lying infrastructure such as tunnels.

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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4.6 The consequences of drought

As a result of climate change, long periods of drought and a shortage of rainfall will occur more frequently, especially in the W+ scenario. The probability of a dry summer will also increase. Extreme dry summers such as in 2003 currently occur on average once every ten years.

In the W+ scenario, the frequency will increase to once every two years.

=EJB=HH @A[ ?EP =J@ @NUEJC KQP J EJEPE=H @ENA?P AY A?P EO PD=P @NKQCDP SEHH HA=@ PK = CNKQJ@S=PAN @A[ ?EP =J@ HKSAN S=PAN P=>HAOĹť OA?KJ@ consequence is that longer dry periods in the river catchment areas will lead to lower river levels.

DA LA=P @EGAO D=RA =HNA=@U >AAJ IAJPEKJA@Ĺť DAOA @EGAOĹź PD=P BNAMQAJPHU BKNI L=NP KB PDA NACEKJ=H @ABAJ?A line, are vulnerable to drying out. They can become QJOP=>HA =J@ OQ>OE@AĹź HA=@EJC PK ^ KK@EJC KB EJJANĆ„@EGA areas.

Finally, long periods of drought are detrimental to the ecological quality of the surface water. Higher concentrations of nutrients lead to increased algal CNKSPDĹť ASAN=CA KRAN^ KS NAOQHPEJC BNKI ATPNAIA downpours will exacerbate this problem.

KJC LANEK@O KB @NKQCDP =NA PDA LNEJ?ELHA NA=OKJ BKN CNKQJ@S=PAN @A[ ?EPĹť QIIAN N=EJB=HH EO I=EJHU concentrated in short periods, with few light summer ODKSANOĹť DAOA OQIIAN LA=G @KSJLKQNO ?KJPNE>QPA PK PDA CNKQJ@S=PAN @A[ ?EPĹź =O PDA AT?AOO N=EJS=PAN @N=EJO away through the sewers and surface water and has EJOQd ?EAJP PEIA PK EJ[ HPN=PA PDA OQ>Ć„OKEHĹť P EO ATLA?PA@ PD=P EJ[ HPN=PEKJ RKHQIAO SEHH @A?NA=OAĹź HA=@EJC PK HKSAN water tables.

The drying up of the sub-soil in certain areas will lead to further compacting and subsidence. Peat areas in particular are susceptible to drying out, oxidising and settling. This process is irreversible. The long periods of drought as a result of climate change will probably EJ^ QAJ?A =J@ =??AHAN=PA PDEO OQ>OE@AJ?A LNK?AOOĹť Subsidence and lower groundwater levels in turn pose a threat to buildings on wooden pile foundations. If the wooden piles dry out they may collapse, causing serious damage to the buildings. Furthermore, subsidence is also a problem for roads and pipeline infrastructure, which may have to be replaced sooner. During very wet periods, OQ>OE@AJ?A ?=J HA=@ PK IKNA ^ KK@EJC =O PDA CNKQJ@ HARAH OEJGO @KSJ PK PDA S=PAN P=>HAĹť KQOEJC PD=P D=O JKP >AAJ >QEHP KJ LEHA BKQJ@=PEKJO ?=J >A?KIA ^ KK@A@ =O EP subsides too.

TPNAIA HKS NERAN HARAHO EJ KPPAN@=I kjiiǢǢ Ć?AJD=J?A@ EI=CAĆ?

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

=L jĹ˝ QNNAJP O=HPS=PAN EJPNQOEKJ Ć?OKQN?AĹ˝ JPAN=?PERA HEI=PA PH=OĆ?

number of days per year that the inlets for the urban water system must be closed

=L kĹ˝ =HPS=PAN EJPNQOEKJ EJ kini Ć?>NKJĹ˝ JPAN=?PEARA GHEI==P=PH=OĆ? Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEK

number of days per year that the inlets for the urban water system must be closed

mĹť HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

55

=HPS=PAN EJPNQOEKJ

>OPNQ?PEKJ PK ODELLEJC

Every day the tide brings water with high concentrations of salt in and out of the delta. The water is becoming IKNA O=HEJA =O B=N EJH=J@ =O PDA KHH=J@O?DA OOAHĹť KS river levels, combined with high sea levels, mean that this saltier water is intruding ever further inland. River water is currently let into the Rotterdam urban water system at PDNAA @EYANAJP LKEJPOĹť DA @ENA?P NAOQHP KB PDEO =@R=J?EJC salt intrusion is that the quality of the water being added to the urban water system is declining. In order to maintain the levels of the canals, water must be let in, even if the salt concentration of this water is high. If no water were let in, the canal levels would become too low, HA=@EJC PK PDA NEOG KB OQ>OE@AJ?AĹź HKSAN S=PAN P=>HAO =J@ CNA=PAN ?KJ?AJPN=PEKJO KB D=V=N@KQO OQ>OP=J?AO EJ PDA water. The reduction in the water quality directly impacts PDA ^KN= =J@ B=QJ= @ALAJ@EJC KJ EPĹť

Finally, the lower river levels will obstruct shipping as the navigable depths decrease. This will hamper and I=U>A ARAJ PAILKN=NEHU >HK?G QLNERAN A?KJKIE? PN=d?Ĺť ILKNP=JP EJH=J@ ?KJJA?PEKJO SEHH >A =YA?PA@ >U PDA longer droughts caused by the changing climate.

Research in the Delta Programme indicates that by =NKQJ@ kini Ć? ǢĆ? PDA BNAODS=PAN OQLLHU BKN PDA OKQPDĆ„ SAOPANJ L=NP KB PDA =J@OP=@ SEHH >A =P NEOGĹť DA EJHAP =P Gouda will need to be closed too frequently. The saltwater EJPNQOEKJ SEHH JKP DKSARAN PDNA=PAJ PDA OQLLHU KB @NEJGEJC water in Rotterdam because the inlets lie further upriver, =J@ EJ =@@EPEKJ PDA OPKN=CA >QYANO =NA IKNA PD=J adequate.

Subsidence as a result of drought

56

QHJAN=>EHEPEAO =J@ NEOGO Firstly, the north-east areas of the city, such as Kralingen =J@ ?DEA>NKAGĹź =NA >QEHP KJ LA=P CNKQJ@ =J@ =NA therefore vulnerable to long periods of drought. The city centre and the surrounding densely built-up 19th century city districts are also relatively vulnerable. The main problems of drying out are caused by the lower S=PAN P=>HA @QA PK PDA H=?G KB N=EJS=PAN EJ[HPN=PEKJ =J@ limited drainage to open water. Furthermore, some of the parts of the city on higher ground and areas with a lot KB RACAP=PEKJ >QP HEPPHA OQNB=?A S=PAN =NA =HOK =P NEOGĹť DA drying out will, in turn, threaten the quality of the urban ^KN=Ĺť

KS S=PAN HARAHO ?KI>EJA@ SEPD H=?G KB OHQE?EJC EO detrimental to the water quality

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

A=P @EGAO =HKJC PDA NERAN KPPA =NA AOLA?E=HHU RQHJAN=>HA PK @NUEJC KQP

mÅ» HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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58

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

NKQCDP NEOG I=L Ƅ kini DA NEOG I=L @ALE?PO PDA O=HPS=PAN EJPNQOEKJ EJ kini Ə Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEKƐŻ QNEJC HKJC LANEK@O KB @NKQCDPż SDAJ NERAN HARAHO =NA HKSż the salt water will intrude further and further into the delta. This can cause problems for freshwater inlets, wooden pile foundations, S=PAN MQ=HEPU =J@ QN>=J ^KN=Ż

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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4.7 The consequences of higher temperatures

KJCAN S=NIAN LANEK@O HK>=H S=NIEJC SEHH =Y A?P PDA APDANH=J@OĹť DA scenarios assume a climate change in our country in which periods of higher temperatures are more frequent and longer. The number of summer days (warmer than ki Ćž Ć? =J@ PNKLE?=H @=UO Ć?DKPPAN PD=J li Ćž Ć? SEHH EJ?NA=OAĹź =O SEHH PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB = DA=P S=RAĹť

DA N>=J A=P OH=J@ Y A?P J =@@EPEKJ PK PDA AY A?PO KB = S=NIAN ?HEI=PA PDANA EO = OA?KJ@ EOOQA PD=P =Y A?PO PDA DA=P EJ PDA ?EPUĹ˝ PDA N>=J A=P OH=J@ Ć? Ć? AY A?PĹť DA AY A?P EO PDA phenomenon whereby the average temperature of an urban area is higher than that of the surrounding open countryside. During the daytime, the city absorbs and retains much heat while at night this heat dissipates IKNA OHKSHUĹť DA NAOQHPEJC @EY ANAJ?AO EJ PAILAN=PQNA between the city and surrounding rural areas are greater =P JECDPĹť DA I=EJ ?=QOAO KB PDA AY A?P =NA PDA DECD levels of paving and the density of urban areas combined SEPD PDA H=?G KB ^ KN= =J@ OPNAP?DAO KB KLAJ S=PANĹź SDE?D D=RA = ?KKHEJC AY A?PĹť DA AY A?P EO =HOK =LL=NAJP EJ KPPAN@=IĹť AOA=N?D ?=NNEA@ KQP SEPDEJ PDA BN=IASKNG KB PDA JKSHA@CA BKN Climate programme has shown that on warm, clear @=UO PDA PAILAN=PQNA @EY ANAJ?AO EJ KPPAN@=I ?=J >A OECJE[ ?=JPĹť DA @EY ANAJ?A EJ PAILAN=PQNA >APSAAJ PDA city and surrounding countryside can be as high as 8 °C. Measurements have shown that the coolest areas of Rotterdam are those districts with low buildings and plenty of vegetation. The warmest areas are the city ?AJPNA =J@ JAECD>KQNEJC QN>=J @EOPNE?POĹť DA AY A?P also occurs in the mostly paved-over industrial areas and harbours.

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HQA =HC=A ^ KQNEODAO EJ S=NIAN OQNB=?A S=PAN

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

=L jĹ˝ N>=J A=P OH=J@ YA?PĹź ?QNNAJP OEPQ=PEKJ Ć?OKQN?AĹ˝ JPAN=?PERA HEI=PA PH=OĆ?

Number of days with minimum temperatures > 20 °C

=L kĹ˝ N>=J A=P OH=J@ YA?P EJ kini Ć?OKQN?AĹ˝ JPAN=?PERA HEI=PA PH=OĆ? Ǣ ?HEI=PA O?AJ=NEK

Number of days with minimum temperatures > 20 °C

mĹť HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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KJOAMQAJ?AO KB HKJCAN S=NI LANEK@O Ć• DA=P OPNAOO

ECDAN PAILAN=PQNAO =YA?P LQ>HE? DA=HPD =J@ SAHHĆ„>AEJCĹź ^KN= =J@ B=QJ= =J@ PDA BQJ?PEKJEJC KB PDA ?EPU =O = SDKHAĹť P EO PDA ?KI>EJ=PEKJ KB PDA AYA?P PKCAPDAN with a warmer climate that will have an impact on the ?EPU =J@ EPO EJD=>EP=JPOĹť QNEJC DA=P S=RAOĹź PDA

AYA?P AT=?AN>=PAO PDA @EO?KIBKNPĹť More frequent and longer periods of higher temperatures may lead to an increase in health problems. The elderly =J@ LAKLHA OQYANEJC BNKI NAOLEN=PKNU @EOA=OAO =NA L=NPE?QH=NHU RQHJAN=>HAĹť ECJE[?=JPHU IKNA LAKLHA @EA during heat waves. The air quality in the city declines rapidly, leading to additional health problems.

ECDAN PAILAN=PQNAO =YA?P PDA Ć™PDANI=H ?KIBKNPĆ› EJ PDA ?EPUĹť EBA EJOE@A PDA ?EPUĆ›O >QEH@EJCOĹź =O SAHH =O KQP@KKNOĹź >A?KIAO OECJE[?=JPHU HAOO LHA=O=JP @QNEJC LNKHKJCA@ periods of high temperatures. This can lead to lower LNK@Q?PEREPU EJ Kd?AO =J@ B=?PKNEAOĹź BKN AT=ILHAĹť QNEJC longer hot periods, energy consumption will increase due PK ATPN= ?KKHEJC Ć?=EN ?KJ@EPEKJEJCĆ? =J@ S=PANEJCĹť

Malfunctioning of essential structures in the road JAPSKNGĹź OQ?D =O >NE@CAO JKP KLAJEJC KN ?HKOEJC properly due to heat or melting asphalt on major roads, ?=J @EONQLP PDA PN=d? EJ PDA ?EPU =J@ =YA?P PDA HK?=H A?KJKIUĹť QNPDAN NAOA=N?D >U PDA QN>=J OP=GADKH@ANO involved needs to be carried out into the vulnerability of PDA QPEHEPEAOĹź JAPSKNGO =J@ @=P= ?AJPNAOĹť

QHJAN=>HA =NA=O =J@ NEOGO Intensively used, paved-over areas with little shade or greenery are the most susceptible to heat stress.

The compact urban business areas such as the innercity and areas with concentrations of vulnerable groups of people such as nursing homes and homes BKN PDA AH@ANHU =NA =HOK ATLA?PA@ PK OQYAN BNKI DECDAN PAILAN=PQNAOĹť QNPDANIKNAĹź ^KN= =J@ EJ L=NPE?QH=N ?EPU L=NGO SEPD Ć?OSEIIEJCĆ? LKKHO =J@ H=GAO =NA RQHJAN=>HA to heat. Finally bridges, major roads and railways are vulnerable to extreme temperatures, thereby putting the =??AOOE>EHEPU KB PDA ?EPU =P NEOGĹť

HKN= =J@ B=QJ= SEHH =HOK >A =YA?PA@ >U DECDAN temperatures. For example an increase in pests such =O IKOMQEPKAO =J@ PE?GO EO PK >A ATLA?PA@Ĺť QNPDANIKNA CHK>=H S=NIEJC =YA?PO PDA S=PAN MQ=HEPUĹť =NIAN OQNB=?A S=PAN SEHH AJ=>HA >HQA =HC=A =J@ >KPQHEOI PK ^KQNEODĹź SDE?D EJ PQNJ SEHH NAOQHP EJ EJ?NA=OA@ [OD IKNP=HEPU =J@ render the water unsafe for swimming.

DA AH@ANHU =NA AOLA?E=HHU RQHJAN=>HA PK PDA AYA?PO KB DA=P

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Spraying a bridge with water to prevent malfunctioning due to heat expansion

mÅ» HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

A=P NEOG I=L Ƅ kini DA NEOG I=L ODKSO PDA N>=J A=P OH=J@ AYA?P BKN kiniŻ DEO AYA?P AT=?AN>=PAO PDA @EO?KIBKNP @QNEJC DA=P S=RAO =J@ =YA?PO the quality of life in the city. The elderly are particularly vulnerable.

KSARANż PDA AYA?P @KAO JKP KJHU D=RA =J =@RANOA EIL=?P KJ people. Infrastructure, such as bridges, is also vulnerable.

mŻ HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO =J@ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO BKN KPPAN@=I

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5 Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam Although vulnerable, Rotterdam is one of the safest delta cities in the world. A long tradition of combining urban @ARAHKLIAJP SEPD IA=OQNAO PK LNKPA?P QO BNKI ^KK@O D=O brought us this far, and we intend to continue in the same S=UŻ DA P=OGO B=?EJC QO =NA JKP QNCAJP >QP @K JAA@ PK >A P=GAJ EJPK =??KQJP JKSŻ DA ?EPU EO ?KJPEJQ=HHU @ARAHKLEJCŻ This provides the opportunity to evolve and to adapt to PDA QJ?ANP=EJ ?D=JCAO EJ ?HEI=PAŻ A JAA@ PK I=GA ATLHE?EP choices and set ourselves a clear course.

This is the core of the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy:

We maintain and optimise the existing robust system.

A EILNKRA EPO NAOEHEAJ?A >U P=GEJC =@=LPERA IA=OQNAO throughout the whole urban environment.

We do this together with other parties and in ?KI>EJ=PEKJ ƏHEJGEJC EJƐ SEPD KPDAN ?D=JCAO EJ PDA ?EPUŻ A P=GA =@R=JP=CA KB PDA KLLKNPQJEPEAO PD=P ?HEI=PA change adaptation provides.

Adapting to climate change goes hand in hand with strengthening the economy of the city and improving the environment. Climate change adaptation also provides opportunities to contribute to creating an involved and caring society and to improve the ecological value of the city.

