Sociology in our times the essentials 10th edition kendall test bank

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True / False 1. Intersexed anatomy is always apparent at birth. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Sometimes intersexed anatomy is not discovered until a person cannot get pregnant, or when the person dies.

2. A transgender person is an individual whose gender identity does not match the person’s assigned identity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 299 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 3. Most cross-dressers are homosexual men. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Most cross-dressers are heterosexual men and are often married.

4. A lack of official statistics makes it difficult to determine how many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 5. Having engaged in a homosexual behavior does not necessarily classify a person as homosexual. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 300

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 6. The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing against members of the LGBT community. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 302 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-2 - Discuss discrimination based on sexual orientation.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Although it protects the rights of other minority group members, the Fair Housing Act does not protect housing rights for members of the LGBT community.

7. Gender refers to the socially and socially constructed differences between males and females. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 8. Society distinguishes between males and females, yet evaluates each according to the same standards. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Although it is true that society may distinguish between males and females, males and females are evaluated differently based upon gender.

9. Gender is not one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organize in all sectors of society; gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of society and the means by

which work is divided up, resources are allocated, and power is distributed.

10. Gender belief systems, which are made legitimate by religion, science, law, and social values, may change over time as gender roles change. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 11. Eating disorders only affect women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 305 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Eating disorders affect both men and women.

12. Men and women can both be victims of sexism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 13. Sexism is interwoven with patriarchy—a hierarchal system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 14. Gender inequality and male dominance are uncommon in the twenty-first century. a. True

b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Gender inequality and male dominance are still virtually universal throughout the world.

15. Most of the world’s population no longer lives in agrarian societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Rejoinder: Most of the world’s population still lives in agrarian societies that are in various stages of industrialization.

16. As societies begin to industrialize, women’s status tends to decline further. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 17. Across cultures, girls are preferred to boys, especially when the number of children that parents can have is limited by law or economic conditions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: Modified Rejoinder: Actually, boys are preferred to girls. For example, in China, which strictly regulates the number of children to one family, a disproportionate number of female fetuses are aborted. Also, in India, the practice of aborting female fetuses is widespread, and female infanticide occurs frequently.

18. During adolescence, adults are more effective agents of gender socialization than peers.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified Rejoinder: Just the opposite is true; actually, peers are often stronger and more effective agents of socialization than adults (especially in boys’ development of gender identity).

19. Research shows that unintentional gender bias occurs in virtually all educational settings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: Pickup 20. A person’s earnings depend a great deal on where the person is located in the occupational structure of the labor market. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 21. Women’s increased participation in paid employment has resulted in radical changes in the division of household labor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: Modified Rejoinder: Women increasingly work a “double day,” or what Hochschild has termed the “second shift.” Although women have assumed more of the financial responsibilities, men have not increased their participation in household tasks to the same degree.

22. Although men’s average wages vary depending upon age, women’s average wages are always lower than those of men in the same age group, and the older that women get, the greater the gap.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: Modified 23. Islamic feminism holds that their religion discriminates against women and, therefore, women should abandon Islam. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup Rejoinder: Islamic feminists believe that the rise of Islam might contribute to greater, rather than less, equality for women and that women should keep their allegiance to Islam.

24. Christianity and Islam are both on the rise because they provide a moral code, spiritual reassurance, and orderliness to people who are in the throes of chaos and the immorality around them. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 25. Islamic feminism is based on the belief that greater gender equality can be possible in the Muslim world if the teachings of Islam is followed more closely. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New Multiple Choice 26. The term __________ refers to the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions. a. objectification b. reification

c. mechanization d. rationalization ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 297 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 27. One dimension of the objectification of women is that________________. a. women tend to be responded to as "females," and their personal qualities and accomplishments are of secondary or very little importance b. women are seen as being "all different," with an emphasis on their unique body parts c. women are seen as independent, aloof, and without regard for the needs of others. d. women are seen as difficult to ignore, dismiss, or trivialize ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 297 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 28. __________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males. a. Sex b. Primary distinctions c. Gender d. Secondary distinctions ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 29. At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An “XY” chromosome generally means __________. a. a heterosexual embryo b. a male embryo c. a hermaphrodite embryo d. a female embryo ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 30. At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An “XX” chromosome pairing is associated with __________. a. a hermaphrodite embryo

b. a male embryo c. a heterosexual embryo d. a female embryo ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 31. At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process. a. tertiary sex characteristics b. primary sex characteristics c. cultural tendencies d. secondary sex characteristics ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 32. At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex. a. primary sex characteristics b. hormonal correlates c. secondary sex characteristics d. tertiary sex characteristics ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 33. An example of a primary sex characteristic in women is__________________. a. enlarged breasts b. wider hips c. menstruation d. the vagina ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 34. An example of a primary sex characteristics in men is____________________. a. the penis b. a more muscular build

c. a deeper voice d. more body and facial hair ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 35. Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is __________, in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete. a. transsexual b. intersexed c. transvestite d. homosexual ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 36. A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________. a. transsexual b. bisexual c. intersexed d. transvestite ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 37. Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. These people are termed __________, in which the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person’s body. a. hermaphrodite b. transgendered c. transvestite d. homosexual ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 299 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 38. The term __________ refers to individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to their assigned sex and identification by others as male or female.

