The Twentieth Issue of JEAN by jeandigitala1

東亞泉志

No. 20

2020. 10 / Issue 38

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

25 th

周年

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

20世紀40年代紐約風景 New York in the 1940s

JEAN 1994-2019

20世紀30年代上海外灘 The Bund, Shanghai, in the 1930s Zhang Shuxun

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『本期專題

大齊通寶拓片 da qi tong bao rubbing

張叔馴

紹定元寶大錢 shao ding yuan bao large coin

余敏先生訪談錄 Yu Min Interview

眾裏尋他千百度——張叔馴攜美古錢的經歷與歸宿

The Story and Destination of Ancient Coins Brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang

NNC 東亞硬幣收藏數字化的實現

2020 年澳門錢幣學會熊貓紀念章首發

“克利福德· 赫威特訪華 100 周年”紀念章首打儀式

From Vault Storage to Virtual Study: Digitizing the National Numismatic Collection's East Asian Objects For Access.

拉姆斯登與美國錢幣學會的藏品

Harry Ramsden and the American Numismatic Society Collection

JEAN

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專

《東亞泉志》

業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

2021 免費訂閱

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了

18期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

25 th

No. 20

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2020. 10 / Issue 38

志泉志亞泉東亞東志東亞泉 No. 14 2019. 04 /

東亞泉東志亞泉東志亞泉

No. 15

No. 14

Issue 32

2019. 07 / Issue 33

2019. 04 / Issue 32

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往期電子雜誌往期电子杂志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 ! Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨寧 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

Ma rket i ng Adv isor

US Correspondent

European Correspondent

Gu Jun

Mark Sutton

J. Matthew Brotherton

Oliver Strahl

技術顧問

市場顧問

顧軍

馬克·修頓

美國通訊員

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Esther Zhao

Senior Editor

Design Director

出版人、總編輯

奧利弗·斯特拉爾

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

趙婷婷

高級編輯

美術設計

Bruce W. Smith

Steve Feller

史博祿

「中英雙語 · 電子季刊

歐洲通訊員

史蒂夫·費勒

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

臺北公司 Taipei Office

上海辦事處 Shanghai Office

臺北市南京西路 163 號 1 樓 50-51 室電話：886-2-25551761 郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

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ďź&#x2C6;

FOREWORD

Welcome to the 20th issue of the journal. In this issue, our friend Mr. Zhou of Shanghai has written an excellent article based on my project in 2014 to help find my friend Nelson Chang's father Zhang shun sun's collection of Chinese cash coins, which may be the most outstanding Chinese cash coin collection ever assembled. His father, Nai-chi Chang, brought the collection of 1,998 coins from Shanghai to New York in 1946. With a combination of some fortunate circumstances, and with the help of Ms. Jeannette Hsu of Shanghai and New York's JT Tai foundation's former secretary Ms. Y.C. Chen, we located the collection. Dr. Tseng Che-lu was instrumental in the research of the collection before the visit to the J.T. Tai foundation in New York with photographer Todd Pollock in 2015 when photos of the collection were taken. Dr. Tseng Che-lu also has written two interesting analyses of the coins from the famous Nai-chi Chang Chinese cash coin collection. Emily Pierce's article on the digitization of the Howard Bowker and Chinese banknotes collection of Alexander Pop is extremely insightful. It was funded by the Howard Bowker Numismatic Research Funds and myself, so we have a particular interest in the information. I was fortunate to attend Smithsonian National Numismatic Collection's Emily Pierce and Hillary York's presentation at the September 2019 International Council of Museums conference in Kyoto. In this issue, we also feature an interview with Shanghai Mint's panda designer Yu Min. He has designed or engraved more panda coins than any other Chinese designer, and it was fascinating to interview him for this article here in Shanghai.

Our senior advisor Dr. Tseng Che-lu, wrote an excellent article based on books from the Howard Bowker library about the famous dealer and researcher Henry Alexander Ramsden, whose collection is at the ANS in New York. Our friend Mr. Zhou in Shanghai also has written an excellent article based on a rubbing book of collection of Chinese cash coin collector Mr. Zhao Quanzhi. Southeast Asian expert Howard Daniels has written an interesting article on fantasy coins of Vietnam. We continue with another article by NGC's David Vagi on ancient Greek coins and PCGS's Jay Turner on Thai coins. We also have another article from France's Bruno Colin on siege coins. Mr. Stephen Tai of Taipei has written another interesting article for the journal, this time on J.P. Morgan, the titan of the financial world and his relations with China. Champion Auction will host the first floor auction held in either Hong Kong or Macau of 2020 on November 29th at the Macau Sofitel Ponte 16 hotel. We will feature coins from the collection of Howard Bowker similar to the Bowker auction we held in 2016 and the Chinese family collection. This includes the finest known PCGS SP66+ of the legendary Heaton Mint Hunan province 50 cents, of which only six are known. The Chinese family collection had another example of this ultra-rarity, a PCGS SP63, we auctioned back in 2008. In 2014, in a private transaction, we sold another example, an NGC Proof 66, from the NC collection. We hope to see our friends and colleagues in November at the 2020 Macau Numismatic Society coin show and Champion auction. Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS 06 07 10

18 26 30 32 38 42 44 46

The First Book about Chinese Coin-Shaped Medals：An Illustrated Catalog of Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Copper Coin-Shaped Medals in Modern China First official Meet and Greet Event of the "NGC Grading & China Münzen # UniqueCoins" - Facebook group with NGC International GmbH at the World Money Fair Berlin on February 1st, 2020 Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕 The First Strike Ceremony of the "100th Anniversary of Clifford Hewlett's Visit to Champion China" Medal in Shanghai

The Release Ceremony for the 2021 Cook Islands 2 Dollar Space Panda Commemorative Silver Coins in Shenyang Yuan Fang〔Xi'an〕 J.P. Morgan J.P. Morgan and Modern China

NGC and PMG Named Official Grading Services of MA-Shops NGC Ancients: Collecting Greek Coins on a Budget Kangxi Tongbao Arhat Type Sets Southern Song Dynasty Slender Golden Script

Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕 NGC

DEPARTMENTS

The Brilliant Progress of Chinese Precious Metal Commemorative Coins in the Past Forty Years：Monetary Nobles: Precious-Metal Commemorative Coins in Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 China II

David Vagi〔USA〕

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Min State “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” 500-Cash (large star on Rev.) in Copper and Iron Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕 Review on Two Rubbing Books: A Hundred Coins in Chenqi’s Collection Made in Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 the Twelfth Lunar Month of 1928

FEATURES

54 70

Yu Min Interview

85 97

From Vault Storage to Virtual Study: Digitizing the National Numismatic Collection's East Asian Objects For Access Emily Pierce〔USA〕

COLUMN

110 127 129 137

Champion

The Story and Destination of Ancient Coins Brought to the United States by Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Nai-chi Chang Harry Ramsden and the American Numismatic Society Collection

Obsidional Money Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang Fantasy Coins The Doubled Dies of Thailand Champion Auction and China Coin Grading

Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

Bruno Collin〔France〕

Howard A. Daniel〔USA〕 Jay Turner〔USA〕 Champion

前言 yan

（

qian

歡迎閱讀《東亞泉志》第20 期。

存於紐約的美國錢幣學會。我們的好友周邊先生在這一期還寫有

2014 年，我幫助我的好友張南琛先生尋找其父張叔馴先生收藏並

東南亞錢幣專家霍華德 · 丹尼爾就越南臆造幣撰寫的文章也頗為

攜美的中國古錢⸺ 這可能是民國收藏界中最大的一批中國古錢。本期，我們的好友，來自上海的周邊先生根據上述項目的結果撰

一篇根據中國古錢藏家趙權之的收藏拓圖集撰寫的文章。另外，有趣。

寫了一篇精彩的文章。1946 年，張南琛先生的父親張叔馴先生從

外國幣方面，本期刊載 NGC 的大衛 · 瓦吉先生撰寫的希臘古幣

潤齋基金會 Y.C. Chen 女士的幫助下，我們幸運地找到了這些藏

有一篇法國的布魯諾 · 科林的圍城幣相關文章。臺北的戴學文先生

上海攜帶了1 998 枚古錢前往紐約。在上海的徐景燦女士和紐約戴

品的歸宿。在前往紐約的戴潤齋基金會前，曾澤祿醫生就已經開

文章和 PCGS 的傑伊 · 特納先生撰寫的泰國重模幣文章。這次還也為本刊撰寫了關於 J.P. 摩根這位與中國關係匪淺的金融巨鱷的

始幫助對這批藏品進行了研究分析，本期雜誌中便包含了2篇他針

文章。

洛克與我共同前往基金會對這批錢幣進行了拍攝。

冠軍拍賣將於11月29日在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店舉辦現場拍賣。

艾米麗 · 皮爾斯則撰寫了一篇關於霍華德 · 包克中國紙幣收藏數位

收藏，還有不少華人家族藏品。其中包括聲名遠播的喜敦造幣廠

錢幣研究基金贊助，因此我們對這一消息尤為感興趣。我還出席

枚是出自華人家族收藏，也是 6 枚中品相最好的一枚，經評 PCGS

對張叔馴中國古錢收藏撰寫的分析文章。2015年，攝影師陶德 · 波

化的文章，這篇文章非常具有前瞻性。該項目由我和霍華德 · 包克

了2019 年京都國際博物館協會大會，會上美國史密森國家錢幣收

藏的艾米麗 · 皮爾斯和希拉裏 · 約克作了精彩的演講。

本次拍賣與2016 年的拍賣一樣，有很多來自霍華德 · 包克的錢幣

湖南省造三錢六分銀幣樣幣，該幣目前已知僅6 枚，本次拍賣的這

SP66+。華人家族藏品中還有一枚極為稀少的喜敦造幣廠湖南省

造三錢六分銀幣樣幣，經評 PCGS SP63，我們在 2008年的拍賣

上拍出。2014 年，我們通過私人交易賣出了一枚出自 NC 收藏的

本期的專題文章是對上海造幣有限公司熊貓紀念幣章設計師余敏

喜敦造幣廠湖南省造三錢六分銀幣樣幣，經評 NGC PR66 。最後，

中國設計師。他在上海造幣有限公司從業至今已40周年，今年也

各位朋友和同行相見。

先生的專訪。余敏先生設計或雕刻的熊貓紀念幣章數量遠超其他

恰逢其正式退休，此時能夠在上海對其進行專訪著實是一件很有

我們期待能在 2020 年的澳門錢幣學會年會錢幣展和冠軍拍賣上與

意義的事。

我們的高級顧問曾澤祿醫生也基於包克圖書館內關於著名幣商及

研究者拉姆斯登的著作撰寫了一篇精彩文章。拉姆斯登的收藏現

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人：周邁可

目錄 mu

中國貴金屬紀念幣四十年的輝煌歷程《 : 貨幣貴族（II）——漫話中國貴金屬紀念幣》

09 12

第一部全面展現中國幣形章的著作——《中國現代銅質幣形章圖典》

16 22

“克利福德 · 赫威特訪華 100 周年”紀念章首打儀式在滬舉行

28 31 35 41 43 45 50

周邊〔中國上海〕周邊〔中國上海〕

2020 年 2 月 1 日“NGC 評級與中國錢幣＃獨特的硬幣”臉書群與 NGC 在柏林世界錢幣博覽會上舉行首次官方活動

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕冠军研究室

余敏設計的 2021 庫克群島 2 元太空熊貓紀念銀幣發佈會暨國際錢幣精品展開幕同日在瀋陽舉行

圓方〔中國西安〕

J.P. 摩根與近代中國

NGC 和 PMG 成為 MA-Shops 官方指定評級服務商如何在預算有限的情況下收藏希臘硬幣康熙通寶羅漢式套子錢

戴學文〔中國臺北〕 NGC

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大衛·瓦吉〔美國〕

周邊〔中國上海〕

南宋瘦金體大錢二品

曾澤祿〔美國〕

五代十國閩錢——大開元背大星銅鐵錢

曾澤祿〔美國〕

《辰亝藏泉百種》戊辰嘉平月集拓本觀後

周邊〔中國上海〕

專題

62 78 91 104

余敏先生訪談錄

專欄

118 128 133 142

圍城幣

眾裏尋他千百度——張叔馴攜美古錢的經歷與歸宿 NNC 東亞硬幣收藏數字化的實現拉姆斯登與美國錢幣學會的藏品

越南皇帝明命臆造幣泰國重模幣

冠軍拍賣與中國錢幣評級

冠軍研究室

周邊〔中國上海〕

艾米麗·皮爾斯〔美國〕曾澤祿〔美國〕

布魯諾·科林〔法國〕

霍華德·丹尼爾〔美國〕

傑伊 · 特納〔美國〕冠軍研究室

Th e B r i l l i a nt P r o g r e s s o f C h i n e s e P r e c i o u s Me t a l Commemorative Coins in the Past Forty Years

Monetary Nobles: Precious-Metal Commemorative Coins in China II Zhou Biană&#x20AC;&#x201D;Shanghaiă&#x20AC;&#x2022;

Monetary Nobles: Precious-Metal Commemorative Coins in China II (ISBN978-7-5220-0325-2), by Zhang Xiangjun, Fang Xiao, and Yanxing. Published by China Financial Publishing House in November 2019. Price: 86 RMB in China.

Mone t a r y Noble s , pu bl i she d a d e c a d e a go, p r e s e nt s t h e d e velo p m e nt of m o d e r n C h i n e s e p r e c iou s m e t a l commemorative coins in the first 30 years to readers. The newly published second volume shows the new designs and manufacturing techniques of precious-metal commemorative coins in the modern era. As the writers had directly engaged in the management and design of precious metal commemorative coins themselves, it is an authoritative book that provides a wide range of historical data.

that Chinese precious metal commemorative coins have made in the international coin market. The second volume introduces the development of Chinese precious metal commemorative coins over the past 40 years. It also reflects the craftsmanship and passion for innovation of Chinese coin producers. The pictures and accompanying essays are both excellent in the book. Precious metal commemorative coins have great historical and cultural significance and show the development of technology. They may appreciate in value and are worth collecting All these properties are beyond the monetary function of the coins. Precious metal commemorative coins used to be a "plaything" of the aristocracy and upper classes in old society, and now ordinary people can afford them. This progressive significance is more important than their economic value.

The book contains three parts written in twelve chapters. The first part which contains three chapters explains the design and manufacture of commemorative coins and the innovation and creation of new minting techniques. The second part, which has six chapters, introduces Chinese precious metal commemorative coins chronologically according to their motifs. The final part concludes the achievements and awards

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The First Book about Chinese Coin-Shaped Medals

An Illustrated Catalog of Copper Coin-Shaped Medals in Modern China Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

An Illustrated Catalog of Copper Coin-Shaped Medals in Modern China (ISBN978-7-5478-48050) by Li Haoyu, published by Shanghai Century Publishing (Group) Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers in May 2020, price: 238 RMB in China.

There is a commonly believed concept of the "homology of coins and medals". Coin-shaped medals are similar to coins in terms of their shapes, patterns, manufacturing technique, and materials. Many coin-shaped medals are the works of coin designers and engravers and manifest their artistic levels. These medals also record many important historical events, celebrities, and folk festivals. All of this makes coin-shaped medals popular among coin collectors. It has been 40 years since China issued the first set of coin-shaped medals in 1979, and domestic mints have produced thousands of coin-shaped medals since then. However, collectors and researchers have lacked a completed catalog of coin-shaped medals for reference.

Modern China introduces coin-shaped medals of modern China comprehensively. It contains three parts, the history and classification of coin-shaped medals, differences between copper medals in proof state, copper medals in mint state, gold gilt medals in proof state, and gold gilt medals in mint state. The book contains many detailed illustrations. The first part introduces coin-shaped medals minted in the early and late periods; the second part teaches readers to identify coinshaped medals in proof and mint states; the final part makes a detailed illustration of coin-shaped medals chronologically by decade, from 1979 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2019. Above each coin-shaped medal the medal’s name and mint appears and below you can find detailed infor mation such as inscr iptions and pat ter ns on each side, material, diameter, minting time, mintage, and price.

Mr. Li Haoyu has collected coin-shaped medals broadly and has done in-depth research, and has released many papers in this field. Influential among coin-shaped medal collectors, Mr. Li is dedicated to advancing the development and collection of coin-shaped medals. He also won the first award for outstanding contributions to modern Chinese coins.

An Illustrated Catalog of Copper Coin-Shaped Medals in Modern China is a valuable reference book for both numismatic amateurs and professional researchers. As for ordinary readers, the book can also raise their interest and increase their knowledge in this interesting and under-collected area of numismatics.

An Illustrated Catalog of Copper Coin-Shaped Medals in

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R E V I E W S

BO O K

評

中國貴金屬紀念幣四十年的輝煌歷程

《貨幣貴族（II）——漫話中國貴金屬紀念幣》周邊〔中國上海〕

張向軍總撰稿、方曉執筆、嚴星執行的《貨幣貴族⸺ 漫話中國貴金屬紀念幣 II》一書，於2019年11月由中國金融出版社出版發行。國際標準書號：ISBN978-75220-0325-2。定價人民幣86元。

十年前，《貨幣貴族》出版，將中國現代貴金屬紀念幣前

屬紀念幣在世界錢幣市場上取得的驕人成績與獲獎作品。

幣貴族 II》新書的出版，使我們又一次看到了新時代貴金

《貨幣貴族 II》將四十年來中國貴金屬紀念幣的發展歷程

三十年的發展過程與成果展現給了廣大讀者。十年後，《貨屬紀念幣近年來在設計製作工藝上的新成果。由於作者與

融入於一書中，也出色地反映了中國造幣人精益求精的工

使本書具有了權威性和史料性。

文字極具文人氣息，是一本圖文並茂的好書。

書中的資料都是貴金屬紀念幣管理和設計的直接參與者，

匠精神與努力開拓的熱血激情。全書圖片清晰美觀，章目

全書分為三篇十二章，分別是：煉化篇：文化入髓、煉器之

貴金屬紀念幣它在歷史文化上的意義，科技發展在製作中

的革新與創新。曆世篇： “開山時代” 、 “十二時辰” 、 “熊貓

能。貴金屬紀念幣由舊社會貴族上層社會的“玩物”，到如

道、大作手記三章 , 主要講述紀念幣的設計製作，鑄造工藝

的體現，觀賞收藏裏珍稀的屬性，已經遠勝於它的貨幣職

世家” 、 “制典時代” 、 “應考時代” 、 “庶民時代”六章 , 將歷

今進入“尋常百姓家”，其中進步意義，遠超過了貴金屬紀

年來發行貴金屬紀念幣的按題材門類分別予以敘述。傳世

念幣本身的經濟價值。

篇：風華競逐、秉燭從遊、物我相合三章 , 總結了中國貴金

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第一部全面展現中國幣形章的著作

《中國現代銅質幣形章圖典》周邊〔中國上海〕

推動了幣形章的愛好與收藏活動，在幣形章收藏圈有很大的影響。

李皞瑜先生編著的《中國現代銅質幣形章圖典》一書於 2020年5月發行，上海世紀出版（集團）有限公司與上海科學技術出版社出版。國際標準書號：ISBN978-75478-4805-0。定價人民幣238.00元。

《中國現代銅質幣形章圖典》是一部全面展現新中國幣形

章的著作，分為三章，分別為：幣形章的歷史與分類，黃

銅精製、黃銅普製、精製鍍金和普製鍍金幣形章的區別，

“幣章同源”，幣形章在外形、圖案、製作工藝以及材料上

圖典詳解。其後附錄有索引。第一章介紹早期和後期的幣

與錢幣最接近；幣形章很多又是錢幣設計師和雕刻師的習

形章；第二章指導讀者怎樣區分精製與普製幣形章；第三

作，在這個平臺上充分展示了作者的藝術水準；幣形章記

章按製作年代詳盡地圖解幣形章，按1979-1989 年、1990-

錄了許多重大的社會活動、知名人物與民俗節慶等內容；

1999年、2000-2009年、2010-2019年每十年一節分為四

因此，深受錢幣收藏者的喜愛。自1979 年中國有了第一套

節。每一枚幣形章圖上有章名和製造廠商；圖下有正背面

幣形章以來的40 年內，各大造幣廠製作發行了成百上千的

圖案文字、材質工藝、編號、直徑、製造時間、製造量、

幣形章，由於沒有完善的資料，使藏家與研究者無從參考，

參考價等詳細資料。

需要一本能全面收錄介紹幣形章的圖典。

《中國現代銅質幣形章圖典》無論對幣章愛好者還是專業

李皞瑜先生對幣形章有着廣泛深入的收藏與研究，發表過

錢幣研究者，都是一本有價值的工具書。對普通讀者也是一

很多幣形章的文章，獲得首屆現代錢幣收藏傑出貢獻獎，

本增加文化知識與興趣的讀物。

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First official Meet and Greet Event

of the "NGC Grading & China Münzen # UniqueCoins" - Facebook group with NGC International GmbH at the World Money Fair Berlin on February 1st, 2020 Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

The "NGC Grading & China Münzen # Unique Coins" Facebook group The group in the social network was founded in March 2018 and is dedicated to two special areas of expertise. Firstly, the grading through NGC International GmbH, which has become increasingly standard in Europe in recent years, and secondly, Chinese modern coins from 1979 onwards. The two themes complement each other almost perfectly, as Chinese coins experience an enormous increase in value through the grading process and a valuation by a third-party grading service company is a prerequisite for international trade. The two combined areas can thus be explained in an easily understandable way for newcomers. Of course, questions about other international coins are also welcome in the group. The community now has over 500 members, offers more than 100 free specialist articles, organizes regular prize draws and is preparing a further Internet presence with its own homepage. Through the integrated translation option of the different languages on Facebook itself, the community meanwhile attracts members from all over Europe. The social group with its wealth of information serves above all dealers and companies as a reliable source of information. The goal of the NGC Grading & China Münzen Group is to strengthen the numismatic community, attract new collectors and demonstrate the benefits of grading.

Founder and author Oliver Strahl devote his free time to this with complete dedication. His extensive and exciting numismatic articles have been published in the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) since 2019. For the academic journal he is a volunteer European correspondent. His wife Stefanie Orski supports him actively in his passion.

Oliver Strahl has already written articles for the reference book "Coin Grading Made Easy!" and lastly helped with the new "Chinese Show Panda Catalogue 1984-2019". His passion for collecting started 30 years ago and he specialized in Chinese numismatics about 15 years back. He has been submitting his coins to NGC International GmbH in Munich for grading since 2014.

A small idea turned into a big success⸺ this

offered us outstanding support. After intensive contact and close cooperation NGC International GmbH organized a meeting room including buffet in consultation with the head office in Sarasota (Florida, USA). We gratefully accepted the offer and published an official invitation for all members of the NGC Grading & China Münzen Group. The 20 available places for the meeting were immediately filled.

short sentence is probably the best way to describe the event on February 1st in Berlin at the 49th World Money Fair. The first Meet and Greet event has received considerable international recognition. Our idea for a joint meeting with the members of the German speaking Facebook group was bor n at the beginning of December last year. We started a survey to find out the general interest. The offer was overwhelmingly accepted, and we prepared the first plans for this occasion. Due to health problems in connection with a longer stay in hospital, we unfortunately had to refrain from this again. In addition, all rooms at the World Money Fair were fully booked at short notice for a comfortable get-together.

In the run-up to the event, the procedure on the previous evening in Berlin was planned in more detail and a further deeper cooperation between the NGC Facebook group and NGC International GmbH was discussed. The first Meet and Greet event was set for the 1st February 2020 from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m. at the Hotel Estrel (venue of the World Money Fair), as the fair ended at 6 p.m. An NGC membership

NGC International GmbH has recognized this and kindly

or an entrance ticket for the fair itself was not necessary.

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é&#x192;¨é&#x2013;&#x20AC;

DEPARTMENTS

value of 250 Euro in the condition of polished plate (Proof), as a forged copy to fill a gap in the collection, a fictitious value of 2 Euro would perhaps remain (forgeries may no longer be put into circulation). Surprisingly, the coin was found to be genuine, but the Proof version (PF) presented here was only classified as Brilliant Uncirculated (BU). Thus, the one with the other assessment cancelled each other out perfectly, since the BU version, like the counterfeit, has a low market value of only 2 Euro. This free evaluation is offered every year and may be suitable for common coins, but in the end, it is only a small help. NGC International GmbH, in contrast, does not make any binding statement, because the coins are only subjected to a precise test procedure during grading and are digitally matched in the process. Should a counterfeit accidentally find its way into the slab, the NGC International GmbH guarantee will of course step in and replace the coin with a genuine one or pay a reasonable market price for it. During this exchange process, the counterfeit coin in the holder will be retained by NGC International GmbH.

Our first guests were already waiting very eagerly at the bar one hour before. Shortly before 6:00 pm the area in front of the meeting room filled up more and more and the

joyful excitement increased significantly. The team of NGC International GmbH opened the door shortly afterwards and welcomed all invited guests personally with a warm welcome. Present from NGC International GmbH were Richard Stein (Director of NGC Europe), Patricia Misani (Marketing NGC Europe), Anna Kwiatkowska (Customer Service Manager of NGC Munich) and Dave Camire (President of NCS and NGC Finalizer). The initial insecurity and anxiety of contact were quickly broken through by a relaxed opening slogan and the buffet was ready - everyone could help themselves here at will. Mrs. Misani offered the guests many little treats along with noble wine. A guest had procured a cheese specialty from Austria especially for this meeting, which was delicious to those present.

The scheduled time for the event until 7 p.m. was even extended until 8 p.m. due to the extensive discussions. At the event Michael Chou handed us some exclusive "Show Panda Catalogue 1984-2019 Berlin Release 2020" medals in the NGC Holder for a prize draw.

Also, on the guest list were numismatic personalities such as Michael Chou (Chief Editor and Publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, President of iAsure and President of Champion Auction) and Mark Sutton (Managing Director of Middle Earth Mint from New Zealand). The first official Meet and Greet event attracted a lot of attention during the fair, so that other guests like Jeff Stack (Senior Editor of Coin World) and Steven K. Ellsworth (President of ANA - American Numismatic Association) did not want to pass up this meeting.

Each participant received a goodbye goodie bag with an NGC sample (Japanese 10 Yen 2012 coin) specially made for this day. In addition, there was a signed Chinese New Year card and other small surprises in the bag from NGC International GmbH. We also distributed the last remaining NGC samples with the title of our group.

Shor tly af ter the opening, the par ticipants int roduced themselves in groups and there were lively professional conversations in German and English. A collector had a few coins in his luggage, which he let evaluate directly by David Camire for a possible grading. Furthermore, many open questions regarding grading were professionally solved by the team of NGC International GmbH on site.

Afterwards we had a short talk about the successful event, and we hope for many more joint projects. We would like to take this opportunity to thank the NGC International GmbH team on behalf of our group. After the World Money Fair, we received consistently positive feedback from the participants, who found the meeting extremely interesting.

A little story had also inspired me why grading is becoming increasingly important. For years, various German dealers have been pointing out that authenticity cannot be guaranteed when coins are in the slab. As this statement is very generalized, a collector of Chinese coins had an obvious counterfeit expertly evaluated on site at the fair by the German association and without the support of NGC International GmbH. A weight test was not carried out (the weight of the counterfeit is approx. 20% less than the original) and blindly relying on a catalogue. As the saying goes "many roads lead to Rome", the evaluation also went well. The coin would have had a current market

Incidentally, the distinctive and striking booth of NGC International GmbH was always very well attended by a lively customer traffic on the days of the fair. As in previous years, NGC International GmbH had brought new samples with the label "World Money Fair 2020" for interested visitors. The coveted and sought-after samples included a 2 centime 1963 B coin from Switzerland for NGC and a 1-Dollar 2017 NY/Dallas banknote from the USA for PMG. Walking around the fair, we noticed that grading is becoming popular in Germany and it is impossible to imagine life without it. Many coins in the slab are offered here especially emphasized as high-quality premium goods.