DA AHH=IULHAEJ @QNEJC PDA KLAJEJC ?AHA>N=PEKJO EJ kijkŻ DEO S=PAN OMQ=NA AJ=>HAO N=EJS=PAN EJ PDA ?EPU PK >A OAAJ =J@ ATLANEAJ?A@Ż

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

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5.1 QPANƄ@EGA ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ

QII=NU KB PDA P=OG =DA=@ Climate change will lead to higher sea and river levels, SDE?D SEHH EJ?NA=OA PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB ^ KK@EJCŻ DA DECDAN AHAR=PEKJ KB PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O HEIEPO PDA ATPAJP =J@ @ALPD KB PDA ^ KK@EJC PDANAŻ P EO QJHEGAHU PD=P PDANA SEHH >A I=JU ?=OQ=HPEAOž PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB ^ KK@EJC SEHH I=EJHU >A HEIEPA@ PK =J EJ?NA=OA@ NEOG KB A?KJKIE? losses and environmental damage. Failure of essential functions could cause large-scale disruption of the city.

The Maeslant and Hartel storm surge barriers will have PK ?HKOA IKNA K_ AJŻ J =@@EPEKJż PDA @AJOEPU KB PDA ?EPU =J@ PDA ATL=JOEKJ KB PDA LKNP EJ PDA KQPANƄ@EGA NACEKJ =NA BQNPDAN EJ?NA=OEJC PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB ^ KK@EJCŻ

KNA KB PDA OPN=PACU J PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O PDA OPN=PACU BK?QOAO KJ = combination of prevention and adaptation. The robust system of protection, consisting of raising the elevation and closing the storm surge barriers during storm PE@AOż SEHH ?KJPEJQA PK BKNI PDA >=OEO KB KQPANƄ@EGA ^ KK@ protection.

DEO OPN=PACU KB ƙLNKPA?PEKJƛ SEHH >A =QCIAJPA@ SEPD adaptive measures aimed at increasing resilience and evolving with climate change. This will include measures such as adaptive building and the redevelopment of KQPANƄ@EGA LNKLANPEAOż ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB ^ K=PEJC >QEH@EJCO and the adaptive design of outdoor areas including roadways, utility infrastructure, wilderness areas and L=NGOŻ Inhabitants and businesses have an important role to LH=U EJ PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O =J@ PDAEN ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ EJ L=NPE?QH=NŻ DA =?PERA LNKREOEKJ KB EJBKNI=PEKJ =>KQP NEOGO =J@ OLA?E[ ? IA=OQNAO PD=P EJ@ERE@Q=HO PDAIOAHRAO ?=J P=GA SEHH >APPAN LNAL=NA PDA EJD=>EP=JPO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO BKN BQPQNA ^ KK@OŻ JPACN=H LKHE?EAO BKN PDA NEOGO KB KQPANƄ @EGA ^ KK@EJC =NA >AEJC @AREOA@Ż @=LPERA IA=OQNAO EJ PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=O SEHH LH=U = L=NP EJ I=GEJC PDA ?EPU =J@ D=N>KQN IKNA =PPN=?PERA =J@ EJ OPNAJCPDAJEJC PDA A?KJKIUŻ DA GAU ?KJ?ANJ EO PK integrate measures with urban spatial development.

QPANƄ@EGA NAOE@AJPE=H =NA=O EJ KPPAN@=Iż OQ?D =O PDA PŻ K>OD=RAJż =NA =PPN=?PERAż @AOEN=>HA =J@ @EOPEJ?PERA LH=?AO PK HERA

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

A=OQNAO LPEIEOEJC PDA LNKPA?PEKJ LNKRE@A@ >U PDA OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANO DA =AOH=JP OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEAN LNKPA?PO KQPANƄ@EGA Rotterdam. Operations can be optimised to reduce PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB PDA >=NNEAN B=EHEJC PK ?HKOA SDAJ required. This is being investigated as part of the Delta Programme. In the long-term – not until at least the second half of this century – replacing the Maeslant storm surge barrier or the construction of a second >=NNEAN ?KQH@ OPNQ?PQN=HHU EILNKRA PDA KQPANƄ@EGA ^KK@ protection.

@=LPERA >QEH@EJC =J@ @AOECJ An important measure is adaptive building and the =@=LPERA @AOECJ KB KQPANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=IĹť J =HPANJ=PERA to the integral raising of whole areas is to locally raise LNKLANPU =J@ MQ=UOĹť AJA[?E=H IA=OQNAO EJ?HQ@A I=GEJC >QEH@EJCO ^KK@Ć„LNKKB =J@ PDA ^KK@Ć„LNKKB @AOECJ KB LQ>HE? =NA=O OQ?D =O EJ?KNLKN=PEJC HK?=H ^KK@ S=HHOĹť @=LPERA >QEH@EJC ?=J =HOK P=GA LH=?A KJ PDA S=PAN itself. Rotterdam has already gained experience in the ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB ^K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAOĹť EPD ^KK@Ć„LNKKB =J@ ^K=PEJC >QEH@EJCOĹź PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O ?=J >A?KIA more in tune with the water and at the same time the city can experience and live with the dynamics of PDA @AHP=Ĺź SEPDKQP ?KILNKIEOEJC KJ ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJĹť Nature also provides a wide range of opportunities for

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

PDA =@=LPERA @AOECJ KB KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹź BKN AT=ILHA PE@=H BKNAOPO =J@ CNAAJ >=JGOĹť AU EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA OQ?D as hospitals, utilities and chemical companies will be I=TEI=HHU LNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^KK@OĹť P EO LKOOE>HA =J@ @AOEN=>HA PK @EYANAJPE=PA >APSAAJ PDA HARAHO KB LNKPA?PEKJ and the construction methods for each amenity.

K>QOP AOOAJPE=H EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA OOAJPE=H EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA EJ KQPANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I EO =J@ SEHH NAI=EJ S=PAN NK>QOPĹť _AN =HHĹź I=EJ LKNPO ?=JJKP function properly without essential infrastructure such as LKSAN OP=PEKJO =J@ PN=JOBKNIAN OP=PEKJOĹť DA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O JAA@ PK ?KJPEJQA BQJ?PEKJEJC ARAJ @QNEJC = ^KK@Ĺť Evacuation routes must remain open. Measures could include placing essential infrastructure on higher ground or providing them with local protection.

=GEJC EJD=>EP=JPO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO =S=NA KB PDA NEOGO Inhabitants and businesses will be made aware of PDA NEOGO KB HEREJC EJ KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹť NK?DQNAO =J@ PDA JPANJAP Ć? =PAN KQJPANĆ? OPNQ?PQN=HHU LNKRE@A EJBKNI=PEKJĹź EJ?HQ@EJC OLA?E[? @AP=EHO KB O=BAPU IA=OQNAO PD=P ?=J >A P=GAJ >U EJ@ERE@Q=HO PDAIOAHRAOĹť QNEJC LANEK@O KB DECD S=PAN HARAHOĹź =NA=O SEHH >A ?KN@KJA@ KYĹź cars towed away and sand bags made available. Social media and communication via smart phones will become vital tools for inhabitants and non-locals such as tourists =J@ AILHKUAAO SKNGEJC EJ PDA =NA=Ĺť

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J =NA=Ć„OLA?E[? =LLNK=?D DA ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ OPN=PACU BK?QOAO KJ = ?KI>EJ=PEKJ of a robust system together with adaptive measures =J@ P=NCAPO PDA SDKHA KQPANĆ„@EGA NACEKJĹť DEO NAMQENAO =NA=Ć„OLA?E[? =LLNK=?DAOĹ˝ PDA NECDP =LLNK=?D =P PDA NECDP place at the right time! A topical issue is the development of an adaptation trajectory for the Kop van Feijenoord =J@ ?KI>EJEJC EP SEPD PDA =NA= @ARAHKLIAJP P=GEJC place there and on the Noordereiland. In order to be able to design and build robust waterproof constructions, new building regulations are being developed. Over the coming years, city harbours will provide a location for ^K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAOĹź SEPD PDA [NOP LNKFA?P OP=NPEJC EJ PDA Rijnhaven. A multi-level safety and security pilot project is being implemented at the Heijplaat and experiments in climate proof construction are being carried out in the Concept House Village at the RDM campus. The MerweVierhavens provides an ideal opportunity to combine ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ SEPD QN>=J PN=JOBKNI=PEKJĹť

@=LP=PEKJ KRAN PEIA A =NA =HNA=@U LQPPEJC PDEO OPN=PACU BKN KQPANĆ„@EGA Rotterdam into practice. Adaptive building can already be incorporated in redevelopment and new construction projects, the functioning of the Maeslant storm surge barrier is being optimised and the essential infrastructure improved. Inhabitants and businesses are already >AEJC EJBKNIA@ =>KQP PDA NEOGO KB ^KK@EJCĹź PDAEN KSJ responsibilities and potential adaptive measures.

KHE?UĆ„I=GEJCĹź HE?AJOEJC =J@ =QPDKNEO=PEKJ LNK?A@QNAO

Floating buildings can withstand rising water levels

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EJ?HQ@A =J =OOAOOIAJP KB PDA ^KK@ NEOGO LKOA@ PK LQ>HE? amenities. An integral policy is being developed for LNKPA?PEJC PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O BNKI ^KK@EJCĹť In the mid- to long-term, decisions will be made about whether or not to actively protect existing areas with >=NNEANO KN @EGAOĹť DA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB = JAS OPKNI OQNCA barrier or replacement of the old Maeslant storm surge >=NNEAN SEHH JKP P=GA LH=?A QJPEH =P HA=OP PDA OA?KJ@ D=HB KB this century.

EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is >=OA@ KJ HEJGEJC PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O SEPD PDA QN>=J @UJ=IE?OĹť EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO in this way leads to reduced costs both in the short- and long-term. Measures will be implemented as soon as an opportunity arises: during area development or new construction and by replacement or regular maintenance KB KQP@KKN =NA=O Ć?NK=@OĹź ?=>HAO =J@ LELAHEJAOĆ?Ĺť DA AEFAJKKN@ LEHKP LNKFA?P D=O ODKSJ DKS AYA?PERA PDEO approach can be.

The redevelopment of Stadshavens will incorporate adaptive construction and design. Many of the adaptive IA=OQNAO OQ?D =O ^KK@Ć„LNKKB ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J@ PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB ^K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAO SEHH >A AYA?PERA here and can readily be integrated into the spatial OPNQ?PQNAĹť J ATEOPEJC KQPANĆ„@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?POĹź =@=LPERA

KJ?ALP KQOA EHH=CA AEFLH==PĹź ^KK@Ć„LNKKB ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

measures can be integrated into the maintenance programmes and new project development, for example the local raising and waterproof design of the historic harbour areas such as the Kop van Feijenoord.

Working together Maintaining the Maeslant storm surge barrier and I=GEJC PDA AOOAJPE=H EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA S=PANLNKKB EO PDA NAOLKJOE>EHEPU KB EFGOS=PANOP==P =J@ PDA QPEHEPU JAPSKNG operators. The province is responsible for the urban and rural planning and in this role provides the integral policy BN=IASKNG BKN PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA=OŻ KSARANż EJ KN@AN PK carry out the adaptation strategy, the province needs the cooperation of other government departments, private L=NPEAO =J@ PDA EJD=>EP=JPO KB KQPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=IŻ KN PDA LKNP =NA=Oż PDA @AP=EHO KB PDA KQPANƄ@EGA LKHE?EAO SEHH be developed in consultation with the Port of Rotterdam.

Developers, housing corporations and the City of Rotterdam have important roles to play in ensuring the practical implementation of the policies involving the construction of safe, secure, waterproof buildings =J@ KQP@KKN =NA=OŻ A DKLA PK SKNG PKCAPDAN SEPD inhabitants and businesses to determine their own roles, such as implementing the necessary damage-limitation measures for their own private property.

Port City Rotterdam, wet-proof construction

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

@@A@ R=HQA The most important result of this strategy is the creation KB = O=BA HEREJC =J@ SKNGEJC AJRENKJIAJP BKN ƙS=PANƄ conscious’ inhabitants and businesses. Rotterdam is one of the safest delta cities in the world and intends to remain so. This provides opportunities for the economy KB PDA LKNP =J@ EJOPEHO ?KJ[@AJ?A EJ EPO EJRAOPKNOŻ Closing the storm surge barriers, even if in the future PDEO D=LLAJO OHECDPHU IKNA K_AJż EO JKP OAAJ =O = PDNA=P but rather as an important competitive advantage over other ports that are less well-protected. By focusing on =@=LPERA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J@ HEJGEJC EJ SEPD QN>=J OL=PE=H developments, costs will be reduced.

HKK@ƄLNKKB =J@ ^K=PEJC >QEH@EJCOż PKCAPDAN SEPD attractive water-based public areas, add new waterrelated urban environments to the city and not only strengthen the city’s relationship with the water but also AJD=J?A KPPAN@=IƛO E@AJPEPU =O = @AHP= ?EPUŻ ƙ QEH@EJC with nature’ provides opportunities for increasing tidal nature in the city and improving the quality of the environment.

ƙ QEH@EJC SEPD J=PQNAƛ ?KI>EJAO =PPN=?PERA ^KN= SEPD EILNKRA@ ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ

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Example @=LPERA @ARAHKLIAJP OPN=PACEAO BKN KQPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=I

inundation depth 1 - 10 cm

The aim of the project is the development of adaptation strategies and associated measures for existing and OPEHHƄPKƄ>AƄ@ARAHKLA@ NAOE@AJPE=H =NA=O EJ KQPANƄ@EGA Rotterdam.

10 - 25 cm 25 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm 100 - 200 cm 200 - 550 cm

What is special about the project?

OEJC PELLEJC LKEJP =J=HUOEOż PDEO LNKFA?P =OOAOOA@ which spatial adaptive measures would reduce the vulnerability of the region to high water levels. This method is used to systematically research when and at what water level adaptive measures need to be implemented. Depending on the rate at which the sea HARAH NEOAOż IA=OQNAO SEHH JAA@ PK >A P=GAJ OKKJAN KN H=PANŻ DEO CAJAN=PAO KLLKNPQJEPEAO PK HEJG EJRAOPIAJPO in climate change adaptation with area development.

Who EPU KB KPPAN@=I ƕ Ə Ż R=J AAHAJƐ KALAH PNEFGANO N?DEPA?PO Deltares JAO?KƄ

JERANOEPU KB PNA?DP JERANOEPU KB IOPAN@=I Arcadis

Flooding in 2015 with an expected frequency KB jŽjżiii ƏOKQN?AŽ AHP=NAOƐ

Commissioned by City of Rotterdam and Knowledge for Climate

Flooding in 2100 based on the W+ scenario and with an ATLA?PA@ BNAMQAJ?U KB jŽjżiii ƏOKQN?AŽ AHP=NAOƐ

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

legend LNKPA?PEKJ HARAH j Ž jiżiii ƏlŻnrI Ɛ LNKPA?PEKJ HARAH j Ž jżiii ƏlŻliI Ɛ LNKPA?PEKJ HARAH j Ž jii ƏlŻjjI Ɛ existing situation new interventions

EYANAJPE=PA@ OPNQ?PQNA BKN @NUƄLNKKB ?KJOPNQ?PEKJż EJPANRAJPEKJ SEPDEJ kiƄmi UA=NO

NKPA?PERA MQ=U S=HHż EJPANRAJPEKJ SEPDEJ onƄri UA=NO

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

73

5.2 JJANÆ„@EGA ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ

QII=NU KB PDA P=OG =DA=@

KNA KB PDA OPN=PACU

Climate change will lead to higher sea and river levels.

DEO SEHH LH=?A IKNA LNAOOQNA KJ PDA @EGAO =J@ PDA =CNAA@ safety standards at a number of places in Rotterdam SEHH >A AT?AA@A@Å» P OKIA HK?=PEKJO PDA LNEI=NU @EGAO will need to be reinforced. Another consequence of the high water levels is that if the closure regime remains unchanged, the Maeslant storm surge barrier will need to close more frequently. Drought and extreme rainfall will HA=@ PK =J EJ?NA=OA EJ PDA NEOG KB ^ KK@EJC KB PDA NACEKJ=H OA?KJ@=NU @EGAOÅ»

DA OPN=PACU EO =EIA@ =P LNARAJPEJC ^ KK@EJC QOEJC = OUOPAI KB OPNKJC @EGAO =J@ OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANOż SEPD = focus on prevention. For this reason the current robust ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ OUOPAI EO SAHHƄI=EJP=EJA@Ż

Even without climate change, the increasing number of EJD=>EP=JPO =J@ CNKSEJC A?KJKIE? R=HQA KB PDA EJJANÆ„@EGA =NA=O EJ?NA=OAO PDA NEOGO KB ^ KK@EJC >A?=QOA PDANA I=U potentially be many casualties and much more damage.

It may be necessary to tighten the safety standards.

K?=H IA=OQNAO SEHH PDAJ >A?KIA JA?AOO=NUÅ»

B PDA =CNAA@ OP=J@=N@O =NA AT?AA@A@ż PDAJ PDA [ NOP ?KQNOA EO PK NAEJBKN?A PDA @EGAOŻ KN PDA NACEKJ=H @EGAOż PDANA EO also a system of outlets that can be closed in the event of any disaster.