a. multigender b. transvestite c. transsexual d. transgender ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 299 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 39. Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a __________. a. “third sex” b. transvestite c. homosexual d. intersexed person ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 40. The text uses the term __________ for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex. a. cross-dresser b. transsexual c. transgender d. homosexual ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 41. Most cross-dressers are __________. a. lesbian women b. gay men c. heterosexual women d. heterosexual men ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 42. __________ refer(s) to an individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

a. Sexism b. Gender identity c. Sexual identification d. Sexual orientation ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 43. In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified? a. sexual attraction to persons of one’s own gender b. having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age c. sexual involvement with one or more persons of one’s own gender d. self-identification as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 44. Which of these countries does not have national legislation to permit gays and lesbians to be married? a. Netherlands b. Spain c. Canada d. United States ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-2 - Discuss discrimination based on sexual orientation.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 45. What is the term for extreme prejudice directed at gays? a. homophobia b. heterophobia c. sexism d. transgenderism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-2 - Discuss discrimination based on sexual orientation.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 46. Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of __________—the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are

perceived as not being heterosexual. a. homosexism b. homophobia c. heterophobia d. misogyny ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-2 - Discuss discrimination based on sexual orientation.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 47. __________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity." a. Gender b. Primary sexual identifiers c. Sex d. Secondary sexual identifiers ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 48. __________ in the social world is/are gendered. a. Virtually everything b. Nothing c. Only institutions d. Only families ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 49. Which of these would be the subject of a microlevel analysis of gender? a. the way gender is embedded in language b. policies for gender roles in social institutions such as the military c. the messages a mother or father gives to his or her child about “being a man” d. religious doctrine that addresses gender ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: New

50. Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender? a. how two female best friends talk to each other b. the messages a father gives his son about being a man c. how a mother discusses menstruation with her daughter d. how gender is embedded in language ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: New 51. __________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process. a. Sexual role b. Gender identity c. Gender role d. Sexual identity ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 52. In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________. a. sexual identity b. gender role c. sexual role d. gender identity ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: Pickup 53. __________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept. a. Gender identity b. Sexual identity c. Gender role d. Body consciousness ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 304

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 54. __________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge. a. Sexual identity b. Gender identity c. Body consciousness d. Gender role ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 55. The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society. a. gendered institutions b. gendered structures c. gendered correlates d. gendered determinants ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 56. The term __________ refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society. a. sexual norms b. gender belief system c. gender identity d. body consciousness ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 57. The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders such as __________, which refers to a person binge-eating followed by purging the food by induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxatives, or fasting. a. anorexia

b. obesity c. bulimia d. gestation ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 305 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 58. __________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. a. Sexism b. Homophobia c. Patriliny d. Sexual orientation ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 59. Pushing women into nontraditional occupations and sports activities is an aspect of_______________________. a. sexism b. homophobia c. patriliny d. sexual orientation ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 60. When sexual harassment is reported to supervisors,_____________________. a. immediate legal action usually follows b. the problem is often ignored c. the status of women in the workplace rises d. the federal government must get involved ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New

61. Morgan Stanley, a Wall Street bank, allegedly hired females less frequently than males and often passed over females for promotion. These practices are examples of __________. a. institutional discrimination b. institutional prejudice c. individual discrimination d. individual prejudice ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 62. Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men. a. patriarchy b. polyarchy c. matriarchy d. monoarchy ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 63. The term __________ refers to a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women. Few, if any, societies have been organized in this way. a. oligarchy b. patriarchy c. matriliny d. matriarchy ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 64. According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including ________________________. a. the type of subsistence base b. the percentage of governance that is female c. the product being produced by society d. the presence of a second shift ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 307

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 65. __________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing. a. Technoeconomic base b. Division of labor c. Subsistence d. Pastoralism ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 66. The __________ is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society. a. subsistence b. division of labor c. technoeconomic base d. adaptive strategy ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 67. In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agrarian d. industrial ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 68. The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies. a. pastoral b. horticultural c. agrarian d. hunting and gathering