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2020年2月1日

“NGC 評級與中國錢幣＃獨特的硬幣”臉書群與 NGC 在柏林世界錢幣博覽會上舉行首次官方活動奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

“NGC 評級與中國錢幣＃獨特硬幣”臉書群 “NGC 評級與中國錢幣獨特硬幣 ” （ NGC Grading & China Münzen # Unique Coins）臉書（Facebook ）群成立於 2018 年 3 月，主要致力於兩個特殊的專業領域。其一是硬幣評級。近年來， NGC 國際有限公司在歐洲開展的評級工作已經越來越規範；其二是對 1979 年之後中國發行的現代硬幣的評級。這兩項內容可以說是相輔相成。一方面，中國硬幣經過評級之後，價值可以大幅增長。另一方面，錢幣經過第三方評級服務公司估值是其進行國際貿易的先決條件。將這兩個領域相結合之後，新手買家便可以很容易地瞭解相關錢幣的價值。當然，群內也歡迎諮詢其他世界各地硬幣相關的問題。群內現在有超過 500 位成員，分享了超過 100 篇免費專業文章，定期組織抽獎活動，並且正準備在互聯網上建立自己的主頁網站。加之臉書集合了各種不同語言的翻譯，因此群裏吸引了歐洲各地的成員。這一社交媒體群極具資訊價值，是一項值得信賴的資訊來源，能夠為所有幣商和公司提供幫助。 “ NGC 評級與中國錢幣獨特的硬幣 ” 群旨在加強錢幣社群內的聯繫，吸引新的藏家，同時展示硬幣評級所能帶來的優勢。我是這個臉書群的創辦者，將自己的空餘時間傾盡於錢幣領域，不僅自 2019 年來在《東亞泉志》刊登了很多關於錢幣的有趣文章，而且自願擔任這一學術雜誌的歐洲通訊員。我的妻子斯蒂芬妮·奧斯基（ Stefanie Orski）也積極支持我在這方面所開展的工作。我也曾為錢幣參考書目《讓硬幣分級變得容易》撰文，並為最近發行的《中國熊貓紀念章目錄： 1984-2019》提供支持。我從 30 年前開始對收藏產生興趣，專注於中國錢幣領域也已有 15 個年頭。此外，我自 2014 年起便將自己收藏的硬幣呈交 NGC 慕尼克公司進行評級。

小創意，大成功⸺ 這句話可能是

我們準備了第一套活動方案。就場地

界錢幣博覽會上舉辦的見面會活動的

成健康問題，我們需要避免這種情況。

對 2020 年2月1日舉辦的第49屆柏林世

最好形容。這場活動受到了國際錢幣界的廣泛認可。

2019年12月初，我們萌發了將德語臉

用於舉辦活動，並提供了招待會所需

此外，在我們公佈這次愉快的聚會消

助，並向其中德兩國的所有員工發出

息後不久，世界錢幣博覽會附近的所有房間都被預訂一空。

NGC 也意識到了這個問題，為我們

對此是否有興趣。調研結果發現，絕

位於美國佛羅里達州薩拉索塔的總公

大多數人都接受了我們的提議，於是

問題而言，由於目前長時間聚集會造

書群成員聚集在一起，舉行聯合會議

的想法，還為此進行調研，看看大家

後，NGC 為我們提供了一個會議室

的自助餐。我們非常感謝 NGC 的幫了正式邀請，發出的20 個名額很快就

滿了。

在活動的準備階段，我們更詳細

提供了額外的支持。在我們與 NGC

地計劃了活動前夜在柏林的行程，並

司進行了深入的接觸和密切的合作之

之間進行進一步地深入合作。

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討論了如何與 NGC 臉書群及 NGC

部門

世界錢幣博覽會在 2020 年2月1日晚

6點結束，接着於晚上6點至7點在舉

辦世界錢幣博覽會的埃斯特爾酒店舉行了本次見面會，而參與者不必是

（Steven K. Ellsworth，美國錢幣學

會主席）等嘉賓都不想錯過這次活動。

DEPARTMENTS

場差價，並留存原來在盒中的假幣。見面會原計劃於晚上7點結束，但因為

活動開始後不久，與會者便開始進

大家討論非常熱烈，最終延長到了8點。

業的對話。一位藏家在行李裏帶來了

活動現場，周邁可先生贈送了我們一

估這些錢幣可能在評級中得到多少分

目錄：1984-2019》柏林首發紀念章。

會議室前聚集了越來越多興致勃勃的

多評級相關的問題進行了專業的解答。

活動結束時，每位來賓都收到了一

議室的大門，親自熱情歡迎所有來訪

其中的一段交流也對我有所啟發，讓

NGC 會員，也不必持有世界錢幣博

覽會的門票。

活動開始前，首位前來的嘉賓在入

口處等待了一個小時。時至當晚 6 點，

參與者。NGC 的團隊很快打開了會嘉賓。

代表 NGC 與會的有 NGC 歐洲

公司的總裁理查德 · 斯坦（Richard

Stein）、歐洲公司市場部的帕特麗

夏 · 米薩尼（Patricia Misani）、慕尼克公司客戶服務經理安娜 · 奎亞特

科夫斯卡（Anna Kwiatkowska）和

NGC 及 NCS 決策總裁戴夫 · 卡米爾

（Dave Camire）。

一開始，大家因為接觸而產生了一些

不安和焦慮，但是在宣佈活動開始後不久，這種不安和焦慮的氛圍便被打破，自助餐也都準備就緒，每個人都

可以在這裏盡情享用。米薩尼女士為

客人們準備了很多小點心和好酒。一位客人甚至專門為這次會議從奧地利

帶來了一種特產乳酪，在場的人品嘗

行自我介紹，並用德語和英語進行了專

幾枚硬幣，邀請戴夫 · 卡米爾直接評數。此外，在場的 NGC 團隊還對很

我意識到為何現今評級越來越重要。多年來，很多德國幣商指出，當錢幣

入盒之後，便無法保證其真實性，而

且這種看法非常普遍。一位中國錢幣

藏家有一枚錢幣，在博覽會上經德國協會評估，被認為明顯是贗品，這一

些經 NGC 打盒的《中國展會熊貓章

個禮品袋，裏面裝有專門為這天活動

準備的2012年日本10元樣幣，這些樣

幣都經過 NGC 打盒。除此之外，還

有 NGC 準備的春節賀卡及其他驚

喜。我們還派發了其他帶有我們群名的 NGC 打盒樣幣。

最終，活動圓滿結束。我們在會

結果卻並未得到 NGC 的支持。因

後對這次活動進行了簡短的討論，希

估，甚至沒有稱重（贗品重量比真品輕

望借此機會代表我們的臉書群感謝

為該幣僅是根據目錄盲目地進行了評 “條條了20% 左右）。正如諺語所說，

大路通羅馬”，鑒定也是如此。現在，一枚精製狀態硬幣的市場價格可能是

250歐元，但一枚作為填補收藏中空白

的贗品可能只有2歐元的虛假價格（贗

望能夠舉辦更多聯合項目。我們也希

NGC 團隊。在世界錢幣博覽會之後，我們不斷收到參與者的正面回饋，他們都覺得這次的會議非常有趣。

順便說一句，NGC 在世界錢幣博覽

品可能不再投入流通）。令人驚喜的是，

會的展位佈置得非常獨特，也很引人

拿出來的這枚精製版硬幣的級別只能

絕。NGC 和往年一樣，向感興趣的

這枚硬幣後來證明是真的，但是這裏被劃分為完全未使用（BU）。雖然兩

注目，展會期間前來的顧客絡繹不參觀者送出了帶有“2020 年世界錢幣

個評估結果完全不同，但因為 BU 幣

博覽會”標籤的最新樣幣，非常受藏

也只值 2歐元。事實上，每年都會有這

打盒的1963年瑞士2釐米 B 幣，以及

後都表示非常美味。

和仿冒品一樣，市場價值很低，因此

此外，嘉賓名單上還有周邁可（《東亞

種免費評估，可能也會適用於普通硬

家喜愛和追捧，這些樣幣包括 NGC

PMG 認證的2017年美國紐約 / 達拉

幣，但最終只能起到小小的幫助。而

斯1美元鈔票。穿梭在展會現場，我們

Sutton，新西蘭中土造幣廠廠長）等

性的聲明，只是在評級過程中，對硬

普及，現在許多打盒的硬幣都被特別

博覽會期間引起廣泛的關注，因此

但是如果一枚假幣意外地進入 NGC

泉志》主編兼出版人，愛秀集團總裁，冠軍拍賣總裁）及馬克 · 修頓（Mark

錢幣界的名人。首次官方的見面會在《錢幣世傑夫 · 斯塔克（Jeff Stack，

界》高級編輯）、史蒂夫 · 埃爾斯沃思

NGC 則相反，他們不做出任何約束

幣進行精准測量，並進行數位化比對。盒，NGC 當然也會介入，他們會用真

注意錢幣評級在德國已經變得越來越

強調為優質品，我們再也無法想象沒有評級的錢幣市場。

品替換假幣，或者為其支付合理的市

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The First Strike Ceremony of the "100th Anniversary of Clifford Hewlett's Visit to China" Medal in Shanghai Champion

"100th Anniversary of Clifford Hewlett's Visit to China" Medal On the morning of September 30th, the first strike ceremony

returned in 1928 to complete the construction of the now named

of the “100th Anniversary of Clifford Hewlett’s Visit to

Central Mint in 1930. The Central Mint's proposed minting

China Medal” was held at Shanghai New Century Co., Ltd. in

capacity was 5,000,000 silver dollars daily, which rivaled the

Shanghai.

Philadelphia Mint, the largest mint in the world at that time. Hewlett returned to the USA for good early in 1933 to retire

This interesting medal commemorating the 100th anniversary

to San Diego, but the Chinese government, due to design and

of Clifford Hewlett’s visit to China was designed by COTY

production issues at the mint, asked him to return later in 1933,

winning designer Yu Min who worked at the Shanghai Mint

but he declined due to health reasons.

from 1980 to 2020. The Shanghai Mint was previously the Central Mint at Shanghai.

Yu Min (the designer of the medal and the winner of COTY Lifetime Achievement Award), Yi Shizhong (the founder of

Clifford Hewlett (1869-1942) of Philadelphia was born in

Shanghai New Century Mint Co., Ltd.), Michael Chou (the

Halston, Pennsylvania. He was the chief mechanical engineer

president of Champion Auction), Mateo Zhao (NGC director of

for the US Mint and was instrumental in projects involving the

business development), Michael Corley (NGC finalizer) and Gu

building and equipping of the mints of Philadelphia, Denver,

Jun (the former Secretary of the Shanghai Mint) presented the

Manila, and Shanghai. Hewlett came to Shanghai, China, from

ceremony.

the Manila Mint in the Winter of 1920 to serve as a technical advisor and set up the Shanghai Mint, which later became China's Central Mint. Hewlett helped to formulate technical specifications in which capital equipment needed to operate a state of art mint was installed. Under Hewlett's advice, China imported many modern coinage machines from 1920 to 1922. In 1926, due to the f inancial diff iculties of the central government and the war between the Chili and Fengtian factions, there were not enough funds to finish the construction

The meeting before the ceremony From left: Michael Chou, Mateo Zhao, Michael Corley, Yu Min

of the mint. Hewlett returned to the USA in 1926 but later

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Designer Yu Min operated the press machine to strike the �irst medal

From left: Michael Corley, Yi Shizhong, and Yu Min appreciate the �irst medal

Yi Shizhong and Michael Corley

Michael Chou operates the press machine

Yi Shizhong and Michael Chou

The medal on the press machine

From left: Michael Corley, Michael Chou, and Yi Shizhong

A group photo after the �irst strike ceremony

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“克利福德 · 赫威特訪華100周年”紀念章首打儀式在滬舉行冠軍研究室

“ 克利福德·赫威特訪華100周年 ”紀念章廠開始全面生產新版的孫中山帆船銀幣用於一般流通。該

9月30日上午， “克利福德 · 赫威特訪華100周年”紀念章首

幣的模具由美國費城造幣廠首席雕刻師約翰 · 辛諾克（John

打儀式在上海新世紀紀念幣製造有限公司隆重舉行。

Sinnock）雕刻。這是中國第一個採用單一單位的鑄幣，取

這枚有趣的紀念章由世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎獲得者余

代了中國原來使用的銀兩體系。中央造幣廠規劃時設計的

敏先生自1980 年至 2020 年在上海造幣有限公司工作，該造

廠⸺ 費城造幣廠相媲美。赫威特於1933年初回到美國，

敏先生設計，旨在紀念克利福德 · 赫威特到華100周年。余

生產力為每天500萬枚銀幣，這可以與世界上最大的造幣從此再未返回中國，退休後去到聖地牙哥。1933年末，中

幣廠前身為位於上海的中央造幣廠。

國政府曾因造幣廠的設計和生產問題邀請他再次來華，但

克利福德 · 赫威特（1869-1942）出生於賓夕法尼亞州的哈

他由於健康原因未能再次前來。

爾斯頓，是美國造幣廠總機械工程師，參與了費城、丹佛、馬尼拉和上海造幣廠的建造和裝備項目。1920年冬，當時

出席首打儀式的嘉賓有：紀念章設計者，即世界硬幣大獎

問，並幫助建造了中央造幣廠，即現在的上海造幣有限公司。

公司創辦人裔式忠先生、冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生、NGC

在馬尼拉造幣廠工作的赫威特來到中國上海，擔任技術顧

賽終身成就獎得主余敏先生、上海新世紀紀念幣製造有限業務拓展總監趙振陽先生、NGC 終審評級師 Michael

赫威特製定了最先進的造幣廠基建設備所需的技術規範。在他的建議下，中國自1920年至1922年間進口了許多現代

Corley 先生、原上海造幣有限公司書記顧軍先生等。

鑄幣機器。赫威特的部分檔現存於紐約美國錢幣學會，我

們可以從中知道，赫威特選擇在蘇州河邊建造造幣廠，因其鐵路和水路便利，並且靠近上海銀行業的中心。同時，他

堅持造幣廠應該在非租界地區建造（該區域採用國際利率）。

1926年，中央財政困難，直隸和奉天派系爭端不斷，因此

沒有足夠的資金繼續建造造幣廠，赫威特也回到了美國。但在1928年，他從美國返回中國，並在1930 年完成了中央

造幣廠的建設工作。1931年，在赫威特支持下，設計出了全國流通幣，即孫中山帆船銀幣，時至1933年3月1日，造幣

首打儀式前進行會面左起：周邁可、趙振陽、Michael Corley、余敏

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設計師余敏操作壓印首枚紀念章

（左起） Michael Corley、裔式忠、余敏欣賞首枚紀念章

裔式忠與Michael Corley合影

周邁可操作壓印紀念章

裔式忠與周邁可合影

壓印機上的紀念章

左起：Michael Corley、周邁可、裔式忠

首打儀式後嘉賓合影

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The Release Ceremony for the 2021 Cook Islands 2 Dollar Space Panda Commemorative Silver Coins in Shenyang Yuan Fang〔Xi’an〕福德 ) (Figure 4), former senior designer of Shenyang Mint Co., Ltd., Mateo Zhao (Figure 5), NGC China Regional Sales Manager. The above guests also gave speeches after Ms. Liu. More than 70 numismatics experts were present at the release ceremony, such as Director of the Liaoning Provincial Social Welfare Development Center Guo Donghai ( 郭東海 ), Chinese Editor of JEAN Yuan Shuiqing ( 袁水清 ), Deputy Director of Research Office of Shenyang Financial Museum Liu Lei ( 劉磊 ), and some well-known coins collectors like Zhang Peilin

O n t he af ter noon of Se ptember 12 , 2020, t he relea se ceremony for the 2021 Cook Islands 2 Dollar Space Panda commemorative silver coin designed by top Chinese panda coin designer Yu Min was held at Nine Art Gallery ( 九方禾穀藝術館 ) in Shenyang. The second anniversary celebration of Nine Art Gallery foundation and the Shenyang International Exquisite Coin Exhibition were also held in the same day. The opening ceremony of those events was hosted by Ms. Yidan ( 伊丹 ), a host of Collection World at Shenyang Radio and TV Station. In the beginning of the ceremony, Nine Art Gallery curator Liu Ying ( 劉瀛 ) delivered a speech (Figure 1). Among the guests present at the ceremony were Wang Yiheng ( 王意恒 ), Director of Liaoning Political and Consultative Committee for Culture and History, Jiang Lihua ( 姜力華 ) (Figure 2), Deputy Secretary of Liaoning Numismatic Society, Ma Jin ( 馬今 ), Deputy Director General of Shenyang Municipal Culture, Tourism, Radio and Television Bureau, Michael Chou (Figure 3), President of Champion Auction, Chief Editor of JEAN and one of the judges of Coin of the Year Awards, Wang Fude ( 王

Figure 3 Michael Chou delivering a speech

Figure 1 Liu Ying delivering a speech

Figure 4 Wang Fude delivering a speech

Figure 2 Jiang Lihua delivering a speech

Figure 5 Mateo Zhao delivering a speech J

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a spacesuit represents Chinese astronauts pursuing dreams in the endless u niverse. The weight of a 2021 Sp a c e Pa n d a c oi n i s one ou nc e, wh i le it s fineness is 99.9% silver and its mintage is 2,000. Starting from October, 600 2021 Space Panda coins will be issued in China for 999 yuan for each. (Figure 8) According to Yu Min’s int roduction at the Figure 6 Liu Ying introducing some distinguished guests present at the release ceremony: Liu Ying, Mateo Zhao, Yu Min, Wang Fude, Michael Chou, Liu Guanglong, Jiang Lihua, Yuan Shuiqing, release ceremony, one of Zhang Peilin, and Ma Jin (from the left to the right); the second row: Yi Dan China’s space strategies is to land hu mans on the Moon before 2030. The main pattern on the reverse of this ( 張培林 ), Liu Guanglong ( 劉廣隆 ), Cui Li ( 崔力 ), and Li space panda coin is a panda landing on the moon, which is also Mingze ( 李明澤 ) (Figure 6). the primary design element of the coin, reflecting China’s space On January 3, 2019, the far side of the moon got its first earthly dream. The panda’s hand gesture not only symbolizes China’s visitor. The Chinese spacecraft, Chang’e-4, successfully first landing on the far side of the moon but also means that “I landed on the far side of the moon, achieving humanity’s first(China) will come back”. According to Yu Min, the coin has ever soft landing on the moon’s far side. This unprecedented three highlights apart from its creative design: Firstly, it was undertaking was selected as one of China’s top ten scientific designed and manufactured through Sino-foreign cooperation, and technological news events in 2019. To commemorate this combining Chinese design with advanced coin minting technological achievement, the Cook Islands issued in 2019 technology overseas. This cooperation project is one of the most Space Panda 5 Dollar commemorative silver coin, hereafter successful projects that he had cooperated with foreign experts. referred to as 2019 Space Panda silver coins. Through applying Secondly, it was minted by the world’s most advanced mint, the the latest nano technology, silver-titanium alloy and ultra-high B.H. Mayer Mint in Germany. Thirdly, since German experts relief design, those coins were designed by Yu Min and struck have no experience in making panda-themed coins or medals, by the German company B.H. Mayer Mint (Figure 7). The and they don’t use plaster models to produce coins, which may second anniversary of Chang’e 4’s landing on the far side of the lead to the distortion of panda images, Mr. Yu chose to send the moon fell on January 3, 2021. To commemorate this, the Cook plaster model to Germany. After receiving the plaster model, Islands issued the 2021 Space Panda 2 Dollar commemorative the German experts scanned and digitized the plaster and then silver coin, which were later presold at the Shenyang release made a mold. Therefore, the panda pattern appeared on the coin ceremony by Champion Auction with a limited quantity of 300 was realistic and vivid. (Figure 9) pieces. After the release ceremony, the participants went to the Struck at the B.H. Mayer Mint, the 2021 Cook Islands Space exhibition hall on the second floor of Nine Art Gallery to visit Panda 2 Dollar commemorative silver coin was also designed the International Exquisite Coin Exhibition, which included by Yu Min. On the obverse side of the coins, the main pattern is the following exhibitions: 1) Coins provided by Champion a Long March 3B carrier rocket launching Chang’e 4, showing Auction: 51 pieces of ancient coins and milled coins from the remarkable progress achieved by China’s space industry, the Howard Bowker Collection, three rare silver and copper and on the left is a portrait of Elizabeth II. The outer ring of patterns of China Fengtian Province Kuanghsu Yuanpao and the obverse was engraved with “COOK ISLANDS”, the year of China Heilongjiang Province Kuanghsu Yuanpao struck by issuance “2021” and the denomination “2 DOLLARS”. On the Germany (Figure 10), and one 1904 Tai Ching Hupeh province reverse of the coins are legends, both in English and Chinese, one tael silver coin. It was the first time that these coins have read “the Second Anniversary of Chang’e-4 lunar landing on appeared in Northeast China; 2) Coins provided by collectors: the Far Side”. The main pattern of the coins is the partially four varieties of Shenyang Mint 1955 one cent non-metallic gold plated Chang’e-4 spacecraft landing on the moon, and the trial patterns (orange: reeded edge coin; purple: plain edge background is the distant Earth and starry sky. The panda in coin), and the 1952 10 cents magnesium pattern coin. It was

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panda coins and medals designed and engraved by Yu Min; 5) the People’s Bank of China 1951 10,000 yuan sample banknote depicting the painting Eight Horses. All of the above

the first time that these coins have appeared in public (Figure 11); 3) the Shenyang Financial Museum treasure ingot (copy) and banknotes of the Northeast Bank; 4) 33 commemorative

Figure 8 Design draft of the 2021 Cook Islands Space Panda 2 Dollar commemorative silver coin

Figure 9 Yu Min introducing his design concept and the features of the Cook Islands 2021 Space Panda 2 Dollar commemorative silver coin.

Figure 7 The 2019 Cook Islands Space Panda 5 Dollar commemorative silver coin

Figure 10 Three rare silver and copper patterns of China Fengtian Province Kuanghsu Yuanpao and China Heilongjiang Province Kuanghsu Yuanpao struck in Germany; 1904 Tai Ching Hupeh province one tael silver coin struck in Germany (Photo by: Li Mingze) 20

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competing to obtain Yu Min’s signature on the gift books titled Chinese Show Panda Catalogue 1984-2019, and they were also eager to take photos with Mr. Yu (Figure 12). Furthermore, Mr. Yu’s signature version of the NGC graded one yuan peony coin made its first appearance at the release ceremony.

exhibitions were magnets for visitors. Among these, the coins and medals designed by Yu Min, especially the 2021 Cook Islands 2 Dollar Space Panda silver coin and its plaster model with novel packaging, attracted many visitors. Nineteen sets of commemorative coins and medals designed by Yu Min were sold or presold within half an hour. The visitors were

Figure 11 The Shenyang Mint 1955 one cent non-metallic trial pattern coin (orange: reeded edge coin; purple: plain edge coin) and the 1952 10 cents magnesium pattern coin (Photo by: Jiang Lihua)

Figure 12 Yu Min signing the book titled Chinese Show Panda Catalogue 1984-2019 as a gift for those who pre-ordered the 2021 Cook Islands Space Panda silver coins J

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余敏設計的2021庫克群島2元太空熊貓紀念銀幣發佈會暨國際錢幣精品展同日在瀋陽舉行圆方〔中國西安〕

2020年9月12日下午，由國際著名錢幣設計師余敏設計的

迄今為止，人類尚未登陸到月球背面。在等待了數十億年後，

行。發佈會與九方禾穀兩周年慶典暨國際錢幣精品展同時

球訪客。 2019 年1月3日，中國的“嫦娥四號”探測器成功

月球永遠背向地球那面的山地荒原，翩翩降臨了第一個地

2021太空熊貓紀念銀幣發佈會在瀋陽九方禾穀藝術館舉

開幕。開幕式由瀋陽廣播電臺《收藏天地》節目主持人伊丹

着陸在月球背面，實現人類首次月背軟着陸，這一創舉被

史委員會主任王意恒、遼寧省錢幣學會副秘書長姜力華（圖

技成就，發行 2019版嫦娥四號登（着）陸月背5美元紀念銀

評為2019 年中國十大科技新聞之一。庫克庫島為紀念此科

主持，九方禾穀藝術館館長劉瀛致辭（圖1），遼寧省政協文

2）、瀋陽市文化旅遊和廣播電視局副局長馬今、冠軍拍賣

總裁兼《東亞泉志》總編及世界硬幣大獎賽評委周邁可（圖

3）、瀋陽造幣有限公司原正高級工藝美術師王福德（圖4 ）、美國 NGC 亞洲業務總監趙振陽（圖 5）等嘉賓先後發言，

遼寧省社會公益事業發展中心主任郭東海，《東亞泉志》中

文主編袁水清，瀋陽金融博物館研究室副主任劉磊，知名

錢幣收藏家張培林、劉廣隆、崔力、李明澤等及當地金融界人士共70多人出席了發佈會（圖 6）。

圖3 周邁可發言

圖1 劉瀛致辭

圖4 王福德發言

圖2 姜力華髮言

圖5 趙振陽發言

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圖6 劉瀛介紹出席發佈會合影的部分嘉賓（第一排左起）：劉瀛、趙振陽、余敏、王福德、周邁可、劉廣隆、姜力華、袁水清、張培林、馬今；第二排：伊丹。

幣，簡稱2019版太空熊貓銀幣。該紀念幣為中國的錢幣設

自己和國外同行合作過的4個幣章項目中最成功的一個。其

計師余敏與德國梅耶造幣有限公司運用最新的納米造幣技

次由全球最先進的造幣廠⸺ 德國梅耶造幣有限公司鑄造。

術、銀鈦合金、超高浮雕創新設計鑄造（圖7）。2021年1月

第三，由於德國沒有製作熊貓主題幣章的經驗，鑄造錢幣

3日，是“嫦娥四號”實現人類首次月背着陸兩周年，為此，不使用石膏模型，這樣會使熊貓形象失真，所以我在雕刻庫克庫島特發行 2021版該款 2庫克庫島元紀念銀幣。冠軍

完石膏之後，就把石膏模型寄到德國，德方對中方寄去的

拍賣在瀋陽的發佈會上限量預售300 枚。

石膏模型進行掃描並數位化，之後再製作模具，從而使鑄造出的紀念幣熊貓形象逼真，令人滿意。（圖 9）

庫克庫島2021版太空熊貓紀念銀幣，仍為余敏設計，德國

梅耶造幣有限公司製造。紀念幣正面外圈為英文庫克群島、

發佈會結束後，與會者移步二樓展廳，參觀國際錢幣精品

像；主景為中國長城運載火箭發射登月，下部為地球、上

在東北地區首次亮相，德國代鑄的清代奉天、黑龍江光緒

年版號 2021及面值 2 dollars ；中間左為伊莉莎白二世頭

展，展品由51枚包克舊藏古錢、機製幣；由冠軍拍賣提供、元寶銀質和銅質3枚罕見樣幣及1枚光緒三十年湖北省造大

部為月球，表現中國航太事業巨大進步。背面為中英文主

體文字“2021嫦娥四號實現首次月背登（着）陸兩周年”；

清銀幣壹兩（圖10）；藏家提供、首次公開露面的瀋陽造幣廠1955年壹分“非金屬”硬幣試樣幣4種版別（顏色為橘黃

主景為局部鍍金嫦娥四號登月艙着陸月球；背景為遠方的

地球和星空；身着太空服的熊貓象徵中國航太人逐夢九天。

和醬紫兩種，每種顏色又有光邊和齒邊兩種），和1952年

（圖8）從10月份起發行600 枚，每枚售價999元。

製 )、東北銀行紙幣；余敏設計雕刻的33枚熊貓紀念幣章，

重量：1盎司 .999銀；發行量：2 000 枚，其中在中國大陸

版壹角鎂質試樣硬幣（圖11）；瀋陽金融博物館館藏元寶 ( 複

以及中國人民銀行1951年牧馬圖壹萬圓樣票等組成，可謂

是精品薈萃、琳琅滿目，令參觀者流連忘返。其中余敏設

余敏在發佈會上介紹說，中國太空戰略中有一項，是希望

在 2030年實現載人登月的美好願望。該紀念銀幣背面主圖

計的幣章，特別是包裝新穎的2021庫克群島2元太空熊貓

案以熊貓登陸月球作為主要設計元素，體現了這一期望。熊

銀幣及石膏模型，吸引了不少參觀者，半個小時即售出和

國 ) 還會再回來的。他說，除了這一創意，這枚錢幣的誕生

的《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》書中簽名，並與他合影留念（圖

貓的手勢既代表中國首次實現月背着陸，也意味着“我”( 中

預售余敏設計的紀念幣章19 套，購買者爭相請余敏在獲贈

12）。余敏先生簽名版 NGC 中國壹圓牡丹評級幣也在發

還有三個特別的方面：首先它是採用中外合作的方式設計

佈會上首次亮相。

製造的，將中國設計和國外先進造幣技術相結合，這也是

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圖8 庫克群島 2021版太空熊貓2庫克群島元紀念銀幣設計圖稿

圖9 余敏介紹2021版太空熊貓紀念銀幣設計創意及特點

圖7 庫克群島2019版太空熊貓5美元紀念銀幣

圖10 德國代鑄的清代奉天、黑龍江光緒元寶銀質和銅質3枚罕見樣幣，光緒三十年湖北省造大清銀幣壹兩。（李明澤拍攝提供）

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圖11 藏家收藏的原瀋陽造幣廠1955年壹分“ 非金屬” 試樣幣（橘黃色是齒邊、醬紫色是光邊）和1952年壹角鎂質硬幣試樣幣（姜力華先生提供）

圖12 余敏為預購2021版庫克群島太空熊貓銀幣者贈書簽名

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〔 Stephen Tai

and Modern China J.P. Morgan

J. P. Morgan (1837-1913) was the founder of the Morgan consortium, the most famous and inﬂuential consortium in the modern history of the United States. His businesses ranged from banking, ﬁnance, telecommunications, and electrical machinery to steel, railways, textiles, and more, all of which were in a leading or even monopolistic position around the world.

J.P. Morgan

J. P. Morgan, as the real master of the US economy at that time, was not an exaggeration.

After the United States declared to be on a gold standard, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was enacted in 1890 to placate domestic silver interests. In a result, the inventory of gold in the U.S. Department of the Treasury plunged to less than 10 million dollars, pushing the country's monetary system to the brink of paralysis. Yet, eventually, the US was able to pull through due to a 3.5 million ounce of gold supply from the Morgan consortium and the Rothschild Family.1 In 1901, the Morgan consortium expanded, acquiring the steel company of Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) at a record price of US$ 480,000, which allowed them to monopolize the US steel industry.

〕 Taipei

In the meantime, the Morgan consortium began tapping into the Chinese market. In 1900, the Morgan consortium invested in the construction of the Guangdong-Hankou railway (also known as the Canton– Hankow railway), which was approved by the Qing government. Nevertheless, later, the Qing government took back the right of the railway due to the booming nationalism in China. Corruption at the railway company, however, made it difficult to move forward. Thus in 1911, on behalf of the US government, the Morgan consortium together with the consortia from Britain, France, and Germany, provided the Qing government with an international syndicated loan of 5.5 million pounds and issued bonds in different countries. However, the issuance of bonds triggered a wave of civil resistance in China, and the Railway Protection Movement (1911) consequently erupted. In response to the Railway Protection Movement in Sichuan, the Wuchang Uprising fired the first shot to overthrow the Qing government followed by the Xinhai Revolution (also known as the Chinese Revolution) which quickly overthrew the dying Qing dynasty. From that point, the vast majority of loans had gone bad, becoming uncollectable Chinese debts that U.S. bondholders have never gotten over. 2 However, Morgan consortium's interest in the Chinese market was not dispelled. In 1916, the Chicago Continental and Commercial Trust and Savings Bank, a subsidiary of the Morgan consortium, signed a US$5 million loan with the Beiyang government for three years, with the US issuing treasury bonds on its

1 Hoffman, Charles. The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History. 1970. p. 112-118. 2 Stephen Tai. 2017,《從臺灣海防借款到愛國公債，歷數早期中國對外公債（1974-1949）》, Taipei: Business Weekly Publications 。

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behalf. When the loan expired in 1919, the two sides agreed to issue $5.5 million in three-year treasury bonds to redeem the old bonds, for the Qing government was unable to pay back the principal and interest. For J. P. Morgan, lending money was a means to an end, with the more significant business interests behind it. What was the purpose of J.P. Morgan? Since 1900, all of the bonds and treasury bills issued in the name of the Chinese government in connection with the Morgan consortium had revealed Morgan’s intention. These bonds did not adopt the well-known scenic spots on it, such as the Temple of Heaven, the Great Wall, and the gates of the Forbidden City, but deliberately chose Hongshan Pagoda, a landmark in Wuchang, Hubei Province. The reason lies in the fact that Hanyang Iron Works (1890) and Hanyang Arsenal (1892), regarded as of considerable importance in late Qing China, were both located in Hanyang, Hubei Province, which were near Hongshan Pagoda in Wuchang. The Works, founded by Zhang Zhidong, GovernorGeneral of Hu-Guang (Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, and Guangxi), was an investment target in the eyes of J.P. Morgan for the Works’ years of loss due to its mismanagement.