In Rotterdam there is always a chance, however small, PD=P PDA EJJANÆ„@EGA =NA= SEHH >A ^ KK@A@Å» J OQ?D = situation contingency management will be called upon.

The emergency response organisation must be better prepared.

DA LNEI=NU @EGAO BKNI =J =PPN=?PERA CNAAJ H=J@O?=LA SEPD AHAR=PA@ ?U?HA L=PD =HKJC PDA AOPVAA@EFG

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

A=OQNAO LPEIEOEJC PDA OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANO DA =AOH=JP =J@ KHH=J@O?DA OOAH OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANO =NA PDA GAU OPNQ?PQNAO LNKPA?PEJC KPPAN@=I =C=EJOP OPKNI PE@AOĹť DA HEGAHEDKK@ KB PDA OQNCA >=NNEANO B=EHEJC when needed is very small, but cannot be ruled out.

AOA=N?D EJPK NA@Q?EJC PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB B=EHQNA EO EJ?HQ@A@ in the Delta Programme. Partial closure is one such potential measure. In the long-term, in the second half of this century at the absolute earliest, it may be possible to structurally improve the protection by replacing the Maeslant storm barrier or adding a second barrier.

NEI=NU @EGAO DA LNEI=NU @EGAO BKNI PDA >=OEO KB PDA ^KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ OUOPAIĹť DA @EGAO =NA = NK>QOP IAPDK@ KB KLPEI=HHU protecting the land behind them. At those places where there are currently problems or where problems are expected in the future, for example as a result of a height @A[?EPĹź PDA LNEI=NU @EGAO SEHH >A NAEJBKN?A@Ĺť A=OQNAO EJ PDA OL=PE=H @AOECJ KB PDA ?EPU Ć?OA?KJ@ H=UANĆ?Ĺź QJHEGA EJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹź =NA HEIEPA@ >U PDA @AALĹź HKSĆ„HUEJC HK?=PEKJ KB PDA EJJANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹť AEJBKN?EJC PDA @EGAO EO =HOK L=NP KB PDA ?EPUĆ›O OL=PE=H @AOECJ P=OGĹť EPDEJ PDA @AJOAHU >QEHPĆ„QL L=NPO KB KPPAN@=I PDA @EGAO =NA IQHPEĆ„BQJ?PEKJ=HĹź EJPACN=PA@Ĺź =PPN=?PERA OPNQ?PQNAOĹť DA NA?KCJEO=>EHEPU KB PDA @EGAO EJ PDA ?EPU LH=UO = L=NP EJ I=GEJC PDA EJD=>EP=JPO IKNA =S=NA KB PDA NEOGO KB ^KK@EJCĹť DA IQHPEĆ„BQJ?PEKJ=H QOA KB PDA @EGAO IQOP JKP >A =HHKSA@ PK FAKL=N@EOA CKK@ management and maintenance or limit potential longterm reinforcement.

ACEKJ=H @EGAO The addition of stretches of open water, green roofs, S=PAN OMQ=NAO =J@ S=PAN OPKN=CA SEHH HEIEP PDA ^KS of water to the outlets and will therefore increase the resilience of the water system. These measures will AJOQNA PD=P PDA ^KK@ NEOG KB PDA OUOPAI KB KQPHAPOĹź OQ?D =O PDA NERANO ?DEA =J@ KPPAĹź @KAO JKP EJ?NA=OAĹť B = @EGA EO >NA=?DA@Ĺź PDAJ PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB PDA ^KK@EJC ?=J be limited by locally closing the outlets, for example by QOEJC ?KIL=NPIAJP @EGAOĹť QNEJC HKJC LANEK@O KB @NKQCDPĹź PDA NACEKJ=H @EGAOĹź =J@ PDA LA=P @EGAO EJ L=NPE?QH=NĹź SEHH >A IKJEPKNA@ >U @EGA OQNRAEHH=J?AĹť N=?GO =J@ KPDAN LNK>HAIO SEHH PDANA>U >A @EO?KRANA@ =P =J A=NHU OP=CAĹť AALEJC PDA LA=P @EGAO SAP EO =J AYA?PERA LNARAJPERA IA=OQNAĹť

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

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ILNKREJC PDA ?NEOEO I=J=CAIAJP

@=LP=PEKJ KRAN PEIA

DA PN=JOEPEKJ PK = ^KK@ NEOG =LLNK=?D SEPD IQHPEƄHARAH safety and security as suggested in the Delta Programme means that it is necessary to reassess the current evacuation plans. Crisis management is an explicit L=NP KB PDA =CNAA@ O=BAPU HARAHOŝ J PDEO ?KJPATPş OLA?E[? attention must be paid to evacuation routes, and for example the use of Rotterdam-The Hague Airport as an ƙAIANCAJ?U =ENLKNPƛŝ

The rate of climate change determines when particular IA=OQNAO IQOP >A P=GAJĹť EPD N=LE@ ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA Ć? ǢĆ?Ĺź >APSAAJ JKS =J@ kiniĹź PDA @EGAO =P PDA KKG KB Holland, along the Maasboulevard and in the MerweVierhavens will need to be reinforced. In the subsequent LANEK@ QL PK kjiiĹź PDA NAMQENA@ @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJPO =P the same locations will become necessary over longer @EGA PN=FA?PKNEAOĹť QNPDANIKNAĹź NAEJBKN?AIAJP SEHH =HOK be necessary at other locations, such as the Merwe EAND=RAJO EJ ?DEA@=I =J@ KVAJ>QNCĹť ECDPAJEJC PDA O=BAPU OP=J@=N@O ?KQH@ NAMQENA PDA ATPN= @EGA reinforcements to be implemented before 2050.

J =NA=ƄOLA?E[? =LLNK=?D J KN@AN PK ?KJPEJQA IAAPEJC PDA ?QNNAJP @EGA O=BAPU standards, adjustments to the camp sheeting of the @EGA =P PDA ANSAƄ EAND=RAJO =NA =HNA=@U JA?AOO=NUŝ OOAOOIAJPO =NA OPEHH >AEJC ?=NNEA@ KQP EJ KVAJ>QNC =J@ EJ OKIA L=NPO KB OOAHIKJ@Aŝ J PDA HKJCƄPANIş the higher normative high water levels will mean PD=P PDA @EGAO EJ PDA KAG KB KHH=J@ =J@ =HKJC PDA Maasboulevard will need to be reinforced. Tightening the LNKPA?PEKJ OP=J@=N@O SEPDEJ PDA BN=IASKNG KB PDA AHP= NKCN=IIAş KPDANSEOA GJKSJ =O PDA ƙJAS OP=J@=N@Oƛş I=U HA=@ PK =@@EPEKJ=H @EGAO EJ KPPAN@=I NAMQENEJC attention. The exact locations, the precise measures and PDA =OOK?E=PA@ PEIABN=IA =NA JKP UAP GJKSJŝ

The Maeslant storm surge barrier can cope with a rise in sea level of up to 50 cm. In the rapid climate scenario Ć? ǢĆ?Ĺź PDA =AOH=JP >=NNEAN SEHH NAI=EJ AYA?PERA QJPEH kipiĆ„kiqiĹť _AN PDEOĹź IK@E[?=PEKJO KN PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ of a new barrier will become necessary.

Measures are already being introduced in the urban water OUOPAIĹź =J@ PDAOA @ENA?PHU ?KJPNE>QPA PK NA@Q?EJC PDA NEOG KB PDA KQPHAPO ^KK@EJCĹť CNAAIAJPO ?KJ?ANJEJC EILNKREJC crisis management will be made within the context of the Delta Programme.

P R=NEKQO HK?=PEKJO EJ PDA ?EPUĹź IA=OQNAO =NA >AEJC P=GAJ PK NA@Q?A PDA NEOG KB KQPHAPO ^KK@EJCĹť DAOA IA=OQNAO =NA =HS=UO HEJGA@ PK OLA?E[? HK?=H =NA= @ARAHKLIAJPĹť

DA LNEI=NU @EGAO =HKJC PDA NA?AJPHU NAJKR=PA@ KKILFAO BKNI =J =PPN=?PERA NA?NA=PEKJ=H H=J@O?=LA >U PDA NERAN AQOA

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO P EO EILKNP=JP PK HEJG PDA LH=JJEJC KB PDA O=BAPU IA=OQNAO to the spatial development plans or regular management and maintenance. This can mean that the timing of the implementation of the plans needs to be changed. The priorities for the transformation of the Merwe-Vierhaven =NA= SEHH @ALAJ@ KJ PDA BQPQNA @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP NAMQENAIAJPOĹť KN AT=ILHAĹź PDEO I=U IA=J PD=P PDA @EGAO are reinforced earlier than strictly necessary. The regular I=EJPAJ=J?A KB PDA @EGAO ?=J =HOK >A HEJGA@ EJ SEPD KPDAN projects, such as the construction of infrastructure (cycle L=PDOĆ? =J@ LH=JO BKN PDA EJ?KNLKN=PEKJ KB ATPN= ^KN=Ĺť DA ?QNNAJP EJOPNQIAJPOĹź BKN AT=ILHA [J=J?EJC arrangements and assessment tools, will where possible be used to encourage the combination of spatial @ARAHKLIAJP SEPD @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJPOĹź ARAJ EB PDA @EGAO D=RA JKP Kd?E=HHU B=EHA@ =J EJOLA?PEKJĹť

Working together DA NAEJBKN?AIAJP KB @EGAO =J@ @QJAO =J@ =@FQOPIAJPO PK PDA OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANO =NA P=OGO BKN PDKOA >K@EAO responsible for water control, namely the Ministry of =PANS=UO =J@ Q>HE? KNGO =J@ PDA S=PAN >K=N@OĹť However, integration and multi-functional spatial use requires cooperation with the province, housing corporations, developers and property owners, and potentially also with the Port of Rotterdam and NGOs.

The Regional Security Department has the lead when it comes to improving contingency management, but the involvement of all government departments (City of Rotterdam, province, water boards, emergency services, =NIA@ BKN?AOĆ? EO AOOAJPE=HĹť

@@A@ R=HQA

QOP =O EJ PDA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=OĹź PDA IKOP EILKNP=JP NAOQHP EO PDA ?NA=PEKJ KB = O=BA SKNGEJC =J@ HEREJC AJRENKJIAJP BKN Ć™S=PANĆ„?KJO?EKQOĆ› EJD=>EP=JPO =J@ >QOEJAOOAOĹť DA @EGAO KB KPPAN@=I BKNI =J EJPACN=H L=NP KB PDA ?EPUĹť DA P=OGO KB I=EJP=EJEJC =J@ SDANA JA?AOO=NU NAEJBKN?EJC PDA @EGAO LNKRE@AO KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN EILNKREJC PDA OL=PE=H quality, for example through the construction of extra L=NGO =J@ C=N@AJO KN >U AJ?KQN=CEJC IQHPEĆ„BQJ?PEKJ=H use such as recreational routes. Combining area @ARAHKLIAJP SEPD PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB NK>QOP Ć??HEI=PAĆ? @EGAO ?=J =HOK >A LNK[P=>HAĹť P EO EILKNP=JP PK HEJG PDA LH=JJEJC KB @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP SEPD KPDAN OL=PE=H LH=JOĹť EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LH=JO improves the total integration, reduces costs and OPEIQH=PAO EJJKR=PEKJĹť JKSHA@CA ?KJ?ANJEJC ^KK@ protection and adaptive delta management can be exported to other deltas. Rotterdam intends to play a leading role in this regard, supported by internationally oriented businesses, universities and colleges.

DA NKKB PKL L=NG EAND=RAJOPNEL EO = LQ>HE? KQP@KKN =NA= EJ = QJEMQAĹź IQHPEĆ„BQJ?PEKJ=H @EGA OAPPEJC

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HHQOPN=PEKJ KB PDNAA @EY ANAJP S=UO EJ SDE?D @EGA reinforcement and area development can be combined in the Merwe-Vierhaven area depending on three types of economic conditions

Example KPPAN@=I @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJPĹť H=OPEJC

A. STAGNATION

NERAN @EGA

DA KPPAN@=I NERAN @EGAO @K JKP NAMQENA QNCAJP attention, but in the long-term they will have to be reinforced to cope with the rising sea level. Analysis of PDA ATPAJP =J@ HK?=PEKJO KB PDA P=OGO =DA=@Ĺź =J@ DKS they can be combined with area development plans and existing characteristics, can reveal potentially >AJA[ ?E=H KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN HEJGEJC LNKFA?POĹť DEO EO BKN example the case in the Merwe-Vierhavens, which as part of Stadshavens is one of the main transformation assignments in Rotterdam over the coming decades.

Development of this area is expected to span more than BKNPU UA=NOĹť DA @EGAO EJ PDA ANSAĆ„ EAND=RAJO SEHHĹź =P OKIA LKEJPĹź JAA@ PK >A NAEJBKN?A@ =J@ PDEO ?=J >A P=GAJ into account when setting priorities for the transition.

DNAA @EY ANAJP LKOOE>HA BQPQNA O?AJ=NEKO D=RA >AAJ KQPHEJA@Ĺź A=?D ?KNNAOLKJ@EJC SEPD @EY ANAJP CNKSPD ATLA?P=PEKJO =J@ =R=EH=>HA [ J=J?EJCĹť

PN=PACE? EJPANRAJPEKJO EJ PDA DECDHU QN>=JEOA@ EGA NEJC jm OKQPD EJ SDE?D @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP =J@ =NA= @ARAHKLIAJP will be combined at favourable locations van verbinding stad-rivier

What is special about the project?

P D=O >AAJ LNKLKOA@ PD=P @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJPO ODKQH@ be carried out sooner than strictly necessary. The NACQH=N I=EJPAJ=J?A KB PDA @EGAO ?=J =HOK >A HEJGA@ EJ with other projects, for example with the construction KB EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA Ć??U?HA L=PDOĆ? =J@ LH=JO BKN PDA EJ?KNLKN=PEKJ KB =@@EPEKJ=H ^ KN=Ĺť

Vlaardingen

Who

Commissioned by The Ministry for Infrastructure and the Environment, Delta Programmes: Rijnmond-Drechtsteden, Rivers and South West Delta

Within the framework of IABR 2012 (International Architecture Biennial KPPAN@=IĆ?

2012 2014 2020

2045 2050

2095 2100

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Ĺť

Ĺť

Tropicana

Maasboulevard Schiedam Option 1

Cool Dakpark

Option 2

M4H Option 3

Parksluizen Swimming pool

Hollandse IJsselsluis

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5.3 Extreme rainfall

QII=NU KB PDA P=OG =DA=@

KNA KB PDA OPN=PACU

The changing climate will lead to more frequent extreme rainfall and heavier downpours. This will increase the NEOG KB @EONQLPEKJ =J@ @=I=CA ?=QOA@ >U ^ KK@EJCż particularly in areas that already have a water storage ?=L=?EPU @A[ ?EP =J@ @AJOAHU >QEHPƄQLż L=RA@ QN>=J =NA=OŻ

The initial priority is in accordance with the Rotterdam S=PAN LH=J kŽ ƙSKNGEJC SEPD S=PAN PK ?NA=PA =J =PPN=?PERAż economically strong and climate proof city’, or, to put EP =JKPDAN S=Uż = ^ KK@ƄLNKKB ?EPUŻ K =?DEARA PDEOż PDA >=OE?O KB PDA OUOPAI IQOP >A EJ CKK@ SKNGEJC KN@ANŻ A will continue to maintain and where necessary improve the urban water system so that in the future the city SEHH >A?KIA HAOO RQHJAN=>HA PK ^ KK@EJCż BKN AT=ILHA >U increasing the storage and drainage capacity.

The drainage and storage capacity of the urban water system is being adapted to deal with extreme rainfall.

KSARANż EJ OLEPA KB PDEOż EP EO >A?KIEJC EJ?NA=OEJCHU HEGAHU that downpours exceeding the amount that the system ?=J ?KLA SEPD SEHH K??QNŻ DEO LNK>HAI SEHH =Y A?P JKP KJHU public areas but also private property.

P PDA O=IA PEIAż SA IQOP P=GA OKIA KB PDA LNAOOQNA KY PDA S=PAN OUOPAIŻ DANA LKOOE>HAż EJ =HH L=NPO KB PDA city, rainwater must be captured and retained where it falls and drainage delayed. Where necessary, rainwater should be used to augment the groundwater and to ENNEC=PA PDA ^ KN= KB PDA ?EPUŻ However, that in itself will not be enough. The increase in short, sharp downpours means that the urban water system has to become more resilient. The water storage capacity of public areas needs to be increased. Such waterproof public areas are capable of temporarily storing water on the streets without causing any damage.

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

If other parties, and the inhabitants of Rotterdam in particular, are informed and encouraged to become involved, they will become more conscious of their own responsibilities and more aware of the measures that PDAU PDAIOAHRAO ?=J P=GAĹť

A=OQNAO DA Ć™S=PANLNKKB ?EPUĆ› EO NK>QOP =J@ NAOEHEAJP Ć?CNAU =J@ CNAAJĆ„>HQAĆ? SEPD = IET KB L=REJC =J@ RACAP=PEKJĹť DA focus is on adaptive measures whereby the rainwater is captured and drainage is delayed.