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 69. In most hunting and gathering societies,___________________________. a. men dominate because they have the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival b. women are subordinate economic partners with men c. relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian d. women control the food surplus in these societies ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 70. In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe. a. horticultural b. agrarian c. industrial d. pastoral ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 71. __________ refers to the domestication of large animals as the primary means of subsistence. a. Agrarianism b. Horticulture c. Pastoralism d. Industrialization ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 72. One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contributes to gender inequality is_________________________. a. public ownership of property b. female control over distribution of food surplus and the kinship system

c. women’s production of domestic goods d. the need for legitimate heirs for private property ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 73. A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity. a. commerce society b. industrial society c. pastoral society d. agrarian society ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 74. __________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls. a. Industrialization b. Agriculturalism c. Postmodernism d. Horticulturalism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 75. __________ are societies in which technology supports a service-based and information-based economy. a. Preindustrial societies b. Agricultural societies c. Postindustrial societies d. Industrial societies ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 309 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified

76. In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast food restaurant counter help or health care work. a. industrial societies b. postindustrial societies c. agricultural societies d. preindustrial societies ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 309 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 77. For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. In 2010, about __________ of African American children lived with their mother only. a. 10 percent b. 23 percent c. 50 percent d. 67 percent ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 309 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: Modified 78. In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force.

The demands of work, child care, and helping aging parents continue to place a heavy burden on women, despite living in an information- and service-oriented economy. a. 25 percent b. 33 percent c. 50 percent d. 60 percent ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: Modified 79. Gender-appropriate behavior is __________. a. acquired at birth b. fixed and inalterable by age 5 c. learned through the socialization process d. difficult for some people to learn ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 310

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 80. Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________. a. the purchase of children’s toys that reflect the parents’ gender expectation b. responding more quickly to the cries of male babies c. interacting with boy and girl children in the same ways d. giving more gentle treatment to boy babies ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 81. The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in______________________. a. maintenance chores being assigned to girls b. domestic chores being assigned to boys c. chore assignments tending to be gender-neutral when made by mothers d. girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 311 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 82. In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that_____________________. a. male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things b. female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things c. today peer groups of both sexes tend not to promote gender roles d. peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 83. According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization,_____________________. a. during adolescence, peers are usually less effective agents of gender socialization than are adults b. male bonding does not occur until after adolescence is completed c. peer acceptance does not appear to be as important to males and females today as it has been in the past

d. peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 84. In their investigation of the role of peer groups for college women, anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that _________________________. a. the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most b. the women's peers influenced everything from their choices of majors and careers to their final courses of action in making plans for the future c. there was little peer influence of any kind d. peer influence had no role in choice of major or adherence to goals ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 85. __________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other. a. Gender preferences b. Sexual harassment c. Gender bias d. Sexual discrimination ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 86. The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools; the study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences, including_____________________. a. a relative surplus of attention from teachers b. direct rejection by instructors c. the stereotyping and invisibility of females in science and math texts d. sexual harassment by male teachers ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified

87. Gender socialization in sports generally results in______________________. a. both boys and girls being socialized to participate in highly competitive, rule-oriented games with a large number of participants b. children spending more than half of their nonschool time in play and games c. girls expressing more favorable attitudes toward exercise than boys do d. children’s play and games tending to be gender-neutral ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: Modified 88. According to a recent study of female athletes, in order to deal with the contradictory statuses of “woman” and “athlete,” women__________________________. hide their participation in sports from others a. hide their participation in sports from others b. avoid sports that men play c. maintain a feminine appearance and behavior while playing d. engage in apologetic behavior after a game to soften their behavior ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: New 89. In contemporary societies, women’s child-care responsibilities have __________ on their participation in careers and professions. a. a temporary impact b. no impact c. a great impact d. a similar impact as for men ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: Modified 90. In regard to gender-segregated work in the United States, the text notes that_________________. a. jobs like secretaries that were once segregated are much less so today b. almost all women and half of all male workers would have to change jobs in order to eliminate gendersegregated work c. the only place women have gained equity with men is at the top of U.S. corporations d. unlike the family, the workplace tends not to be a gendered institution ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Applied NOTES: New 91. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010 __________ percent of all secretaries in the United States were women, and __________ percent of all engineers in the United States were men. a. 53 / 57 b. 62 / 60 c. 85 / 75 d. 96 / 93 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 92. __________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs. a. Genderization b. Sexual differentiation c. Labor market segmentation d. Gender fragmentation ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 93. Women of color are more likely than white women to be concentrated in which of these types of jobs? a. nursing and secretarial b. private corporations c. public sector employment d. private sector employment ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 94. Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women's and men's earnings. a. pay gap

b. sexual wage differentiation c. comparable worth distinction d. domestic divide ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 318 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 95. The best documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________. a. a higher rate of divorce b. the “second shift” of domestic work for women c. occupational health risks d. the gender pay gap ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 318 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 96. Earnings differences between men and women are widest for __________. a. Hispanic and Latinos/as b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. white and Asian Americans ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 318 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 97. The pay gap between men and women is the smallest for __________. a. Hispanic and Latinos/as b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. white and Asian Americans ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 319 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Factual NOTES: New 98. __________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.