$1,000 bond issued by Chicago Continental and Commercial Trust and Savings Bank on behalf of China in 1919

However, after the outbreak of World War I, the European powers were too busy to be engaged in Far Eastern affairs, which led to Japanese dom i nation i n Chi na. To avoid antagonizing Japan and reaffirm the Open Door Policy in China, the United States signed the Lansing–Ishii Agreement with Japan in November 1917, emphasizing the Open Door Policy while recognizing Japan's special interests in China. Under this contradictor y agreement, Japan was able to “legitimately” curb the US trade activities in China, which led to a sharp decline in the US trade volume in China.3 As a result, the investment plan of the Morgan consortium in Hubei Province was unable to be developed further. Therefore, the board of directors of the consortium decided to transfer its Chinese treasury bonds of 1919 to Pacific Development Corp., ending its 20-year involvement in China and pulling out of the country. Under the previous Open Door Policy, a large number of U.S. enterprises entered China in droves to seek business opportunities, and U.S. trade in China flourished for a short time. However, after 1920, under the coercion of Japan, except for some foreign businesses and charities, such as the Rockefeller Foundation, which funded the Peking Union Medical College, the rapid retreat of significant US investments in China marked a major setback in the Far East.

Hongshan Pagoda, Wuchang, Hubei Province

3 Carl P. Parrini, Heir to Empire, United States Economic Diplomacy , 1916-1923. p. 107-112.

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摩根 J.P.

J.P. 摩根

近代中國

J.P. 摩根（John Pierpoint Morgan ,1837-1912）是美國近代史上最著名、最具影響力的財團⸺ 摩根財團的創始人，旗下事業橫跨銀行、金融、電信、電機、鋼鐵、鐵路、紡織等領域，無一不居於世界領先甚至獨佔地位。如果將 J.P. 摩根視為當時美國經濟的真正主宰，並不誇張。

為安撫國內白銀利益團體，美國曾在宣佈實施金本位制後又於1890年通過了《謝爾曼白銀採

購法》(Sherman Silver Purchase Act)，然而這也使得美國財政部庫存黃金銳減到不足1 000

萬美元，整個國家的貨幣體系瀕臨癱瘓。好在後來因着摩根財團及羅斯柴爾德家族提供的

350萬盎司黃金，美國才度過難關1。

1901年，摩根財團的版圖再下一城，以創紀錄的4.8億美元鉅資並購了鋼鐵大王卡內基

戴學文〔臺北〕

（Andrew Carnegie，1835－1919年）的鋼鐵公司，從此壟斷了美國鋼鐵業。

與此同時，摩根財團的腳步已邁入中國。1900年，清政府批准興建粵漢鐵路對外借款，摩根

財團便是其主要幕後投資人。不過後來由於中國國內的民族主義蓬勃發展，最終清政府收回

了“粵漢鐵路”的路權。然而鐵路公司的腐敗，使得築路工程難以進展。到了1911年，J.P. 摩

根再度代表美國，與英、法、德三國合組銀行團，為清政府提供550萬英鎊的國際聯貸，並

在各國發行債券。不過債券的發行激起了民間的反抗浪潮，各地隨即爆發“保路運動” 。其後 “武

昌起義”打響了推翻清政府的第一槍，轟轟烈烈的“辛亥革命”迅速終結了奄奄一息的清王朝。此後，絕大多數的借款也成了爛賬，有些美國債券持有人至今仍念念不忘中國舊債。2

1 Hoffman, Charles. The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History. 1970. p. 112-118. 2 戴學文 . 2017,《從臺灣海防借款到愛國公債，歷數早期中國對外公債（1974-1949）》臺北 : 商周出版。

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不過，摩根財團對於中國市場的興趣並未就此打消。

1916年，摩根財團旗下的芝加哥大陸商業信託儲蓄銀

行（Chicago Continental and Commercial Trust and

Savings Bank）與當時的北洋政府簽訂了一筆500萬美元

借款合同，定期三年，並由美方代為發行庫券。然而1919

年借款期滿後，因中方無力清還本息，雙方又議定發行三年庫券550萬美元，贖回舊券。

對於 J.P. 摩根而言，借款只是手段，看中的不外是隱藏背

後更大的商業利益。只是，天機不可洩漏。

J.P. 摩根究竟看中什麼？從1900年起，所有與摩根財團有

關並以中國政府名義所發行的公債、庫券，上面的圖案都透露出玄機！

這些債券，並未採用人們所熟知的天壇、長城、紫禁城城門等景點圖案，而是刻意選用了湖北武昌的地標⸺ 洪山寶塔。原因在於湖北武漢有着晚清中國最重要的漢陽鐵廠

與漢陽兵工廠。該鐵廠由時任湖廣總督的張之洞一手創辦，

1919年 J.P.Morgan 旗下芝加哥大陸商業信託儲蓄銀行代理中國發行的1000美元庫券

因經營不善長年累賠，因此成了摩根財團的投資目標。

不過，一戰爆發後，歐洲列強忙於戰事，無心於遠東事務，導致日本在華勢利獨大、氣焰正盛。為了避免開罪日本、重

1917年11月，美日簽訂了《藍申在中國尊重“門戶開放”政策，

辛石井協定》（Lansing–Ishii Agreement），該協定既強調

中國門戶開放，也承認日本在華的特殊利益。在這種自相

矛盾的協議內容下，日本得以“名正言順”地警告並驅趕美國在華活動，美國在華貿易因而大幅退潮。3

受此影響，摩根財團原有意投資的湖北鋼鐵、兵工產業，根本無從進一步發展。因此，集團董事會決議將原本自

行承購的1919 年借款庫券全數轉讓美國太平洋展業公司（

Pacific Developemnt Corp. ），結束二十年的佈局，就此

退出中國。

在此前門戶開放政策下，大批美國企業前來中國尋求商機，美國在華貿易在短時間內變得興盛，但1920 年之後，在日本的脅迫下，除了部分洋行買賣及慈善事業（如洛克斐勒基金會資助協和醫院等）得以保留之外，美國在華的大型投資迅速退燒，不啻標誌著其遠東政策的一大挫敗。

湖北武昌洪山寶塔

3 Carl P. Parrini, Heir to Empire, United States Economic Diplomacy , 1916-1923 . p. 107-112.

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By NGC

NGC and PMG Named Oﬃcial Grading Services of MA-Shops In addition, NCS is appointed the Official Conservation Service of the popular online numismatic marketplace.

March 19, 2020-Numismatic Guaranty Corporation®

collectors and dealers, particularly in this era of online sales."

(NGC®) and Paper Money Guaranty® (PMG®) have

Steven R. Eichenbaum, CEO of CCG, said, "MA-Shops

been named the Oﬃcial Grading Services of MA-Shops,

has enhanced the numismatic marketplace by providing a

a 15-year-old online numismatic marketplace. In addition,

platform where collectibles can be safely purchased from

Numismatic Conservation Services™ (NCS®) has been

dealers who have been vetted. We are very pleased and

named MA-Shops’Oﬃcial Conservation Service.

honored for NGC, NCS and PMG to have been appointed

NGC, NCS and PMG are independent members within

as its oﬃcial grading and conservation services."

the Certiﬁed Collectibles Group® (CCG®).

NGC has graded more than 45 million coins since it

MA-Shops, an online marketplace that offers nearly

was founded in 1987 to provide expert and unbiased

1 million ancient, vintage and modern coins, medals,

certification of coins, tokens and medals. PMG has

banknotes, militaria and other collectibles at MA-Shops.

graded nearly 5 million notes since it was formed in 2005

com, is based in Bocholt, Germany, near the border

to provide certification services for paper money. NCS,

with the Netherlands. The company also has an office

a professional coin conservation service, has conserved

in Sarasota, Florida, USA, not far from CCG's global

more than 1 million coins since it was founded in 2001.

headquarters. MA-Shops screens dealers based on strict

NGC, NCS and PMG are independent members within

criteria before approving them to work with it. Its website

CCG and are headquartered in Sarasota, Florida, USA.

has been certified for safety and security for buyers,

The companies have branch offices in London, Munich,

sellers and their transactions.

Hong Kong and Shanghai, as well as a global network

Founder and CEO Joachim Schwiening said his company's

of Official Submission Centers, Strategic Partners and

commitment to integrity and transparency made it logical

Authorized Dealers.

to choose NGC and PMG as its Oﬃcial Grading Services

MA-Shops is a member of the American Numismatic

and NCS as its Oﬃcial Conservation Service.

Association, Florida United Numismatists, Women in

"Selecting NGC, NCS and PMG as our oﬃcial grading and

Numismatics, Pennsylvania Association of Numismatists,

conservation services was an easy decision," Schwiening

Central States Numismatic Society and multiple European

said. "They have built a worldwide reputation for expertise

numismatic associations.

and integrity, and their services provide great value for

For more information about NGC and NCS, visit NGCcoin.com , and for more information about PMG, visit PMGnotes.com . To learn more about MA-Shops, go to MA-Shops.com .

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NGC 和 PMG 成為 MA-Shops 官方指定評級服務商文 / NGC 同時，NCS 成為 MA-Shops 線上錢幣市場官方指定保養服務商。

2020年3月19日訊

硬幣認證公司（NGC）及紙幣評級公

而言都具有巨大的價值，尤其是在這個線上交易的時代，更

司（PMG）成為線上錢幣交易市場 MA-Shops 官方指定評

是如此。”

級服務商，同時錢幣保護服務公司（NCS）成為其官方指定 CCG 集團的 CEO 史蒂夫 · 艾森鮑姆（Steven R.

保養服務商。

Eichenbaum）表示， “MA-Shops 提供了一個平臺，讓買家 NGC、NCS 和 PMG 均是認證收藏品集團（CCG）旗下的

可以從經過仔細審查的貿易商處安全地購買藏品，從而促進

獨立成員公司。

了錢幣交易的發展。我們很高興 NGC、NCS 和 PMG 能成為 MA-Shops 的官方指定評級和保養服務商，對此倍感榮

MA-Shops 成立已有15個年頭，總部位於德國博爾霍特，毗

幸。”

鄰荷蘭邊境，線上提供幾近100萬件古代、近代和現代的硬幣、獎章、紙鈔、軍票和其他收藏品。此外，公司在距

NGC 自1987年成立以來，已為超過4500萬枚硬幣提供評

CCG 總部不遠的美國佛羅里達州薩拉索塔也設有分部。MA

級服務，對這些硬幣、代幣和紀念章進行專業公正的認證。

Shops 在批准經銷商與之合作前，會根據嚴格的標準對經

PMG 自其2005年成立以來，已為近500萬張紙幣提供評級

銷商進行篩選。其網站不論是對買家、賣家還是其交易而言，

服務，對紙幣進行認證。NCS 是專業的硬幣保養服務商，

都有安全保障。

自其2001年成立以來，為超過100萬枚硬幣提供了保養服務。

MA Shops 創始人兼 CEO 約希姆 · 施威甯先生（Joachim

NGC、NCS 和 PMG 是 CCG 旗下的獨立成員公司，總部

Schwiening）表示，公司致力於誠信和透明的交易，因此選

位於美國佛羅里達州薩拉索塔。公司在倫敦、慕尼克、香港

擇 NGC 和 PMG 作為其官方評級服務商，選擇 NCS 作為

和上海均設有分部，同時還有官方提交中心、戰略合作夥伴

其官方保養服務商，便是在情理之中了。

和授權經銷商共同組成的全球網路。

“選擇 NGC、NCS 和 PMG 作為我們的官方評級和保養服

MA-Shops 是美國錢幣協會、佛羅里達聯合錢幣學家協會、

務商並不是一個很難的決定，”施威甯先生如是說。 “這些公

錢幣界女性協會、賓夕法尼亞錢幣學家協會、中央邦錢幣學

司的專業性和誠信度全球聞名，而且其服務對藏家和貿易商

會及多個歐洲錢幣協會成員機構。

登陸 NGCcoin.com，瞭解更多 NGC 和 NCS 相關資訊；登陸 PMGnotes.com，瞭解更多 PMG 相關資訊；登陸 MA-Shops.com，瞭解更多 MA-Shops 相關資訊。

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Posted on 11/12/2019

NGC Ancients: Collecting Greek Coins on a Budget David Vagi〔USA〕 Greek coins are available for every budget. As we saw in last month's column, ancient Roman coins offer some unexpected opportunities for collectors at most every level of budget. This month we'll focus on similar bargains available in the field of ancient Greek coins, many of which are available for $100 or less. Just as last time, we'll start with group lots offered at auction, which can be an excellent way to add to your collection at a low average price. Here are four examples from recent online auctions.

Shown above is an interesting mix of Greek silver and

This group of Greek silver fractions includes a variety of

copper coins from independent cities and kingdoms in

types. Most were struck at mints in Western Asia Minor

Asia Minor. Most of the lot's 16 coins are shown in the

during the 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. The lot sold for just

photo. It sold for about $225 – only $14 per coin.

over $300, making it an average of about $24 per coin.

Five square bronzes from Eastern Greek and Central

The condition of the six large Greek coins shown above –

Asian kingdoms were offered in the lot shown above. It

ﬁve being silver, one being billon – is not high, but neither

realized about $175, breaking down to about $35 per coin.

was their price. The lot sold for a touch more than $350, making it about $60 per coin. To most collectors this would represent an excellent value for large ancient Greek silver coins.

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Thankfully, not all budget-priced ancients come in large lots. Below are some excellent examples of interesting and historical Greek coins and the prices they realized.

This silver tetrobol of the Chalcidian League, issued at

This silver triobol (or hemidrachm) of Sicyon, a city at the

Olynthus in Macedon, c.432-348 B.C., shows the head

junction of the Greek mainland and the Peloponnesus,

of the god Apollo and a cithara, a musical instrument. It

was issued between c.350 and 280 B.C. It shows a

realized the appropriate price of about $65.

dove and a mythical beast, the Chimaera. Because of its modest condition, it fetched about $70.

Hieron II, who from 275 to 215 B.C. ruled Syracuse and

An uncertain king of the Phoenician city of Aradus struck

all of its territories in Sicily, issued this attractive copper

this silver one-twelfth shekel early in the 4th Century B.C.

Hemilitron. It shows the goddess Kore and a butting bull,

It retains its original, dark patina and depicts the head

and realized about $70.

of the god Ba' al-Arwad and a galley. Like the two coins shown previously, it brought about $70.

A helmeted portrait of the goddess Athena is paired

The forepart of a lion with its head reverted is paired with

with a vigorous scene of the hero Heracles wrestling the

a stellate pattern on this silver obol of Miletus in Ionia.

Nemean Lion on this silver diobol of Taras, an important

It is an early Greek coin, having been struck between

city in southern Italy. An excellent work of art, it realized

the late 6th and the early 5th Centuries B.C. It realized

about $75.

approximately $65.

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A standing goose, which looks back over its shoulder,

Struck on behalf of the famous Macedonian King Alexander III 'the Great' (336-323 B.C.) near the end of his

graces the obverse of this silver diobol of the Macedonian city of Eion. It sold for less than $90.

lifetime, this silver drachm portrays Heracles and shows

A decidedly proud bull stands with a foreleg raised on

Struck sometime between the 3rd and the 1st Centuries

this silver half-siglos struck c.350-300 B.C. at Byzantium,

B.C. at the city of Dyrrhachium, on the northwest coast of

a Greek city at the entrance to the Black Sea. It realized

Greece, this silver drachm shows a cow suckling her calf.

about $70.

The reverse shows a 'double stellate' pattern which has

the god Zeus seated. It sold for almost exactly $100.

invited many suggestions for what it represents. The coin brought slightly more than $75.

A distinctly shaped shield and a wine cup called a

We' ll end the survey with another readily available

cantharus appear on this silver hemidrachm of c.425-

ancient Greek silver coin: a tetrobol of Histiaea, a city

375 B.C., struck at the city of Boeotia in central Greece. It

on the island of Euboea, which hugs the eastern coast

realized about $70.

of mainland Greece not far from Athens. It features the portrait of a nymph and a scene of a nymph seated on the prow of a galley. Attractive though it is, it realized a touch more than $75.

（ Originally published by NGC） 34

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發表於2019年5月14日

如何在預算有限的情況下收藏希臘硬幣大衛·瓦吉〔美國〕

不論藏家的預算幾何，都有可以入手的希臘硬幣。我們可以從 NGC 古幣部門上月的專欄文章中瞭解到，各種預算的藏家都有一些意想不到的機會可以將古代羅馬硬幣收入囊中。本月，我們將介紹類似的廉價古代希臘硬幣，其中不少硬幣的價格都能夠以100美元甚至更低的價格購得。我們將和上次一樣從拍賣會上的成套拍品開始介紹，因為這是能夠以很低的均價來增加自己藏品的絕佳辦法。以下是近期線上拍賣中的4套古代希臘硬幣拍品。

上面的拍品中既有希臘銀幣，也有來自小亞細亞獨立城邦和

這組希臘小銀幣中包含了很多不同的品類，大多是公元前5

王國的銅幣。這套拍品共16枚硬幣，上圖包含了其中的絕大

世紀至公元前4世紀時在小亞細亞西部的造幣廠鑄造。這套

部分。該拍品以225美元的價格成交，即每枚僅14美元。

拍品以300多美元的價格成交，平均每枚硬幣24美元。

上面這套拍品中包括了來自希臘東部和中亞王國的5枚方形

上面6枚大型希臘硬幣中有5枚是銀幣，1枚合金幣，雖然品

青銅硬幣，最終以175美元的價格成交，每枚價格低至35美

相並不是很好，但其價格也不高。這套拍品的成交價略微超

元。

過於350美元，平均每枚60美元。對大多數藏家而言，這樣價格的大型古代希臘銀幣是非常理想的收藏。

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所幸不是所有價格實惠的古代硬幣都是成套出售的。下面我們將舉一些代表性的例子。這些希臘硬幣都頗為有趣，且歷史悠久。我們還將附上它們的成交價格。

這枚開爾基狄安聯盟的4奧波爾銀幣鑄造於公元前432年至

西錫安位於希臘城邦和伯羅奔尼撒半島的交界處。這枚西錫

公元前348年，發行於馬其頓王國下屬的奧林索斯。硬幣的

安的3奧波爾（或1/2德拉克馬）銀幣發行於公元前350年至

一面是阿波羅神的頭像，另一面則是類似於豎琴的樂器。這

公元前280年。硬幣兩面的圖案分別為鴿子和神秘的野獸奇

枚硬幣的成交價約為65美元。

美拉。該幣品相一般，售價70美元。

喜厄隆二世（公元前275年至公元前215年）在統治希臘城邦

公元前4世紀初，希臘的一座腓尼基人城市阿拉督斯

科林斯移民所建的錫拉庫薩及其在西西里島的領土期間，發

（Aradus）鑄造了這枚1/12謝克爾銀幣，下令鑄造這枚銀幣

行了這一精美的半利特朗銅幣。硬幣的一面是女神科爾，另

的國王未知。它呈現出原始的暗古銅色，一面是腓尼基主神

一面是一頭向前衝撞的公牛。它的成交價約為70美元。

夏滿敘，另一面是古希臘戰艦。這枚硬幣的成交價格和上面兩枚相當，大約為70美元。

塔拉斯是意大利南部一個重要城市。這枚塔拉斯的2奧波爾

這枚1奧波爾銀幣由古希臘伊奧尼亞地區的米利圖斯發行，

銀幣上，一面是戴着頭盔的雅典娜女神肖像，另一面是英雄

一面是扭著頭的獅子的上半身，一面是星狀的圖案。這枚早

赫拉克勒斯與尼米亞猛獅搏鬥的場景。這件精美的藝術品

期的希臘硬幣鑄造於公元前6世紀末至公元前5世紀初，成

成交價約為75美元。

交價約65美元。

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這枚是馬其頓王國下屬埃昂鑄造的2奧波爾銀幣，一面是一

這枚德拉克馬銀幣是馬其頓王國著名的亞曆山大三世國王

只優雅的鵝正在回頭向後看。這枚硬幣的售價不到90美元。（公元前356至公元前323年）在其臨終前下令鑄造的，一面是赫拉克勒斯，另一面是作者的宙斯像。它的售價差不多正好100美元。

拜占庭是位於黑海入海口處的一座希臘城市。這枚半西格洛

拉奇烏姆是位於希臘西北海岸線上的一座城市。這枚拉奇烏

斯銀幣便是在公元前350年至公元前300年左右在那裏鑄造。

姆的德拉克馬銀幣鑄造於公元前3世紀至公元前1世紀之間。

硬幣上的公牛驕傲地站着，抬起一只前足。這枚硬幣的成交

幣上一頭母牛正在哺乳小牛。反面則是“雙星”圖案，人們

價約為70美元。

對這一圖案的含義做出了很多猜測。這枚硬幣的成交價格略超75美元。

這枚半德拉克馬銀幣鑄造於公元前425年至公元前375年，

本文的最後是另一枚能夠輕鬆入手的希臘硬幣⸺ 一枚希斯

由希臘中部的波提亞城鑄造。一面是造型獨特的盾牌，另一

提亞的4奧波爾銀幣。希斯提亞位於希臘的埃維厄島上，坐

面是一種名為坎塔魯斯的酒杯。成交價為70美元。

擁希臘東海岸，離雅典不遠。硬幣的一面是水澤仙女頭像，另一面則描繪了水澤仙女坐在希臘戰艦上的情景。儘管這枚硬幣的圖案頗為精美，但是成交價剛剛超過75美元。

（原刊載於 NGC 網站） J

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Kangxi Tongbao Arhat Type Sets Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Ty pe set s ( 套子錢 ) a re coi n s w ith d i f ferent

that some mints continued to strike coins with the

denominations or struck by different mints under the

inscription of kangxi tongbao after his reign ended,

same dynasty or reign title. Some people also struck

especially kangxi tongbao type sets.

type sets of previous dynasties. Therefore, type sets are worth collecting.

However, the time, craftsman, and technique of minting varied from one mint to another, so it is

Kangxi tongbao [ 康熙通寶 ] cash coins refer to cash

difficult to find two kangxi tongbao type sets struck in

coins produced under the reign of the Kangxi Emperor

the Kangxi Emperor's reign, in which two coins of the

(1662-1722) in the Qing dynasty. They can be divided

same mint have exactly the same inscriptions on both

into two types according to the inscriptions on the

sides. Those type sets with exactly the same inscriptions

reverse. One is modeled after the fourth type of shunzhi

on the obverse and reverse were struck after the Kangxi

tongbao [ 順治通寶 ] cash coin, and it has the name of

Emperor's reign.

the mint in Manchu on the right side with the character

"ᠪᠣᠣ" (Boo) on the left, which were used for cash coins

K a ng x i tongbao a rhat coi n s were issued to

produced at the Ministry of Revenue and Ministry of

commemorate the sixtieth birthday of the Kangxi

Public Works. The other type has a Manchu character

Emperor. These commemorative coins contain a

on the left side and a Chinese character on the right

slightly different version of the Chinese character xi

[ 熙 ], as this character would most commonly have

side to indicate one of the 24 mints of production and was used for provincial mints.

a vertical line at the left part of it but did not have it.

The Kangxi Emperor's reign of 61 years brought about

single dot instead of the usual two dots. These copper

Besides this, the character tong [ 通 ] only contains a

long-term stability and relative wealth after years of

coins in good quality are popular among collectors.

war and chaos, so the mintage of kangxi tongbao cash

Kangxi tongbao arhat type sets followed the inscriptions

coins was large. The Ministry of Revenue and the

on the obverse of kangxi tongbao arhat coins, and their

Ministry of Works also minted the second type. There

reverse had both Chinese and Manchu characters. The

are few kangxi tongbao cash coins struck by the Gansu

exquisite type sets struck by the aforementioned 20

mint and Shanxi mint. A poem concludes the other 20

mints in consistent style have constantly increased in

provincial mints, covering the mints of Datong [ 同 ],

price at online auctions in recent years.

Fuzhou [ 福 ], Linqing [ 臨 ], Jinan [ 東 ], Jiangning [ 江 ],

Xuanfu [ 宣 ], Taiyuan [ 原 ], Suzhou [ 蘇 ], Jizhou

Since these two types of arhat type sets are relatively

Ningxia [ 寧 ], Guangzhou [ 廣 ], Hangzhou [ 浙 ],

type sets may be familiar with them. As they are not

[ 薊 ], Changsha [ 昌 ], Nanchang [ 南 ], Kaifeng [ 河 ],

popular, some collectors who do not focus on collecting

Taiwan [ 臺 ], Guilin [ 桂 ], Xi ’an [ 陝 ], Yunnan [ 雲 ],

quite rare, some junior type set collectors can get them

and Zhangzhou [ 漳 ]. A set of kangxi tongbao cash

on the market. Kangxi tongbao arhat coins also contain

coins produced by the above 20 mints is known as the

auspicious properties, so some collectors would like to

“20 poem coins”.

get type sets in consistent style and toning. Therefore, Kangxi tongbao arhat type sets often hit records at

The Kangxi Emperor and his reign were so influential

online auctions.

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Fig.1-1 Kangxi tongbao arhat type set J

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Fig.1-2 Kangxi tongbao arhat type set 40

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康熙

康熙通宝罗汉式套子钱

周邊〔中國上海〕

所謂套子錢是指同一個朝代或年號所鑄的錢幣，面值大小

由於當時各地鑄錢局的鑄時、工匠與方法上的差異，要找康

了套子錢。後人也有將前朝錢組套鑄作。所以套子錢是有

事；迄今發現的面背文相同的套子錢都是康熙以後鑄的。

分幾等差異或不同鑄局，把它們配成一套，集中起來就成

熙朝各局鑄的面文與背文完全相同而組套的錢是極為困難的

集藏意義和紀念性質的錢幣。

康熙羅漢錢相傳是為康熙皇帝祝壽所鑄造，與普通康熙錢

清聖祖康熙年間 (1662~1722年 ) 鑄行“康熙通寶”錢。楷

在文字書寫上的區別是“熈”字少一豎， “通”字走旁少一點，

書直讀。康熙通寶按照背面文字可以分成兩大類：一類是仿

由於銅質精良，製作規整，深受民間喜愛。至今在錢幣收

“順治四式”的滿文錢；錢背滿文“寶泉”、 “寶源”，是戶、

藏界炙手可熱。康熙通寶羅漢式套子錢就是面文仿康熙通

工兩部所造。另外一類是仿“順治五式”滿漢文錢；在全

寶羅漢錢，但“通”字走旁有些套子錢仍為兩點，背文為

國共開設鑄錢局二十四處。

滿漢文。鑄造精緻、工藝考究、形制一致且二十局搭配成

套康熙通寶羅漢式套子錢，近年來在各錢幣網站上的拍賣

由於康熙帝在位六十一年，期間社會穩定，經濟復蘇，故

價也屢創新高。

而康熙通寶錢鑄造量很大。康熙通寶背滿漢文錢除戶、工兩部外，另外兩局“鞏”、 “西”則極為少見，其餘錢局可用

另外，就是一直比較大熱門的兩版羅漢式套子，不玩套子

河寧廣浙，臺桂陝雲漳”，這二十局名組套稱“詩文二十品”。

的種類，初中級套子錢收藏者一般都能獵獲到，加之面文

一首押韻的五言詩來概括： “同福臨東江，宣原蘇薊昌，南

錢的泉友對其也不會陌生，因為存世量適中，不屬於太稀少又仿康熙羅漢錢，有着美好的寓意在裏面，所以在現如今

正因為康熙帝和康熙朝的巨大影響力，在康熙之後，各地

康熙羅漢錢炙手可熱領漲清代錢幣的時期，錢幣集藏者以

的錢局依然有鑄造康熙面文的錢幣，這其中尤以康熙通寶

能尋覓到一套形制文字包漿一致的康熙通寶羅漢式套子錢

套子錢為佼佼者。

為追求的目標，在一些錢幣網站上拍賣價也因此屢創新高。

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Southern Song Dynasty Slender Golden Script Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕 Nai-Chi Chang’s biography was introduced in An Encyclopedia of Old Coins by Ting Fu-pao. [Chang Chiung-po said, Fang Yao-yu and Nai-Chi Chang were the center figures in the ancient coins collecting zenith. There was a title “North Fang South Chang” at that time. Nai-Chi Chang was the youngest and the last to collect ancient coins, but he had outstanding appreciation on coins and had unique geographical advantage of collecting, so he soon became a counterpart in the South (Shanghai) of Fang Yao-yu in the North (Tianjin). Other famous numismatists such as Pao Tzu-nien and Li Tso-hsien were surprised at their unprecedented rare collections.

Ching Yuan Tung Pao 3 Cash (“ Yong ” on Rev.)

Nelson Chang, Nai-Chi Chang’s son, noted that his father carried his favorite 1998 pieces cast cash coins to the USA in 1940s since the cast cash coins were easier to carry in a string. While the spade coins and knife coins were left to Chang’s relatives in Shanghai because they were big and vulnerable to broken. After Nai-Chi Chang passed away, Mrs. Chang sold the collection to a fund in New York at the end of 1940s. They asked Frank Caro of C.T Loo & Company to take 48 blackand-white photos in archive. But the 2000 ancient coins were just shot one side, including 400+ Japan and Vietnam coins. So there are only 1600 Chinese coins. In recent years, Nelson Chang takes great efforts to track down his father’s collection. It turn out that the collection is still in the fund’s vault. So he asks a photographer to take color photos for all the coins on both sides. But compared to the 48 black-and-white photos, there are 300 coins missing, including the Ta Chi Tung Pao with 4 holes which makes Nai-Chi Chang famous, and other rare coins. It is our great pleasure to share the color photos here.

Shao Ting Yuan Pao 10 Cash

top rim has patina. The inner hole becomes smoothly due to the rub of the string. As for the Shao Ting Yuan Pao, there is gilt at the bottom of “Shao” and “Pao”. There is also patina between the inscriptions. Gilt can be seen on the underlying on reverse. Yuan Hanyun (Yuan Shih Kai’s son) said there are few “Shao Ting Yuan Pao” copper coins. There is only “Shao Ting Yuan Pao” 3 Cash recorded in numismatic books. This gilt “Shao Ting Yuan Pao” 10 Cash may be unique, ex-Fang Dishan collection.

1 Southern Song Dynasty Ching Yuan Tung Pao 3 Cash (“Yong” on Rev.) 2 Shao Ting Yuan Pao 10 Cash

The first issue of China Numismatics published one article by Tai Pao-ting, named Correction on An Illustration Talk on Old Dynastic Coins . The article mentioned “Shao Ting Yuan Pao” 3 Cash and 10 Cash fakes, which were struck by Zhang Baosheng, but the fakes were in high quality. “Shao Ting Yuan Pao” 10 Cash fake rubbing was published on China Numismatics 2nd issue, which is different from the rubbing in by An Illustration Talk on Old Dynastic Coins by Ting Fupao. In 1991, An Illustration Talk on Old Dynastic Coins was reprinted. Ma Dingxiang noted that Nai-Chi Chang has the genuine “Shao Ting Yuan Pao” 10 Cash. What Tai and Ma noted both were true.