YA?PERA IA=OQNAO EJ LQ>HE? =NA=O EJ?HQ@A NAIKREJC paving and planting trees and bushes along the streets and in open areas. Water squares can be an attractive solution for heavily used areas with little available space.

J PDA HEJA=N =NAJ= KB OPNAAPO =J@ NK=@OĹź EJ[HPN=PEJC RACAP=PEKJ Ć?>EKOS=HAOĆ? KN LKNKQO L=REJC OPKJAO I=U LNKRE@A [PPEJC OKHQPEKJOĹť

@=LPERA IA=OQNAO I=U =HOK >A P=GAJ KJ LNER=PA property. Experience has already been gained with green NKKBO EJ PDA ?EPUĹť Ć™ HQA NKKBOĆ› PD=P ?=J >A ?KI>EJA@ SEPD the re-use of rainwater within the building are another possibility. Replacing paving in gardens with green, under PDA IKPPK Ć™ =REJC KQPĹź H=JPO EJƀƛ =J@ ?KJOPNQ?PEJC B=Ě?=@A C=N@AJO Ć? NAAJ A=IĆ? SEHH >KPD >A =?PERAHU AJ?KQN=CA@Ĺť Vulnerable areas must incorporate a water robust design in the buildings and public areas. The public areas will be adapted so that they can store the rainwater, for example >U QOEJC EJPAHHECAJP OPNAAP LNK[HAOĹť B PDANA EO = H=OPEJC NEOG KB @=I=CA PDAJ PDA KSJANO KB PDA >QEH@EJC SEHH >A EJBKNIA@ =J@ =?PEKJ P=GAJĹź OQ?D =O N=EOEJC @KKNOPALO KN providing sandbags or partitions.

The basis of the system will be maintained so that it EO NK>QOP =J@ EJ CKK@ SKNGEJC KN@ANĹť JEPE=HHU PDEO SEHH involve the provision of extra surface water where that is necessary and possible. The construction of underground water storage in combination with other techniques is useful in places with limited space, such as underneath the Kruisplein. Finally, the drainage capacity of the system can be increased through the above-ground drainage of rainwater, for example.

The Westersingel can store extra water on the lower-lying sculpture terrace

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J =NA=Ć„OLA?E[? =LLNK=?D

@=LP=PEKJ KRAN PEIA

The measures required vary depending on the area and PDA OLA?E[? ?D=N=?PANEOPE?OĹź OQ?D =O PDA NAH=PEKJODEL between paving, water and vegetation, the type of ground, the water table, the type of sewerage system and of course the functioning of the water system.

The adaption strategy for extreme rainfall and the associated measures are laid down in the Rotterdam water plan and the urban sewerage plan. Rotterdam D=O =HNA=@U OP=NPA@ EILHAIAJPEJC Ć™JK NACNAPĆ› IA=OQNAOĹź such as the construction of water squares, green roofs, QJ@ANCNKQJ@ S=PAN OPKN=CAĹź EJ[HPN=PEKJ B=?EHEPEAO Ć?

KD=J @=LHAEJ =J@ AJPN==H P=PEKJĆ? =J@ PDA Ć™ HQA KNNE@KNƛŝ EPD EPO Ć™ =REJC KQPĹź H=JPO EJĆ› ?=IL=ECJĹź PDA EPU KB Rotterdam hopes to involve the inhabitants in climate change adaptation and encourage them to replace paving in their own gardens with plants and vegetation.

In densely built-up urban areas there is a lot of pressure on the public areas and on the land itself and very little space is available. Here, the focus is placed on the possibility of combinations such as underground water OPKN=CA Ć? QOAQI =NG =J@ NQEOLHAEJĆ? =J@ S=PAN OMQ=NAOĹť Green and blue roofs, removing paving and planting trees and bushes in the streets and open areas and waterproof design all contribute to increased resilience. The postwar urban districts are more suited to the creation of additional stretches of open water, such as canals and H=GAOĹť DANA I=U ARAJ >A NKKI BKN OKHQPEKJO OQ?D =O wadis in these districts.

Major roads, tunnels and stations, hospitals and healthcare institutions, regional shopping centres and >QOEJAOOAO L=NGO SEHH EJ PDA BQPQNA >A AOLA?E=HHU SAHHĆ„ LNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^KK@EJC ?=QOA@ >U ATPNAIA N=EJB=HHĹť This higher level of protection is designed to guarantee accessibility and prevent damage.

Temporary water storage under the Kleinpolderplein motorway interchange

82

EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO Where possible, the creation of extra water storage is combined with area development projects. Furthermore, SA =NA BK?QOEJC IKNA =J@ IKNA KJ HEJGEJC EJ SEPD ATEOPEJC LNKCN=IIAO BKN PDA I=EJPAJ=J?A KB NK=@Oş L=NGO =J@ PDA OASAN=CA OUOPAIŝ PDAN LNKCN=IIAO OQ?D =O ƙ?DEH@Ƅ BNEAJ@HU @EOPNE?POƛ =J@ ƙSEH@ANJAOO O?DKKH LH=UCNKQJ@Oƛ also provide opportunities. As time goes by, all parts of the city will gradually become greener and more climate proof.

EOQ=H IK@AH EJOPNQIAJPO Ć?l EĆ? ?=J >A QOA@ PK C=EJ = better insight into the vulnerability of the public areas and to develop and implement appropriate measures.

These instruments can also be used to determine priorities in the timing.

Water storage combined with the construction of the Willem Alexander rowing course

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Working together Creating a waterproof city requires individual approaches and intensive cooperation between the water boards, urban developers, the City of Rotterdam and spatial administrators. Other parties such as housing corporations, project developers and the inhabitants in particular all need to play their part. Public awareness and involvement will be stimulated by means of active and targeted communication. Everyone can contribute PK I=GEJC PDA ?EPU S=PANLNKKBŻ =IL=ECJO OQ?D =O PDA NAAJ KKB JBKNI=PEKJ =UOż PDA ƙ NAAJ A=Iƛ =J@ PDA ?=IL=ECJ ƙ =REJC KQPż H=JPO EJƛ =NA ?KJ?NAPA AT=ILHAOż more of which will follow in the future.

@@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA ?EPU The main added value for the city is the creation of an attractive and green-blue environment with sustainable solutions for coping with rainwater. The large-scale implementation of small-scale measures into the veins KB PDA ?EPU EO HEJGA@ PK PDA I=EJPAJ=J?A =J@ NALH=?AIAJP programmes thereby limiting and spreading the required extra investments. In this way, the city will gradually become greener and more resilient.

Rotterdam is a city in which innovative solutions for rainwater in urban areas are already being implemented.

DEO I=GAO KPPAN@=I PDA LANBA?P >NAA@EJC CNKQJ@ BKN PDA @ARAHKLIAJP =J@ ATLKNP KB GJKSHA@CAŻ TLANEIAJPO SEPD ƙS=PAN EJ PDA ?EPUƛ NAEJBKN?A PDA KPPAN@=IƛO international image as a progressive, ambitious delta city. Rotterdam’s water squares are exemplary.

Blue-green adaptation will lead to an increase in the biodiversity of the city. This applies to all projects from the large-scale Blue Corridor and wilderness playgrounds PK PDA OI=HHƄO?=HA ƙN=EJ C=N@AJOƛż B=̐=@A C=N@AJO =J@ green roofs.

Possible measures such as greening the streets and open areas, water squares and the removal of paving around houses provide a wide range of opportunities for getting the people of Rotterdam more involved with their city and with their own direct living environment in particular.

The inhabitants can play an active role, which in turn improves social cohesion.

Construction of the water storage under the Kruisplein

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Example =PAN OMQ=NAĹź AJPDAILHAEJ

The Benthemplein is being developed into the perfect example of a large, multi-functional water square, which combines the collection of rainwater with a special, public outdoor area. A considerable number KB OP=GADKH@ANO BNKI PDA AJPDAILHAEJ SKNGA@ ?HKOAHU PKCAPDAN PK LNK@Q?A PDA [ J=H @AOECJĹź EJ?HQ@EJC PDA =@GEJA =J@ N=LDE? KHHACAĹź = ?DQN?D ?KIIQJEPUĹź = youth theatre, a sports school and local residents.

What is special about the project?

QNEJC PDA ?KQNOA KB PDNAA SKNGODKLOş OQ?D PKLE?O as potential usage, desired characteristics and the EJ^ QAJ?A KB N=EJS=PAN KJ PDA =NA= SANA @EO?QOOA@ŝ DA participants’ enthusiasm led to a design in which water storage provides opportunities for sport and leisure. The water square is an innovative solution for preventing ^ KK@EJCş NAHEAREJC PDA OASANO =J@ EILNKREJC >KPD PDA water quality and the living environment in the city.

The Benthemplein water square as temporary water storage facility, artist’s impression of the scene during a downpour

Who

City of Rotterdam

Commissioned by City of Rotterdam and the Schieland and Krimpenerwaard Water Board EPD [ J=J?E=H OQLLKNP BNKIĹ˝ EJEOPNU BKN PDA Infrastructure and Environment, Mooi Nederland Ć?OQ>OE@U O?DAIA BKN A=QPEBQH APDANH=J@OĆ?Ĺź QNKLA=J JEKJĹź JPANNAC

A multi-functional square with a variety of characteristics

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

DA AJPDAILHAEJ =_AN = ODKSAN

The Benthemplein on a sunny day

workshop 1

workshop 2

workshop 3

DA @AOECJ S=O PDA NAOQHP KB =J EJPAJOERA L=NPE?EL=PEKJ LNK?AOO EJRKHREJC =HH OP=GADKH@ANO

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5.4 Drought

DA P=OG OQII=NEOA@ KJCAN LANEK@O KB @NKQCDP =J@ CNKQJ@S=PAN @A[ ?EPO =Y A?P the water table and can also lead to lower river levels.

KSAN CNKQJ@S=PAN HARAHO EJ PQNJ =Y A?PO PDA LA=P CNKQJ@ @NUEJC KQP =J@ OEJGEJCĹť DEO LKOAO = NEOG PK SKK@AJ LEHA BKQJ@=PEKJOĹť NUEJC KQP ?=J =HOK ?=QOA LA=P @EGAO PK OQ>OE@A =J@ PDNA=PAJO PDA QN>=J ^ KN=Ĺť HEI=PA ?D=JCA SEHH KJHU EJ?NA=OA PDAOA NEOGOĹť KSAN NERAN HARAHO ?=QOA PDA O=HP S=PAN PK EJPNQ@A BQNPDAN inland. A direct consequence of this is that either poorquality water will be let into the Rotterdam water system or river water will not be let into Rotterdam at all. Both these situations will lead to a reduction in the water MQ=HEPU EJ PDA ?EPU =J@ >A @APNEIAJP=H PK EPO ^ KN= =J@ B=QJ=Ĺť KSAN NERAN HARAHO SEHH IA=J OD=HHKSAN J=REC=PEKJ depths, which will obstruct shipping.

KNA KB PDA OPN=PACU NK>QOP =J@ NAOEHEAJP S=PAN OUOPAI J KN@AN PK I=GA PDA ?EPU HAOO RQHJAN=>HA PK PDA AY A?PO KB drought and rainfall shortage, Rotterdam is focusing on NAP=EJEJC N=EJS=PAN =J@ NALHAJEODEJC PDA Ć?CNKQJ@Ć?S=PAN where possible. The current robust water system is being I=EJP=EJA@ =J@ OPNAJCPDAJA@ >UĹź BKN AT=ILHAĹź I=GEJC more room for water in ditches, canals, waterways and H=GAOĹź ?KJPNKHHEJC S=PAN HARAHO =J@ OHQE?EJC SEPD NAH=PERAHU DECDĆ„MQ=HEPU S=PANĹť DEO SEHH I=GA PDA OUOPAI NK>QOP OK that it remains in balance even during longer periods of drought.

The implementation of adaptive measures to combat drying out will improve the resilience of the water OUOPAIŝ A =NA I=GEJC QOA KB PDA ƙOL=?A EJ PDA ?EPUƛş BKN AT=ILHA >U EJ?NA=OEJC PDA EJ[ HPN=PEKJ ?=L=?EPU =J@ capturing rainwater where it falls, deep in the heart of the ?EPUş PDANA>U NA@Q?EJC PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB OQ>ƄOPN=P=ş LH=JPO and foundations drying out.

Furthermore, the above strategy ensures that the urban S=PAN OUOPAI =J@ PDA ^ KN= =J@ B=QJ= PD=P @ALAJ@ KJ it are less vulnerable to the consequence of increased O=HEJEV=PEKJ KB PDA NERAN S=PAN =J@ PDA HKSAN MQ=JPEPEAO KB fresh water that are let in during long periods of drought and low river levels.

TPN= OQNB=?A S=PAN =HKJC PDA F=GH==J

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KNA OQNB=?A S=PAN EJ PDA QE@ANL=NG

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Finally, it is important to identify and monitor the areas PD=P =NA IKOP =P NEOGĹź BKN AT=ILHA PDA LA=P @EGAO =J@ those areas where drying out could cause considerable @=I=CAĹź EJ KN@AN PK >A =>HA PK P=GA =@AMQ=PA IA=OQNAO =P PDA NECDP PEIAĹť LA?E[? HKJCĆ„PANI NAOA=N?D EJPK PDA QN>=J districts will continue to be necessary.

@=LPERA IA=OQNAO I=GA PDA OUOPAI IKNA NAOEHEAJP =J@ less vulnerable to periods of drought. Measures here EJ?HQ@A EJ?KNLKN=PEJC IKNA ^KN= =J@ HAOO L=REJC EJ PDA city through small-scale projects on buildings, gardens or streets. Such projects directly contribute to increasing the EJ[HPN=PEKJ ?=L=?EPU KB PDA CNKQJ@ =J@ I=GEJC PDA ?EPU act as a sponge.

A=OQNAO =JU KB PDA IA=OQNAO PD=P AYA?PERAHU ?KI>=P HKS groundwater levels and drying up are part of the OP=J@=N@ IA=OQNAO BKN ?NA=PEJC = ƙ?HEI=PA LNKKBƛ ?EPUŞ I=EJP=EJEJC PDA >=OE?O ƅ GAALEJC PDA ?QNNAJP S=PAN system in order – combined with adaptive measures to locally capture and delay the drainage of rainwater.

J AYA?PERA NK>QOP IA=OQNA EO PK ?NA=PA ATPN= OQNB=?A water in the city where necessary and possible. Examples here include the expansion of existing or the creation of JAS H=GAOĹź ?=J=HOĹź S=PANS=UO =J@ @EP?DAOĹť J = ?EPUĆ„SE@A scale, this can be achieved by extending existing green>HQA JAPSKNGO =J@ ?KJOPNQ?PEJC JAS KJAOĹź OQ?D =O EJ PDA OKQPD KB KPPAN@=IĹť DAOA JAPSKNGO =NA =HOK GJKSJ =O Ć™?HEI=PA >QYANOĆ› =J@ ?=J >A HEJGA@ PK PDA NACEKJ=H S=PAN JAPSKNGĹť J?NA=OEJC PDA LKPAJPE=H BKN OHQE?EJC EO =JKPDAN robust measure.

Extra surface water in the form of a new canal

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

T=ILHAO EJ?HQ@A PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB LNER=PA Ć™N=EJ C=N@AJOĆ› =J@ Ć™B=Ě?=@A C=N@AJOƛŝ EJA=NĹź EJ[HPN=PEJC RACAP=PEKJ OQ?D =O Ć™L=RAIAJP LH=JPANOĆ› =J@ Ć™>EKOS=HAOĆ› =NA AYA?PERA IA=OQNAO EJ LQ>HE? =NA=OĹť =PAN OMQ=NAO ?=J =HOK >A ?KI>EJA@ SEPD EJ[HPN=PEKJ IA=OQNAOĹť KNKQO paving is a good solution for the streets. Irrigating and spraying plants and bushes during periods of drought is not sustainable, but may occasionally be a necessary emergency measure. In the long-term, the use of less OAJOEPERA ^KN= EJ PDA ?EPU ODKQH@ >A ?KJOE@ANA@Ĺť An important advantage of nearly all the above measures is the combined contribution to reducing the city’s vulnerability to all aspects of climate change (rainfall, @NKQCDPĹź DA=PĆ?Ĺť A=OQNAO PK ?KI>=P PDA AYA?PO KB PDA K>OPNQ?PEKJ to shipping caused by lower river levels include the temporary use of other forms of transport and the carrying of lighter cargos.