a. Income equity b. Pay leveling c. Income leveling d. Pay equity ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 319 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 99. Determinations of pay equity should take into consideration __________. a. the type of work being done b. the race or age of the employees c. the religious affiliation of the employee d. the attitude of the employee ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 319 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 100. The text observes that although most married women now share responsibility for the breadwinner role, many men do not accept their share of domestic responsibilities. Hochschild terms this disparity the __________. a. “double-whammy” b. “two-tiered job” c. “double day or second shift” d. “unbearable burden” ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 101. Some analysts refer to today’s middle-aged women as the sandwich generation because they are caught between the needs of their young children and __________. a. their employment b. their elderly parents c. their husbands or partners d. their community commitments ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES:

New

102. "Women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies. This division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled. It also provides for family members." This statement is consistent with the __________. a. functionalist perspective b. postmodern perspective c. conflict perspective d. symbolic interactionist perspective ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 103. According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the husband performs the __________ tasks of providing economic support and making decisions. This division ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled and it also provides stability for family members. a. operational b. expressive c. instrumental d. situational ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 104. According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the wife assumes the __________ tasks of providing affection and emotional support for the family. This division ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled and it also provides stability for family members. a. situational b. instrumental c. operational d. expressive ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup 105. According to __________, human capital acquired by education and job training is the source of a person’s productivity so that what a person earns is a reflection of his or her individual choices. a. conflict theorists b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. postmodern theorists

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 106. According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________. a. women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and childcare activities b. men have control of and dominance over women and resources c. capitalists reap higher profits by paying women lower wages d. women are shut out of high-pay employment by the segregated labor market ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 107. According to the conflict perspective on gender stratification,______________________. a. women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and childcare activities b. the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources c. women are naturally attracted to service positions that require less training and pay less d. gender stratification can be explained using the human capital model ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 108. According to Marx and Engels,__________________________. a. monogamous marriage is the creation of the capitalist class b. there is no relationship between gender and class c. male workers needed to organize to protect their economic interests from women d. women’s reproductive power made them superior to men ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 322 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 109. In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity. a. radical feminism b. Marxist feminism c. liberal feminism

d. postmodern feminism ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 323 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 110. According to __________, male domination causes all forms of human oppression, including racism and classism. a. radical feminism b. Marxist feminism c. liberal feminism d. postmodern feminism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 323 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 111. Islamic feminists believe that the rise of Islam_______________________. a. will lead to further discrimination against women b. will lead to more negative attitudes toward women c. might lead to greater equality for women d. will have no impact in how women are viewed or treated ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 112. __________ work toward changing male control over the basic Islamic worldview. a. Religious feminists b. Islamic feminists c. Western feminists d. Christian feminists ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified Subjective Short Answer 113. Define sex; explain the difference between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics for both males and females.

ANSWER: Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males. At the core of these differences is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is

conceived. The mother contributes an X chromosome and the father contributes either an X chromosome (which produces a female embryo) or a Y chromosome (which produces a male embryo). At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by primary sex characteristics: the genitalia used in the reproductive process. At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of secondary sex characteristics: the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual’s sex. For women, these include larger breasts, wider hips, and narrower shoulders; a layer of fatty tissue throughout the body; and menstruation. For men, they include development of enlarged genitals, a deeper voice, greater height, a more muscular build, and more body and facial hair.

REFERENCES: 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 114. Explain the current understanding that sex is not always as clear-cut as generally assumed. Define the concept of intersex.

ANSWER: Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete. People with ambiguous genitalia today are termed intersex (previously called hermaphrodites). People who are intersex have some combination of male and female genitalia.

REFERENCES: 298-299 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 115. Describe the microlevel relationship among gender, gender role, gender identity, and body consciousness.

ANSWER: Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with “femininity” and “masculinity.” According to sociologists, social and cultural processes, not biological “givens,” are the most important factors in defining what females and males are, what they should do, and what sorts of relations do or should exist between them. Virtually everything social in our lives is gendered. A microlevel analysis of gender focuses on how individuals learn gender roles and acquire a gender identity. Gender role refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process. Gender identity is a person’s perception of the self as female or male.

Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, gender identity is a powerful aspect of our self-concept. Although this identity is an individual perception, it is developed through interaction with others. As a result, most people form a gender identity that matches their biological sex. Body consciousness is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

REFERENCES: 304-305 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 116. Explain the factors that determine the gender division of labor in different types of societies.

ANSWER: Three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society: (1) the type of subsistence base, (2) the supply of and demand for labor, and (3) the extent to which women’s child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.

REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 117. Explain why hunting and gathering societies tended to be very egalitarian and had relative equality between men and women.

ANSWER: Subsistence refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing. The earliest known division of labor between women and men is in hunting and gathering societies. Whereas men hunt for wild game, women gather roots and berries. A relatively equitable relationship exists because neither sex has the ability to provide all the food necessary for survival. In most of these societies, women are full economic partners with men; relations between men and women tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian. Little social stratification of any kind is found because people do not acquire a food surplus.

REFERENCES: 307-308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 118. Discuss the decline in women’s status in agricultural and industrial societies.

ANSWER: In agrarian societies, gender inequality and male dominance become institutionalized.

Because agrarian tasks require more labor and greater physical strength that in other societies, men become more involved in food production. As societies Industrialize, the status of women tends to decline further. Industrialization in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that increasingly was performed by men and unmarried girls. Men were responsible for being “breadwinners”; women were seen as “homemakers.” In postindustrial societies, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast food restaurant counter help or health care work.

Formal education is increasingly critical for economic and social success.

REFERENCES: 308-309 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 119. What is labor market segmentation and what is its relevance for gender inequality?

ANSWER: Labor market segmentation refers to the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions. Women tend to be concentrated in the low-paying, less-prestigious jobs with little opportunity for advancement.

REFERENCES: 316-317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 120. What is the concept of “comparable worth”?

Comparable worth is the concept of jobs having equal pay for equal work. Jobs don’t have to be exactly the same, but are compared in terms of the working conditions, the amount of training required, and the degree of responsibility one has over others’ work. Jobs that are ranked equivalently on these dimensions should receive equivalent pay.

REFERENCES: 318 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-6 - Discuss ways in which the contemporary workplace reflects gender stratification.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New ANSWER:

121. Describe the human capital model; how does it explain gender-segregated work, and what perspective does it relate to?

ANSWER: Human capital refers to the education and training that a person brings to the job; it is the source of the person’s productivity. Applying this model, women earn less because of the choices they make. They may leave employment for childbearing and child care and find that when they return to employment, their skills have atrophied, which causes them to earn less.

This model pertains to the functionalist perspective.

REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 122. Discuss the basic ideas of Islamic feminism and compare it with Western feminism.

ANSWER: Islamic feminism is based on the belief that greater gender equality may be possible in the Muslim world if the teachings of Islam are followed more closely. These beliefs are set forth in the Islamic holy book—the Koran. Islamic feminism is based on the principle that Muslim women should maintain their allegiance to Islam as an essential part of their selfdetermination and identity, but that they should also work to change the patriarchal society.

Islamic feminists hold that the rise of Islam might contribute to greater equality for women.

By using stories about characters like Iman, Islamic feminism hopes to help girls and young women realize that they can keep their religious convictions and their head scarf while, at the same time, working for greater equality for women and greater opportunities for themselves.

REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified Essay 123. Define sexual orientation and differentiate between heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality. Explain the criteria social scientists use to classify individuals in terms of their sexual orientation.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: 300-301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-1 - Distinguish between sex and gender.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 124. Discuss sexism: What are its components? Who can be sexist or the victims of sexism? What is the relationship of sexism to patriarchy?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: 306-307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-3 - Define these key terms: gender role, gender identity, body consciousness, and sexism.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: New 125. Discuss gender stratification both in historical and contemporary perspectives. What are the origins of gender stratification; how does it relate to means of subsistence in society?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: 307-310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-4 - Describe how the division of labor between women and men differs in various kinds of societies.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 126. Discuss the process of gender socialization, including the role of parents, peers, schools, and the media; also discuss adult gender socialization.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: 310-316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-5 - Identify the primary agents of gender socialization and note their role in socializing people throughout life.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified 127. Discuss and compare the functional, conflict, and feminist perspectives on gender stratification.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: 320-324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.16.10-7 - Compare functionalist and conflict perspectives on gender inequality.

SIOT.KEND.16.10-8 - Describe four feminist perspectives on gender inequality.

TOPICS: Conceptual NOTES: Modified