Chang Chiung-po saw these above Slender Golden Script large coins in Nai-Chi Chang Collection many times, and published one article on Chuan Pi (5th issue) magazine. [One is the Southern Song Dynasty Emperor Ning Zong Ching Yuan Tung Pao 3 Cash, “Yong” on Reverse; the other is the Southern Song Dynasty Emperor Li Zong Shao Ting Yuan Pao 10 Cash, no inscription on reverse. Both are Nai-Chi Chang Collection. I always marveled at these two coins when I saw them. According to the Southern Song Dynasty numismatic literatures, the coins lack eye appeal because of the calligraphy after Chien Yien and Shao Xing coins. But the above two Slender Golden Script coins follows the great calligraphy style, especially the two “Yuan Pao” are in great similarity. Since “Shao Ting” is 30 years later than “Ching Yuan”, it is possible that the two “Yuan Pao” were written by one person. Lo Pochao thought the “Yong” character on reverse was struck by Rao Zhao Yong Ping governor.

Most of the rare Nai-Chi Chang Collection is traceable. The toning is mostly due to the owner’s play and sweat in a long time. It will be controversial if the coin is cleaned or damaged. The above Ching Yuan Tung Pao and Shao Ting Yuan Pao had been examined by senior numismatists. Besides, the inscriptions on coins during 1195-1250 in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Tai He Tung Pao druing 1190-1208 in Jin Dynasty in the North follow a similar Slender Golden Script style. So these two Slender Golden Script coins are to be genuine.

These two coins both have clear origin. There is a nick at the seven o’clock on the Ching Yuan Tung Pao, which is 油潤熟坑 or may be cleaned. The underlying is black and brown, and the

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南宋瘦金體大錢二品

先以丁福保《古錢大辭典》裏介紹張叔馴之生平如下 :“張

其一，南宋慶元通寶背永折三；其二，紹定元寶折十。

時期當以方藥雨張叔馴為中心人物 ........ 時有北方 ( 藥

“右南中見過多次 , 並寫一文考證（載《泉幣》第五期）：

力強 , 近自江浙 , 遠及蠻荒 , 東南舊藏 , 西北新出 , 靡不

寶 , 大如當十 , 幕無文。二泉皆叔馴所藏。曩日在其齋

絅伯先生曰 , 自光緒中葉至今約四十五年 , 為古泉集大成

雨 ) 南張 ( 叔馴 ) 之稱 , 張氏年最幼 , 好泉最晚 , 然嗜深羅而致之 , 若百川匯海 , 萬流朝宗 , 不及二十年 , 竟與方

氏分庭抗禮 , 同輩斂手嘆服 , 二氏所藏奇珍異品 , 繁富夥

頤 , 不勝枚舉。向使鮑 ( 子年 ) 李 ( 佐賢 ) 諸公見之 , 將舌

撟不下 , 謂為空前可 , 謂為絕後亦無不可 , 洵集古化之大

成矣。”

依據張叔馴兒子張南琛先生的記述 , 他父親在 20世紀40

此 2 枚均為瘦金體大錢。早年 , 張絅伯曾在張叔馴藏品

宋寧宗慶元通寶 , 大如折三 , 幕上永字。又理宗紹定元

中曾屢見之。每見輒歎賞不置。頃檢舊拓 , 得此二品 ,

展閱之餘 , 若久別重逢 , 不禁神往 , 爰志數話 , 以供同

好共相欣賞。按南宋諸泉文字 , 自建炎紹興以還漸不措

意 , 書風頓失 , 殊不足觀。獨斯二泉體仿瘦金 , 猶存崇

寧大觀遣風 , 至足愛玩 , 而元寶二字尤為酷肖 , 若出一人

之手 , 考慶元紹定首尾相距僅三十年 , 即為一人之筆亦

意中事。茲承伯昭代考宋史 , 斷定幕文永字系饒州永平

年代帶他喜愛之古錢來美國 , 一共有1 998 枚 , 全部是方

監所鑄 , 至為心契 , 原文錄左 , 以示不敢掠美。”

布幣、刀幣等 , 或許是大型易斷損仍放在上海張家親族

按此二枚均是傳世品，放大望之：慶元通寶在七鐘點邊

金會 , 並有黑白照片留存 , 這共有48張黑白共照之相片是

上外緣有再生綠繡，內穿角或由昔藏者繩串摩挲而呈膩

孔圓錢 , 因能成串容易攜帶不易拆斷。至於大型空首布、

裏。他父親過世後 , 在40 年代末由他母親售給紐約某基由一位 Frank Caro of C.T Loo & Company 拍照 , 但

這共照近 2 000 枚古錢相片僅照一面而己 , 背面是什麼無

法瞭解。這其中包括有400多枚是日本與安南錢，故屬

於中國古錢近1 600多枚。近幾年來 , 張南琛先生努力追

尋他父親藏品之着落 , 發現仍保存於基金會之保險箱裏 , 於是請一位照相師拍照每枚正面、背面之彩色照。但是

曾澤祿〔美國〕

再經與 40 年代末黑白照片對照仍尚缺許多 , 發現約缺有

緣處有裂痕 , 呈油潤熟坑 , 或有洗過。肉面呈黑漆焦色，滑內沉。紹定元寶折十在錢文之“紹”及“寶”二字底下之鎏金尚細沉在，字間有再生之綠鏽。背面之黑漆焦

“紹定銅泉 , 色底下之鎏金亦隱隱可見矣 ! 據袁寒雲曰：鮮有元寶 , 泉匯有折三一品出舊譜外 , 此折十大錢製作

之精 , 已為南宋泉中所僅有矧為元寶之紹定耶鎏金 , 地山師藏”或可推測此枚鎏金為方地山之舊藏。

300枚之多。這 300枚包括有張叔馴成名之“四眼大齊”,

1983年《中國錢幣》創刊號有一篇戴葆庭遺著《歷代古

位愛好古錢者共賞研之。

之偽品“是浙江嘉興平湖人張寶生偽作 , 但偽作枝術較

及其他珍罕品。今幸獲有尚留存古錢彩色相片二品 , 供諸

錢圖說校正》。在南宋部分有提及紹定元寶折三及折十

精 , 肉薄字挺 , 銅質細糯 , 與此一手偽作還有大定通寶

大錢及阜昌通寶真書大錢。”並在《中國錢幣》第2期再

補上折十偽作之拓圖 , 此拓圖呈現字粗外緣寬，與丁氏

圖說拓圖不同。1991年丁氏圖說再版 , 馬定祥批註此枚紹定折十“張叔馴有真品”。二位昔賢批註均可信。

按張叔馴之稀罕品以傳世品為多，傳世品之包漿是經把玩者經久之摩挲及手漬層層沉澱殼面 , 呈滑熟幽光沉 ,

慶元通寶背永

這些是歲月留下之陳跡。如被沖洗或被磨損 , 就易成有

爭議性之藏品。中醫《難經》有句名言“望而知之謂之

神”，這表示個人經驗累集之能量與功力 , 又因經驗不

同而各有一把尺 , 此二枚巳被諸昔賢上手過又肯定。再

加上歷史宏觀的背景，如南宋寧宗及理宗年間（1195-

1250年）錢文與北方金朝章宗（1190-1208年）泰和通

寶真書帶有瘦金體文之味道是有息息相貫通，故此二枚南宋瘦金文大錢是可信。

紹定元寶

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Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Min State“Kai Yuan Tung Pao”500-Cash (large star on Rev.) in Copper and Iron Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕 Wang Shenzhi was the founder of Min State on the southeast

large star on reverse is extremely rare. It is said that the coin

coast of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

was obtained from 鄭松館 . Such a large copper cash coin can

period. He claimed the title of acting military governor of

be an iron-mold.

Weiwu in 897 and held that position till 925 when he died. Wang Shenzhi followed the central court’s order to strike “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” in copper, iron and lead. In 922, “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” 500-Cash was struck in iron. Wang Shenzhi struck “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” iron coins in 500Cash large denomination, wide rim with heavy weight. This “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” 500-Cash iron coins circulated with minor denomination copper coins at the same time. If 1,000 pieces of one-cash (copper) equals to 500 pieces of 500-cash (iron), so one piece of 500-cash (iron) equals to 2 pieces of oneCash (copper). This “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” 500-Cash coi, large star on reverse, official script (li 隸 ), is the prototype coin of Illustration of Ancient Coins of Different Dynasties by Ding Fubao. It is believed to be unique. Luo Bozhao noted in Quan Bi (10th issue) that the “Kai Yuan Tung Pao” 500-Cash copper coin with

Dr. Tseng and Colin (English editor of the JEAN ) at Taipei, China

Dr. Tseng , Mrs. Tseng and Michael Chou at Califonia, America

Tseng Che-lu

Dr. Tseng Che-lu is a senior collector and researcher. Dr. Tseng has 50 years of experience in collecting coins. He is one of the world's leading experts on Chinese cash coins and Taiwan coinage. In addition, Dr. Tseng is the senior consultant of the JEAN, and he has published the Spirit and Culture of Taiwan Coinage and other books of Chinese cash coins and Taiwan coinage.He was an advisor to American Numismatic Society of New York with J.C. Lee and also consultant to American Numismatic Association and its grading service ANACS.

Dr. Tseing, J.C. Lee (left) and Michael Chou at Taipei, China 44

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五代十國閩錢—大開元背大星銅鐵錢曾澤祿〔美國〕閩王王審知，自唐昭宗幹寧四年（897年）嗣威武節度使，

至後唐莊宗同光三年（925年）歿，在位 29 年。奉中原正朔，

以開元通寶為文鑄銅鐵鉛錢。《十國春秋閩太祖世家》載：

，鑄大鐵錢，以開元通寶為文，仍以 “龍德二年（922年）

500文為貫。”

宋朝洪遵在《泉志》中引陶嶽《貨泉錄》曰： “王審知鑄大鐵錢，闊寸餘，甚蠯重，亦以開元通寶為文，仍以500文為

貫，俗謂之‘銠處’ （按此為反及力之合字，為閩語無正字，指粗重之意）與銅（指小銅錢而言）並行。”如以一貫為制

錢小平1 000 枚來算，那麼以500 枚大鐵錢為一貫，就是一

枚大鐵錢等於二枚小銅錢。

此枚開元通寶大銅錢背大星，隸兼楷意，是丁氏《歷代古錢圖說》之原拓圖的相片，是孤品。羅伯昭在《泉幣》第十期有文，雲： “齊齊有銅品背巨星，聞出鄭松館，絕罕。”按此大銅錢或可當作個別鑄陶土笵之鐵母。

曾澤祿與《東亞泉志》英文編輯高林合影於中國臺北

曾澤祿、曾太太與周邁可合影於美國加州

曾澤祿簡介

曾澤祿醫生是資深錢幣收藏家及研究者，有着超過 50年收藏經驗。他是當今全球最瞭解中國古錢和

臺灣錢幣的專家之一。同時，曾醫生也是《東亞泉志》

高級顧問，曾編纂過《臺灣貨幣的精神和文化》等諸多中國古錢和臺灣錢幣方面的書籍。曾經和李正民先生共同擔任美國錢幣學會顧問，曾是美國錢幣協會及其評級服務機構 ANACS 的顧問。

曾澤祿與資深收藏家李正民（左）及周邁可合影於中國臺北

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Review on Two Rubbing Books: A Hundred Coins in Chenqi’s Collection Made in the Twelfth Lunar Month of 1928 Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Zhao Quanzhi

Rec ent ly, I s aw t wo r ubbing

Republic of China. Chenqi [ 辰亝 ] was the courtesy name

books, A Hundred Coins in

of Zhao Quanzhi. A Hundred Coins in Chenqi's Collection

Chenqi's Collection [《辰亝藏泉

features coin rubbing mounted onto rice paper, presented

百种》], at the Shanghai oﬃce of

in a blue brocade cover pasted to inner pages. Its inner

Champion Auction.

pages are rice paper folded lengthwise bound together with interlining paper. On the title page, it is written "A

The rubbing books belonged to

hundred c oins in

Zhao Quanzhi, a famous coin

Chenqi's collection"

collector and appraiser who lived during the early Republic

[ 辰亝藏泉百種 ] in

of China period. Zhao Quanzhi was born in 1892, in a

Chinese in official

beautiful, ancient village in the countryside near Beijing.

script in the center,

He had been keen on collecting coins since childhood.

and "This rubbing

After graduating from school, Zhao became a government

book made in the

official in the salt business due to his excellent work

twelfth lunar month

ability, he started purchasing old Chinese coins on a

of 1928" [ 戊辰嘉平

he was promoted from a provincial chief within the Salt

Tai He Tong Bao from Zhao Quanzhi's Collection at 2015 Stephen Album Auction 月集拓 ] in regular

Bureau to the director of the Salt Bureau for the entire

the books in December 1928.

large scale, some of which were extremely rare. Then,

script on the left, which indicates that Zhao Quanzhi made

A Hundred Coins in Chenqi’s Collection

Title page

The books cover a hundred coin rubbings arranged in

百當寽 ], a hollow-handle spade with qi kou jin [ 齊口釿 ],

chronological order. The ﬁrst 10 coins are spade money

a chu jin spade with shu bu dang jin [ 殊布當釿 ] on the

of various types, including a special Liang spade with

obverse and shi huo [ 十貨 ] on the reverse, a jin spade

Chinese characters liang zheng bi dang bai lve [ 梁正幣

with he (liang) jin [ 禾（梁）釿 ], two sharp-cornered

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spades (one with gong [ 公 ] and the other with bai

4 characters, and 3 characters are shown. The

nie [ 百涅 ]), a round-foot spade with li shi [ 離石 ]

6-character knife is inscribed with qi fan bang

on the obverse and nian er [ 廿二 ] on the reverse,

chang fa hua [ 齊返邦長法化 ]. As for 5-character

a pointed-foot spade with ping wu [ 武平 ] on the

knives, one is an yang zhi fa hua [ 安陽之法化 ]

obverse and jiu [ 九 ] on the reverse, a square-foot

with ri [ 日 ] on the reverse, and the other three

spade with pu z i [ 莆子 ] and a three-hole spade

are jie mo zhi fa hua [ 節墨之法化 ] with kou

with a [ 阿 ] on the obverse and shi er zhu [ 十二銖 ]

[ 口 ], ri [ 日 ], and shang [ 上 ], respectively. Two

on the reverse.

4-character knives are qi zhi fa hua [ 齊之法化 ] with shang [ 上 ] and ri [ 日 ], respectively. Three 3-character knives are qi fa hua [ 齊法化 ] with kou

Then ten knife coins of 6 characters, 5 characters,

Rubbing of a three-hole spade with a on the obverse and shi er zhu on the reverse

Rubbing of a hollow-handle spade with qi kou jin

[ 口 ], ji [ 吉 ], and clean reverse, respectively. After knife coins, there are ﬁve round coins of the Warring States period, four coins of the Qin and Han dynasties, and ten of the Xin dynasty. Round coins are inscribed with yi hua [ 益化 ], yi si hua [ 益四化 ], yi liu hua [ 益六化 ], huan [ 垣 ], and gong

Rubbing of a qi fan bang chang fa hua 6-character knife

[ 共 ], respectively. The coins of the Qin and Han dynasties include three half tael coins and one of san zhu [ 三銖 , the denomination of coin]. The Xin dynasty coins are qi dao bu bai [ 契刀五百 ], yi

dao ping wu qian [ 一刀平五千 ], you quan er shi [ 幼泉二十 ], zhong quan san shi [ 中泉三十 ], zhuang

quan si shi [ 壯泉四十 ], xiao bu yi bai [ 小布一百 ], yao bu er bai [ 么布二百 ], you bu san bai [ 幼布三百 ], xu bu si bai [ 序布四百 ] and huo quan mian

si jue [ 貨泉面四決 ].

Rubbing of a zhuang quan si shi

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quan bao [ 乾封泉寶 ], da li yuan bao [ 大曆元寶 ], jian zhong tong bao [ 建中通寶 ], de yi yuan bao [ 得壹元宝 ] and shun tian yuan bao [ 順天元寶 ]. Two coins of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period are a tang guo tong bao [ 唐國通寶 ] large coin (seal script), and yong tong huo quan [ 永通泉 Rubbing of a xiang fu yuan bao iron mother coin (regular script)

貨 ] 10 cash (oﬃcial script).

Others are cashes characterized by round outer

Twelve coins of the Northern Song dynasty are

shapes and a square center hole used from the

a xiang fu yuan bao [ 祥符元寶 ] iron mother coin

Two Jins to the Ming dynasty.

(regular script), qing li zhong bao [ 慶曆重寶 ] iron mother coin (regular script), zhi he zhong bao [ 至

Eleven rubbings of coins of the Two Jins, the

和重寶 ] 2 cash(regular script), xi ning tong bao

Northern and Southern, and the Sui dynasties are

[ 熙寧通寶 ] iron mother coin (running script), yuan

a da quan dang qian [ 大泉當千 ], tai ping bai qian

fu tong bao [ 元符通寶 ] 1 cash iron mother coin

[ 太平百錢 ], feng huo [ 豐貨 ], liang zao xin quan

(running script), sheng song yuan bao [ 聖宋元寶 ]

[ 梁造新泉 ], xiao jian si zhu [ 孝建四銖 ], si zhu wu

1 cash iron mother coin (running script), da guan

zhu [ 四柱五銖 ], yong an wu zhu [ 永安五銖 ] with

tong bao [ 大觀通寶 ] 2 cash (slimy script), zhong

si chu [ 四出 ], yong an wu zhu [ 永安五銖 ] with ji

he tong ba o [ 重和通寶 ] 1 cash (oﬃcial script),

[ 吉 ], tai huo liu zhu [ 太貨六銖 ], yong tong wan

xuan he yuan bao [ 宣和元寶 ] 1 cash (seal script),

guo [ 永通萬國 ] wide-edge coin, and a wu zhu [ 五

xuan he tong bao [ 宣和元寶 ] 1 cash iron mother

銖 ] coin of the Sui dynasty.

coin with shaan [ 陝 ] (running script), jing kang

yuan bao [ 靖康元寶 ] 2 cash (seal script), and jing Five coins of the Tang dynasty are a qian feng

kang yuan bao [ 靖康元寶 ] 2 cash (oﬃcial script).

Regarding the coins of the Southern Song dynasty, there

[ 建炎通寶 ] 1 cash iron mother coin (seal script), jian yan

are 12 rubbings, namely, a jian yan tong bao [ 建炎通寶 ]

zhong bao [ 建炎重寶 ] 10 cash (seal script), three chun xi

1 cash with chuan [ 川 ] (regular script), jian yan tong bao

yuan bao [ 淳熙元寶 ] 2 cash coins with quan [ 泉 ] (regular script, running script and seal script, respectively), qing

yuan tong bao [ 慶元通寶 ] 1 cash iron mother coin with chun si [ 春四 ] (regular script), qing yuan tong bao [ 慶元通寶 ] 2 cash iron mother coin with chun er [ 春二 ] (regular script), kai xi tong bao [ 開禧通寶 ] 2 cash iron mother coin with huan yuan [ 汉元 ] (regular script), duan ping zhong

bao [ 端平重寶 ] 5 cash (regular script), two chun you tong bao [ 淳祐通寶 ] 100 cash coins with dang bai [ 當百 ] (one is large and the other is small).

Rubbing of a chun you tong bao 100 cash coins with dang bai

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Nine coins of the Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties are a tong he yuan bao [ 統和元寶 ] 1 cash (oﬃcial script), two

fu chang yuan bao [ 阜昌元寶 ] 1 cash (running script), fu chang tong bao [ 阜昌通寶 ] 2 cash coins (seal script and running script, respectively), fu chang zhong bao [ 阜昌重寶 ] 3 cash (seal script), fu sheng bao qian [ 福聖寶錢 ] 1 cash in Western Xia language, da an bao qian [ 大安寶錢 ] 1 cash in Western Xia language, tai he zhong bao [ 泰和 Rubbing of a tong he yuan bao 1 cash (official script)

重寶 ] 10 cash (seal script) and tai he zhong bao [ 泰和重寶 ] 10 cash (regular script).

zhi zheng zhi bao 5 cash coin with ji quan chao of the

Eight coins are of the Yuan dynasty are a da de tong bao

Yuan dynasty, and several coins issued by the rebel army.

[ 大德通寶 ] 2 cash (regular script), da yuan tong bao

The mother coins of the Song dynasty are distinguished

[ 大元通寶 ] 10 cash coin wide edge in the Mongolian

with red rubbings, which manifests that Zhao did apply a

language, zhi zheng tong bao [ 至正通寶 ] 5 cash with wu,

discriminating eye on iron mother coins. There are also

zhi zheng zhi bao [ 至正之寶 ] 5 cash with ji quan chao

some nice wide edge coins, such as the yong tong wan

[ 吉權鈔 ], long feng tong bao [ 龍鳳通寶 ] 3 cash, tian qi

guo of the Northern Zhou dynasty and the da yuan tong

tong bao [ 天啟通寶 ] minted by the rebel army led by Xu

bao 10 cash. After comparing two coin rubbings of de yi

Shouhui [ 徐壽輝 ] at the end of the Ming dynasty, tian

yuan bao in Zhao Quanzhi’s and Howard Bowker’s

ding tong bao [ 天定通寶 ] 3 cash and tian you tong bao [ 天

rubbing books, I found they are exactly the same coin.

佑通寶 ] with wu [ 五 ] (seal script).

It indicates that Zhao Quanzhi worked to expand his collection through close exchange and communication

Two coins of the Ming dynasty are a da zhong tong bao [ 大

with numismatic collectors at home and abroad.

中通寶 ] 10 cash with zhe [ 浙 ] on the top of its reverse and hong wu tong bao [ 洪武通寶 ] 5 cash with yu [ 豫 ] at

After Zhao Quanzhi passed away in 1956, his family took

the bottom of its reverse.

his old coin collection to the United States. In January 2015, Stephen Album Rare Coins auctioned the tai he

The rubbings in the books cover some nice rare coins,

zhong bao 10 cash (regular script) at an auction dedicated

such as the hollow-handle spade with qi kou jin , round-

to Islamic, Indian and oriental coins. The coin is on the

foot spade with li shi and nian er , and three-hole spade

cover of the catalog and realized RMB 1,770,000. The

with a and shi er zhu in particular. In terms of knife coins,

coin rubbings in A Hundred Coins in Chenqi's Collection

qi fan bang chang fa hua 6 -character knife and the

reflect the abundance of Zhao's old coin collection and

5-character knives of jie mo and an yang are also scarce.

his ability of appraisal. Zhao Quanzhi was an undisputed

The zhuang quan si shi of the Xin dynasty and the liang

great coin collector during the early Republic of China

zao xin quan of the Jin dynasty are rare. Some coins are

period. Since there was neither inscription on the cover

so rare that they can hardly be found in the market, such

nor descriptions on the rubbing pages, only with some

as the yong tong huo quan 10 cash coin (oﬃcial script) of

words on the title page, I presume that the rubbing books

the Five Dynasties period, jing kang yuan bao 2 cash (seal

might not have been completed. However, we have no

script) of the Northern Song dynasty, duan ping zhong bao

idea why Zhao Quanzhi left the books uncompleted. We

5 cash (regular script) of the Southern Song dynasty, tong

also wonder how much of the books were completed and

he yuan bao 1 cash (official script) of the Liao dynasty,

whether there is a completed version existant. All of this

and tai he zhong bao 10 cash (regular script) of the Jin

remains a mystery.

dynasty, da de tong bao 2 cash coin (regular script) and

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部門

《辰

藏泉百種》戊辰嘉平月集拓本觀後周邊〔中國上海〕

趙權之

近日，見到冠軍拍賣公司的一本

年是公元1928年。嘉平是農曆十二月的一種稱謂。故此拓本應該在1928年的12月製作。

《辰亝藏泉百種》集拓本。

這是民國時期著名的錢幣收藏家

與鑒定家趙權之先生的集拓本。趙權之先生1892年出生於北京遠郊延慶縣一個村莊裏，自小熱衷

於錢幣收藏，成人後由於工作能

力出色，被民國政府重用，任命為中國鹽業公司總經理，掌管國家鹽務工作。這也使他有機會在全國各地收集錢幣，

其中有不少珍品。辰亝當為趙權之的字。《辰亝藏泉百種》集拓本用白色宣紙上作錢拓，藍色綾錦作書面，以漿糊裝

裱，宣紙折疊中加襯紙，鑽眼穿線裝訂而成。扉頁隸書：辰亝藏泉百種，左為楷書：戊辰嘉平月集拓。民國時戊辰

2015 年 Stephen Album 拍賣會上趙權之藏品泰和通寶楷書

《辰亝藏泉百種》

扉頁

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DEPARTMENTS

離石背廿二圓足布，阿字背十二銖三孔布，武平背

集拓本共收入錢拓100 枚。基本按錢幣年代順序

九尖足布，莆子方足布。

排列，其中布幣10 枚，包含空首布、楚釿布、釿布、銳角布、圓足布、尖足布、方足布與三孔布。分別

刀幣10 枚，有六字刀、五字刀、四字刀與三字刀。

是：梁正幣百當寽、禾（梁）釿釿布，公字、百涅

齊返邦長法化六字刀，節墨之法化背口、節墨之法

銳角布，殊布當釿背十貨楚釿布，齊口釿空首布，

阿字背十二銖三孔布拓印

齊口釿空首布拓印

齊返邦長法化六字刀拓印

化背日、安陽之法化背日、節墨之法化背上

五字刀，齊之法化背上、齊之法化背日四字刀，齊法化背口、齊法化背吉、齊法化三字刀。

圜錢5枚，秦漢錢4 枚、莽錢10 枚。益化、益

四化、益六化、垣字、共字圜錢，半兩小錢

3枚，三銖，新莽契刀五百、一刀平五千、幼

泉二十、中泉三十、壯泉四十、小布一百、么

壯泉四十拓印

布二百、幼布三百、序布四百、貨泉面四决等。

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DEPARTMENTS

部門

祥符元寶真書鐵母拓印餘均為兩晉以下至明代的方孔圓錢。按排序為：

五代十國2 枚：唐國通寶篆書大錢、永通泉貨隸書

當十。

兩晉南北朝至隋錢拓11枚：大泉當千、太平百錢、

北宋12 枚：祥符元寶真書鐵母、慶曆重寶真書旋

豐貨、梁造新泉、孝建四銖、四柱五銖、永安五

讀鐵母、至和重寶真書折二、熙寧通寶行書鐵母、

銖背四出、永安五銖背吉、太貨六銖、永通萬國

元符通寶行書廣穿鐵母小平、聖宋元寶行書廣穿

闊緣、隋五銖。

鐵母小平、大觀通寶瘦金書折二、重和通寶隸書

唐代錢拓5枚：乾封泉寶、大曆元寶、建中通寶、

小平、宣和元寶篆書小平、宣和通寶背陝行書鐵

得壹元寶、順天元寶。

母小平、靖康元寶篆書折二、靖康元寶隸書折二。

南宋錢拓12 枚：建炎通寶背川真書小平、建炎通寶篆書廣

寶背春四真書鐵母小平、慶元通寶背春二真書折二鐵母、

淳熙元寶背泉行書折二、淳熙元寶背泉隸書折二，慶元通

通寶背當百大錢、淳祐通寶背當百小錢。

穿鐵母小平、建炎重寶篆書當十、淳熙元寶背泉真書折二、

開禧通寶背漢元真書折二鐵母、端平重寶真書折五、淳祐

淳祐通寶背當百拓印

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部門

DEPARTMENTS

靖康元寶篆書折二拓印

遼金西夏錢拓9枚：統和元寶隸書小平、阜昌元

軍的錢幣都是萬中無一的古錢好品。集拓本中的

折二、阜昌重寶篆書折三、福聖寶錢西夏文小平、

見對鐵母錢有深刻的識別能力。另有幾枚如北周

幾枚宋代的母錢，都是用紅色墨拓加以區別，可

寶行書小平、阜昌通寶篆書折二、阜昌通寶行書

永通萬國闊緣，元大元通寶闊緣蒙文當十錢，因

大安寶錢西夏文小平、泰和重寶篆書當十、泰和

為形制上的闊緣，也是同類中的翹楚。發現集拓

重寶楷書當十。

本中得壹元寶與當時在華的美國中國錢幣收藏家

元至元末錢拓8 枚：大德通寶楷書折二、大元通寶

包克先生集拓本中的錢為同一各錢幣，由此看到

闊緣蒙文當十、至正通寶背午折五、至正之寶背

趙權之先生通過與同時代的中外錢幣收藏家之間

吉權鈔五錢，龍鳳通寶折三、天啟通寶元末徐壽

的密切交往與交流，豐富自己的收藏。

輝鑄、天定通寶折三、天佑通寶背篆書五等。

1956年先生去世後，他家人將先生的古錢藏品帶

明代錢拓2 枚：大中通寶背上浙當十、洪武通寶背

到了美國。2015年1月，美國 Stephen Album 拍

賣公司加州拍賣（#21）東方錢幣專場上，趙權之

下豫當五錢。

先生舊藏泰和重寶楷書當十，成為拍賣圖錄的封

面拍品，並以177萬元人民幣成交而引人注目。總

縱觀趙權之古錢集拓本，一百枚錢拓有不少可圈

之，《辰亝藏泉百種》集拓本中列出的古錢拓本，

可點，如空首布齊口釿、離石背廿二圓足布、尤

體現了趙權之先生的古錢收藏水準與鑒賞能力，

其是阿字背十二銖三孔布，是稀見的珍品。齊刀

不愧為民國時一位收藏頗豐的古錢收藏家。集拓

裏的齊返邦長法化六字刀、幾把五字节墨、安陽

本除扉頁的文字外，封面沒有題字，所有的錢拓

齊刀也少見。莽錢裏的壯泉四十、兩晉的涼造新

頁面上也沒有蓋印章與文字說明，從而推斷可能

泉都是難得一見的錢幣。五代的永通泉貨隸書當

它是一本沒有完成的拓本集，因何原因沒有製作

十、北宋的靖康元寶篆書折二、南宋的端平重寶

完成，當時究竟製作了多少，有無完整的拓本集存

真書折五、遼統和元寶隸書小平、偽齊阜昌元寶

世，一切都是目前無法解釋的問題。也為我們留

行書小平、金泰和重寶楷書當十、元大德通寶楷

下了一個未解之謎。

書折二、至正之寶背吉權鈔五錢、元末幾枚起義

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MC â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Michael Chou

YM â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Yu Min

Yu Min was the winner of the 2017 Krause Publication Coin of the Year (COTY) Lifetime Achievement Awa rd i n D e s i g n . M r. Yu , wh o retired this year, had worked for Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. (previously the Shanghai Mint) for 40 years. Michael Chou, the publisher and editor-in-chief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) , interviewed Yu Min at the JEAN Shanghai Office.