KIIQJEPU C=N@AJO ?NA=PA ATPN= EJ[HPN=PEKJ LKPAJPE=H EJ PDA ?EPU

87

J =NA=Ć„OLA?E[ ? =LLNK=?D

EJGEJC EJ SEPD KPDAN LNKFA?PO

DA RQHJAN=>EHEPU =J@ PDA NEOGO KB @NUEJC KQP R=NUĹť DA NEOGO =NA CNA=PAN EJ @AJOAHU >QEHPĆ„QL QN>=J =NA=O SEPD a lot of paving, little open water and few plants and trees, for example the city centre and the 19th century urban districts. The above-mentioned measures will >A AY A?PERA EJ OQ?D =NA=OĹť DAOA IA=OQNAO SEHH =HOK >A AY A?PERA EJ PDKOA =NA=O SDANA PDA CNKQJ@ EO OAJOEPERA PK @NKQCDP Ć??KIL=?PEJC =J@ OQ>OE@AJ?AĆ? =J@ =NA=O EJ SDE?D wooden pile foundations are used. The most appropriate IA=OQNAO BKN LA=P @EGAO =NA S=PAN HARAH I=J=CAIAJP =J@ @EGA IKJEPKNEJCĹť

When maintaining and improving the current water system and implementing adaptive measures to increase the capacity in the heart of the city, it is important PK IKRA SEPD PDA ƙNDUPDI KB PDA ?EPUƛ =J@ PK HEJG EJ with other programmes and initiatives. Examples of PDEO EJ?HQ@A ƙIKNA ^ KN= EJ O?DKKH LH=UCNKQJ@Oƛş QN>=J agriculture initiatives and local residents replacing paving stones with greenery. The maintenance and I=J=CAIAJP ?U?HA BKN NK=@O =J@ L=NGO =HOK LNKRE@A KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN HEJGEJC EJŝ

Working together @=LP=PEKJ KRAN PEIA P EO @Ed ?QHP PK EOKH=PA PDA AY A?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA BNKI the other causes of low groundwater levels in the city.

DA AY A?PO KB PDA QN>=J H=UKQP =J@ PDA LDUOE?=H ?KJ@EPEKJ of the sub-strata on the soil hydrology depend on the OLA?E[ ? HK?=H OEPQ=PEKJĹť KJCĆ„PANIĹź OLA?E[ ? NAOA=N?D SKQH@ >A NAMQENA@ PK @APANIEJA PDA LNA?EOA AY A?PO ?=QOA@ by climate change. However, many of the adaptive IA=OQNAO EJ PDA Ć?LQ>HE?Ć? =NA=O KB PDA ?EPU =NA Ć™JKĆ„NACNAPĆ› IA=OQNAO PD=P =NA =HNA=@U >AEJC P=GAJĹť

Rotterdam and the water boards are primarily responsible for the water system. Creating a waterproof city requires individual solutions and intensive cooperation between these organisations. Adaptive IA=OQNAO AJ=>HA ?EPEVAJOĹź >QOEJAOOAO =J@ KPDAN organisations to actively participate, for example by incorporating more green in the immediate vicinity or by constructing water squares. The development of a green>HQA JAPSKNG =J@ ?HEI=PA >QY ANO EO =HNA=@U CKEJC =DA=@ with the help of, amongst others, nature organisations OQ?D =O Ć? KNH@ EH@HEBA QJ@Ć? =J@ Ĺť

Ć™ =REJC KQPĹź LH=JPO EJĆ›

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

@@A@ R=HQA JD=>EP=JPOż >QOEJAOOAO =J@ REOEPKNO ?=J =HH >AJA[P BNKI NAEJBKN?EJC PDA CNAAJƄ>HQA JAPSKNG EJ KPPAN@=Iż both in the immediate vicinity of their homes and JAECD>KQNDKK@O ƏCNAAJ NKKBO =J@ B=̐=@AOƐ =J@ EJ PDA ?EPU EPOAHB ƏS=PAN OMQ=NAO =J@ H=GAOż CNAAJƄ>HQA JAPSKNGƐŻ Furthermore, the measures provide an attractive context for the transformation of the existing city.

DANA =NA =HOK A?KJKIE? >AJA[POŻ ENOPHUż PDANA EO PDA prevention of damage to private buildings and to the ^KN= =J@ B=QJ= EJ PDA ?EPUŻ A?KJ@HUż PDANA =NA LKPAJPE=H reductions in maintenance costs and the costs of raising public areas. Thirdly, property values may increase as PDA MQ=HEPU KB PDA L=NGOż C=N@AJO =J@ S=PAN EJ PDA ?EPU improves.

Small-scale measures in particular, such as green adaptation in the neighbourhoods, will increase the involvement of the people of Rotterdam with their own living environment and improve relationships between them. The main ecological added value is maintaining, and where possible improving, the ecological qualities of the city and creating a richer biodiversity. The Blue Corridor is a good example of this.

... an action reappearing in a variety of guises throughout the city

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

Paving out, plants in

89

Example HQA KNNE@KN

J kijk SKNG >AC=J KJ PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB PDA HQA KNNE@KNĹź = CNAAJĆ„>HQA HEJG >APSAAJ PDA QE@ANL=NG EJ KPPAN@=IĹź PDA BQPQNA H=J@O?=LA L=NG QEFPAJH=J@ EJ Rhoon and the Zuidpolder in Barendrecht. This is a recreational, navigable route that provides clean water to the area, acts as a water storage facility and forms =J A?KHKCE?=H HEJG >APSAAJ PDA R=NEKQO J=PQNA =NA=OĹť DA NKQPA SEHH OECJE[ ?=JPHU EILNKRA I=JU =OLA?PO KB PDA HK?=H AJRENKJIAJPĹť DA LNKFA?P SEHH P=GA ji UA=NO PK complete and is divided into six sub-projects.

What is special about the project?

Eight government organisations have committed themselves to the plan, ensuring a wide support base for the Blue Corridor. The scale of the project means PD=P EP ?=J >A AOLA?E=HHU AY A?PERA EJ I=GEJC PDA S=PAN system resilient to long periods of drought.

Who Charlois District Council, City of Rotterdam District Albrandswaard District Barendrecht Province of Zuid-Holland

OOAHIKJ@A A?NA=PEKJ=H KIIQJEPU N>=J EOPNE?P KPPAN@=I Hollandse Delta Water Board in cooperation with EJEOPNU KB =PANS=UO =J@ Q>HE? KNGO The World Wildlife Fund ANWB Canoe Association of the Netherlands

Artist’s impression of the course of the Blue Corridor Ć?OKQN?AĹ˝ >NK?DQNA NAOD =PAN QY AN OOAHIKJ@AĹź

QJA kijkĆ?

Commissioned by City of Rotterdam

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The Blue Corridor creates an attractive environment for living and spending leisure time

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5.5 High temperatures

QII=NU KB PDA P=OG =DA=@

KNA KB PDA OPN=PACU

Climate change will lead to longer, more frequent periods KB DECD PAILAN=PQNAOĹť DA N>=J A=P OH=J@ Ć? Ć?

AY A?P SEHH ?KILKQJ@ PDA AY A?PO KB DA=P EJ PDA ?EPUĹť J the summer, the most important consequences of this warming will be health problems and increased levels of mortality, a reduction in the thermal comfort both indoors and outdoors, higher energy consumption, lower productivity, reduction in air quality, reduction in water quality and biodiversity and malfunctioning EJBN=OPNQ?PQNAĹť DA P=OG EO PK NA@Q?A PDA RQHJAN=>EHEPU KB the city and its inhabitants to heat stress.

Even with the changing climate, the urban climate in Rotterdam will remain pleasant and healthy, both indoors and outdoors. By a pleasant urban climate, we mean that in the outdoor urban areas there are enough ?KKH LH=?AO OQ?D =O OD=@U L=NGO KN S=PAN BA=PQNAOĹť DA ?KNA KB PDA OPN=PACU EO PK EJ?KNLKN=PA IKNA ^ KN= in the city, especially in its paved, densely built-up areas. This is being done at all levels in the city, from L=RAIAJPO PK ?EPU L=NGOĹť J PDKOA LH=?AO SDANA EP EO not possible to incorporate greenery, other adaptation measures will be included in the design and maintenance plans. At the same time, use is being made of the KLLKNPQJEPEAO LNKRE@A@ >U = S=NIAN ?EPUĹť KNA L=NGO and gardens create a more attractive environment, a NE?DAN QN>=J >EK@ERANOEPU =J@ ATPN= =?PEREPEAO EJ PDA [ AH@ of recreation and tourism. All this is good for the urban economy.

KKHEJC KY EJ PDA ?QHPQN=H CNKQJ@O EJ PDA QOAQIL=NG

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EREJC =J@ SKNGEJC EJ >QEH@EJCO PD=P NAI=EJ ?KKHż ARAJ during a heat wave, is important for health and wellbeing. Owners are being advised and encouraged to EJRAOP EJ I=GEJC ATEOPEJC >QEH@EJCO IKNA DA=PƄNAOEOP=JPŻ For maintenance investments, energy-saving choices are being made that will ensure that the indoor environment remains pleasant despite periods of extreme high temperatures. For all new construction, heatproof measures are being incorporated from the very start of the design phase.

DA AYA?PO KB DKP LANEK@O KJ PDA QN>=J ?HEI=PA =J@ the consequences for people, plants and animals will continue to be monitored. As a result of these IA=OQNAIAJPO =J@ NAOA=N?D EJPK PDA AYA?PO KB DECDAN temperatures on the health of the people of Rotterdam, additional actions may be required.

AH=TEJC EJ PDA OD=@A KB PDA PNAAO EJ PDA QE@ANL=NG

5. Setting the course for a climate proof Rotterdam

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A=OQNAO DA =LLNK=?D BK?QOAO KJ PSK AHAIAJPOĹť DA [NOP AHAIAJP includes the adaptive measures that will be implemented to adapt the physical design of the city to better cope SEPD DA=P Ć?OPNAOOĆ?Ĺť CKK@ AT=ILHA EO EJ?KNLKN=PEJC IKNA CNAAJ EJ PDA ?EPUĹť DA OA?KJ@ AHAIAJP EJRKHRAO I=GEJC ?EPEVAJOĹź >QOEJAOOAO =J@ EJ L=NPE?QH=N OLA?E[? P=NCAP CNKQLO OQ?D =O PDA AH@ANHU IKNA =S=NA KB PDA NEOGO KB extreme heat. They will also be informed about how they themselves can contribute to a healthy and pleasant SKNGEJC =J@ HEREJC AJRENKJIAJP @QNEJC DKP LANEK@OĹť Greenery in the city reduces urban heat levels, for example by providing shade and by evaporation.

Incorporating more green and removing paving from the ?EPU EO KJA =@=LPERA IA=OQNA PD=P AYA?PERAHU ?KI>=PO IQHPELHA JAC=PERA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =J@ =P PDA O=IA PEIA ?KJPNE>QPAO PK I=GEJC PDA ?EPU IKNA attractive. Private initiatives include measures such as green roofs and façades and green inner courtyards and gardens. In public areas there are a wide range of potential measures, from incorporating more green in the streets and along the infrastructure (boulevards, MQ=UOĹź ?U?HA =J@ S=HGEJC NKQPAOĆ? PK CKK@ I=J=CAIAJP =J@ ATPAJOEKJ KB L=NGO =J@ CNAAJ>AHPOĹź OQ?D =O PDA HQA Corridor, and from the construction of school nature

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94

LH=UCNKQJ@O =J@ SEH@ANJAOO LH=UCNKQJ@O PK Ć™>QEH@EJC SEPD J=PQNAĆ› EJ KQPANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=IĹť JKPDAN =@=LPERA IA=OQNA EO PDA QOA KB DECDHU NA^A?PERA I=PANE=HO EJ LQ>HE? =NA=OĹť EJ=HHUĹź EJ?KNLKN=PEJC S=PAN BA=PQNAO Ć?BKQJP=EJOĆ? provides cooling and is both refreshing and attractive.

A=OQNAO PK I=GA >QEH@EJCO IKNA DA=PLNKKB EJ?HQ@A white and green roofs, easy-to-open windows, sun blinds, insect screens and ensuring that bedrooms are situated KJ PDA HKSAN ^KKNO =J@ KJ PDA JKNPD OE@AO KB >QEH@EJCOĹť EJ=HHUĹź SA EJPAJ@ PK GAAL PDA LAKLHA KB KPPAN@=I well-informed about heat stress and the consequences for their well-being and health. This will enable them to implement their own measures and, during a heat wave, to modify their own behaviour so that they are minimally =YA?PA@ >U PDA DA=PĹť

NAAJ B=?=@AO =P EJP =?K>OLH==PO

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

J =NA=ƄOLA?E[? =LLNK=?D

Working together

The focus is on implementing measures in those districts, neighbourhoods, streets and buildings that are most vulnerable to heat. This concerns paved-over districts, such as the inner city, that are densely builtup and where there is little green. Vulnerable buildings and the presence of large groups of vulnerable, less SAHHƄKY LAKLHA NAMQENA L=NPE?QH=N =PPAJPEKJŻ QNEJC the redevelopment of property, the main focus is on improving poorly insulated buildings.

To reduce the vulnerability of the city and its inhabitants PK PDA AYA?PO KB DA=Pż KPPAN@=I EO SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN SEPD EPO ?EPEVAJOż AILHKUANOż QJERANOEPEAO =J@ ?KHHACAOż DKQOEJC corporations and other building and property owners as SAHH =O SEPD OP=GADKH@ANO EJ PDA DA=HPD ?=NA OANRE?A PK create a heatproof city.

@=LP=PEKJ KRAN PEIA Information is already being provided at times when long periods of high temperatures are expected, and where possible tangible measures are being implemented in the QN>=J =NA=OŻ HH KLLKNPQJEPEAO BKN HEJGEJC EJ SEPD ATEOPEJC government or private initiatives for incorporating more plants in the city are being utilised. It is also LKOOE>HA PK HEJG EJ SEPD PDA ?U?HAO BKN PDA I=J=CAIAJP and maintenance of public areas (utilities and EJBN=OPNQ?PQNAƐŻ EJ=HHUż IA=OQNAO =NA >AEJC HEJGA@ EJ SEPD private redevelopment and building renovation plans, construction plans and area development. Needless to O=Uż ATEOPEJC ^KN=ż L=NGO =J@ C=N@AJO NAI=EJ ?DANEODA@ assets.

@@A@ R=HQA BKN PDA ?EPU Adapting to cope with heat in the city will increase the health, welfare and personal well-being of the people of KPPAN@=IŻ DA PDANI=H ?KIBKNP EJ PDA DKIAż =P SKNG and in public areas will improve. Furthermore, many KB PDA IA=OQNAO SEHH =HOK ?KJPNE>QPA PK I=GEJC PDA ?EPU more attractive, greener and cooler and creating a more ?KIBKNP=>HA AJRENKJIAJP EJ SDE?D PK HERA =J@ SKNGŻ DANA are economic opportunities for entrepreneurs in the [AH@ KB PKQNEOI =J@ NA?NA=PEKJż =J@ DECDAN LNK@Q?PEREPU N=PAO =J@ HKSAN AJANCU ?KOPO SEHH LNKRE@A EJ@ENA?P LNK[PŻ KPPAN@=I SEHH =HOK >AJA[P BNKI PDA @ARAHKLIAJP KB GJKSHA@CA NAC=N@EJC PDA ?D=JCEJC QN>=J ?HEI=PA =J@ PDA IKOP AYA?PERA IA=OQNAOŻ

Green roofs provide cool relief in the densely built-up city

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quays

Example DA LAKLHA KB KPPAN@=I I=GA PDA ?EPU

playgrounds

DA OPQ@U Ć™ DA LAKLHA KB KPPAN@=I I=GA PDA ?EPUĆ› NAOA=N?DAO OQOP=EJ=>HA @AJOE[ ?=PEKJ KB PDA KPPAN@=I EJJANĆ„?EPU =NA=Ĺť KPPAN@=I SKQH@ HEGA PK =PPN=?P IKNA people to live in and visit the centre. To do this the social climate in the city needs to improve. Research indicates that the presence of attractive public areas, of which greenery is an essential aspect, is an important prerequisite for urban life in terms of both the daily HEREJC =J@ SKNGEJC AJRENKJIAJP =J@ HAEOQNA PEIAĹť DA OPQ@U ?KILNEOAO OARAJ OPN=PACEAO PK ?KI>=P PDA N>=J

A=P OH=J@ Ć? Ć? AY A?P >U EJ?KNLKN=PEJC IKNA QN>=J ^ KN=Ĺť

L=NGO

green roofs and facades

What is special about the project?

Various meetings were held to identify those concerned residents and businesses of Rotterdam who are LNAL=NA@ PK HKKG =_ AN PDA EJJANĆ„?EPUĹť P PDAOA IAAPEJCO the creation of an attractive inner-city (by compaction =J@ EJ?KNLKN=PEKJ KB IKNA CNAAJĆ? =J@ KPDAN OQ?D PKLE?O were discussed, but the main issue was the realisation PD=P ARANUKJA ?=J I=GA PDAEN KSJ ?KJPNE>QPEKJĹť DA OPQ@U =PPAILPO PK HEJG EJ SEPD ATEOPEJC LNKFA?PO EJ PDA city.

Who

glamorous green

boulevards

City of Rotterdam JPANNAC LNKFA?P TNO KALAH PNEFGANO N?DEPA?PO =J@AN =L H=J@O?=LA QN>=J @AOECJ NE_ Ĺź N=OIQO JERANOEPU KPPAN@=I

Commissioned by

LH=V=O

City of Rotterdam

Seven strategies for incorporating more green in inner-city Rotterdam

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Overview of the potential for new residential areas and extra urban green in the inner-city, 2040

Overview of the potential for compacting inner-city Rotterdam

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6 Perspectives for the climate proof delta city

PORT

STADSHAVENS

DEO ?D=LPAN OGAP?DAO =J EJPACN=H REOEKJ KB = ?HEI=PA proof Rotterdam in which adaptive measures ?KI>=PEJC R=NEKQO ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA AYA?PO ?=J be combined. Descriptions from six Rotterdam perspectives illustrate which measures will be AYA?PERA EJ @EYANAJP L=NPO KB PDA ?EPU =J@ DKS PDAOA adaptive measures will contribute to improving the environment, society, the economy and the ecology.

D=LPAN m @EO?QOOAO PDA ?HEI=PAƄNAH=PA@ P=OGO B=?EJC KPPAN@=I =J@ @AO?NE>AO SDAJ =J@ SDANA PDA AYA?PO of climate change will become noticeable in the city. Chapter 5 describes the strategy and measures NAMQENA@ BKN A=?D KB PDA ?HEI=PA P=OGOŻ TAILH=NU studies and projects illustrate the opportunities available while simultaneously solving some of the problems. The perspectives in this chapter are areaOLA?E[? =J@ BKN A=?D ƙPULA KB QN>=J =NA=ƛż = JQI>AN of suitable combinations of robust and adaptive measures are proposed together with an illustration of the spatial characteristics involved. This chapter combines chapters 4 and 5 in six integral visions that act as guidelines for the implementation agenda for the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.

ET PULAO KB QN>=J =NA= =NA E@AJPE[A@Ž PDA LKNPż P=@OD=RAJOż PDA KQPANƄ@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?POż PDA ?KIL=?P ?EPU ?AJPNAż PDA EJJANƄ@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?PO =J@ PDA LKOPƄS=N OQ>QN>O SEPD PDAEN L=NGO =J@ gardens.

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Ƅ URBAN DISTRICTS

Ƅ URBAN DISTRICTS

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COMPACT CITY

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6.1 Combined perspectives

DA IKOP EILKNP=JP @EY ANAJ?A >APSAAJ PDA OET QN>=J PULAO EO PDAEN LKOEPEKJ EJ EJJANƄ@EGA KN KQPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=IŻ J =@@EPEKJż SA @EOPEJCQEOD >APSAAJ QN>=J =NA=O SEPD HEPPHA =R=EH=>HA OL=?A for adaptive measures and areas in which there is plenty of available space. This can involve physical space in the city, but also includes the potential for transformation such as in city harbours. Finally consumer pressure on the available space will also determine which adaptive measures are appropriate for a given area. Consumer pressure is intense in the compact city ?AJPNA =J@ EJ PDA JAECD>KQNEJC @AJOAHU LKLQH=PA@ QN>=J @EOPNE?POŻ DA @EY ANAJP =NA=O =NA ODKSJ EJ ?KHKQN KJ PDA I=L KB KPPAN@=IŻ DA @=NGHU ?KHKQNA@ L=NPO KB PDA I=L EJ@E?=PA SDANA ?HEI=PA change adaptation is necessary and where it may be possible to combine measures.

J KQPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=I PDA GAU LNEJ?ELHA EO IQHPEƄHARAH ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ >=OA@ KJ =@=LPERA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J@ @AOECJż EJ?HQ@EJC ^ KK@ƄLNKKB ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J@ @AOECJż ^ K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAO =J@ ƙ>QEH@EJC SEPD J=PQNAƛŻ DA LKNP =J@ AOOAJPE=H EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA =NA SAHHƄLNKPA?PA@ BNKI ^ KK@EJCŻ City harbours provide opportunities for combining area development with adaptive measures.

NARAJPEKJ EO PDA GAU B=?PKN EJ PDA ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ KB EJJANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=IŻ ?PEKJO DANA EJ?HQ@A KLPEIEO=PEKJ KB PDA OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEANO =J@ SDANA JA?AOO=NU NAEJBKN?AIAJP KB PDA @EGAOŻ EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP EO SAHHƄEJPACN=PA@ EJ PDA ?EPUż SEPD IQHPEƄBQJ?PEKJ=Hż J=PQN=H AI>=JGIAJPOż OQ?D =O recreational routes, being combined with area development.

EPDEJ PDA @EGAOż PDA ƙOLKJCA BQJ?PEKJƛ KB PDA ?EPU SEHH >A NAOPKNA@ PDNKQCD = OANEAO KB IA=OQNAO designed to collect the rainwater where it falls, store it and to facilitate delayed drainage.

Examples here include green roofs and façades, replacing paving stones with plants in streets and JAECD>KQNDKK@Oż ?KJOPNQ?PEJC S=PAN OMQ=NAO =J@ AOP=>HEODEJC EJ[ HPN=PEKJ VKJAO SEPDEJ ATEOPEJC EJBN=OPNQ?PQNAŻ DAOA IA=OQNAO =NA L=NPE?QH=NHU AY A?PERA EJ =NA=O SEPD DECD ?KJOQIAN LNAOOQNA and little available space, such as the compact city centre and the neighbouring urban districts.

In areas of the city where there is more space, robust measures such as increasing the water OPKN=CA BQJ?PEKJ KB ?=J=HO =J@ H=GAO =J@ PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB CNAAJƄ>HQA JAPSKNGO ?=J ?KJPNE>QPA PK ?NA=PEJC = ?HEI=PA LNKKB ?EPUŻ DEO CNAAJƄ>HQA =@=LP=PEKJ KB PDA ?EPU EO = ƙJK NACNAPƛ IA=OQNA PD=P SEHH JKP KJHU ?KJPNE>QPA PK I=GEJC KPPAN@=I ?HEI=PA LNKKB >QP SEHH =HOK I=GA PDA ?EPU = more attractive and pleasant place in which to live.

KN A=?D KB PDA @EY ANAJP PULAO KB =NA=ż PSK LANOLA?PERAO =NA ?KIL=NA@Ż DA [ NOP ?KJ?ANJO ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ =J@ SKNGEJC PKCAPDANż SDEHA PDA OA?KJ@ EHHQOPN=PAO PDA =@@A@ R=HQA =J@ >AJA[ POŻ JOSANO =NA CERAJ PK PDA BKHHKSEJC MQAOPEKJOŽ

Which climate adaptive measures are appropriate for which parts of the city, and who will P=GA PDA [ NOP OPALOƁ What added value do the combined measures generate for the environment, for society, for PDA A?KJKIU =J@ BKN PDA A?KHKCU =J@ SDK SEHH >AJA[ PƁ

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ULKHKCU EJ PDA ?EPU NA=O =HNA=@U B=?EJC ?HEI=PA EOOQAO

JJANƄ@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?PO

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6.2 Perspective for the port DA LKNP =NA= OPNAP?DAO KQP KRAN BKNPU GEHKIAPNAO =J@ AJ?KIL=OOAO KJA PDEN@ of the total land area in Rotterdam. The Port of Rotterdam has considerable economic value and directly provides many jobs for the people in the Rotterdam NACEKJŻ =JU ?KJP=EJANOż D=V=N@KQO OQ>OP=J?AO =J@ KPDAN CKK@O =NA PAILKN=NEHU stored in the port. There is also a range of utilities that are essential for the proper functioning of the region, such as power stations and water treatment plants.

DA LKNP EO OEPQ=PA@ EJ PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA= =J@ EO @ENA?PHU HEJGA@ PK PDA NERAN =J@ PDA OA=Ż DEO I=GAO EP RQHJAN=>HA PK DECD NERAN HARAHO =J@ AOLA?E=HHU PK OPKNI surges. The older harbour areas are particularly vulnerable. In the new harbour =NA=O OQ?D =O PDA ==ORH=GPAż PDA DECDAN S=PAN HARAHO D=RA =HNA=@U >AAJ P=GAJ into account and the main access roads are built at the same elevation as PDA @EGAOŻ DEO IA=JO PD=P PDAU SEHH ?KJPEJQA PK BQJ?PEKJ ARAJ @QNEJC ATPNAIA conditions. For the older harbour areas, it is important that during extreme ?KJ@EPEKJO PDA R=HQ=>HA =J@ D=V=N@KQO CKK@O @K JKP OLEHH EJPK PDA NERANŻ Over the coming decades, measures, such as the construction of terps, ?KIL=NPIAJP @EGAO =J@ S=PANLNKKB S=HHOż ?=J >A EILHAIAJPA@ PK NAHEARA PDA IKOP vulnerable locations. Major access roads are at safe elevations and must remain that way. Essential junctions require extra attention and need to be protected locally to ensure that even in an emergency the city can continue to function LNKLANHUŻ HA?PNE?EPU EJ L=NPE?QH=N EO KB REP=H EILKNP=J?AŻ U P=GEJC =HH PDAOA B=?PKNO into consideration, we will ensure that the port continues to be seen as having good and secure investment potential, and also remains a source of economic prosperity for the city.

Warming up is also apparent in the port harbours. These areas are generally paved over and therefore retain much heat. Major access roads and pipelines can be further developed as ecological structures. This will reduce heat retention and at the same time create attractive recreational routes through the fascinating port landscape.

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Perspective for the port Strategies

Which climate adaptive measures are appropriate for the LKNP =J@ SDK SEHH P=GA PDA [ NOP OPALOƁ What added value is generated by the combined measures for the environment, for society, for the A?KJKIU =J@ BKN PDA A?KHKCU =J@ SDK SEHH >AJA[ PƁ

@EY ANAJPE=PA@ ^ KK@ƄLNKKB KQPANƄ@EGA @AOECJ local reductions of heat stress

Measures

1 2 3 4 6

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HEI=PA =@=LPERA IA=OQNAO

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6.3 Perspective for Stadshavens P=@OD=RAJO EO =J =NA= EJ PN=JOEPEKJŻ RAN PDA ?KIEJC @A?=@AOż JAS HEJGO >APSAAJ the city and the port will be constructed in Stadshavens in order to strengthen the economy and to create an attractive city. The area will become home to a new generation of port and transport companies, innovative enterprises and GJKSHA@CA EJOPEPQPAO =O SAHH =O OLA?E=H NAOE@AJPE=H AJRENKJIAJPO =J@ ?QHPQN=H B=?EHEPEAOŻ P=@OD=RAJO EO PDA KJƄOEPA ATLANEIAJP=H [ AH@ BKN PDA @AHP= PA?DJKHKCE?=H development of the port and the city. The area of Stadshavens lies partially in PDA KQPANƄ@EGA NACEKJ PD=P EO @ENA?PHU HEJGA@ PK PDA OA= =J@ PDA NERANż =J@ L=NPE=HHU KJ PDA >KQJ@=NU KB EJJANƄ =J@ KQPANƄ@EGA KPPAN@=IŻ EJ?A EP EO L=NP KB PDA KH@ harbour complex, it is vulnerable to high water levels. The considerable amount of paving means that it retains a lot of heat.

The transformation of Stadshavens provides an opportunity to convert SA=GJAOOAO EJPK OPNAJCPDOŻ DA =NA= EO HK?=PA@ KJ PDA S=PANż EO OQ>FA?P PK PE@=H @UJ=IE?O =J@ BKNIO PDA PN=JOEPEKJ >APSAAJ PDA NERAN AQOA =J@ PDA EJJANƄ@EGA ?EPU @EOPNE?POŻ DA JAA@ PK NAEJBKN?A PDA @EGA LNKRE@AO =J E@A=H KLLKNPQJEPU PK GEHH PSK >EN@O SEPD KJA OPKJAŻ DAJ I=GEJC PDA KQPANƄ@EGA =NA= IKNA NK>QOPż PDA @EGA ?=J =HOK >A NAEJBKN?A@Ż =GEJC PDA EJJANƄ@EGA =NA= IKNA NK>QOP ?KQH@ EJRKHRA PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB ?HEI=PA @EGAO KJ SDE?D EP SEHH >A LKOOE>HA PK >QEH@Ż AIKREJC paving and introducing more plants and trees to the former harbour areas will provide opportunities for creating a greener city with better cooling potential. In EJJANƄ@EGA =NA=O PDEO SEHH =HOK ?KJPNE>QPA PK EJ?NA=OEJC EJ[ HPN=PEKJ SDEHA NA@Q?EJC PDA AY A?PO KB AT?AOO DA=PŻ P=@OD=RAJO EJ PN=JOEPEKJ LNKRE@A =J E@A=H KLLKNPQJEPU PK OECJE[ ?=JPHU EILNKRA the environmental quality of the city and the water. The harbour basins provide OL=?A BKN ^ K=PEJC ?KIIQJEPEAOż IKNA RACAP=PEKJ =P PDA S=PANƛO A@CAż @ERANOA contact with the water and opportunities to experience tidal dynamics. This will contribute to creating a more attractive business climate and increase property values. Most importantly, it provides the potential for social interaction between the people of Rotterdam in the most beautiful outdoor region of the city: the river Meuse.

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Perspective for Stadshavens Strategies

Which climate adaptive measures are appropriate for the LKNP =J@ SDK SEHH P=GA PDA [ NOP OPALOƁ What added value is generated by the combined measures for the environment, for society, for the A?KJKIU =J@ BKN PDA A?KHKCU =J@ SDK SEHH >AJA[ PƁ

@EY ANAJPE=PA@ ^ KK@ƄLNKKB EJJANƄ@EGA @AOECJ @EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP IA=OQNAO

reducing heat stress NA@Q?EJC PDA AY A?PO KB periods of drought

Measures

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HEI=PA =@=LPERA IA=OQNAO

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6.4 Perspective for the outer-dike urban districts DA KQPANĆ„@EGA QN>=J @EOPNE?PO =NA HK?=PA@ EJ PDA IKOP =PPN=?PERA L=NPO KB PDA ?EPUĹť They are central, lie directly on the river Meuse and are in contact with the water.

EJ?A PDAOA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O =NA NAH=PERAHU HKSĆ„HUEJCĹź PDAU =NA RQHJAN=>HA PK DECD S=PAN HARAHOĹť AOPNQ?PQNEJC =J@ @AOECJ EO @Ed ?QHP @QA PK PDA ?D=N=?PANEOPE? KH@ buildings and the limited space available. Furthermore, there is a lot of paving so much heat is retained.

J PDAOA =NA=OĹź PDANA =NA PSK @EOPEJ?P PULAO KB ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ P=?PE?OĹ˝ GAALEJC PDA S=PAN >=?G KN B=?EHEP=PEJC ?KJPNKHHA@ ^ KK@EJCĹť J PDA @EY ANAJP KQPANĆ„@EGA @EOPNE?PO in Rotterdam, various solutions are possible and applicable. In some places, local ^ KK@ S=HHO =NA = OAJOE>HA OKHQPEKJ EB PDAU =NA ?KI>EJA@ SEPD ATPN= LH=JPO =J@ PNAAO =J@ PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ KB R=HQ=>HA L=NGO =HKJC PDA AQOAĹť DEO SEHH HA=@ PK PDA LKOOE>EHEPU KB HK?=H S=PAN ?KHHA?PEKJĹź EJ[ HPN=PEKJ =J@ DA=P NA@Q?PEKJ =J@ SEHH furthermore encourage social gatherings and increase biodiversity and property values.

In other places, the contact with the water is more important and the functionality of a low quay is the main priority. In these situations, it may be OAJOE>HA PK ?DKKOA = IQHPEĆ„OP=CA ^ KK@ IK@AH SDANA>U PDA MQ=U EO ^ KK@A@ EJ ?KJPNKHHA@ OPALO Ć?=O ?QNNAJPHU D=LLAJO KJ PDA KKN@ANAEH=J@Ć?Ĺť DEO IA=JO PD=PĹź EJ PDA SKNOPĆ„?=OA O?AJ=NEKĹź IA=OQNAO JAA@ PK >A P=GAJ BKN EJ@ERE@Q=H LNKLANPEAOĹź OQ?D =O HK?=H S=PANLNKKB PDNAODKH@O =P PDA AJPN=J?AO PK DKQOAO =J@ ?=N L=NGOĹť ANN=?AO =J@ LH=PA=QO ?KQH@ LKPAJPE=HHU >A?KIA >AJA[ ?E=H AHAIAJPO EJ PDA OL=PE=H @AOECJĹť J?KNLKN=PEJC IKNA ^ KN= =J@ NAIKREJC L=REJC BNKI PDA OPNAAPO =J@ EJJAN U=N@O will enhance local water collection, heat reduction and social binding and will further increase the attractiveness of the immediate vicinity.