YU MIN

MC We had a lot of communication before, and I have also read some of your interviews. The questions in the interviews were quite similar. This time, I will ask you some questions that we have discussed before , but I think others may want to know about. In addition, there will be some questions that we have not discussed before. Each designer has their favorite coins or medals that they have designed - some designers like one of their designs best, and some two or three. For example, I asked German designer Heinz Hoyer the winner of the 2016 COTY Lifetime Achievement Award about his work. Most people think his favorite coins are the German 1- and 2-euro eagle coins. Unexpectedly, he said that he likes the one he designed during the East German period. The issue of this coin was a significant event in East Germany, and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic even received him. So I want to know what coins or medals that you designed are your favorite?

Yu Min Interview

Some believe that you like the 1983 Chinese panda coin, the orchid one-dollar circulation coin, and the Mao Zedong's 100th anniversary of birth circulation coin best. Yet, I don't think that is necessarily your answer.

Champion

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DEPARTMENTS

that lasted for six months, and he learned much from the project as an on-looker. So who gave you the most generous support?

I do like the orchid one-dollar circulation coin best. The coin has left a deep impression on me, as I modified its design repeatedly.

At that time, the Shanghai Mint only enrolled 5-6 people every year, so I was fortunate. It was like being in a family, and the colleague relationship was friendly.

I think this also answers my second question, which commemorative coin or medal is the most difficult to design?

Sun Qiling was the designer who paid particular attention to me. He is relatively modest, and we got along well with each other. He was about ten years older than me. When I entered the mint, he was more than 30 years old and had worked in the Shanghai Mint for five or six years. After the reform and opening up in the 1990s, he went to Italy, and he has been living there since then. He designed and engraved the first Temple of Heaven pattern on the reverse of the Chinese panda coin.

YM The most difficult one is the orchid coin. It took years to design, as the longest project I have ever worked on.

MC Did he go to Italy for further study?

YM He was already an older designer at that time, so the mint did not consider sending him to study abroad. He went to Italy because he had a relative there, and he contacted an Italian mint to work as a designer of commemorative medals there.

It is a big project, and it is not an annual project. You had competed for years with other designers. I have asked some designers and producers, and they told me that engraving is more complicated than designing. The success of a finished coin depends more on its plaster that the engraver engraves according to the designing draft. Under normal circumstances, designing and engraving should be done by one person, but they are separate in China. So we may not be able to know your feeling well.

Were there any designers or producers cooperating with you in the 1980s and 1990s?

YM I worked with Sun Qiling. We had a lot of discussions about projects. At that time, I was new at the mint, and he was not senior either.

The third question is rarely asked, but I thin k it is important. You were young when you started to work in the Shanghai Mint. There might be many professional things you did not know, so you could not fully apply what you had learned in school to your work. At this time, some people would help you. A designer told me that he entered the mint soon after graduating from the Academy of Fine Arts. He had no experience, so he looked at what other designers were designing for a year. At that time, there was a project

In terms of producers, Fang Maosen worked with me. He was very professional in manufacturing dies, and he was in charge of die-making. He is about ten years older than me, about the same age as Sun Qiling, and they know each other well. He was reemployed for several years after his retirement and became an assistant chief designer. We worked together for at least 20 years.

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FEATURES

ĺ°&#x2C6;éĄ&#x152;

MC I think the history of the Shanghai Mint can be divided into four phases, from 1980 to 1990, from 1990 to 2000, from 2000 to 2010, and from 2010 to 2020. A former director of the Shanghai Mint told me that the mint used old machines from the 1980s to the 1990s, and these devices often broke down. So the work was quite challenging. From the 1990s, the mint brought the best machines from Europe, which improved the production, and these were updated again around 2000. There was no significant change after 2010. From 2010 to 2020, the rise of Shenzhen Guobao Mint Co. brought new competition.

You designed several 12 oz panda gold commemorative coins, and all of them are beautiful. Chen Jian designed the first 12 oz panda coin, and its pattern was modified based on the 1982 panda coin. However, China had not made 12 oz panda coins before, so there was trouble in manufacturing them. It was a temporary project, so time was tight. Therefore, the result was not good, and foreign grading companies also saw the problem. When it came to the 1990s, the techniques had improved. Were there any more remarkable breakthroughs in the technique apart from the anti-blasting in the next ten years?

Were there any breakthroughs in minting techniques when you worked at the Shanghai Mint, especially panda coins?

You designed some beautiful 12 oz large panda coins in the 1990s. You may not be able to put such design into production in the 1980s. It was quite tough to design in the 1980s until the improvement in the 1990s when some significant changes took place. You could make higher relief or make use of the blasting technique. I want to know its influence on your design.

The Shanghai Mint did introduce many new techniques, but I don't know their specific application. I continued to design panda coins from 2000 to 2010, but my work was mainly engraving plasters after that.

The 2010 panda coin is very innovative. When were you appointed to engraving plaster?

The development of techniques has greatly influenced the quality of panda coins. We could not use the anti-blasting process at first. Now, we can reproduce vivid panda figures and then make them black with new techniques. We used to depict pandas with lines, so patterns were like cartoons, very simple. Collectors may not accept such design now.

YM I was appointed to engraving plaster in 2008. I also engraved the plasters of 2005, 2006 and 2014 panda coins, so it's about ten years.

MC When did you start to use the anti-blasting technique?

MC YM

There were several different designs for panda coins made annually. In the 1990s, the design of each panda coin was different. Since 2000, there has been only one design a year. So the competition has become more intense.

After the mint purchased new machines, but I do not know much about the machines.

When selecting the design draft for coins from 2008 to 2018, you also participated in the bidding. Were your designs chosen?

MC Two classic 12 oz panda commemorative coins were made with the anti-blasting technique in 1994 and 1995, so it must have been in the mid-1990s when the Shanghai Mint started to use this technique.

YM I submitted some drafts, and my draft of the 2008 panda coin was chosen. At first, I was informed that two drafts were chosen when the drafts were decided in 2010, but the Gold Coin Inc. might have changed the draft. I engraved all the panda coins from 2009 to 2014.

YM Yes, but no Chinese mint made 12 oz panda coins again after that.

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ĺ°&#x2C6;éĄ&#x152;

FEATURES

The fifth question is about the design and minting of the orchid one-dollar coin. You told me that the project lasted three years. How long did you see the sample after submitting your design?

Did you engage in the design of the new one-dollar circulation coin?

At that time, I happened to be studying in Russia and missed it. When we were leaving, the project was just announced. We thought that it would take a long time for the RMB revision, and we would certainly be able to catch up with it when we came back. Unexpectedly, the project was finished hurried in just a few months. When I came back, the design was almost decided on, so I didn't participate in this part of the process.

It took a long time to draw the draft in the early stage, but the approval process was fast. At that time, there were many optional motifs, including the theme of workers, peasants, and soldiers, which was later removed. In terms of the flower used in the design, there were many proposals which were then centered on a few. After that, we modified the design draft and handed it in. It took about half a year from the decision to use the orchid pattern to produce the sample. After the first sample came out, I made some modifications again.

MC The next question is, what was your feeling when I told you that you won the COTY Lifetime Achievement Award in Design?

MC Who showed you the first sample?

When you told me that I was nominated, I did not think I would win, so I did not keep it in mind. The win was entirely unexpected.

It was Fang Maosen, as he was the then chief designer.

How did you like the sample?

A total of five designers were nominated in 2017. It was the 35th anniversary of the issuing of the first panda coin, and Clifford Mishler, the founder of COTY, liked your panda coin design.

YM It was good but not quite sat isf y i ng. I made some modifications again due to technical issues. Circulating coin dies have a higher requirement for mintage, and a die would be used to mint 200,000 to 300,000 pieces. The die for a better design may break down after producing 100,000 coins, so I lowered the height of the coin. It was finally put into production more than a year later.

The issue of the first panda coin was an important event, as several judges thought it created a new coin series. They also saw some excellent panda coins and medals that you designed, such as the Macau Numismatic Society panda medal. Though you were not present at the awards ceremony, the Chinese Embassy in Germany received the award on your behalf. The committee also came to China to give you the award again. This situation was unusual.

The committee awarded medals to designers when the award was first founded and now trophies. Medals and trophies of Chinese designers are generally placed in the mints. Still, because you won the lifetime achievement award, which is a personal award, you can keep it yourself; it is the only trophy kept by a designer in China.

Which mint started minting first, Shanghai or Shenyang?

YM As all production lines were in Shanghai, only the Shanghai Mint produced the orchid one-dollar coin. The Nanjing Mint might have struck the coin for a period.

In 2017, we held an awards banquet in China, and you must have felt good at the event.

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FEATURES

ĺ°&#x2C6;éĄ&#x152;

The plaster relief was higher at first, and it was lowered later, but the result was still good.

MC Wang Fude also won the 1985 Coin of the Year Best Gold Award, and he said he got a part of the bonus given to the Shenyang Mint. Did the Shanghai Mint give you a bonus?

YM I met those who I had not met for many years at the awards banquet. It was a good chance for us to exchange old news with each other. The foreigners were also friendly, and I felt their respect for the designers.

MC I also want to know how you felt when you saw others using the orchid one-dollar coin for the first time. The designer's name is often engraved on the coins they designed, not so in China. So people do not know that you designed this coin when they use it. It was not until 2017 that CCTV interviewed you and told the story of the orchid one-dollar coin and the public finally knew you had designed it.

YM I do not think so. Maybe there was some in the monthly bonus. The mint just announced the award but did not emphasize my contribution.

Chen Jian also won an award that year. Do you know anything about how he felt?

Because of different national conditions, the situation is undoubtedly different in different countries. I am very proud to see other people using the coin I designed.

I told one of my primary school teachers, who I often contact now, that I designed the orchid coin. She was also very excited because this coin was designed by me and used by all Chinese people. When I called in on her, I brought a few recently minted orchid coins and she still keeps them now.

Chen Jian won the Best Gold Award, and I won the Best Silver Award. Someone thought one was the first prize and the other was the second prize. But they are the same. He must be happy, but I was young at that time, so I did not obverse his reaction.

The relief of the orchid coin is relatively high, while most Chinese coins were still flat at that time.

The 1988 12 oz 100 yuan dragon coin by Zeng Chenghu won the award in 1990. Do you know anything about how he felt?

It was a breakthrough. The coins before did not reflect the consciousness of art and beauty, this was the first time we tried to present the sense of art and aesthetics on a circulation coin.

Zeng Chenghu was satisf ied with the design, and its dragon pattern is quite beautiful. It was hard to make such

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專題

relief in 1988, and he spent a lot of time on it. Its mirror effect is also good. We used to use a flat mirror, so it was challenging to produce. The f lat mirror technique was no longer used. I know he did not get any bonus either. Zeng Chenghu is a modest person. We all know that Zeng and Bai Wenjun engraved the 20 oz 150 yuan peacock commemorative silver coin in 1993, but few know that he also engraved the 1988 dragon.

FEATURES

of circulation coins has been falling, mints have to turn to produce commemorative coins for survival. The change is evident. I have seen several commemorative coins with their own features, especially foreign coins. One good example is the French‘Excellence – Guy Savoy’coin. It is not simple, and it took a lot of time from planning to minting. Competition is fierce for the Coin of the Year Award, and China wants to win. It needs some special projects to make breakthroughs. We do not have to design coins with only panda patterns, but with some other animals as well.

MC The next question is about show panda medals. When did you start to design and engrave show panda medals? Did you engage in the design of Hong Kong show panda medals in the 1990s?

The 1993 peacock silver coin was a project where you cooperated with American Fred Weinberg Co., Ltd. They like the motifs of animals, and the peacock coin is also lovely.

The first show panda medal I designed was the 1987 SinoAmerican Friendship Panda Medal. All show panda projects are short term, so the design time is very short, about two weeks.

Let's talk about the future of Chinese commemorative coins and the Coin of the Year Award.

This issue is a little sensitive. Among all the Chinese candidate coins last year, we think that only the calligraphy coin looks good. China Gold Inc. made a great promotion of the calligraphy coin and even made a video promoting the coin. The characters "Chinese culture" on the coin use tortoiseshell inscriptions that foreigners all know. The coin won second place in the competition for the Best Gold Award.

You designed four or five show panda medals before 1998. Which one is your favorite? As for those you designed after 2014, which one do you like best?

Among show panda medals I designed before 1998, my favorite was the Basel show panda medal, but I like every coin and medal I designed. After 2014, I like the Macau show panda medal, as the panda and train patterns combine well on the medal. I also like the 2018 World Money Fair show panda medal, and its motif is the Berlin Zoo.

Yes, the calligraphy coin looks good. I think the level of commemorative coins has improved rapidly in the world in recent years. Because the production

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ĺ°&#x2C6;éĄ&#x152;

We encountered different problems with the different projects we cooperated with. For example, the first polymer ring panda medal did not use plaster initially, and later it met with some difficulties. However, the result is still very good. The ring is very bright, and we all like it. The second one, the polymer ball panda medal, had a problem in blasting. There were not many problems with the third nano panda coin, and its video is excellent. It brought the panda coin to another level, which is a breakthrough. The plaster of the space panda commemorative coin is also perfect.

YM The motif of the panda is unique. Foreign companies do not have much experience in producing panda coins. The polymer ring panda medal is the first project we cooperated with another country's mint, so the panda design on the coin minted without plaster may look a little strange. The second polymer ball panda medal did not meet my requirements, but it had good connotation. As for the space panda coin, no small size commemorative coin has ever achieved such high relief. When I proposed this idea, people thought it might be a little strange, but the final result was not bad. The technique was also very advanced, and finally, the lunar surface is very vivid on the coin.

MC Who is the most promising designer to win the COTY Award in the future?

YM MC

I think Zhu Xihua, at the Shanghai Mint, is an outstanding designer. His ability is very good. Among young designers, I like Liao Bo. As for designers at the Shenzhen Guobao Mint, Song Fei has made a deep impression on me, especially his animal coins. In Shenyang, Han Xiaosheng's works are extraordinary.

MC Did you know of the COTY before you won the prize? If so, where did you hear of it?

YM I knew of the award before entering the Shanghai Mint at the end of the 1970s when I was still studying in the Shanghai Arts and Crafts School. I happened to read the news that the year of dog commemorative coin won the Coin of the Year. It was the first time for me to hear of the

How did you like the experience of working with Mark Sutton of the Middle Earth Mint, in New Zealand, and Alex Wagner of the B. M. Mayer Mint, in Germany, from 2018 to 2020?

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as Austria, France, and Italy. The innovation, composition, engraving, and technique of their coins are all excellent. I think the painter series coins by the Austrian mint are representative and perfect, as these coins combine all the above factors well.

award. I did not know that my life would be inextricably linked with coins and the COTY.

MC Which are your favorite winning coins?

MC YM

Which of the winning coins can represent the modern minting technique or make the best combination of design and technique?

I have been interested in the COTY since I was first engaged in designing and engraving coins. After all, the award in this most authoritative competition in the world is a great honor. Among the recent winning coins, the French Excellence – Guy Savoy coin by the French Mint impresses me most. Commemorative coins with motifs of significant events, celebrities, or themes usually leave an impression on people. But this coin reflects the culture of a country and the temperament of a nation precisely through a small fried egg. It is hard to imagine that it would bring us such pleasure if this had been a German, American, or a commemorative coin of any other country. The small motif reflects a great artistic conception. It is hard for an ordinary designer to show the national culture with such a small item. The designer is a real master of the art. It is also a kind of inspiration for the motif of coin design in China.

YM Coins, especially commemorative coins, are a combination of art and technique. The development of technique gives designers more space to show their talent, and the designers' constant pursuit of art also promotes the improvement of minting techniques. Many of the winning coins made use of new techniques, but we should be aware that the technique should serve art. I have always said that balance is the soul of the coin, and the concept involves the perfect combination of art and technique.

MC Was there any reward by the mint after you won the lifetime achievement award? How did you feel when you watched CCTV broadcast your interview?

YM The lifetime achievement award was a perfect end to my career of nearly 40 years. China Banknote Printing and Minting Co. Ltd. granted me the honorary title of the Craftsman of China Banknote Printing and Minting. The CCTV program‘Craftsmen of Great Powers’also interviewed me, so the public has recognized my work. I would like to express my appreciation to my friends and colleagues who have supported me all the time. And I would like to express my gratitude to the Shanghai Mint for providing me with such a good platform.

MC Which country or designer's coins do you like best?

Postscript: Through this in-depth interview with Yu Min, I have a more comprehensive understanding of his personal experience and professional views. I think it is a must for Chinese commemorative coins to combine design, technique, innovation, and public awareness to win a place in people’s heart and be more competitive in the world.

I like and appreciate coins of a realistic style, especially the commemorative coins of old European countries such

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MC – 周邁可

YM – 余敏

YU MIN

余敏先生是 2017 年世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主，他在上海造幣有限公司從業至今業已 40 周年，2020 年 6 月恰逢他正式退休。7 月初，（《東亞泉志》總編兼出版人周邁可先生）在《東亞泉志》上海的編輯部，對應邀前來的余敏先生進行了深入採訪。

MC 我們之前已經進行過很多交流，我也看過您之前接受的幾次訪問消息，報道的內容都比較相似。這次採訪中有一些問題，您曾經回答過我，但是其他不知道答案的人可能也會想知道答案。同時也會有一些沒有聊過的問題。在自己的幣章設計中，設計師都會有一些自己的喜愛偏好，有的設計師有一枚是自己最喜歡的，也有人會有兩三枚。就像我們上次去問德

余敏先生

訪談錄

國設計師霍威爾對自己作品喜好，他也是2016 年世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主。大家都以為他最喜歡的是德國歐元老鷹幣，結果他最喜歡的卻是自己在東德時期設計的一枚錢幣。他說當時那枚幣在東德的發行是個大事件，甚至受到了總理的接待。所以我們想知道，在您設計過的錢幣和紀念章裏，您最喜歡的一枚或三枚是什麼？有很多人說您最喜歡的是1983年熊貓紀念幣、

冠軍研究室

1元牡丹花硬幣和毛澤東誕辰100周年普通紀念幣，但我想這不一定是您的回答。

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YM 對的，不一定。1元牡丹花硬幣確實是我最喜歡的，因

當時每年進上海造幣廠的人是比較少的，只有5-6個人，

為設計時經過了反復修改，印象比較深。

所以我還是很幸運的。大家就像在一個家庭一樣的，關係都很好。

MC 當時設計人員裏對我特別關注的是孫奇齡。他比較單純，我想這也回答了我們的第二個問題，就是在您設計過的

我倆也很聊得來。他比我大10歲左右，我進廠的時候他

紀念幣和紀念章裏，設計過程最困難的是哪枚？

30多歲了，已在上海造幣廠工作五六年了。20世紀90年代改革開放之後，他就到意大利去了，現在一直定居在

那裏。熊貓幣背面最早的天壇就是他設計雕刻的。

設計過程中遇到困難最多的就是牡丹花幣。這枚是耗時

最長的，花了好幾年的時間。

他去意大利是為了去設計學院進修嗎？

YM 他那個時候年紀已經比較大了，已經不考慮派他去留學了。他去意大利是因為有個親戚在那裏，並且又聯繫到了一個意大利的紀念章製造廠，所以他就去當紀念章的設計師了。

MC 在20世紀80年代到90年代，有沒有和您配合得比較好的

設計師或者生產單位？

這是個很大的項目，不是每年會有，也經過了好幾年的

競爭。我問過一些製造和設計幣章的人，他們都說雕刻其實比設計更難。從圖稿到雕刻石膏，成品成功與否，

設計師裏和我配合得比較好的還是孫奇齡，大家為了一

雕刻石膏可能占得比較多。正常情況下，設計和雕刻都

個項目可以進行很多討論。當時我年紀比較輕，他那個

應該是您來完成，但是在中國這兩個過程是分開的。所

時候歲數也不大。

以我們不一定能百分之百瞭解您的想法。生產製造方面和我配合得比較好的是方茂森，他在製模第三個問題應該不太會有人問，但我覺得還是很重要的。

方面很專業。當時他是負責製模方面的主管。他比我大

您剛到上海造幣廠工作的時候還很年輕，學校學的東西

10歲左右，和孫奇齡年齡差不多，兩個人也很熟悉。他

並不一定能夠全部運用到工作中，可能還有很多東西不

退休之後還被返聘了好幾年，做到了副總工藝美術師職

了解，這時候一定會有一些人幫您。有位設計師和我說，

位。我們後來合作至少有20年。

進造幣廠的時候，剛從美術院校出來，什麼都不懂，就

在旁邊看了一年。當時有個項目做了6個月，他就一直在旁邊看，也學到了一些東西，而且可以提問題。所以對

下個問題稍微有點敏感。我認為上海造幣廠從20世紀80

您來說，是誰給了您最大的支持？

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年代到90年代，再到2010年、2020年，經歷了四個階段。我問過一位老廠長，他說80年代到90年代，造幣廠用的

您做了幾個12盎司熊貓紀念金幣，都很漂亮。第一個12

是老機器，很多機器是壞的，所以工作比較累。到90年

盎司熊貓幣是1984年陳堅做的，那枚設計是在1982年的

代開始換機器，去歐洲買了最好的機器，使生產發生了

基礎上修改的。當時也沒做過12盎司的熊貓幣，製造又

很大的改進。到2000年左右就開始更新了，更新之後直

遇到困難，品相比較一般，外國的評級公司也看到了這

到2010年都比較穩定。從2010年到2020年，深圳國寶

個問題。而且因為是臨時加進去的項目，所以時間很緊。

的崛起帶來新的競爭。

到了90年代，工藝發生了改變。這之後的十年，是不是在工藝上除了反噴砂以外有沒有採用別的工藝？

您在造幣廠工作的時候，製作方法有沒有發生什麼突破？

尤其是熊貓幣方面。比如90年代，您設計過一些大規格的12盎司的熊貓紀念

之後確實有新的工藝，而且是很多的。但是要說到具體

幣，很漂亮。這是您在80年代可能設計不出來的。所以

的應用，我不是很瞭解。2000年到2010年，我還在設

80年代應該是最辛苦的，直到90年代有所改進。這應該

計熊貓幣，但之後基本就是雕刻石膏了。

是個大變化。您在做設計的時候，有沒有看到這個變化

對您的影響？比如您可以做更高的浮雕，或者開始採用噴砂技術？這個我是想知道的。

2000年的熊貓幣還是很有創意的。請問是什麼時候開始內定由您來做石膏的 ?

工藝的進步對熊貓幣的品質影響是比較大的。比如最早的工藝不能做反噴砂。現在的熊貓幣完全可以做出真實的形象，然後再處理成黑色。但是最初不可能有這個工

從2008年開始指定我做石膏，到2014年，加上2005年

藝，大部分是用線條來表現，有點卡通化，也比較簡單。

和2006年也是我雕刻的，有差不多10年時間。

一開始這樣做還可以，但是如果連續幾十年都用這種方

式，大家就感覺會有問題。

以前一年的熊貓幣有好幾個不同的設計圖案，90年代的

時候，每個熊貓幣的設計都不一樣，從2000年開始，一年就只有一個設計圖案。這樣競爭就變得更加激烈。

您是什麼時候發現可以用反噴砂工藝？

選定2008年到2018年的設計稿時，您也曾參與競標。那

時候您的設計稿中標了嗎？

是在新的機器來了以後，但是我對機械方面也不是非常懂。

我也提交過幾個設計稿，2008年那個是我設計的。當 1994年和1995年做了兩個很經典的12盎司熊貓紀念幣，

2010年的設計稿決定之後，我被通知中了兩張，但是後

所以應該是90年代中末期開始有反噴砂技術。

來金幣總公司可能會換稿子，有一張就被取消了。2009 年到2014年熊貓紀念幣是我雕刻的。

YM 對的，後來就不做12盎司的熊貓幣了。

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第五個問題是關於1元牡丹花硬幣的設計與生產過程。您

後面新版的1元流通幣您參與設計了嗎？

曾經說過從開始到結束一共是3年，那麼您是在中稿之後

多久看到的樣品？

當時我正好在俄羅斯進修，沒有趕上。我們臨走的時候項目剛剛下來，想著人民幣改版這麼大的事肯定要很長

這枚幣前期畫圖稿用了比較長的時間，但是後來的審批

時間，回來肯定還趕得上，想不到幾個月時間裏就改版

過程很快。因為當時有很多設計方案，包括有人提出採

了。回來的時候基本上都已經設計的差不多了，所以就沒

用工農兵的主題，但是這個提議後來被去掉了。設計中

有參與。

使用哪種花也有很多提議，最後慢慢的集中到其中幾種，

之後再對設計圖稿進行修改，完成之後交上去。從決定使用牡丹花圖案設計到出樣品大概有半年多時間。但是

下一個問題是，當時我們告訴您得了世界硬幣大獎賽終

第一個樣品出來以後，後面還進行了修改。

身成就獎的時候，您是什麼反應？

第一個樣品是誰拿給您看的？

您當時和我說提名了，我覺得得獎的可能性也不大，所以

當時也沒太當回事。最後得獎了還是比較意外的。

是方茂森拿過來的，他是當時的總設計師。

當時提名的有五位設計師。那年正好是熊貓紀念幣發行

三十五周年，創辦人柯利弗德 · 米什勒也很喜歡您設計的熊貓紀念。

看到這個樣品之後您感覺怎麼樣？

其實熊貓紀念幣發行三十五周年還是很重要的一件事，

裏面幾個資深的評委都認為這創造了一個新的錢幣系列。加上他們也看到了後面設計的一些熊貓幣章，比如澳門錢

第一反應是樣品還可以，但肯定不是最滿意的。之後的

幣學會的熊貓紀念章等等，他們認為有一些做得很不錯。

很多修改都是因為工藝方面的原因。流通幣是有耐印量方面的要求的，一個幣模要製造二三十萬枚。可能成品

最後雖然您沒有去，但是中國駐德國大使館派員代您領

效果更好的設計，它的幣模在經過高度試驗之後，會發

獎了，組委會後來也來中國頒獎，這個也是比較特別的。

現製造十萬個就壞了，可能會打不出或者裂掉。包括國徽高度也進行了降低。最後投入生產就是一年多以後了。

獎項設立之初，頒發給設計師的是獎牌，現在是獎杯。中國的獎牌和獎杯一般都是放在造幣廠的，但是因為您

這個是終身成就獎，是個人的獎項，所以就留在您身邊了，這也是中國唯一留在設計師身邊的獎杯。

是上海廠先生產還是瀋陽廠先生產？

2017年，我們在中國舉辦了頒獎晚宴，當時您的感覺應

該還是很好的。

剛開始只有上海造幣廠在生產，因為生產線都是在上海造幣廠，最後南京可能也生產過一段時間。

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當時石膏做出來的浮雕更加高一些，後來降低了，但是效果還是很漂亮。

MC 1985年的世界硬幣大獎賽上，王福德也有得獎，他說拿到獎金，是總公司發給瀋陽造幣廠獎金的一部分。上海造幣廠有沒有給您發放獎金？

YM 頒獎晚宴上遇到了多年未曾遇到的人，聚在一起也是很難得，大家可以相互交流一下。參加的外國人員也很友善，我感受到了他們對設計人員的尊重。

MC 所以我也想問一問，您第一次看到別人在用1元牡丹花幣

的時候的感覺。因為國內的錢幣不像國外，還經常會在幣上刻上設計師的名字，所以其他人使用的時候並不知道是您設計的。直到2017年，中央台對您做了採訪，把1

我記得是沒有，可能是在月獎裏會有一些。當時造幣廠

元牡丹花幣的故事講出來，大家才知道是您做的。

裏只是公佈了一下獲獎的事，但是沒有特別宣傳個人。

YM MC 那年陳堅也有得獎，您對他的反應有沒有什麼瞭解？

這個因國情不一樣，情況肯定不一樣。但是看到別人使用我設計的錢幣時，我肯定還是很自豪的。

我記得有一個小學老師，我們現在也常常有聯繫，我做

當時陳堅得的是“最佳金幣”獎，我得的是“最佳銀幣”

了牡丹幣之後就和他說了，他也很激動，因為這個錢幣是

獎。當時大家可能還覺得一個是金獎，一個是銀獎，但

我設計的，全中國人都在用。那個時候我去看他的時候，

其實是兩個一樣的單項獎。他應該也很高興，但是當時

我還帶了幾個剛製造出來的牡丹花幣給他，他現在還收

我比較年輕，對這個的觀察也不是很仔細。

藏着。

後來曾成滬雕刻的1988年12盎司龍年100元紀念銀幣也

那個時候錢幣都做得很平，這個幣得圖案還是比較高的。

曾獲獎，您對他的感受有沒有什麼瞭解？

這個應該也可以說是一個突破。以前沒有把藝術和美的

意識體現在錢幣上。1元牡丹花硬幣可以說是第一次在流

曾成滬對那枚幣還是很滿意的，硬幣上的龍也雕得很漂

通幣上面突出了那種美。

亮。1988年的時候浮雕做成那樣是很難的，花了很多的

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工夫。這枚幣的鏡面也很漂亮。過去的鏡面使用平底鏡

幾個紀念幣都挺有特色的。比如法國米其林三星名廚煎

面，比較麻煩，現在都不會這麼去做了。但是他好像也

蛋紀念幣，那個其實很不簡單，要花很多時間，整個從

沒有得到什麼獎勵。曾成滬也比較低調，1993年的20

頭策劃。

盎司孔雀開屏150元紀念銀幣大家都知道是他和白文均雕刻的，但是大家可能不知道1988年龍年紀念幣也是他

因為現在世界硬幣大獎賽競爭比較激烈，所以需要一些

雕刻的。

比較特別的項目去做出突破，我們國家也非常想得獎。有時候錢幣不一定要用熊貓設計，也可以再用其他的動物圖案設計。

MC 下一個問題是關於熊貓展會紀念章的，您是從什麼時候開始做熊貓展會紀念章的？ 90年代香港的熊貓紀念章您參與設計了嗎？

1993年的孔雀開屏紀念銀幣是我們和美國的弗雷德 · 溫伯格合作的項目，他們比較喜歡動物的主題，成品也很

我設計的第一個紀念章是1987年的中美友好紀念章。熊

漂亮的。

貓章的項目都是臨時插進來的，沒有經過立項，所以留出給我們設計的時間很短，差不多就兩個禮拜。

接下來我們聊一聊，您對中國紀念硬幣在世界硬幣大獎賽的前景怎麼看？

這個問題也比較敏感一點。我們覺得只有書法幣比較好，書法幣也做了很大的推廣，還製作了錄影。上面的“中

1998年之前，您做了四五個熊貓紀念章了，最喜歡的

國文化”四個字用的是外國人都知道的甲骨文。最後也

是哪一個？ 2014年之後又有很多項目，您最喜歡的又

得了單項獎的第二名。

是哪個？

1998年之前最喜歡的是巴塞爾熊貓紀念章。其實自己做

書法幣感覺還可以。

的都蠻喜歡的。2014年之後，我感覺2018年澳門熊貓紀我覺得最近幾年世界上紀念幣整體的水準都提高很快。

念章上的熊貓和火車結合的很好。2018年柏林世界錢幣

主要是因為現在流通硬幣的生產越來越少，每個造幣廠

博覽會德國動物園紀念章我也是比較喜歡的。

都要生存，所以就會轉向紀念幣生產的方向，這個市場的變化其實是很明顯的。尤其是在國外，我看到得獎的

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我們合作的每一枚幣都會遇到不一樣的問題。比如第一枚聚合物環熊貓章，當時覺得不需要石膏，但是後來就遇到了問題。但結果還是很成功的，環很亮，大家都很喜歡。後面聚合物環熊貓章又遇到了噴砂的問題。第三個納米熊貓幣就沒有很多問題，而且錄像也很好，可以說把熊貓幣做到了另一個層次，是一個突破。後面的太空熊貓紀念幣的石膏也很好。