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6.5 Perspective for the inner-dike urban districts DA EJJANÆ„@EGA ?EPU @EOPNE?PO KB KPPAN@=I =NA HK?=PA@ =NKQJ@ PDA ?EPU ?AJPNA =J@ =NA =HH @AJOAHU >QEHPÆ„QLÅ» AOPNQ?PQNEJC EJ =HH PDAOA @EOPNE?PO ?=J KJHU P=GA LH=?A through small-scale interventions that maintain the character of the district.

NK>HAIO KB ^ KK@EJC =J@ DA=P OPNAOO K??QN EJ JA=NHU =HH PDA LNAÆ„S=N @EOPNE?POÅ» The wooden pile foundations commonly found here are vulnerable to droughts.

A@Q?EJC PDA ^ Q?PQ=PEKJO EJ CNKQJ@S=PAN HARAHO ?=J >A =?DEARA@ >U B=?EHEP=PEJC EJ[ HPN=PEKJ =J@ EJ?KNLKN=PEJC IKNA LH=JPOż PNAAO =J@ OPNAP?DAO KB KLAJ S=PANŻ

KSARANż PDANA EO K_ AJ JKP AJKQCD OL=?A BKN PDEOŻ DA PAILKN=NU OPKN=CA KB N=EJS=PAN =J@ @AH=UA@ EJ[ HPN=PEKJ KN OQNB=?A @N=EJ=CA PK KLAJ S=PAN =NA interesting possibilities because they also create locations for leisure activities and social gatherings, for example the innovative water squares. Where possible, options for reducing the amount of paving will be considered: façade gardens will be created in the streets, paving in collective and private gardens will be replaced by plants and more trees and plants will be incorporated in the public outdoor areas.

A=OQNAO =NA P=GAJ =P =HH HARAHOż BNKI PDA OI=HHƄO?=HA NAƄEJPNK@Q?PEKJ KB S=PAN butts to the large-scale improvements to the water system, such as increasing PDA =NA= KB OQNB=?A S=PANŻ Y KNPO SEHH >A I=@A PK SE@AJ PDA ?=J=HO QOEJC J=PQN=H >=JGOż SDE?D SEHH EJ?NA=OA PDA OPKN=CA ?=L=?EPU SDEHA OEIQHP=JAKQOHU EILNKREJC the quality of the water. The focus is on incorporating many more trees and plants into the city districts so that they become more resilient, the quality of life improves and property values increase.

The various measures provide opportunities for stimulating social interaction, as has been shown by the various urban farming initiatives. Increased biodiversity and the innovative climate solutions can play a crucial part in creating a healthy educational and playing environment for the younger generation.

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water collection deep in the heart of the ?EPU ƕ N=EJS=PAN ?=O?=@A reducing heat stress

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6.6 Perspective for the compact city centre DA ?EPU ?AJPNA EO ?KIL=?PŻ JHEGA IKOP KPDAN ?EPEAO EJ PDA APDANH=J@Oż KPPAN@=I has a consolidated centre rather than a historic one. The post-war reconstruction KB PDA EJJANƄ?EPU D=O >AAJ ?KILHAPA@ =J@ JKS BQNPDAN ?KJOKHE@=PEKJ EO P=GEJC place with the emphasis on additional residential accommodation in the centre.

The compact city centre of Rotterdam is characterised by modern high-rise >QEH@EJCOŻ J EJPANAOPEJC LKEJP EO PD=P EP @KAO JKP HEA AJPENAHU SEPDEJ PDA @EGAOż SEPD OKIA =NA=O >AEJC HK?=PA@ KJ PDA KPDAN OE@A KN KJ PDA @EGAO PDAIOAHRAOŻ The compact city centre has more space than most Dutch cities, but there is considerable consumer pressure. There is a lot of paving and considerable road PN=d ?ż SDE?D IA=JO PD=P ^ KK@EJC =J@ DA=P OPNAOO =NA =HNA=@U ?=QOEJC OECJE[ ?=JP problems.

EJ?A KPPAN@=I ?AJPNA HEAO >KPD @ENA?PHU SEPDEJ =J@ KQPOE@A PDA @EGAOż PDA ^ KK@ LNKPA?PEKJ IA=OQNAO EILHAIAJPA@ SEHH @ENA?PHU =Y A?P PDA ?EPUŻ EGA NAEJBKN?AIAJP will have a major impact on the immediate environment, and requires creative OKHQPEKJO OQ?D =O IQHPEƄBQJ?PEKJ=H @EGAO =J@ EJPAHHECAJPHU ?KI>EJEJC PDA BQJ?PEKJO KB PDA @EGA =J@ PDA ?EPUŻ DA BK?QO SEHH =HOK >A KJ NALH=?EJC L=REJC SEPD LH=JPOŻ The entire major infrastructure in the city will become greener, friendlier and IKNA OQEPA@ PK NA?NA=PEKJ=H =?PEREPEAOż =J@ SEHH =HOK B=?EHEP=PA S=PAN EJ[ HPN=PEKJ =J@ heat reduction. The considerable consumer pressure in and around the high-rise >QEH@EJCO IA=JO PD=P EP EO IKNA @Ed ?QHP PK EJ?KNLKN=PA CNAAJ @AAL EJ PDA DA=NP KB the city.

For this reason, the private owners of, for example, individual buildings will need to play their part. Green roofs are the symbol of the multi-facetted strategy of water storage, extra vegetation, heat reduction, improving the living environment and creating places for social gatherings. An interesting aspect is that for larger >QEH@EJCO Ə?KILHATAOƐż PDAOA IA=OQNAO D=RA @ENA?Pż LKOEPERA NAOQHPO EJ PDA BKNI KB reduced energy bills, increased potential for the re-use of water and the creation of places for commercial recreation and gatherings.

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Perspective for the compact city Strategies

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6.7 Perspective for the post-war districts and surrounding areas DA LKOPƄS=N @EOPNE?PO =NA PDA H=NCA =NA=O HK?=PA@ KJ PDA KQPOGENPO KB KPPAN@=IŻ J OKIA KB PDAOA =NA=Oż DA=RU N=EJB=HH =HNA=@U ?=QOAO ^ KK@EJCŻ NKQCDP EO =HOK = problem in most of these areas, especially because the green surrounding areas =J@ PDA LKH@ANO =NKQJ@ PDA ?EPU =NA @ALAJ@AJP KJ = OQd ?EAJP ^ KS KB BNAOD S=PANŻ Many of the post-war districts are in the process of being restructured and improved. This provides opportunities for putting the open space that is generally =R=EH=>HA DANA PK AY A?PERA ?HEI=PA =@=LPERA QOAŻ KNA OPNAP?DAO KB KLAJ S=PAN ?=J >A ?NA=PA@ =J@ HEJGA@ PK PDA OQNNKQJ@EJC KQPAN =NA=O EJ SDE?D PDA S=PAN table needs to be raised. These areas are generally rich in plants and vegetation, =J@ N=EOEJC PDA S=PAN P=>HA =J@ HEJGEJC PDAI PK A=?D KPDAN SEHH I=GA PDAI HAOO RQHJAN=>HA PK >KPD @NKQCDP =J@ ^ KK@EJCŻ P PDA O=IA PEIAż PDEO SEHH NAEJBKN?A the characteristics of the delta city and provide more opportunities for the development of nature and for recreational use. =EOEJC PDA S=PAN P=>HA =J@ ?NA=PEJC = JAPSKNG KB S=PANS=UO SEHH HA=@ PK = CNAAJƄ >HQA BN=IASKNG =NKQJ@ PDA QN>=J =NA=Oż SDE?D SEHH >A >AJA[ ?E=H PK LNKLANPU values. Within the spacious post-war building complexes, collective use of the excess space is a good alternative to public management. This will encourage OK?E=H >EJ@EJC =J@ OPEIQH=PA ?KJP=?P SEPD QN>=J J=PQNAŻ J PDA KQPOGENPOż OI=HHANƄ O?=HA B=NIO SEHH >A @ARAHKLA@ż I=GEJC EP LKOOE>HA BKN PDA EJD=>EP=JPO KB PDA ?EPU PK ATLANEAJ?A HEBA EJ PDA ?KQJPNUż =J@ SEPD PDA =@@A@ >AJA[ P PD=P PDA LNK@Q?A ?=J then be used in the city’s restaurants.

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Perspective for the post-war districts and surrounding areas Strategies

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large-scale water storage and raising of the water level in the landscape

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6.8 A journey through climate proof Rotterdam

In 2025, if we cycle through Rotterdam we will see a climate proof delta ?EPU PD=P I=GAO PDA >AOP QOA KB =HH PDA ?D=N=?PANEOPE?O PD=P PDA S=PAN D=O PK KY ANĹť DA KQPANĆ„@EGA =NA=O KJ AEPDAN OE@A KB PDA NERAN EAQSA ==O D=RA R=NEA@ ?D=N=?PANO =J@ = R=NEAPU KB >QEH@EJCOĹť QPANĆ„@EGA QN>=J =NA=O OQ?D as Feijenoord and the Noordereiland are waterproof and are popular places with attractive quays. Many of the premises are, in their own individual and ?D=N=?PANEOPE? S=UĹź LNKPA?PA@ BNKI PDA ^ KK@EJC PD=P K??=OEKJ=HHU K??QNOĹť P EO easy to board the waterbus from the low quays.

The waterbus brings us to the city harbours where experiments are still being ?=NNEA@ KQP EJPK HEREJC KJ =J@ SEPD PDA S=PANĹť [ ODANI=J ?=OPO = HEJA BNKI = FAPPU EJ PDA PE@=H L=NGĹť NKI PDA LH=PA=QO KB PDA JAS NAOE@AJPE=H =J@ Kd ?A buildings there is an impressive view of the harbours in transition. The new harbours of the Main Port Rotterdam lie further away towards the sea. They are, as always, extremely safe and well protected from storm tides.

A ?KJPEJQA KQN ?U?HA NE@A KRAN PDA NK>QOP CNAAJ @EGA PKS=N@O PDA EJJAN ?EPUĹź SEPD I=CJE[ ?AJP REASO KJ AEPDAN OE@AĹť KNPQJ=PAHUĹź EJJANĆ„@EGA KPPAN@=I EO OPEHH SAHHĆ„LNKPA?PA@Ĺť J =@@EPEKJ PK >AEJC = LHA=O=JP NKQPAĹź PDA @EGAO BKNI =J EJATPNE?=>HA L=NP KB PDA ?EPUĹť A L=OO PDA Ć™@EOPNE?P KJ PDA @EGAĆ› =J@ PDA @EGA L=NGĹť =PQNA PKKĹź SEPD PDA CNAAJ >=JGO =HKJC PDA NERAN AQOAĹź EO LH=UEJC EPO L=NP EJ LNKPA?PEJC PDA ?EPU BNKI ^ KK@EJCĹť In the densely populated inner-city, the number of inhabitants has increased considerably over recent years. This has led to a lively centre with comfortable and attractive public areas. The compact city centre is greener, with less ?KJ?NAPA =J@ I=JU PNAAO HEJEJC PDA >KQHAR=N@O =J@ OPNAAPOĹź =J@ SEPD L=NGOĹź gardens and water squares that provide cooling for the many visitors. The buildings too, with their green roofs and climate façades, also contribute to I=GEJC PDA EJJANĆ„?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKBĹť A PDAJ ?U?HA PDNKQCD PDA jrPD ?AJPQNU QN>=J @EOPNE?POĹť ANA PDA Ć™D=N@ƛş ?KJ?NAPA ?EPU KB KH@AJ PEIAO D=O >AAJ NALH=?A@ >U Ć™OK_ ANĆ› =NA=O NE?D EJ ^ KN=Ĺź which help both in times of intensive rainfall and during long periods of drought. Adventure and wilderness playgrounds, vegetable gardens, local L=NGO =J@ B=Ě?=@A C=N@AJO =HH BQJ?PEKJ =O = OLKJCAĹť DA OPNAAPO PKK =NA intelligently designed to collect water during heavy downpours and to allow it PK CN=@Q=HHU EJ[ HPN=PA PDNKQCD PK PDA CNKQJ@S=PANĹť QN FKQNJAU P=GAO QO PK PDA LKOPĆ„S=N @EOPNE?PO KB KPPAN@=IĹť DAOA =NA LHA=O=JP LH=?AO EJ SDE?D PK NAH=T KJ DKP OQIIAN @=UO =J@ PDA =PPN=?PERA H=GAO and wide waterways provide opportunities for recreation and water storage.

Blue corridors are inviting, guarantee fresh water during periods of drought =J@ HEJG PDA ?EPU PK PDA OQNNKQJ@EJC =NA=OĹť A ?U?HA >=?G PKS=N@O PDA ?AJPNA KB KPPAN@=I BKN = NABNAODEJC @NEJG KJ KJA KB PDA I=JU PANN=?A ?=BĚ•O KRANHKKGEJC the Meuse.

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7 Getting started!

Rotterdam is actively preparing for climate change.

This is being done in such a way that added value is created for the environment, for the ecology and economy of the city and port and for the Rotterdam community. The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy indicates which measures can be implemented in the various parts of the city EJ KN@AN PK ?KI>=P PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA and discusses where opportunities lie. In short, the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy can >A OQII=NEOA@ =O = JQI>AN KB GAU @A?EOEKJOż SDE?D together form the basis for the implementation of the strategy.

DAOA @A?EOEKJO NA=dNI KPPAN@=IƛO =EIO PK =?PERAHU =JPE?EL=PA PDA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA =J@ PK provide guidelines for coping with them. The way in which these decisions are followed up depends on the implementation approach. A number of instruments are available to support the implementation.

EAS KB PDA ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ OEPA BKN PDA AJPDAILHAEJ S=PAN OMQ=NA ƏSEJPAN kijkƐŻ DA H=NCAOP =J@ @AALAOP LKKH EO =HNA=@U REOE>HAŻ DEO EO EJPAJ@A@ PK BQJ?PEKJ =O = OL=?A BKN OLKNPOż PDA=PNE?=H LANBKNI=J?AO =J@ ARAJPOŻ

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7.1 Instruments

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A number of tools have been developed to support the implementation and development of the adaptation OPN=PACUŻ DAOA BKNI PDA [NOP OPALO PK ?NA=PEJC = PKKH >KT which will be useful for implementing the strategy and for @AREOEJC =?PEKJ LANOLA?PERAO BKN PDA R=NEKQO OP=GADKH@ANOŻ DAOA PKKHO ?=J =HOK >A QOA@ >U KPDAN Ə@AHP=Ɛ ?EPEAO =J@ much interest has already been shown. The development of these instruments, frequently in cooperation with SMEs, is a good example of using climate change =@=LP=PEKJ PK ?NA=PA ƏA?KJKIE?Ɛ =@@A@ R=HQAŻ

The climate adaptation barometer provides an insight into the various phases that need to be carried out in order to devise an adaptation strategy and to actually I=GA PDA ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKBŻ DEO EO =J AT?AHHAJP PKKH PK help the City Council structure the adaptation strategy =J@ GAAL PN=?G KB DKS B=N =HKJC SA =NA EJ PDA LNK?AOOŻ P EO HAOO OQEP=>HA BKN OLA?E[? LNKFA?P IKJEPKNEJCž PKKHO BKN this purpose will be designed and developed as part of the implementation approach. Other delta cities at the forefront of their own adaptation process are already showing an interest in using the barometer.

NK@Q?ANŽ EPU KB KPPAN@=I

JPAN=?PERA HEI=PA =PH=O The interactive climate atlas presents a digital overview of the climate. The atlas is a collection of diagrams and graphs providing general information about climate change, climate scenarios and the consequences for Rotterdam and vulnerable areas and buildings. The =PH=O I=GAO EP LKOOE>HA PK ?KIL=NA PDA ?KJOAMQAJ?AO KB various climate scenarios with each other. In this way, a wealth of information about the city and region can be easily accessed. The atlas can be used by various OP=GADKH@ANO PK EILNKRA EJOECDPO EJPK =NA=ƄOLA?E[? consequences of climate change. This provides a good basis on which choices concerning climate proof urban design can be made and priorities set.

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HEI=PA =@=LP=PEKJ PKKH >KT The climate adaptation tool box is an aid for spatial designers and project managers. The tool box provides an overview of potential adaptation measures for various spatial scale-levels and aims. The aims may for AT=ILHA EJ?HQ@A HEIEPEJC PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB PDA K??QNNAJ?A of adverse consequences due to climate change ƏLNARAJPEKJƐż HEIEPEJC =JU @=I=CA @QNEJC ^KK@EJC KN =??AHAN=PEJC PDA NA?KRANU =_AN ^KK@EJCŻ DA ?HEI=PA =@=LP=PEKJ PKKH >KT LNKRE@AO = ƙIAJQƛ KB IA=OQNAO =J@ is a dynamic instrument. New solutions arising from research in for example the Knowledge for Climate programme will be incorporated in this tool box.