YM 熊貓的主題就比較特殊一點，外國的可能沒有什麼製作熊貓主題幣章的經驗，聚合物環熊貓章是第一個合作的項目，所以不用石膏做出來的熊貓形象可能會有點奇怪。第二個聚合物球熊貓章後來其實還是沒有達到我的要求，但是它的立意很好。太空熊貓幣的石膏高度在小規格的紀念幣裡可以說是沒有做過的。當時提出這個創意的時候會覺得可能做出來會有點奇怪的，但是最後做出來的結果還不錯，工藝也很先進，最後月球表面的效果也很真實。

MC 請問您覺得之後的世界硬幣大獎賽裡那位設計師最有希望得獎？

YM 我覺得上海造幣有限公司現在設計師裡比較突出的還是

朱熙華，他的能力和其他各方面都還是不錯的。年輕的設計師裡面，我比較看好廖博，他油土做的還是很不錯的。深圳國寶的設計師裡，我對宋飛的印象比較深，尤其是他做的幾個動物幣。瀋陽那邊，韓曉生做的比較有特色。

MC 請問在得獎之前您是否知道有這樣一個錢幣大賽？如果知道，請問是從哪裡得知的？ 2018年到2020年，您和紐西蘭 Middle Earth 造幣廠的

馬克 · 修頓以及德國梅耶造幣廠的亞曆克斯 ·瓦格納合作，這個過程的體驗怎麼樣？

知道克勞斯錢幣大賽獎項應該是在進造幣廠前，70年代

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末，那時還在上海工藝美術學校讀書的時候，一次偶然在報紙上看到中國狗年生肖紀念幣獲克勞斯獎的新聞，才第一次知道世界錢幣界有這麼一個大獎賽。更不知道自己的一生將與錢幣和克勞斯大獎結下了不解之緣。

MC 從開始關注這個大賽之後，您自己最喜歡的得獎幣是哪一枚？

MC YM

歷年得獎幣中，最能體現現代造幣技術的是哪一枚？或是設計和技術結合得最好的是哪一枚？

從事錢幣設計雕刻工作以來，自己一直比較關心錢幣大賽

的獲獎作品。畢竟在世界最權威大賽中的獲獎作品，必定有其過人之處，有值得學習和借鑒的地方。近年來的獲獎作品中不能說最好但給我留下非常深刻印象的是法

錢幣尤其是紀念幣本身就是藝術和技術結合的產物，工

國造幣廠的錢幣《荷包蛋》。通常人們印象中的紀念幣都

藝技術的進步給了設計師更大的發揮空間，而設計師對

是大事件，大人物，大題材。但這個作品恰恰通過一個

藝術的不斷追求同樣推動了錢幣技術的不斷提高。獲獎

小小的荷包蛋來精確反映一個國家的文化，一個民族的

作品中確實有很多採用了新的工藝技術而令人眼睛一亮，

氣質，我們很難想象如果這是一枚德國幣、美國幣或任

但我們應該知道技術永遠是為藝術服務的。我一直說均

何其他國家的紀念幣，能給我們帶來如此的震撼，如此

衡是錢幣的靈魂，這也包含着藝術與技術的完美結合。

的會心一笑。小題材反映出大意境，作者這種舉輕若重

的能力，不是一般設計師所能達到的，這是一位真正的藝術大師。這對我國錢幣設計在題材上的選擇也是一種

獲得終身成就獎之後，造幣廠是否有嘉獎？看到中央電

啟迪。

視臺播放自己的採訪時作何感受？

YM 獲得終身成就獎也可以說為我近四十年的職業生涯畫上了一個完美的句號。中國印鈔造幣總公司授予我“中鈔工匠”的光榮稱號，中央電視臺《大國工匠》欄目組也進行了專門的採訪。感慨萬分，多年默默無聞地工作得到人們的認可，很想感謝一直支持我的朋友、同事，也感謝

上海造幣有限公司提供了讓我發揮的平臺。

您最欣賞哪個國家 / 設計師設計的錢幣？

採訪後記 :

通過對余敏先生的深入採訪，使我對其個人經歷和專業觀

我比較喜歡和欣賞現實主義風格的錢幣作品，尤其是老歐

點有了更加全面的瞭解。同時，我也感受到，如果中國硬幣

洲國家奧地利，法國，意大利等國的紀念幣，無論創意，

設計想要在國際上擁有一席之地，那麼必須將設計、製造、

構圖、雕刻、工藝加工都非常嚴謹。奧地利造幣廠的畫家

創新和媒體宣傳相結合，這樣才能讓中國的硬幣在國際上更

系列紀念幣我覺得很有代表性，完美而又不失均衡。

具競爭力。

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The Story and Destination of Ancient Coins Brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Nai-chi Chang [ 張乃驥 ], also known as Zhang Shuxun [ 張叔馴 ](Fig.1), courtesy name Qizhai [ 齊齋 ], was a real estate tycoon who lived during the early Republic of China period. Chang was a native of Nanxun Town, Zhejiang Province, and he was the seventh son of Chang Shiming [ 張石銘 ]. Born into a family of scholars, Nai-chi Chang was erudite through paternal teaching and inf luence. Since there were many stone inscription rubbings and ancient paintings in his family collection, Chang was imperceptibly influenced by what he saw in his childhood and became an expert at appraising art. As Chang was particularly interested in ancient coins and eventually became a top collector of ancient Chinese coins. Ding Fubao [ 丁福保 ], a leading numismatic authority at that time, admired that Chang's collection was the 圖1 張家第二代收藏家、 most abundant in southeast China. Luo Boshao [ 羅伯昭 ], another great collector, commented that Nai-chi Chang's collection featured many unique coins, and it was quite impressive. 古錢大王張叔馴 In 1926, Chang invited many numismatists to set up the Ancient Coin Society, the first numismatic community in China. In 1927, he started the Ancient Coin Journal , which was the first published numismatic journal in China.

The cour tesy name of Nai-chi Chang was Qizhai. The name came from the da qi tong bao [ 大齊通寶 ] in his collection. Da qi tong bao was the first coin issued by Xu Zhigao [ 徐知誥 ] after founding the Southern Tang dynasty. This coin was once used as the base of a shuttlecock, so four holes were cut si yan da qi on the coin. Therefore, it was also called si yan da qi [ 四眼大齊 , da qi tong bao with four holes]. The coin originally belonged to Dai Baoting [ 戴葆庭 ], who bought it in Boyang County, Jiangxi Province, in 1925, and Naichi Chang purchased this coin from Dai. Chang cherished the coin so much that he named himself Qizhai (literally, the study housing si yang da qi ). Nai-Chi Chang took his place alongside Fang Yaoyu [ 方藥雨 ] of Tianjin and Luo Bozhao of Sichuan as one of the greatest numismatists during the Republic of China period, and they were called "Chang in the south, Fang in the north and Luo in Sichuan."

Many numismatists and collectors are curious about the destination of these coins. Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics , made an in-depth investigation of their whereabouts when he was in the United States in 2014. He contacted all parties concerned and explored as much as he could about these ancient Chinese coins. Thanks to his trust in me, he shared his investigation experience and relevant materials with me. Now, I will explain the process and result of the investigation.

In 1938, China was invaded by Japan. Nai-chi Chang and his family took refuge in Switzerland and then went to the United States. Before leaving, Chang left his business and ancient coin collection in hands of his elder sister Zhang Zhizai [ 張智哉 ]. When Nai-chi Chang returned to Shanghai to dispose his property in 1946 after the Second Sino-Japanese War, he selected nearly 2,000 ancient coins (including some coin-like amulets) and brought them to the United States. In the last years of his life, he ran an oriental arts company at 125 East 57th Street, New York, NY. Chang died on May 30th, 1948, in New York-Presbyterian University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell. After his death, people wondered about the whereabouts of some 2,000 coins he brought to the United States, and there was a report that Chang's wife sold these coins to a charity foundation in the United States.

Fig.2 C.T. Loo

Fig.3 J.T. Tai

In February 1948, Nai-chi Chang went to the United States and brought 1,998 ancient Chinese coins. Three months later, Chang passed away. In 1950, his wife Xu Maoqian [ 徐懋倩 ] inquired with their friend C.T. Loo [ 盧芹齋 ](Fig.2) how to deal with the coins, and Frank Caro, the partner of C.T. Loo, helped to take photos of one side of each coin. After that, Xu sold the coins to J.T. Tai [Tai Jun-tsei 戴潤齋 ](Fig.3) , also known as Dai Fubao 戴福保 , a native of Wuxi, Zhejiang Province]. Xu Maoqian knew Tai well. Nai-chi Chang was a big customer of J.T. Tai in Shanghai, and Xu often played mahjong with his wife in New York. In the 1930s, J.T. Tai opened an antique store in Shanghai; in April 1949, he moved to Hong Kong; in 1950, he immigrated to the United States. Tai was active in antique auctions

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worldwide from the 1960s to 1970s, and he became the most famous dealer of Chinese antique and artworks after the Second Sino-Japanese War. Tai left behind a huge legacy of nearly $30 million, which founded J. T. Tai & Company Foundation, I nc. headqua r tered at 18 East 67th St reet, New York.

ask Michael Chou to help find an appropriate Sackler family member to receive the coins. In October 2015, Michael Chou and photographer Todd Pollock(Fig.5) went to take photos of the coins after getting the permission of Y.C. Chen. However, there were only some 1,300 coins left, and one-fourth of

Fig.4 J.T. Tai, Paul Singer (senior Chinese art collector) and Arthur M. Sackler at opening of Sackler Gallery at MET.N.Y. 1965.

Fig.5 Photographer Todd Pollock and Bruce W. Smith

these coins was missing. Hence, there were around 500 more photos (single-sided) in 1950 than photos (double-sided) in 2015, including the famous si yan da qi in Nai-chi Chang's collection. Elizabeth Sackler, the daughter of Arthur Sackler, later found the record of the transaction and the memorandum in 1975. Then, she took possession of the coins. In December 2015, Elizabeth Sackler retrieved the coins from the J.T. Tai Foundation.

In 1967, J.T. Tai sold the coins to Arthur Sackler over the phone. Sackler was an American psychiatrist and famous collector. In the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was built under the Freer Gallery. He also donated to set up museums at Harvard University and Peking University. There were specialized exhibitions set in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Princeton University for the Sackler collection(Fig.4). Also, numerous special auctions were held by Christie's and Sotheby's for his collection. In 1967, Arthur Sackler made a memo note of this transaction with J.T. Tai, and Sackler had another memo in 1975 of not picking up the coins from Tai. When J.T. Tai died in 1992, Nai-chi Chang's coins were moved from J.T. Tai's office to the foundation.

On January 8, 2016, Michael Chou met Y.C. Chen again to follow up on the affair. Here I would like to express my admiration for Y.C. Chen's professionalism. Without her concern and help, these ancient coins brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang would have been lost.

In 2014, Nelson Chang, the son of Nai-chi Chang, found a copy of the photos of 1,998 coins taken by Frank Caro and gave it to Michael Chou when he visited Nelson in California. Che-lu Tseng, senior advisor of the Journal of the East Asian Numismatics , saw the copy and made comments on the coins from the photocopy of the Frank Caro's photos. In September 2014, Nelson's friend Xu Jingcan met Mrs. Y.C. Chen, the former secretary of J.T. Tai, at the party celebrating the 109th birthday of Yan Youyun in New York. Yan is the wife of famous Chinese diploma Gu Weijun. Her birthday party was held at the Pierre Hotel in New York, and Xu, her niece, attended the party. Xu knew from Y.C. Chen that the coins were kept in the basement of the J.T. Tai Foundation, and she gave Michael Chou the contact information of Y.C. Chen when they met in December. On December 18, Michael Chou told Nelson Chang Y.C. Chen's address in a letter, and he suggested to Nelson to explain who he was and his father's collection.

Regarding those ancient coins left in China when Nai-chi Chang went to the United States, most of them were kept by Chang's elder sister Zhang Zhizai. When Zhang Zhizai went to Japan in 1956, she left the coins in hands of her daughter Xu Jingshu [ 徐景淑 ] and son-in-law Gu Zhengyan [ 顧正言 ]. When Xu and Gu went to the United States, a relative of Gu helped to keep the coins. The coins were confiscated during the Great Cultural Revolution. After the Revolution, some 3,000 items were returned to the family, while others became part of the collection of the Shanghai Museum. Xu Maozhai, the elder brother of Chang's wife, once had some of his ancient coins, which also ended up in the Shanghai Museum collection. As mentioned above, most coins confiscated from the relative of Gu Zhengyan became part of the collection of the Shanghai Museum, and others were returned to Chang's family. The coins returned to the family included three-, four- and fivecharacter knives (qi fa hua [ 齊法化 ], qi zhi fa hua [ 齊之法化 ], and qi mo zhi fa hua [ 節墨之法化 ]) and an an yang zhi fa hua knife [ 安陽之法化 ]). The family asked Michael Chou to help in the sale of these coins. Another part of the Nai-chi Chang collection was taken to Japan by Xu Jingshu, and she saved these coins in a safety deposit box at a Japanese bank. When Xu went to the United States, she gave the key to the bank deposit box to Chang's wife. However, she didn't go to Japan to get the coins. When the lease of the safety deposit box expired, these coins entered the Japanese coin market.

On January 22, 2015, Y.C. Chen sent an email to Nelson Chang, and confirmed that Nai-chi Chang's collection had been sold to Sackler by his wife, and the foundation had just helped to store these coins, and they were not the property of the foundation. She wanted to find some records showing the purchase of the coins. According to the email sent by Y.C. Chen, Arthur Sackler, the present owner of the coins, hadn't come to collect the coins before he passed away in 1987. In an August 12, 2015 email from Y.C. Chen to Nelson Chang, she asked Nelson to

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When Michael Chou helped take the photos of the 1,300-plus coins in the J.T. Tai Foundation collection, we could see some interesting features of the coins that had been brought by Naichi Chang to the United States. According to the photos, I found that some rare coins were the plate coins of the rubbings in Gu Qian Da Ci Dian [《古錢大辭典》, Dictionary of Ancient Coins ], and there were also some engraved mother coins of the Song dynasty, which could testify that these coins were from the collection of Nai-chi Chang. The coins can be generally grouped as follows.

Fig. 6 yi dang bai qian

Fig. 7 qin feng quan bao iron coin with Chinese characters tian fu on its reverse

Fig. 9 qing yuan tong bao large coin with yong

Fig. 9 shao ding yuan bao large coin

Fig. 10 qian tong yuan bao 10 cash gilding large coin

The collection featured many rare ancient Chinese coins, such as yi dang bai qian [ 壹當百錢 ] (Fig. 6), qin feng quan bao [ 乾封泉寶 ] iron coin with Chinese characters tian fu [ 天府 ] on its reverse (Fig. 7), yong an yi qian [ 永安一千 ], bao da yuan bao [ 保大元寶 ] with tian [ 天 ], ying tian yuan bao [ 應天元寶 ] with wan [ 萬 ], huang song tong bao [ 皇宋通寶 ] with Chinese characters in a particular seal writing style, qing yuan tong bao [ 慶元通寶 ] large coin with yong [ 永 ] (Fig. 8), shao ding yuan bao [ 紹定元寶 ] large coin (Fig. 9), zhao xing zhong bao [ 趙興重寶 ] with dang san [ 當三 ], qian tong yuan bao [ 乾統元寶 ] 10 cash gilding large coin (Fig. 10), tai he zhong bao [ 泰和重寶 ] with Bassa characters, and chung guo tong bao [ 窻國通寶 ]. Some coins were the plate coins of the rubbings in Gu Qian Da Ci Dian , such as kai yuan tong bao [ 開元通寶 ] large coin with a star on the top of its reverse (Fig. 11) (Gu Qian Da Ci Dian [《古錢大辭典》], 1st ed. Zhonghua Book Company, 1982. Vol. 1. p. 989), qian de yuan bao [ 乾德元寶 ] large coin (Ibid. p. 930), ying sheng yuan bao [ 應聖元寶 ] with shi [ 拾 ] (Fig. 12) (Ibid. p. 1066), bao da yuan bao [ 保大元寶 ] with tian [ 天 ] (Fig. 13) (Ibid. p. 909), xian ping yuan bao with [ 咸平元寶 ] 10 cash large coin with Chinese characters in regular writing style (Ibid. p. 845), tai he tong bao [ 泰和通寶 ] 2 cash with Chinese

Gu Qian Da Ci Dian

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characters in regular writing style (Ibid. p. 919) (Fig. 14), da ding tong bao [ 大定通寶 ] 10 cash large coin (Ibid. p. 710) (Fig. 15), fu chuang zhong bao [ 阜昌重寶 ] 5 cash coin with Chinese characters in seal writing style (Ibid. p. 836), and zhao na xin bao [ 招納信寶 ] with shi [ 使 ] and a character mark on its reverse (Ibid. p. 842) (Fig. 16). The mentioned qing yuan tong bao large coin with yong was also featured on page 1055 of the book.

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covered diverse denominations, character writing styles, and inscriptions (Fig. 17). There were also over 30 iron mother coins of this period, such as song yuan tong bao [ 宋元通寶 ], tai ping tong bao [ 太平通寶 ], kang ding tong bao [ 康定通寶 ], qing li zhong bao [ 慶曆重寶 ], zhi he zhong bao [ 至和重寶 ], xi ning zhong bao [ 熙寧通寶 ], yuan feng tong bao [ 元豐通寶 ], yuan you tong bao [ 元祐通寶 ], shao sheng tong bao [ 紹聖通寶 ], yuan fu tong bao [ 元符通寶 ], chong ning tong bao [ 崇寧通寶 ], chong ning zhong bao [ 崇寧重寶 ], da guan tong bao [ 大觀通寶 ], zheng he tong bao [ 政和通寶 ], and zheng he zhong bao [ 政和重寶 ] (Fig. 18).

The coins also included some scarce coins of the Song dynasty, like da guan yuan ba o [ 大觀元寶 ] and chong ning yuan bao [ 崇甯元寶 ]. Besides, it had 15 jing kang [ 靖康 ] cois, which

Fig. 11 kai yuan tong bao large coin with a star on the top of its reverse

Fig. 12 ying sheng yuan bao with shi

Fig. 13 bao da yuan bao with tian

Fig. 14 tai he tong bao 2 cash with Chinese characters in regular writing style

Fig. 15 da ding tong bao 10 cash large coin

Fig. 16 zhao na xin bao with shi and a character mark on its reverse

Fig. 17 jing kang tong bao

Fig. 18 zheng he zhong bao

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with hui wu xi zhong [ 惠五西中 ], ding wu bei xia [ 定伍北下 ], ding wu bei zhong [ 定伍北中 ] and ding wu dong xia [ 定伍東下 ], jia xi tong bao [ 嘉熙通寶 ] with wu hui xia [ 五惠下 ] and shi dong er [ 十東二 ], chun xi yuan bao [ 淳熙元寶 ] coins with li [ 利 ], tong [ 同 ], tong ba [ 同捌 ], and chun shi wu [ 春十五 ], jia tai tong bao [ 嘉泰通寶 ] coins with chun san [ 春三 ] and tong san [ 同三 ], kai xi tong bao [ 開禧通寶 ] with chun yuan [ 春元 ], shao xi yuan bao [ 紹熙元寶 ] with han er [ 漢二 ], shao ding tong bao [ 紹定通寶 ] with chun wu [ 春五 ], sheng song yuan bao [ 聖宋元寶 ], qing yuan tong bao [ 慶元通寶 ].

Fig. 19 jian yan tong bao iron mother coin

Da zhong [ 大中 ] coins and hong wu [ 洪武 ] coins of the Ming dynasty also held a certain proportion in the collection, which was in line with the recorded fact that Nai-chi Chang had been keenly interested in Ming coins for a period. There were 70plus da zhong coins with different Chinese characters, such as

In terms of coins of the Southern Song dynasty, there was a pair of jian yan yaun bao [ 建炎元寶 ]. The one with characters in the seal writing style was from Zheng Zhangsong [ 鄭丈松 ], and the other one with characters in the official writing style was from Dai Baoting. Both of them were the plate coins in the Lidai Guqian Tushou [《歷代古錢圖說》, Catalogue of Ancient Coins through the Ages]. Nai-chi Chang was known for his collection of iron mother coins of the Southern Song dynasty. During the Republic of China period, it was said that Chang used to show his iron mother coins strung together in strings, and people were amazed at his collection of iron mother coins, which could be confirmed by the photos of the coins. The coins included over 40 pieces iron mother coins of the this period, such as jian yan tong bao [ 建炎通寶 ] 1 cash coin (Fig. 19), shao xing tong bao [ 紹興通寶 ] with li [ 利 ], qian dao tong bao [ 乾道通寶 ] coins with zheng [ 正 ] and tong [ 同 ], jia ding tong bao [ 嘉定通寶 ] with han shi wu [ 漢十五 ], jia ding yuan bao [ 嘉定元寶 ] with li yi wu [ 利壹五 ], jia ding zhi bao [ 嘉定之寶 ] coins with zheng wu [ 正五 ], li yi wu [ 利壹五 ], li zhou er [ 利州二 ], and li zhou xing shi [ 利州行使 ], jia ding chong bao [ 嘉定崇寶 ], jia ding yong bao [ 嘉定永寶 ], jia ding tong bao [ 嘉定通寶 ], duan ping tong bao [ 端平通寶 ] coins

Fig. 22 yong le tong bao

Fig. 23 zheng he tong bao coin charm with "tai ping xiao da " on its reverse e [ 鄂 ], ji [ 濟 ], bei ping [ 北平 ], jing [ 京 ], yu [ 豫 ], guang [ 廣 ], guang er [ 廣二 ], guang wu [ 廣五 ], gui [ 桂 ], gui yi [ 桂一 ], gui er [ 桂二 ], gui san [ 桂三 ], fu [ 福 ], er fu [ 二福 ], san fu [ 三福 ], wu fu [ 福 ], etc. As for hong wu tong bao [ 洪武通寶 ], there were over 80 coins with star and moon patterns, characters of san wen [ 三文 ], san [ 三 ], wu [ 五 ], fu [ 福 ], er fu [ 二福 ], san fu [ 三福 ], wu fu [ 五福 ], gui [ 桂 ], gui yi [ 桂一 ], gui er [ 桂二 ], gui wu [ 桂五 ], guang [ 廣 ], guang er [ 廣二 ], guang wu [ 廣五 ], bei ping [ 北平 ], zhe [ 浙 ], ji [ 濟 ], yu [ 豫 ], jing [ 京 ], e [ 鄂 ] (Fig. 20), etc.

Fig. 20 hong wu tong bao with e

The coins of the Qing dynasty included a tian cong tong ba o [ 天聰通寶 ] large coin with Manchu characters, and a xian feng zhong bao [ 咸豐重寶 ] 40 cash coin produced in Zhejiang province (Fig. 21). In addition to cash coins, there were some silver 1 cash coins such as da chao tong bao [ 大朝通寶 ], tai ping yuan bao [ 太平元寶 ] and yong le tong bao [ 永樂通寶 ] (Fig. 22). Apart from

Fig. 21 xian feng zhong bao 40 cash coin produced in Zhejiang province 74

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Chinese silver coins, there were also some foreign silver coins, like tian zheng tong bao [ 天正通寶 ], yin dai tong bao [ 銀代通寶 ], and qing an tong bao [ 慶安通寶 ]. There were also some coins from Japan, Annan, and Korea. Regarding those coin-like amulets brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang, most of them were inscribed with Chinese characters, such as zhou yuan [ 周元 ], zheng he [ 政和 ], chong ning [ 崇寧 ], da guan [ 大觀 ], jing kang [ 靖康 ], da ding [ 大定 ], zheng long [ 正隆 ], and tai he [ 泰和 ] (Fig. 23). Among the existing 1,300-plus coins, there are many rare coins in Nai-chi Chang's collection, a great collector known for his numismatic collection at home and abroad during the Republic of China period. We can also see some unique and special items, which show the abundance of Chang's collection. It is not an easy thing to build such a collection. Regretfully, a part of these coins is missing, including the si yan da qi, which attracts the domestic numismatic community. However, we can know from the photos taken in the 1950s that Chang did bring the da qi tong bo to the United States (Fig. 24). Unfortunately, it is among the missing coins, and we have no idea about its whereabouts. As time goes by, the collection's destination is clear, and the existing coins come out. It is of great significance to document the story.

The copy of coin photos by Todd Pollock, with notes by Tseng che-lu

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Appendix

Smithsonian-Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

S ac k ler W i ng , T he Me t r op ol it a n Museum of Art, New York, NY Thomas Hoving, Metropolitan Museum Director from 1967-

77, enlarged the footprint of the building by adding North and South Wings. The board agreed the South Wing would be named The Michael C. Rockefeller Wing for the Art of Africa, Oceania and the Americas, and Hoving wanted to

find a donor for the North Wing, to house the Temple of

Dendur, which was given by the Egyptian government in thanks for the United States’contribution towards the

Aswan Dam project. Hoving had been looking for a donor

for six years, and when Sackler was asked to contribute in 1973, he counted aloud to ten and said“ I’ ll do it, the

decision only took ten seconds” . Sackler invited his

brothers to join, and they did. This donation clinched the Temple of Dendur for New York, as other museums wanted it. It was taken apart and sent from Alexandria to Brooklyn

and then to Fifth Avenue and reassembled. To mark the

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

opening, Hoving arranged for the inaugural exhibition in

the Sackler Exhibition Hall to be of the treasures found in

T he Sm it h son ia n In s t it ut ion, loc at ed at 1050

the tomb of Tutankhamen, which was such a success it gave

Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC, has two

rise to the term“ blockbuster”exhibition. Ambassador of

museums of Asian art: the Freer Gallery of Art and

Egypt Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguib dedicated the Temple

the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The Sackler Gallery

of Dendur in September 1978, after which the Sackler Wing

features both permanent and temporary exhibitions

and Exhibition Hall opened to the public, celebrated as one

from ancient times to the present. The museum is

of the most spacious halls in New York City.

home to an incomparable collection of art, including

some of the most important ancient Chinese jades and bronzes in the world. It has many jades from Nai-

Elizabeth Ann Sackler

display, the galleries feature innovative programming

founder of the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist

chi Chang’ s collection which were on exhibition in

Elizabeth Ann Sackler (born February 19, 1948) is an

England in 1935. In addition to the exhibitions on

American public historian and arts activist. She is the

for visitors of all ages, such as lectures, concerts,

Art at the Brooklyn Museum, the first museum center

films, and podcasts that enhance a visit.

devoted to female artists and feminist art, located at the

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Appendix

art dealer of Chinese origin who maintained galleries in

Paris and New York and supplied important pieces for

collectors and American museums by illegally exporting a large amount of significant state cultural relics from China. He has been called "the preeminent dealer of Chinese art

and artifacts for the first half of the twentieth century,"

but also criticized for his illegal active role in removing antiques and archaeological treasures from China for sale to western collectors.

Elizabeth Ann Sackler

Frank Caro

Brooklyn Museum. In June 2014, Sackler became the first

woman to be elected Chairman by the Brooklyn Museum

Frank Caro was the successor of C.T. Loo. After 1949, China

Board of Trustees, a position she held until June 2016. She

strictly controlled the export of cultural relics. Most of C.T.

has served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the

Loo’ s inventory in China were confiscated, so his business

Brooklyn Museum since 2000.

could only be maintained through selling the inventory in

the United States and customizing Chinese style furniture.

J.T. Tai

In this situation, C.T. Loo had to retire. He auctioned the inventory in New York and sold this store to his assistant

Jun Tsei Tai (1910-1992), also known as Dai Fubao, started

Frank Caro.

his career in Shanghai during t he Republic of China

period, and then moved south to Hong Kong. He called

Paul Singer

himself J.T. Tai in the United States. Mr. Tai had helped two of America’ s leading collectors build up the core of

Tr a i ne d a s a p s yc h i a t r i s t , D r. P au l Si n g er i s b e s t

the Chinese art hoards now housed in the San Francisco

remembered for his wide-ranging

Asian Art Museum and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington.

Chinese art collection, which he assembled largely at a time when American contact with China was severely restricted.

J.T. Tai and Co Foundation

Born in Hungary in 1904 and raised in Austria, Singer made

his first purchase of East Asian art at the age of seventeen.

J.T. Tai and Co. Foundation is a private foundation based in

He collected most aggressively after he immigrated to the

New York, NY, and was founded in 1983.

USA in 1939, making discoveries at art dealers, auction

houses, and thrift stores alike. By the time of his death in

C.T. Loo

1997, Singer’ s holdings had grown to some five thousand

objects, mostly Chinese works of art that he displayed in

Ching Tsai Loo, commonly known as C. T. Loo [ 盧芹齋 ,

his modest two-bedroom apartment in Summit, New Jersey.

1 February 1880 - August 15, 1957], was a controversial

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眾裏尋他千百度

張叔馴攜美古錢的經歷與歸宿周邊〔中國上海〕

張叔馴，名乃驥，字齊齋，南潯張石銘第七子，民國房地產鉅賈（圖1）。先生家學淵源、家藏金石碑帖與歷代古畫甚豐，自幼耳濡目染，精於鑒別。尤嗜古泉，不惜鉅資，廣為搜求，遂成大家。時泉界泰斗丁福保稱其“ 藏泉之富，甲於東南”；羅伯昭曾感慨：觀其珍藏，孤品異品，層見疊出，令人望洋興嘆。1926年，張叔馴邀錢幣收藏者多人，

圖1 張家第二代收藏家、古錢大王張叔馴

創辦中國第一個錢幣研究團體古泉學社。 1927年，他又創辦了《古泉雜誌》，這也是

中國最早正式出版的錢幣專業雜誌。

1948 年 2 月

說起齊齋號名，1925年古泉學

家戴葆庭在江西鄱陽收得南唐徐知誥封吳王時所鑄“ 大齊通

寶”一枚，因孩兒踢毽嬉在錢上鑿四孔因名“四眼大齊”，後歸

張氏，極為珍愛遂以“齊齋”號

之。張叔馴與天津方藥雨，四川羅伯昭在民國錢幣界有“南張北

四眼大齊

方巴蜀羅”之稱。

圖2 盧芹齋

1938年，張叔馴一家因日軍侵華避難去了瑞士，再去美國。

張叔馴先生來滬挑選了1998 枚古錢幣赴美，回美國3個

臨行前將上海的生意與古錢藏品委託其姐張智哉代管。抗

月後即當年5月份張先生去世。1950 年時張先生夫人徐懋

戰勝利後，1946年張叔馴回上海處理他的財產，並精選了

倩女士找到友人盧芹齋（C. T. Loo，圖2），詢問如何處

近 2 000 枚古錢帶去美國。在他生命的最後幾年裏，他在

理這批古錢幣的事宜。並請盧芹齋的合夥人弗蘭克 · 卡洛

美國紐約市曼哈頓東 57街125號開了家東方藝術品公司。張

（Frank Caro）為每一枚錢幣都拍攝了正面單幅照片。其

叔馴於1948年5月30日在紐約哥倫比亞長老會醫院病逝。

後張夫人將這批古錢幣賣給了戴潤齋（J. T. Tai，圖3）。

張先生去世後，其帶至美國的近 2 000 枚古錢的去向，現有

倆人原本就認識，張叔馴在上海時就是戴潤齋的大客人，

報道稱：張夫人將它們出讓給了美國一家慈善基金會。

到紐約後，徐懋倩也常與戴夫人一起打麻將。戴潤齋即

戴福保，潤齋為其字，無錫人。19世紀 30 年代，戴先生

對這批古錢的下落以及最終的歸宿，是許多錢幣研究者和

在上海開設古董店；1949 年 4月南遷香港；1950 年移居美

愛好者關心的事。冠軍拍賣總裁、《東亞泉志》總編輯周邁

國。20世紀60至70 年代，他活躍於世界各地古董拍賣場，

克先生，2014 年在美期間對這批錢幣的下落作了細緻深入

已成為戰後中國古董藝術界中最知名的古董商人。戴先

的調查，並與相關人員接觸聯繫通信，對發現和瞭解這批

生身後留下了近 3 000萬元美金的巨額遺產 , 組成了一個

古錢幣，做了開拓性的工作。承蒙他的信任，提供了調查

由他的名字命名的戴福保基金會（J. T. Tai & Company

經過與相關資料，使我得以將這段過程敘述如下：

圖3 戴潤齋

Foundation, Inc.），總部位於美國紐約市東67街18號。

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1967 年

圖5 2016年，攝影師陶德（左）與《東亞泉志》高級編輯史博祿在加州見面

圖4 1965年紐約大都會博物館薩克勒展覽館開幕式上（左起）戴潤齋、保羅 · 辛格爾（資深中國藝術品藏家）、薩克勒三人合影。

由其母親賣給了薩克勒，戴潤齋基金會裏的這批錢幣只是代為保管，而不是基金會的財產。同時，她希望能找

戴潤齋將張夫人賣與他的這批古錢幣，通過電話交易的

到戴潤齋將錢幣賣給了亞瑟 · 薩克勒的交易證明。信中還

方式賣給了亞瑟 · 薩克勒（Arthur Sackler）。亞瑟 · 薩克

表示，錢幣擁有人亞瑟 · 薩克勒已於1987年去世，生前一

勒，美國醫學博士，國際著名的收藏家。在華盛頓史密

直未曾來取過錢幣。2015年8月12日，陳女士再次發郵件

森國家歷史博物館佛瑞爾美術館的樓下，建有“亞瑟 · 薩

給張南琛，告訴他可以尋求周邁可的幫助，從薩克勒家族

克勒”冠名的美術館，並在哈佛大學及北京大學捐建博

中找到接受這批錢幣的合適人選。2015年10月，在征得

物館，紐約大都會及普林斯頓大學也都為其藏品專設展覽

陳女士同意後，周邁可帶上加州知名錢幣攝影師陶德 · 波

（圖4）。佳士得、蘇富比也都為薩克勒博士的收藏品，舉

洛克（Todd Pollock，圖5）前往存放地為張叔馴古錢幣

辦過無數次專場拍賣。亞瑟 · 薩克勒從戴潤齋處買下張叔

拍照時，發現當時1998 枚錢幣只剩下1 300多枚，有1/4

馴這批古錢後寫下一張交易備忘錄。時至1975年，薩克

下落不明。1950 年全部藏品相片（單面）與2015年的相

勒又寫了一張備忘錄，記錄還沒有去拿走1967年交易的錢

片（雙面）相比，共缺少500多枚，其中包括那枚“四眼

幣。戴先生於1992年去世，張叔馴那批錢幣從戴潤齋的

大齊”。之後，薩克勒的女兒伊莉莎白 · 薩克勒（Elizabeth

辦公室轉移到了基金會辦公室。

Sackler）找到了1967年的交易證明，以及1975年的備忘錄，因此，她擁有了這批錢幣。同年12月，伊莉莎白 · 薩

2014 年

克勒前往戴潤齋基金會取走了錢幣。

張叔馴的兒子張南琛先生，從弗蘭克 · 卡洛處找到當時

2016 年 1 月 8 日

為1998 枚錢幣拍的照片影本，並交給了來美國加利福尼

亞家中探訪的周邁可。《東亞泉志》高級顧問曾澤祿其後

陳女士與周邁可先生再次見面，跟進相關事宜。在此不得

也看到了這些照片影本，並對其中的幾枚錢幣寫文點評。

不敬佩陳女士的敬業精神，如果沒有她對此事的關心與熱

同年9月，在美國紐約舉辦的慶賀嚴幼韻女士110歲生日

心幫助，張叔馴攜美的這批古錢幣，至今仍是泥牛入海。

的宴會上，張南琛的友人徐景燦女士遇到戴潤齋的前秘

書 Y.C. Chen（陳女士）。嚴幼韻女士是“民國第一外交

張叔馴剩留在上海的其他古錢，也幾經轉手歷經滄桑，有

舉辦，徐景燦女士作為其侄女應邀參加生日宴。徐女士

哉女士保管。1956年她去日本時，委託給了自己的女兒徐

家”顧維鈞先生的太太，她的生日宴在紐約皮埃爾酒店

文記載的經歷是：大部分留存的錢幣歸張先生的姐姐張智

在與 Y.C. Chen 的交談中得知張叔馴的錢幣保存在戴福

景淑與女婿顧正言；1961年徐景淑與顧正言去美國時，轉

知了陳女士的聯繫方式。12月18日，周邁可致信張南琛，

化大革命”中被查抄，運動後發還了3 000 枚錢幣。最後大

保基金會地下室。同年12月，徐女士與周邁可見面時告

由女婿家族的一位親戚代管。1966年開始的“ 無產階級文

告訴他陳女士通訊地址，並建議張將自己的身份和父親

部分由上海博物館收藏。張先生的內兄徐懋齋手中也曾有

的收藏情況寫信與之聯繫。

一些張先生的古錢，後也歸上海博物館收藏。

2015 年 1 月 22 日

周邁可先生瞭解的情況是，從張智哉女婿親戚家抄走的張

叔馴先生的古錢幣，大部分作價捐獻給了上海博物館，後

陳女士致郵件給張南琛，確認其父張叔馴先生的錢幣已

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有部分錢幣退還，如齊法化三字刀、齊之法化四字刀、節墨之法化和安陽之法化五字刀，其後交由周先生處理。另有部分錢幣由徐景淑帶到日本，存於日本銀行保險櫃。後

徐景淑往美國將保險櫃鑰匙交給張叔馴遺孀。但張太太並沒有去日本取回這些錢幣。銀行在保險櫃租用到期後清理保險櫃，這部分錢幣在日本流出。

周邁可先生拍攝的留存在戴潤齋基金會的1300多枚古錢的

圖6 壹當百錢

圖7 乾封泉寶背天府鐵母

圖8 慶元通寶背永大錢

圖9 紹定元寶大錢

圖10 乾統元寶折十鎏金大錢照片，得以使我們見到了張叔馴這批錢幣真面貌。也從其中發現的珍稀錢幣，《古錢大辭典》拓圖原物與一批宋代母

錢中，反證了這批錢幣是張叔馴先生的藏品。現將所見照片中的錢幣分述如下：

很多的珍稀中國古錢，如：壹當百錢（圖6）、乾封泉寶背天

府鐵母（圖7）、永安一千、保大元寶背天、應天元寶背萬、

皇宋通寶九疊篆、慶元通寶背永大錢（圖8）、紹定元寶大錢

（圖9）、趙興重寶背當三、乾統元寶折十鎏金大錢 ( 圖10）、篆書泰和重寶背巴斯巴文、窻國通寶等。

丁福保先生編著的《古錢大辭典》書中拓圖的錢幣原物。如：開元通寶背穿上星大錢（圖11），見左圖中華書局1982

年12月第一版《古錢大辭典》上冊 989頁；乾德元寶大錢，同書930頁；應聖元寶背拾（圖12），同書1066頁；保大元

寶背天（圖13），同書909頁；鹹平元寶楷書折十大錢，同

《古錢大辭典》上冊

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書845頁；泰和通寶楷書折二錢（圖14），同書919頁；大定

重寶文，品種齊全，蔚為大觀（圖17）。北宋鐵母有：宋元

同書836頁；招納信寶背使押文錢（圖16），見同書842頁。

寶、元豐通寶、元祐通寶、紹聖通寶、元符通寶、崇寧通

通寶折十大錢（圖15），同書 710頁；阜昌重寶篆書當五錢，

通寶、太平通寶、康定通寶、慶曆重寶、至和重寶、熙寧通

包括上述的那枚慶元通寶背永見同書1055頁等錢幣。

寶、崇寧重寶、大觀通寶、政和通寶、政和重寶（圖18）等

30餘枚。

北宋錢中的大觀元寶、崇寧元寶極為珍罕，尤其是靖康錢

就有15枚之多，包括小平折二，隸篆真書，元寶、通寶、

南宋建炎元寶一對，隸書為鄭丈松舊物，篆書得自戴葆庭

圖11 開元通寶背穿上星大錢

圖12 應聖元寶背拾

圖13 保大元寶背天

圖14 泰和通寶楷書折二钱

圖15 大定通寶折十大錢

圖16 招納信寶背使押文錢

圖17 靖康通寶

圖18 政和重寶鐵母錢

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桂一、桂二、桂五，廣、廣二、廣五，北平、浙、濟、豫、京、鄂（圖20）等80 餘枚。證實了張先生記載中曾有段時間極嗜明代錢幣的史實。

清錢見有滿文天聰通寶大錢，咸豐重寶寶浙當四十（圖21）等。

图19 建炎通宝铁母钱藏泉，都是丁福保《歷代古錢圖說》原品。南宋鐵母有建

炎通寶小平（圖19），紹興通寶背利，乾道通寶背正、同，嘉定通寶背漢十五，嘉定元寶背利壹五，嘉定之寶背正五、利壹五、利州二、利州行使，嘉定崇寶、永寶、通寶，端平通寶背惠五西中、定伍北下、定伍北中、定伍東下，嘉熙通

圖22 慶安通寶銀錢

寶背五惠下、十東二，淳熙元寶背利、同、同捌、春十五，嘉泰通寶背春三、同三，開禧通寶背春元，紹熙元寶背漢

二，紹定通寶春五，聖宋元寶，慶元通寶、川三六、春五等40 餘枚。其時有人稱張先生藏“鐵母”錢以串示眾令時

人驚訝，今所見此言不虛。

這批存錢中明代大中、洪武錢占一定的比重。其中大中錢

有 70 餘枚，有背鄂、濟、北平、京、豫、廣、廣二、廣五、

桂桂一、桂二、桂三、福、二福、三福、五福等。洪武通

寶背有星月紋，三文、三、五，福、二福、三福、五福，桂、

圖23 政和通寶背“ 太平小打” 花錢藏錢中有大朝通寶、太平元寶、永樂通寶銀質小平錢數枚。

見有天正通寶、銀代通寶和慶安通寶（圖22）外國銀錢。

還有一些日本、安南、朝鮮等周邊鄰國錢幣。發現的壓勝

錢大都為錢文錢。如周元、政和、崇寧、大觀、靖康、大定、正隆、泰和等。圖23為政和通寶背“太平小打”壓勝錢。

從目前尚存的1 300 餘枚的古錢中，我們看到了以錢幣收藏

名聞中外的張叔馴先生的珍貴藏品，見到不少的孤品異品，得以見證民國錢幣界巨擘的實力，從中體驗集藏中的不易

圖20 洪武通寶背“ 鄂 ”

與付出。令人遺憾的是，1948年張叔馴先生帶至美國這批

錢幣不知原由丟失了一部分，令國內錢幣界矚目的那枚南唐

“四眼大齊”也未在其中。但從張南琛先生收藏的1950 年拍攝的照片影本中， “大齊通寶”赫然在目（圖24），可見它

被張叔馴先生帶去了美國，遺憾的是“四眼大齊”又在丟失

的錢幣之中，行蹤成謎。歲月滄桑，時過境遷，張叔馴先生藏錢的最終歸宿得以清晰，尚存的藏品得以展示，將這段歷史記錄成檔是件極有意義的事。

图21 咸丰重宝宝浙当四十大钱

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圖24 弗蘭克·卡洛所攝照片影本，批註為《東亞泉志》高級顧問曾澤祿先生添加

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附錄美國史密森國家歷史博物館亞瑟 · 薩克勒展覽館

戴潤齋

1050號，下設兩所亞洲藝術博物館，即佛瑞爾美術館和亞

至香港，至美國後改以 J.T. Tai 的雅號行天下。他幫助美國兩位

美國史密森國家歷史博物館位於美國華盛頓特區獨立大道

戴潤齋 (1910-1992)，即戴福保，民國時期發跡於上海後南下

瑟 · 薩克勒展覽館。薩克勒展覽館中既有臨時展覽，也有永久

頂尖的收藏家建立了各自主要的中國藝術收藏，這些藏品現在分

陳設的展覽，展品年代囊括古今。博物館中收藏的藝術品無

別位於三藩市亞洲藝術博物館和華盛頓的亞瑟 · 薩克勒展覽館。

與倫比，其中不乏世界上最為珍貴的中國古代玉器和青銅器。

戴潤齋基金會

館中還有很多出自張叔馴收藏的玉器，這些玉器曾於1935年在英國進行展出。除了在展展品外，展覽館中還為各個年齡段的

戴潤齋基金會建於1983年，位於美國紐約，為私人基金會。（ J.

訪客設計的創意項目，如講座、音樂會、影片和播客等，以此

T. Tai & Company Foundation, Inc.），總部位於美國紐約市東

吸引更多的觀眾來訪。

67街18號。

紐約大都會藝術博物館薩克勒展覽館

盧芹齋

大都會博物館館長托馬斯 · 霍文（ Thomas Hoving，任期

盧芹齋（C.T. Loo，1880年2月1日至1957年8月15日）是一位頗

1967-1977年）新建博物館北翼和南翼，擴大了博物館的展覽

受爭議的中國藝術品貿易商，在巴黎和紐約均有自己的展覽館。

面積。博物館董事會同意南翼以邁克爾 · 洛克菲勒（ Michael C.

通過從中國非法出口大量重要國家文物，盧芹齋為收藏家和美

Rockefeller）命名，主要展出非洲、大洋洲及美洲藝術。此外，

國博物館提供了很多重要的藏品。他被稱為“ 二十世紀上半葉

霍文希望尋找願意出資建設北翼的捐贈者。北翼將展出埃及

中國藝術品和手工藝品的傑出貿易商”，但因其非法將古董和

政府為感謝美國幫助建設阿斯旺水壩而捐贈的丹鐸神廟。霍

考古珍品從中國販售至西方收藏家手中，而廣受批評。

文花費六年時間才找到適合的捐贈者。 1971年，薩克勒在被詢

問是否願意捐贈之後，他大聲數了10個數，然後說，“ 我花了

弗蘭克 · 卡洛

10秒做出了決定，我願意捐贈。” 薩克勒還邀請他的兄弟們共

同進行捐助。這一捐贈成果讓各家博物館都希望得到的丹鐸神

弗蘭克 · 卡洛是盧芹齋生意上的合作夥伴。 1949年之後，中國

廟被留在了紐約大都會博物館。神廟之後被拆開，從亞曆山大

文物出境受到嚴格管理，盧芹齋在中國兩家分店的大批庫存也

港運送至布魯克林，再運往第五大道之後進行重新組裝。為了

統統被查收，紅樓失去了貨源，只有靠出售原有庫存和為客戶

紀念丹鐸神廟開展，霍文在薩克勒展覽大廳組織了開幕展覽，

訂做中式傢俱來維持經營。盧芹齋元氣大傷，不得不退休。他

展出了各種圖坦卡門墓中發現的珍寶，展覽一鳴驚人。1978年

將紐約庫存拍賣，店面讓給助手弗蘭克 · 卡羅 (Frank Caro) 經

9月，埃及大使梅吉布（ Meguib）為丹鐸神廟參與開幕展，之

營， 1952年正式返回法國定居。

後薩克勒展覽館和展覽大廳開始向公眾開放，該展覽館被譽

為紐約市最寬闊的大廳之一。

保羅 · 辛格爾

伊丽莎白 · 薩克勒

保羅 · 辛格爾（ Paul Singer）是一名精神科醫生，因其龐大的的中國藝術品收藏而廣為人知。辛格爾從事於藝術品收藏事業

伊丽莎白 · 薩克勒，生於1948年2月19日，是美國公共歷史學

時正值美中接觸嚴格受限時期。1904年，辛格爾出生於匈牙利，

和女性主義藝術為主題的中心。 2000年起，伊丽莎白任布魯

賣行和舊貨商店。辛格爾於1997年去世，其藏品已有約5 000

家和藝術活動家，創辦了布魯克林博物館伊丽莎白 · 薩克勒女

在奧地利長大， 17歲時第一次購買東亞藝術品。他在1939年

權主義藝術中心，這是布魯克林博物館中第一個以女性藝術家

移民美國，積極從事收藏事業，經常出沒於藝術品交易商、拍

克林博物館監理委員會成員。 2014年6月，成為布魯克林博物

件，其中大部分是中國藝術品，他曾在新澤西州薩米特地區簡

館監理委員會選出的第一位女性主席，她擔任這一職位直至

樸的兩居室公寓裏展出過這些藝術品。

2016年6月。

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From Vault Storage to Virtual Study: Digitizing the National Numismatic Collection's East Asian Objects For Access Emily Pierce〔USA〕 The National Numismatic Collection (NNC) is the Smithsonian Institution's collection of monetary and transactional objects. Housed in the National Museum of American History (NMAH), the approximately 1.6 million objects tell the stor y of money from its origins in Greece, India, and China to the modern-day production of transactional and commerce technology. Foundational to the NNC were several significant donations of East Asian numismatic and numismatic-adjacent objects. The approximately 14,000 pieces of East Asian coinage and Chinese paper currency is too large to make accessible via traditional exhibition practices. By digitizing this substantial collection, the NNC has created new opportunities for public interaction and collections access. While the digital presence of an object can in no way replicate the ethos of the authentic artifact, it does allow for an intimate interaction between the object and its public at an international level.1 In 2017, thanks to the generous support of the family of Howard F. Bowker―a dedicated East Asian numismatist and longtime friend of the NNC―I completed a year-long digitization project of the Collection's East Asian coins and metal currencies. This collection had remained mostly unused since the 1960's save for some objects from the Ulysses S. Grant and George Bunker Glover Collections in exhibitions and an occasional mention in published scholarship.2 [ Prior to 2019, Robert W. Hoge's 1998 ICOMON paper "Chinese numismatics in American museums" was perhaps the last time this collection was even considered by East Asian scholars outside of the Smithsonian. ] At the completion of the coin project in 2018, I began digitization of the Collection's Chinese paper currencies thanks to the generous support of Michael H. Chou. Through pilot projects to digitize the East Asian Collection, the NNC has established a process to create digital

Fig. 1 Several of the National Numismatic Collection's East Asian numismatic objects in the Miradore a IIIF Viewer

surrogates ― predominantly for access ― specific to numismatic material. Fur thermore, the creation of these surrogates has generated opportunities for collaboration between the

1 Figure 1 2 Prior to 2019, Robert W. Hoge's 1998 ICOMON paper "Chinese numismatics in American museums" was perhaps the last time this collection was even considered by East Asian scholars outside of the Smithsonian.

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Fig. 2-2 Michael Chou (left), Emily Pierce (middle) and Hillary York (right) at 2019 Kyoto International Council of Museums Conference.

Fig. 2-1 Example of a digital catalog record in the Collection Information System Mimsy XG (Gallery Systems)

NNC and colleagues across the Smithsonian in several digital access experiments.

Mimsy XG, document basic pieces of identification information―like country of origin, issuing authority, date, denomination―and information to better track the objects―such as location, condition, and initial provenance trail. To further enrich the records, I documented iconography and text on each object's obverse, reverse, and rim when present . Any applicable additional information from the Museum's old catalog cards, curatorial notes, and relevant correspondence information is then added to a record.3

Creation of digital surrogates begins with standard inventor y and cataloging of museum objects. In 2017, I conducted inventory assessment and basic, digital catalog records for the Collection's Chinese, Japanese, and Korean metal currencies― just over 8,000 objects. The catalog records in the Museum's Collections Information System (CIS),

The Museum's old, paper catalog cards, records, and object boxes contained publication reference numbers referring to books published between 1888 until about 1970. While these publications were the standard reference on the respective material fif t y-plus years ago, they are now understood to contain errors. The most apparent difference between these and more recent publications is use of outdated terminology and romanization formats. The entirety of the East Asian Coin Collection had

Fig. 3-1 Emily introduces NNC's East Asian Coin Collection Digitalization project.

Fig. 3-2 A portion of the National Numismat ic Collec t ion's East A sian Currenc y Highlight s Learning Lab displaying highresolution images captured as part of the Howard F. Bowker East Asian Coin Digitization Project 3 Figure 2

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Fig. 4 Comparison of Silver Trade Dollars from the NNC's Chase Manhattan Bank Collection (left) and an American Numismatic Society Silver (right) via Mirador Right Coin: Silver trade dollar of {Mutsuhito}, Japan, 1875. 1927.55.1 ANS

Left Coin: Chase Manhattan Bank NU.79.112. CM00943

Fig. 5 Instruction page for the Transcription Center's Chinese Banknote Project

been organized by previous staff according to this reference information and all existing hand-written information utilized outdated romanization most often the Wade-Giles or Yale systems. In order to keep historic record of the curatorial output of the NNC and prevent any further misidentification of objects, I maintained these old catalog reference

object spellings, including the outdated terminology and romanization schemes. [ Reference books and correspondence included pioneers in the field of East Asian numismatics including: Bowker, Coole, Jacobs and Vermeule, Jiaju, Kann, Kidd, Lacouperie, Lockhar t, Mac Farland, Mandel, Mao, Munro, Ramsden, Rose, Schjöth.4

4 Reference books and correspondence included pioneers in the field of East Asian numismatics including: Bowker, Coole, Jacobs and Vermeule, Jiaju, Kann, Kidd, Lacouperie, Lockhart, Mac Farland, Mandel, Mao, Munro, Ramsden, Rose, Schjöth.

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The NNC's Chinese banknotes range from the Ming Dynasty through to the present day, f r o m l a r g e Ku a n s h e e t s t o small train ticket vouchers, and from objects depicting Classical Chinese characters to modern notes in Hanzi. From 2018 – 2019, I digitized the collection of approximately 6000 banknotes following the process established during the East Asian coins project. Banknote digitization created an o p p o r t uni t y f o r gr e a te r experimentation into some of the digital tools beginning to appear throughout the various spheres of cultural heritage stewardship. The most exciting experiment for the Chine se B ank note s was utilizing crowdsourcing to complete image identification, transcription and translation of notes. 6

Fig. 6 Examples of transcriptions completed on the Transcription Center's website

After completing the inventory and cataloging of the coins is the physical process of digital imaging. Chop marks, faded inscriptions, and iconographic minutia often dictate the importance or specific purpose for many of these objects. To highlight small marks, images are captured at high resolution (600 dpi)― providing clear, close-up, micro-level representation of objects―using either a 24-105mm or Macro EF 100mm lens. The Smithsonian has recently shifted to a new formatting process for images connected to catalog records. This process formats images into the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) application programming inter face (API). Digital visitors outside of the Museum can now better access images of its cultural heritage objects. IIIF allows for access via public image servers so multiple objects from multiple institutions can be placed side-by-side for study and scholarship. This technology is paramount for NNC digitization as the main goal is to share and reconnect these important objects with the researchers, scholars, and communities whom they represent.5

The Smithsonian Institution's Transcription Center works with digital volunteers (called volunpeers on the website) to record text transcription of objects, documents, or collection records, making material more easily discoverable. Crowdsourcing is an incredibly effective way of making the public aware of hidden collections like the Chinese paper money held in the American History Museum. Since it is unlikely that the Chinese banknote collection will ever be displayed in its entirety due to its vast size and scope, crowdsourcing presents possible solutions for both capturing needed descriptive information of objects while simultaneously allowing the public to engage with objects. The NNC partnered with the Center to try using their tools to crowdsource not only transcription, but also translation of nonwestern, Chinese character scripts. The Chinese b a n k n o t e i m a g e s c r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e NN C digitization project now serve as a large object sampling with both Chinese and English language characters and are live on the Transcription Center's project page awaiting crowdsourcing transcription

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Fig. 7 Example of 3D scan and viewer of an Inari Sen (NU.66.14084)

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Fig. 8 Example of 3D scan and viewer of an Inari Sen (NU.66.14084)

Fig. 9 Page from the NNC's East Asian Currency Highlights Learning Lab

and translation. To date, more than 600 objects have been completed by members of the public including students of East Asian Studies from the George Washington University, Georgetown University, and the University of California San Diego.7

capturing 49 of them at an incredibly high level of resolution using both Photogrammetry and a Structured Light Scanners. Ten objects are now available via the Smithsonian's 3D viewer. These coins can now be studied in detail. The Viewer includes short labels describing each object, its iconography, and highlights features such as mint marks, object construction, and materials. Highprofile projects such as this make these hidden collections even more accessible to researchers, represented communities, and the larger public.9

Inventorying, cataloging, and digitizing this hidden collection is paramount in the due diligence of its stewardship. With more than 14,000 of the NNC's East Asian objects accessible online with identification images, denomination, and description information, the NNC is now able to work with new digital technologies providing high-quality collection access to researchers from around the globe. The completeness of these records and flexibility of image files has slated these objects for other pilot and experimental technologies such as 3D scanning and machine learning.8

Another technology used is the Smithsonian's Learning L ab website. While geared towards teachers and classrooms, anyone can construct a Learning Lab group comprised of catalog records, blogs, articles, and even bibliographic links. Learning Lab is now home to a basic catalog or "Collection", of the NNC's East Asian Highlights. Staff also used the platform to complement the 3D scanned objects and links to the 3D viewer. Since Learning Lab is an outward facing interface, members of the public and

In 2018 the Smithsonian Institution's Digit al Programs Office of 3D Programs worked with the NNC team to 3D scan 81 of the East Asian coins,

7 Figure 6 8 Figure 7, 8

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Fig. 10 Collection of Chinese Banknotes viewed through

图10-1 艾米丽女士对 NNC 东亚纸币收藏数字化进行介绍

Learning Lab

Fig. 11 Page from the Smithsonian Institution's Digital Collection Search Center

numismatic colleagues across the globe. These digitization processes were not without limitations and imperfections, but they enabled greater digital access to the collection and a mechanism to connect the collection with subject experts at great distances as well as people in the objects' countries of origin. Through digitization and new digital platforms, online visitors can enjoy, learn from, and study objects stored a world away. 11

represented communities can take the digitized data and curate their own digital exhibitions by selecting objects, designing object placement, and writing labels.10 The Transcription Center crowdsourcing opportunity, the flexibility of image use for research, and the 3D captures have established a foundation for gre ater c ollab or ation b et we en the NNC and

10 Figure 10 11 Figure 11

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NNC 東亞硬幣收藏數字化的實現從金庫到虛擬研究艾米麗·皮爾斯〔美國〕美國史密森尼國家錢幣收藏集（以下簡稱 NNC）是

美國史密森學會收藏貨幣和交易工具的總稱。這些陳

列於美國國家歷史博物館（NMAH）的大約160萬

件藏品，分別來自希臘、印度和中國。我們可以通過

觀賞這些藏品，瞭解其從發行之初到成為現代交易及

商業科技產品的歷程。這一 NNC 系列藏品源自東

亞及相鄰地區捐贈的一些重要的收藏集，其中約有

14 000 枚東亞硬幣和中國紙幣由於數量太大而無法

通過傳統的方式進行展出。因此，NNC 選擇將這些藏品以數字化的形式展出，對訪客互動方式及藏品

獲取管道進行了革新。雖然數字化藏品無法複刻真實

工藝品的藝術感，但這種方式卻能讓藏品同訪客間的互動變得更為親密。1

2017年，在霍華德 · 包克家族的慷慨支持下，我完成

了為期一年的東亞硬幣 & 金屬貨幣數字化項目。霍

華德 · 包克（Howard F. Bowker）是一位資深的東亞錢幣學家，也是 NNC 的老朋友。20世紀60 年

代以來，除了一些展覽中展出的尤利西斯 · S · 格蘭特

（Ulysses S. Grant）和喬治 · 邦克 · 格洛弗（George

Bunker Glover）的藏品，以及偶爾在學術刊物中提及的一些藏品，這一藏品集中的大部分藏品都沒

有被使用過。1998年，羅伯特 · 霍格（Robert W .