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Climate adaptation tool box

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?KJKIE? =OOAOOIAJP PKKHŽ DA KPPAN@=I HEI=PA K?EAP=H KOPƄ AJA[P =J=HUOEO This instrument provides an insight into the long-term OK?E=H ?KOPO =J@ >AJA[PO KB R=NEKQO ?KI>EJ=PEKJO KB measures that may be selected. It also gives an insight EJPK DKS PDAOA IA=OQNAO SEHH ?KJPNE>QPA PK I=GEJC PDA ?EPU IKNA ?HEI=PA LNKKBŻ DA ^ATE>EHEPU KB PDA EJOPNQIAJP =J@ PDA B=?P PD=P PDEO EO PDA [NOP PKKH PK LNKRE@A =J EJOECDP EJPK PDA OK?EAP=H ?KOPO =J@ >AJA[PO I=GAO EP QJEMQAŻ J its current form it is a good tool to support strategic @A?EOEKJƄI=GEJC =J@ FQOPEBU ?DKE?AO KB EJ@ERE@Q=H measures. Insights provided by this tool have made EP ?HA=N PD=P EJPAHHECAJPHU HEJGEJC EJ SEPD ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ projects or maintenance programmes nearly always HA=@O PK = LKOEPERA ?KOPƄ>AJA[P NAH=PEKJODELŻ QNPDANIKNAż this frequently leads to the creation of added value!

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Economic assessment tool: the Rotterdam Climate Societal KOPƅ AJA[P =J=HUOEO

7. Getting started!

KPPAN@=I HEI=PA =IA AEFAJKKN@ Rotterdam Climate Game Feijenoord is a serious game about climate proof area development. The modernisation of the Feijenoord district is used as an AT=ILHAŻ AEFAJKKN@ EO = QJEMQAż L=NPE=HHU KQPANƄ@EGA area in which 120 million euros will be invested over the coming years. This investment will lead to a much improved, climate-proof environment, both now and in the future! The assignment is characterised by a ?KJOE@AN=>HA JQI>AN KB OP=GADKH@ANOż A=?D SEPD PDAEN KSJ OLA?E[? EJPANAOPOŻ KS SEHH EP >A LKOOE>HA PK @ERE@A PDA NKHAO =J@ CAP ARANUKJA PK SKNG PKCAPDAN PK EILHAIAJP the adaptation measures? This game gives a realistic visualisation of these interests, the mutual dependencies =J@ PDA =@R=JP=CAO =J@ =?PQ=H JA?AOOEPU KB SKNGEJC together. The game focuses on issues that are universal and applies to a wide range of area development processes in which insights are needed into climate ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJż PDA AYA?PO KB R=NEKQO IA=OQNAO =J@ the interests of every other party involved.

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Rotterdam Climate Game Feijenoord

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7.2 From strategy to implementation

QPHEJA KB PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ =LLNK=?D While the adaptation strategy sets the course to follow, the implementation approach proposes how Rotterdam should implement this strategy. This implementation approach will be devised in consultation with all parties SKNGEJC EJ =J@ BKN PDA ?EPUŝ QN L=NPJANO EJ ?HEI=PA change adaptation include municipal services, other government departments such as the water boards and EFGOS=PANOP==Pş PDA ?EPEVAJO KB KPPAN@=I =J@ LNER=PA organisations such as housing corporations, project developers, utilities and the Port of Rotterdam. This implementation approach is not a blueprint that lists measures to be implemented in each area. However, it does give an indication of the priorities, proposes HEJGO PD=P ?=J >A I=@A SEPD PDA LH=JO =J@ LNKFA?PO KB KQN QN>=J L=NPJANO SDK =NA SKNGEJC ƙKJ KPPAN@=Iƛ and discusses within which timeframe activities need to be carried out. These activities include the concrete implementation of adaptation measures as well as pilot projects, in-depth studies and mainstreaming adaptation EJPK LH=JO =J@ LNK?A@QNAOŝ DA HEJGEJC KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA adaptation to economic and participative activities is explicitly discussed in its own right.

DA GAU =OLA?PO KB PDA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ =NA =O BKHHKSOĹ˝

DA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ EO EJ PQJA SEPD PDA Ć™NDUPDI KB PDA ?EPUĆ› HEI=PA ?D=JCA EO = OHKS LNK?AOO EJ SDE?D PDA AYA?PO KJHU gradually become visible. There is time to adjust. At the O=IA PEIAĹź PDA ?EPU EO ?KJPEJQ=HHU @ARAHKLEJCĹť PEHEPEAO and urban infrastructure are maintained, houses and Kd?AO NAJKR=PA@Ĺź KQP@KKN =NA=O NA@AOECJA@ =J@ PDA ?EPU as a whole extended and compacted. At times the rate of such development is much reduced, such as in the current A?KJKIE? @ELĹť DAJĹź =_AN = SDEHA JAS LKOOE>EHEPEAO =J@ new opportunities arise to enable the development of PDA ?EPU =J@ EILNKRAIAJP KB PDA Ć?HEREJCĆ? AJRENKJIAJP PK continue. The results of these activities are frequently long-lasting. Renovation or replacement of buildings =J@ EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA K??QNO KJ =RAN=CA ARANU PDENPU PK [_U UA=NO =J@ = HKP KB ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ SKNG EO ATLA?PA@ PK H=OP

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much longer. To govern is to foresee. Passively waiting to see what the climate change will bring could turn out to >A RANU ATLAJOERA BKN PDA ?EPU EJ PDA HKJC NQJŝ EJGEJC EJ with the city’s development and maintenance activities EO AIEJAJPHU OAJOE>HA =J@ SEPD KQN ?QNNAJP GJKSHA@CA KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA EO =HOK LKOOE>HAŝ DA ƙNDUPDI KB PDA city’ is the basis for the planning and implementation of =?PEREPEAO PD=P SEHH I=GA PDA ?EPU ?HEI=PA LNKKBŝ

DA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ EO =NA=Ć„OLA?E[?

DA RQHJAN=>EHEPU KB R=NEKQO L=NPO KB PDA ?EPU PK PDA AYA?PO of climate change has already been ascertained. There EO =HOK OQd?EAJP EJOECDP EJPK PDA N=JCA KB IA=OQNAO =J@ =?PEREPEAO PD=P ?=J >A QOA@ PK I=GA PDA QN>=J =NA=O IKNA ?HEI=PA LNKKBĹť DKOA L=NPEAO NAOLKJOE>HA BKN = OLA?E[? location will have to determine which measures are most [PPEJC =J@ BA=OE>HA BKN PD=P =NA=Ĺť J I=JU EJOP=J?AO PDA EPU KB KPPAN@=I SEHH JKP >A EJ ?D=NCAĹź >QP SEHH @A[JA PDA BN=IASKNGĹź LNKRE@A =@RE?A =J@ OPEIQH=PA KPDAN L=NPEAOĹť P EO AOOAJPE=H PD=P =HH =?PEREPEAO HEJG EJ SEPD =NA= LH=JOĹť

DA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ SEHH ?NA=PA =@@A@ R=HQA ?PEREPEAO SEHH >A @AREOA@ PK I=GA KPPAN@=I IKNA climate proof, reinforce the city’s aims and create added value for the physical city, for the economy of the Rotterdam region and for the Rotterdam community.

The implementation approach explicitly focuses on the ?NA=PEKJ KB =@@A@ R=HQA PDNKQCD PDA I=GEJC KB EJPAHHECAJP choices, such as where and how adaptation measures SEHH >A HEJGA@ PK ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J@ @ARAHKLIAJP LNKFA?PO in the city. Innovative designs and approaches will be adopted in order to attract businesses to Rotterdam and space in which to experiment will be provided, such as in PDA MQ=@K?G =P PDA ?=ILQOĹť @=LP=PEKJ IA=OQNAO will be selected that will improve the living environment of the city, such as more plants and trees and more visible water, and the inhabitants and businesses will be involved right from the start. In this way, the city will remain an international example of a safe, ambitious delta-city that plans ahead and demonstrates leadership.

Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

The basics in good order – key decisions ‡

Focus on maintaining and optimising the Maeslant OPKNI OQNCA >=NNEAN =O =J AY A?PERA IA=JO KB LNKPA?PEKJ against the consequences of rises in sea level. This will be done together with the responsible administrators

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EJG PDA OLA?E[ ? QN>=J =NA= @ARAHKLIAJP PK @EGA reinforcement in line with the strategic decisions in the Delta Programme

‡

Focus on maintaining and optimising the current urban water system: utilise the existing water infrastructure for as long as possible

Adaptive approach – key decisions

PDA DA=NP KB PDA ?EPUĆ? =J@ HEJG PDEO PK PDA OLA?E[ ? QN>=J the potential solutions and provides opportunities for improving the quality of the environment ‡

measures in the design, renovation and maintenance of buildings, outdoor areas and road and utility

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Working together and linking in with other projects – key decisions ‡

Actively provide information and action perspectives for ?EPEVAJO =J@ >QOEJAOOAO NAC=N@EJC PDA LNKPA?PEKJ =C=EJOP river water, excessive rainfall, droughts and periods of high temperatures

‡

KNG PKS=N@O PDA FKEJP NAOLKJOE>EHEPU KB LQ>HE? =J@ private property owners for the collection of excess rainfall

Creating added value – key decisions ‡

Actively stimulate innovation when implementing climate change adaptation measures

‡

Focus on incorporating more plants and trees in the city =O = ƙJK NACNAPƛ IA=OQNA BKN EILNKREJC PDA ?EPUƛO ?HEI=PA

7. Getting started!

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DA EILHAIAJP=PEKJ EJRKHRAO SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN

HEI=PA ?D=JCA =@=LP=PEKJ EO =HNA=@U P=GEJC LH=?A

DA AYA?PO KB ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA SEHH >A OAAJ EJ =HH =NA=O KB the physical city and the urban community. In Rotterdam I=JU L=NPEAO =NA SKNGEJC PKCAPDAN =??KN@EJC PK PDAEN KSJ responsibilities, ambitions and targets. It is impossible for the City of Rotterdam to create a climate-proof city on its own. The inhabitants too must also play their own part. Everyone must become involved in the climate change adaptation strategy. Discussions and agreements are an essential aspect of the implementation approach.

We have already made a start and intend to continue in the same way. This adaptation strategy can form the basis of such discussions.

=NEKQO =?PEREPEAO =J@ LH=JO =HNA=@U P=GEJC LH=?A EJ KPPAN@=I SEHH ?KJPNE>QPA PK I=GEJC PDA ?EPU IKNA climate proof. The Rotterdam water plan 2 and agreements with the water boards are examples of these.

Concrete results include the creation of extra water storage and measures for improving the water quality.

Such projects are frequently innovative and attract the attention of international governments and investors.

In addition to improvements to the urban water system, the climate change adaptation strategy focuses on other important functions of the city: essential QPEHEPEAOż EJBN=OPNQ?PQNA BKN PN=d? =J@ PN=JOLKNP =J@ PDA environment. It is an integral strategy. The approach devised in the Rotterdam water plan will be extended to all areas that are important in a climate proof city. The =@=LP=PEKJ OPN=PACU LNKRE@AO PDA BN=IASKNG =J@ >=OEO BKN discussions. The aim is to arrive at shared ambitions for ?HEI=PA LNKKB QN>=J @ARAHKLIAJP =J@ PK I=GA OLA?E[? concrete agreements about this. The City of Rotterdam will provide support for and give assistance to the urban L=NPJANO =J@ SDANA JA?AOO=NU SEHH P=GA PDA EJEPE=PERAŻ The implementation approach will elaborate on this and outline concrete implementation practices.

Rotterdam is striving to become a climate proof city that will be safe and attractive to inhabitants, visitors and businesses, and will remain so in the future. A healthy @AHP= ?EPU EJ SDE?D EP EO LHA=O=JP PK HERAż SKNG =J@ OLAJ@ leisure time.

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Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

7. Getting started!

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Colophon The Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is the NAOLKJOE>EHEPU KB PDA KPPAN@=I d?A BKN QOP=EJ=>EHEPU =J@ Climate Change Management team of Rotterdam Climate Proof (RCP) KNF=J A>N==@ Ć?LNKFA?P I=J=CANĆ?Ĺź NJKQ@ KHAJ==N Ć?LNKCN=IIA I=J=CAN Ć?Ĺź E?G R=J =NJARAH@Ĺź QO=JJA QEFOĹź =JEAH KA@>HKA@Ĺź EAPAN @A NAABĹź KDJ =?K>OĹź EOOU EFDQEOĹź D=JP=H Q@GANG KKHĹź APPU R=J DEFJĆ„ PQILDEQOĹź

KO PNAJCĹź APAN R=J AAHAJĹź E?KHEAJ ENO?DAHH De Urbanisten ENG R=J AEFLAĹź HKNE=J KANĹź AOQO QNP=@KĹź

AJO KNNEPOI=Ĺź @Q=N@K =NEJĹź QGA EOOEJC Text A N>=JEOPAJ EJ ?KKLAN=PEKJ SEPD =J=CAIAJP PA=I KB KPPAN@=I HEI=PA NKKB Ć? Ć?

Translation Fennec Vertalingen, Rachael Fox Maps and illustrations A N>=JEOPAJ With the exception of: Bureau Stroming, p. 91 KALAH PNEFGANO N?DEPA?POĹź LĹť plĹź roĹź rp AB=?PKĹź LĹť lr Ć?=@=LPA@Ć?Ĺź LĹť pk AH_Ĺź Ĺť K>>EJGĹź LĹť mk Stichting Klimaat Adaptatie Services, p. 49, 53, 55, 59, 61, on Ć?=HH =@=LPA@Ć?

Graphic design A N>=JEOPAJ Photography

=J @A NKAJ Ć??KRAN LDKPKĆ?Ĺź ANKREAS Ć?LĹť rqĆ„rrĹź jikĆ„jilĹź jioĆ„jipĹź jjqĆ„jjrĆ?Ĺź =JJ= JPDKJUOV Ć?LĹť krĆ?Ĺź APAN R=J KHDQEO Ć?LĹť jjmĆ„jjnĹź jkkĆ„jklĆ?Ĺź E?PKN R=J NAQGAHAJ Ć?LĹť njĆ?Ĺź =JO H>ANO Ć?LĹť npĹź jjiĆ?Ĺź NE? A?GAJ Ć?LĹť jqĹź kqĹź mqĹź noĹź ppĹź qkĹź qoĹź rkĹź rlĹź rnĹźjlmĆ„jlnĆ?Ĺź K DE EJD EPU Ć?LĹť kqĆ?Ĺź KHH=J@OA KKCPA Ć?LĹť rnĆ?Ĺź K> Ć™P =NPĹź AH^=J@ =PAN K=N@ Ć?LĹť jiĆ?Ĺź ?DEAH=J@ =J@ NEILAJANS==N@ =PAN K=N@ Ć?LĹť kiĆ„kjĆ?Ĺź E?D=AH QEOEJC Ć?LĹť olĆ?Ĺź KJ=H@ =NOOEAO Ć?LĹť liĆ?Ĺź K>ANP @A KNPĹź AB=?PK Ć?LĹťlkĆ„llĆ?Ĺź =N?AH R=J AAQSAJ Ć?LĹť koĆ?Ĺź =QH =NPAJO Ć?LĹť poĆ?Ĺź LLK KPAJ>KKI Ć?LĹť jrĹź liĆ?Ĺź OOEL N?DEPA?PQNA DKPKCN=LDU Ć?LĹť qlĹź jlnĆ?Ĺź @ Q@AJ==N@AJĹź Ć?LĹť niĆ?Ĺź KI EHVA?GAN Ć?LĹť ljĆ?Ĺź =OLAN EH= Ć?LĹť kkĆ?Ĺź Ĺť EGGAHANQO Ć?LĹť oiĆ?Ĺź =J HK> Ć?LĹť ljĆ?Ĺź FKNJ HKP Ć?LĹť krĹź qpĆ?Ĺź A N>=JEOPAJ Ć?LĹť ooĆ„opĹź oqĹź pjĹź qjĹź jkqĆ„jkrĆ?Ĺź RAAJAJ>KO =J@ >KO?D H=J@O?=LA =N?DEPA?PO Ć?LĹť pmĆ?Ĺź NJKQ@ ANDAU Ć?LĹť qqĆ?Ĺź =NEFGA KHGANO Ć?LĹť piĆ?Ĺź AOO= KKCP Ć?LĹťnmĆ? @=LPA@ >U A N>=JEOPAJĹ˝ ?KRAN LDKPKĹź LĹť jkĆ„jlĹź poĹź 98-99, 102-103, 106-107, 110-111, 118-119, 122-123 DA =QPDKN D=O I=@A ARANU AYKNP PK ?NA@EP =HH LE?PQNAO =J@ maps. If any rightful owners have not been mentioned, LHA=OA =HANP PDA LQ>HEODANOĹž PDAU SEHH >A HEOPA@ EJ BQPQNA editions.