Hoge）發表了一篇題為《美國博物館內的中國錢幣學》

（Chinese Numismatics in American Museums）的論文，這可能是 2019 年之前除史密森尼博物館外的

東亞錢幣學家最後一次考慮收藏這些錢幣2 。2018年

硬幣數字化項目完成後，我在周邁可先生的大力支持下開始着手中國紙幣數字化項目。通過東亞藏品數字

化這一試點項目，NNC 建立了一個創建數字化代理的流程，為 NNC 和史密森尼學會在數字訪問實驗

圖1 Mirador 互聯網圖像查看器介面中的幾件國家錢幣收藏集中的東亞錢幣藏品

中創造了合作機會。

1 圖1。 2 1998 年，羅伯特 · 霍格（Robert W . Hoge）發表了一篇題為《美國博物館內的中國錢幣學》（Chinese Numismatics in American Museums）的論文，這可能是 2019 年之前除史密森尼博物館外的東亞錢幣學家最後一次考慮收藏這些錢幣。

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圖2-1 收藏資訊系統 Mimsy XG（集合管理系統）中的數字目錄記錄示例

圖 3 -1艾米麗女士對 NNC 東亞硬幣收藏數位化進行介紹

圖2-2 周邁可先生（左）與艾米麗女士（中）、希拉裏· 約克女士（右）在在2019年京都國際博物館協會大會上合影

圖 3-2 學習實驗室展示的國家錢幣收藏的東亞貨幣亮點高解析度圖像。這些圖像是霍華德 · 包克東亞硬幣數字化項目的一部分

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數字化代理的創建以博物館藏品的標準庫存和編目為開始。

2017年，我對東亞藏品系列中的逾8 000 件中、日、韓金

屬貨幣藏品進行了庫存評估和基本的數字目錄登記。博物

館收藏資訊系統（CIS）中的目錄記錄了 Mimsy XG（即集

合管理系統）、基本的識別資訊（如原產國、發行機構、日

期、面額）、位置、狀況以及最初的來源路徑等資訊，以便更好地追蹤藏品。為進一步完善資訊，我記錄了每一藏品

的正反面及其邊緣的圖像和文字，同時還附加了一些來自博物館舊目錄卡、策展筆記和相關通信資訊的適用內容。3

史密森尼博物館內的紙質舊目錄卡和藏品盒上都有參考書

目編號，編號指向1888年至1970 年間出版的書籍。五十多

年前，這些出版書籍曾是標準參考材料，但目前卻發現存在些許錯誤。這些舊書籍同目前出版書籍間最明顯的區別在於使用了過時的術語和羅馬拼音。東亞硬幣系列藏品的

全部內容皆由先前的工作人員參考這些舊書籍進行編輯，所有現存的手寫資訊都使用了過時的羅馬拼音，最常見的是

WG 威氏拼音法（Wade-Giles system）和耶魯拼音法（Yale

system）。為了保存 NNC 策展作品的歷史記錄，並防止之

後出現藏品誤識的問題，我保留了這些舊目錄上的藏品拼法，包括過時的術語和羅馬拼音。4

完成硬幣的清點和編目後，就要對其進行數字成像處理。戳記、褪色的銘文和肖像細節常常決定了這些藏品的重要

程度或特定用途。為了突出這些小細節，我使用了24-105

圖4 通過米拉多比較 NNC 大通曼哈頓銀行的銀元交易 ( 左 ) 和美國錢幣協會（ANS）的銀元交易（右）右側硬幣：1875年日本明治天皇的壹圓銀幣1927.55.1 ANS 左側硬幣：大通曼哈頓銀行銀元（編號：NU.79.112. CM00943）

圖5 轉錄中心中國紙幣項目說明頁

3 圖 2。 4 參考書籍和信件出自以下東亞錢幣學家先驅：霍華德 · 包克（Howard Bowker）、邱文明（Coole）、諾曼 · 雅各布斯（Norman Jacobs）、科尼利厄斯 · 弗繆爾（Cornelius Vermeule）、千家駒、耿愛德（Kann Eduard）、基德（Kidd）、拉克伯裏（Terrien de Lacouperie）、駱哈特（James H. Stewart Lockhart）、麥克 · 法蘭（Mac Farland）、埃德加 - 曼德爾（ Edgar J. Mandel）、Mao 、尼爾 · 戈登 · 芒羅（Neil Gordon Munro）、亨利 · 拉姆斯登（Henry Ramsden）、弗蘭克 · 羅斯（Frank M. Rose）以及佘德（Fr. Schjoth ）。

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圖6 轉錄中心網站上完成的轉錄示例毫米和 EF-100 毫米的微距鏡頭，以高解析度（600 dpi）

小型火車票票券；有印製古文的紙幣，也有印製現代漢字

近正在進行一種與編目相關的新圖像格式化程式，該程式

對大約6 000 張紙幣進行了數字化收集。紙幣數字化為一

式介面（API）中。博物館外的數字訪客如今能更好地欣

出現在文化遺產管理的各個領域。中國紙幣最令人興奮的

的紙幣。從 2018年到2019 年，我按照東亞硬幣項目的流程，

捕捉圖像，呈現清晰、微觀的藏品特寫。史密森尼學會最

些數字工具創造了更大的實驗機會，而這些數字工具開始

可將圖像格式化到國際圖像互操作框架（IIIF）的應用程

實驗在於：採用眾包模式完成對紙幣的圖像識別、轉錄和

賞各個文化遺產的圖像。訪客還可以通過 IIIF 圖示進入

翻譯。 6

Mirador 互聯網圖像查看器介面，在一個窗口中並排查看

多個藏品。這項技術對 NNC 數字化至關重要，因其主要

史密森尼學會的轉錄中心與大眾志願者（即數字網站志願

目標是與他們所代表的研究人員、學者和社區共用和重新

者）合作，記錄藏品、文件或收藏記錄的文本轉錄，使材

聯接這些重要的藏品。

料更易搜索。眾包是一種非常高效的方式，可以讓公眾發

現隱秘的收藏，比如美國歷史博物館內的中國紙幣。由於

NNC 囊括了從明代至今的中國紙幣。有大型票券，也有 5 圖4 。 6 圖5 。

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圖 7 Inari Sen 3D 掃描及查看器示例（編號：圖8 Inari Sen 3D 掃描及查看器示例 ( 編號：NU.66.14084) NU.66.14084）

圖9 NNC 東亞亮點錢幣學習實驗室頁面

圖10-1 艾米麗女士對 NNC 東亞紙幣收藏數字化進行介紹

圖10-2 通過學習實驗室查看中國紙幣收藏

來，而眾包方式這一解決方案既能捕獲所需藏品的描述資

錄，還包括對於中文的翻譯。通過 NNC 數字化項目創建

中國紙幣收藏的規模和範圍都很大，不太可能完整展示出

轉錄中心合作，嘗試使用他們的工具，當中不僅有眾包轉

訊，又能讓訪客與藏品進行互動。NNC 與史密森尼學會

的中國紙幣圖像，目前還是一個包含中英文字元的大型對

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圖11 史密森學會數字收藏搜索中心的網頁象樣本，可以在轉錄中心的項目頁面上進行直播，等待眾包

錢幣圈學者、愛好者和廣大公眾來說，像這樣的知名項目

轉錄和翻譯。迄今為止，已有600多件藏品由大眾志願者

使得這些隱秘的藏品更易獲得。9

完成轉錄，這些志願者中還包括來自喬治華盛頓大學、喬

所使用的另一項技術是史密森尼學會的“學習實驗室”網

治城大學和加州大學聖地牙哥分校的東亞研究專業本科生。

站。雖然這是一個面向教師開發的授課型平臺，但是任何

人都可以在此建立一個由目錄記錄、照片、博客、文章甚至

清點、編目和數字化這些隱藏的收藏是其管理工作中最重

書目鏈接組成的學習實驗組。學習實驗室裏含有 NNC 東

要的。有超過14 000 件 NNC 的東亞藏品可在網上找到

亞藏品亮點硬幣。工作人員還利用該平臺補充了3D 掃描對

其數位化圖像、面值以及特徵描述，通過這一數字技術，

象和3D 查看器的鏈接。由於學習實驗室是一個面向外部

品訪問。此外，由於記錄完整、圖像靈活，這些藏品現在

籤來獲取數字化數據，操持自己的數字展覽。10

NNC 目前能為來自世界各地的研究人員提供高質量的藏

的介面，訪客可以通過選擇對象、設計對象位置和書寫標

也可以應用在其他試點項目和實驗技術，例如3D 掃描和機器學習。8

轉錄中心眾包的機會、圖像用於研究的靈活性以及3D 捕捉

2018年，史密森尼學會3D 項目數字項目辦公室與 NNC

礎。這些數字化過程並非沒有局限或不完善之處，但它們

和結構光掃描器以令人難以置信的高解析度捕捉了其中49

將藏品與相應的專家以及藏品來源國的人進行遠程聯接的

為 NNC 和全球各地的錢幣同事之間更好的合作奠定了基

團隊合作，對 81枚東亞硬幣進行3D 掃描，使用攝影測量

使人們能夠以更全面的數字方式獲取藏品，並建立了一種

枚。現有十個藏品可通過史密森尼的3D 流覽器，供訪客觀

機制。通過數字化和新的數字平臺，線上訪問者可以欣賞、

賞，並悉心研究。查看器包括描述每個藏品及其圖案的標

學習和研究來自遙遠年代的藏品。11

籤，並突出諸如造幣廠標記、藏品構造和材料等特徵。對

7 8 9 10 11

圖 6。圖 7、8 。圖 9。圖10 。圖11。

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★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Harry Ramsden the American Numismatic Society Collection Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

ⅠRamsden I had been aware of Harry Alexander Ramsden (or H.A.

Ramsden (1839-1898), was British Consul at Santiago,

Ramsden) for a long time, but I didn't really know much

Cuba, and he had worked around the world. Ramsden

about him. However, recently I bought four books written

was born in Cuba (1872-1915, died at age 43), and he

by Ramsden from the 1910 to 1912 period from Stephen

graduated from Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, in 1892.

Album Rare Coins (S.A.R.C). I read all these books and did

In 1901, Ramsden was appointed to be British Vice-Consul

some research and now I have a better understanding of

in Havana, Cuba. In 1904, he wrote his ﬁrst book, A List

Ramsden. He was not only a dealer and collector but also

of Tokens and Paper Notes Issued for the Use of Sugar

an expert on numismatics. Ramsden studied and wrote

Estates in the Island of Cuba , which showed his interest

about numismatics, and worked to promote the knowledge

and gift in numismatics when he was just 32. He published

and recognition of Asian money over 100 years ago. His

the Kwan Ei Tsu Ho Coins in 1906, the Corean Coin

work was a considerable contribution to the numismatic

Charms and Amulets in 1910, and the Siamese Porcelain

exchange and research between East and West.

and Other Tokens in 1911. By his death in 1915, Ramsden had written 40-50 articles about Far Eastern money.

In his letter to Howland Wood, curator of Far Eastern Coins, ANS, on March 20, 1914, Ramsden wrote: "there

Ramsdens's father was a diplomat, and Ramsden

is no other section of numismatics that embraces such

followed in his footsteps going to Japan as a Cuba's

a wide range of shapes, materials, and diﬀerent kinds of

representative when he was a young man. He married a

writing, than that of the Far Eastern countries. None are

Japanese woman and started a coin and stamp journal

probably so attractive, few more interesting, and certainly,

with her brother Jun Kobayakawa. In the process,

there is not another about which we are in such complete

Ramsden got to know Koga Yoshimasa (the director of

ignorance." We can know from this letter that Ramsden

the Osaka Mint in Japan), Professor Uchida Tatokoro (the

was passionate about introducing eastern coins to those

first head of the History Department at Tokyo Imperial

westerners who were interested in eastern coins through

University in 1917), and S. Hayashi (the Secretary of the

English books.

Tokyo Numismatic Society). He also started a JapaneseEnglish bilingual journal, which allowed John Reilly Jr.,

We can know the life of Ramsden from the ar ticle

Howland Wood, John Robinson, and other westerners

Ramsdenian in the book Howard Franklin Bowker-

who were interested in Far Eastern coins, cultural relics,

Numismatic Pioneer, written by Michael Chou, Ron

and arts to communicate with each other. Ramsden was

Guth, and Bruce Smith in 2014. His father, Frederick W.

an intermediary who helped to advance the dissemination

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and exchange of numismatic knowledge bet ween

Asian coins. Ramsden once told John Robinson, an

East and West. The main areas of his interest were

American collector, that he did his coin trading business

numismatics, collecting, and journal writing. However, he

to make a living rather than making a proﬁt.

needed to make a living, so he also served as a dealer. He spent most of his life studying and writing about coins

I bought four books about Chinese coins from the S.A.R.C

to inspire and encourage collectors to learn more about

sale, and all these books were from the Bowker collection.

1.Modern Chinese Copper Coins . Worcester Mass, U.S.A., 1911. Modern Chinese Copper Coins are machine -made coins. The book was published in the 1910s, not long after Chinese machine-made coins were first issued, so the coin patterns showed clearly through the block printing that was used to illustrate the coins. I think this was the only English book about modern Chinese copper coins at that time and it enabled foreigners to have more knowledge of Chinese copper coins. It might have inspired Woodward to publish his Minted Ten-Cash Coins of China in 1943.

2. Chinese Openwork Amulet Coins According to Wikipedia, the word " 支

那 " (Chinas) or

" 支那人" (Chīnah, Sanskrit च ीन (cīna) refers to people

mentioned in ancient Indian literature from the first

millennium BC, such as the Mahabharata, Laws of Manu, as

well the Puranic literature. It was also noted that " 支那 " produced silk. In some sectarian Buddhist and Mahayana

Buddhist literature, such as Milindapanha, Lalitavistara,

Abhidharma, and Avatamsaka Sutra, " 支那 " was also used

as the name of a place. It is estimated that the word was widely used in ancient India no later than 1 B.C.

a consensus whether they should use " 支那 " or " 中国

The word " 支

那 " was introduced into China when the

" to name the state and its citizens. Therefore, though it

Buddhist literature was translated into Chinese, and then,

was translated into " 支那 " in the books by Ramsden, it

the term was spread in Japan, Korea, and other countries.

was not considered discrimination or an insult.`

After China lost the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895,

The following three books were published by Jun

China-Japan relations fell to a low-point, not returning to

Kobayagawa Co., Yokohama, from 1911 to 1912.

normal until the end of the Second World War in 1945.

During this period, the Japanese felt superior and showed

Chinese Openwork Amulet Coins was published in 1911.

disdain when using the word " 支那 ". However, by the end

Ramsden was obsessed with Chinese amulet coins,

of the Qing dynasty, Chinese intellectuals had not reached

and he was especially interested in openwork amulet

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coins, which might be due to the diﬀerence of historical,

of view, the minting of Korean coin charms was much

cultural, and artistic concepts between the West and

better than Chinese amulet coins, and these Korean coin

the East. However, Ramsden found there was only 10

charms produced by the mint in Gyeonggi in the reign of

to 30 of such coins introduced in other works, such

Heungseon Daewongun (December 21, 1820-February

as A Brief Introduction of Ancient and Contemporary

22, 1898) had more patterns.

Coins, The Collection of Ancient Coins, The Collection of Ancient Japanese Coins, The Catalog of Ancient and

The book includes the rubbings of 34 openwork charms.

Contemporary Coins of the Qing dynasty, and some

I assumed that these rubbings were made to produce

foreign works by Lockhart. Therefore, he chose 204

blocks for printing, but they were not put into use. These

amulet coins from his collection to make a classified

rubbings reminded me of David Jen, a scholar who

illustration according to their patterns including motifs

wrote an English book about Chinese coins. He once

such as the dragon, tiger, chi lin, phoenix, carp, lotus,

volunteered to sort out data and catalog of the A.N.S

water chestnut, and aquatic plants.

collection and introduce the coin charms in the collection. I once took a look at photos taken by Jen and found

In his Corean Coin Charms and Amulets published in

many selected coin charms. Unfortunately, he died of

1910, Ramsden also compared tsuba of the Japanese

stomach cancer soon after our meeting. I presumed that

nihontou with openwork coin charms, with a page of

the openwork charms on these photos were from the

Korean coin charm rubbings attached. From my point

Ramsden collection.

3.Chinese Paper Money , 1911, Jun Kobayagawa Co., Yokohama, Japan

baochao [ 大辽军营宝钞 ], dajin banxing baochao [ 大金颁行宝钞 ], etc. included in the book were fabrications according to The Records of Currencies.

In the preface of the book Chinese Paper Money , Ramsden said that he had not seen many banknotes, so he had to write according to images in The Records

of Currencies by Meng Lin in the Qing dynasty. It seems that there are only two notes issued by the government that are genuine in the book. One is a daming tongxing

baochao [ 大明通行宝钞 ] of the Ming dynasty, and the other one is a 500-cash daqing baochao [ 大清宝钞 ] issued in the 7th year in the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor in the Qing dynasty. There is also a genuine money order. Other so-called datang baochao [ 大唐宝钞 ],

dasong tongxing baochao [ 大宋通行宝钞 ], daliao junying

4.Chinese Early Barter, 1912, Jun Kobayagawa Co., Yokohama, Japan

various sizes, and large coin amulets. These were all bronzeware from the Warring States Period or the Han dynasty. However, their shapes and weights are diﬀerent,

The book introduces taihao [ 太昊 ] money, bronze bridge

and they do not have any inscriptions. Since there

money, ouxin [ 藕心 ] money, qinxin [ 罄心 ] money, small

had already been spade money, knife money, square-

bell money, and knife money. It also includes daggers,

hole round coins, half-tael coins, and other money with

spears, swords, arrowheads, armor and halberds of

inscriptions at that time, these monies mentioned in the

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book were not identiﬁed as coins according to unearthed

However, the second and third large spade coins of the

records and related textual research.

Pre-Qin period in the book were from the collection of Lo Chen-yü ( 罗振玉，1866-1940). These two coins were unearthed from Henan province or Shaanxi province, where tortoiseshell bones were discovered. Therefore, we can assume that they were large spades produced in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Ramsden might have been inspired by Aristotle's theory of exchange, and he deduced that these bronzewares without inscriptions were used as money for exchange in the early period.

ⅠThe origin of the A.N.S. Far Eastern Coin Collection 1.The First Phase

the Xin dynasty, 984 square-hole coins, 12 sycees, 43 bronze seals, 7 bridge-shape bronzewares, 31

The first Asian coins in the A.N.S collection were

machine-made copper coins, and 22 coin amulets,

donated by an anonymous person. These included

together with some Japanese and Siamese coins.

some British Hong Kong coins from 1865 to 1893, some coins of the Qing dynasty, and two coins of

In 1911, Isaac John Greenwood (1833-1911), who

the Ming dynasty. In 1905, Charles Gregory, a New

joined the A.N.S in 1859, donated 229 copper coins, 4

York banker, donated a total of 1,411 ancient Chinese

gold coins, and 17 silver coins from China and Japan.

coins, including 2 coin dies, 19 knife coins, 32 square-

He also contributed about 3,000 coins, medals, and

foot spade coins, yi dao ping wu qian [ 一刀平五千 ] of

notes of other countries to the society.

2.The Second Phase

Republic of China was established; and ﬁnally, the First World War started in 1914. Against such a background,

The year 1913 is the most signiﬁcant turning point for

many Chinese and Japanese collectors sold the coins

the A.N.S. Ramsden published a numismatic journal in

in their collection. Ramsden was very fond of Far

Japan, and the journal inspired collectors to learn more

Eastern coins, and he was far-sighted enough to buy

about Far Eastern coins. From 1900 to 1915, the world

the coins he liked from dealers who could supply what

was in an unstable situation. In this period, the Boxer

he wanted in Beijing and Nanjing. Ramsden went to

Protocol was signed between the Qing Empire of China

Beijing in March 1911 to meet Lo Chen-yü and view

and the Eight-Nation Alliance after China's defeat in

his collection. He believed that all the coins in the Lo

the intervention to put down the Boxer Rebellion; The

Collection were genuine and rare, and its quality and

Wuchang Uprising ﬁred the ﬁrst shot against the feudal

quantity far surpassed those coins of the Pre-Qin

imperial regime; warlords carved up China; Hsuan-

dynasty in the British Museum. Therefore, he bought

T'ung, the last emperor of China, was forced to abdicate

the Lo Collection and then sold it to the A.N.S.

following Sun Yat-sen's republican revolution; the

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I would like to introduce where the A.N.S.'s major

monetary history of Chinese coins produced before

donations and key collections came from and how they

the Qin dynasty based on the materials in the A.N.S.

became study materials for researchers. For instance,

collection. In 1950, he returned to China to work at the

the scholar Wang Yuquan, a doctor of at Columbia

Beijing History Museum, and he published a Chinese

University who once assumed the position of curator

book, The Origin and Development of Chinese Ancient

of the Far Eastern Collection for three years, wrote

Money , in 1957.

an English book, Early Chinese Coinage , about the

John Reilly Jr.（1876-1931）

John Reilly Jr. graduated from Princeton University, and he

At his death, his collection contained 15,000 items. At

was president of the Ambroid Co. Inc, which was known for

that time, Wood was the curator of Far Eastern Coins, at

its excellent glue products, and synthetic cement adhesives.

the A.N.S, and Reilly was the director of property. Both of them were interested in and knew Far Eastern coins

In 1907, Reilly made his first trip to the Far East, and

well, so they decided to buy the Ramsden collection and

this trip inspired his interest in Far Eastern art and

donate it to the A.N.S for researchers to study. In 1917, the

numismatics. When he met Ramsden in Yokohama, Japan,

Ramsden collection was sold to Reilly for 30,000 yen (about

Reilly gave him a copy of Neil Gordon Munro’ s collection

15,000 US dollars). According to Bruce Smith’ s record in

(the writer of Coins of Japan ) to read on his trip back to

Ramsdeniana , there were 272 heavy spades (including 2

America. The copy aroused his interest and Reilly wanted

three-hole spades), 535 pointed foot spades, 928 square

to buy some of Munro’ s collection. When he revisited

foot spades, 226 Chi-type knife coins (including 63 with

China and Japan in 1909, he purchased the Munro collection

more than three characters), 668 Ming knives, 172 bamboo

for 4,000 yen. Besides this, Ramsden brought Reilly to the

coins, and 1,200 Siamese tokens. Since there are only

Yokohama Numismatic Society and introduced him to be a

4,000-plus coins in the A.N.S collection from Ramsden,

member of the society.

where are the other 10,000 coins from the Ramsden

In 1926, Reilly made his third trip to the Far East. He

collection? The Ramsden collection included some square

purchased over 3,000 ancient and vintage coins when he

hole coins and coin amulets. Were they donated to the

was in China. Since his major interest was modern vintage

A.N.S.? As Miss Frances Reilly, the daughter of John Reilly

coins, there are now some rare modern vintage coins in

Jr., did not donate the Ramsden collection to the A.N.S until

the ANS collection, such as a Taiwan old man dollar [ 老公

1936, some of the Ramsden collection might have been sold

银 ], lotus dollar [ 如意银 ], and bipao dollar [ 笔宝银 ] with

or donated to other organizations. Otherwise, the Bowker

an inscription of ku [ 库 ], Zhangzhou military dollar[ 漳

collection should not have those coins from the Ramsden

州军饷 ], Shanghai tael [ 上海壹两 ], Guanping tael [ 关平壹

collection, such as the 3 characters knives from Fang Yaoyu

两 ], Taiping Tianguo [ 太平天国 ] silver coin with incised

( 方药雨 ) of Tianjin, a rubbing book, and other ancient

inscriptions. I was deeply impressed by one of these coins,

book collections. Michael Chou bought the rubbing book,

the 1911 empire dollar with a deep and nice L. GIORGI

which had an English preface by Ramsden from the Bowker

signature. Giorgi was an Italian engraver, and he might

collection, and gifted it to me.

have taught his technique of incision to his students in

According to t he ar t icle R amsdenian w r it ten by

the Central Mint in Tianjin before returning to Italy. This

Howard Bowker in 1945, Reilly was not only interested

technique might also be used to incise the English names

i n nu m i smat ic s, but a l so E a s t er n a nt iques such a s

on the 1921 Xu Shichang [ 徐世昌 ] commemorative medal.

lacquer wa res, cloison né, porcela in s, bron zewa res,

Most modern vintage coins in the A.N.S collection are from

carving works, and teapots. There were as many as 26,000

Reilly. However, due to lack of funds, the A.N.S. auctioned

Far Eastern coins and contemporary copper and silver

the duplicates of the Reilly collection.

machine-made coins in his collection. Reilly’ s collection

Ramsden died of typhoid fever, a highly contagious disease,

was not just from Ramsden but also from some other

on January 27, 1912, in Yokohama, Japan, at the age of 43. J

American and European dealers.

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The Lo Collection years. He published The Origin and Development of Chinese Ancient Money in 1957, in which photo 4 and photo 6 [see

Before we discuss the Lo

Collec t ion, we need to

below] of primitive bronze farming shells (Qian [ 钱 ] or

introduce Lo Chen-yü, an

He [ 镈 ]) were noted to be from the A.N.S. collection. I

agronomist, educator, and

assume that these two pieces were from Lo Chen-yü, and

archaeolog ist in moder n

they might have been bought from Anyang, Henan, where

China. Lo was also an

Lo and his younger brother Lo Chen-chang searched for

expert in Dunhuang [ 敦煌 ]

tortoiseshell bones and bronze spades, as there have been

culture and tortoiseshell

bronzewares unearthed since the Northern Song dynasty

bone inscriptions. He was

from time to time.

dedicated to modernizing

A s t her e w a s a n epidem ic a nd t he c ol le c t ion w a s

agronomy in China,

temporarily kept by a dealer in Beijing. Ramsden did not

preserving the archives of

receive the collection until the end of February 1911. He

the Ming and Qing dynasties reserved by the government,

appreciated the quality and rarity of Lo’ s collection and

a nd eng ag ing in t he resea rch of tor toiseshel l bone

decided to sell it to the A.N.S. According to his letter to

inscriptions. He sorted out manuscripts of Dunhuang,

Wood, the curator of Far Eastern Coins, at the A.N.S, in

collected rubbings from stone inscriptions, researched

December 1910, he stressed that Lo's collection was not

wooden slips of the Han and Jin dynasties, and initiated the

only genuine, but it also would make the A.N.S collection of

study of the wares of the Ming dynasty. As Lo was obsessed

early Chinese coins better than the Chinese coin collection

with ancient Chinese culture, he also collected a large

in the British Museum.

number of tortoiseshell bones with inscriptions.

About 500 items in his collection were from antique shops across China. At the end of the Qing dynasty, Chinese

soc iet y was in t ur moil. Of f ic ia ls and eunuchs stole treasures from the imperial palace for resale. Lo worked

in the Ministr y of Education (the cabinet of the Qing dynasty where archives and books were kept) from 1905

to 1911, and he was also the president of the Agricultural Department of the Imperial University of Peking. During this period, he visited the Beijing Azure Stone Factory in

his free time, where he collected a large number of ancient cultural relics and coins of the Pre-Qin Period.

Ramsden knew about the Lo Collection no later than 1910,

Wood received 500 items from Lo on June 21, 1911. These

“I checked the Lo Collection carefully when I was in Beijing

as US$150. Unfortunately, other A.N.S members thought

coins were offered at US$3,000, or US$6 on average.

and he viewed all the collection in Beijing in December

However, some rare coins were individually priced as high

1910. In his letter to Wood of December 2, 1910, he wrote,

last time, and knew that he had collected for 30 years. Lo

it was overpriced, and they would like to be careful with

is the president of a college or university in Beijing, and he

prices. The reasons were as follows: 1. Western collectors

is an authority in this field. His collection of tortoiseshell

had limited need for Far Eastern coins; 2. The material

bones is the largest and most important collection of

of all these coins was cheap bronze; 3. There were many

ancient cultural relics. I believe that my coin collection

counterfeit coins on the market. Therefore, the collection

is larger than his, but it might be due to his additional

was not dealt with for two years.

interest in antique books and tortoiseshell bones. His coin

Despite the situation, the Lo Collection was displayed at

collection can explain the shape and evolution of Chinese

the American Numismatic Association conference held

coins before the Qin dynasty. Therefore, I would like to buy

in Chicago in the summer of 1911. After 22 months of

his coin collection, including but not limited to the square-

negotiation, the collection was sold for US$2,500. However,

hole round coins."

since another consortium paid for the collection, it was

Note: Dr. Wang Yuquan once worked at the A.N.S. for three 102

not donated to A.N.S until March 31, 1913. Then, it was N

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exhibited at the ANS headquarters in New York. After that,

500 Pre-Qin coins from Lo Chen-yü. With all these coins,

modern vintage coins in May 1913, and he also exhibited

Smithsonian Institution has 2,025 items from the Glover

the A.N.S engaged in more activities related to Far Eastern

the A.N.S. may be the organization with the largest Far

coins. For instance, Reilly made a speech about Chinese

Eastern coin collection in North America. In addition, the

the obverses and reverses of 570 coins from the Wood

Collections (George B. Glover (1827-1885) was an American

Collection and his own collection. In 1914, the Eastern Coin

diplomat who worked at the General Administration

Commission was founded.

of Customs of t he Qing Empire), and t he Museum of

A rchaeolog y and A nt hropolog y at t he Universit y of

Currently, the major collection of the A .N.S. includes

Pennsylvania houses about 4,000 Chinese coins.

modern Chinese vintage and ancient coins from the Reilly

Collection, 15,000 Far Eastern coins from Ramsden, and

Conclusion

Ramsden and Lo Chen-yü became good friends when they

shows a broad knowledge of all times and all countries.

were in Yokohama and Kyoto, Japan. As both of them could

China built its modern academic system under the

speak Japanese, they had no problem communicating

inﬂuence of the West, and Chinese people studied western

with each other. They shared the same interest in the

thoughts and methodology through Japanese at that time.

ancient cultural relics of the East, and both of them were

Since it was popular to study abroad in Japan at the end

collectors, writers, researchers, and antique dealers.

of the Qing dynasty, Lo Chen-yü set up a Japanese school

Moreover, both of them purchased better collections for

in Shanghai. Chinese revolutionary figures and cultural

research by serving as a dealer. For instance, Lo was

celebrities not only carried out political and academic

fonder of studying tortoiseshells than coins, so he sold part

activities in Japan but also experienced the social changes

of his Pre-Qin coins to Ramsden in Japan in 1910. After

and the innovations of new Japanese culture since the

Ramsden ﬁnished researching and listing these coins in his

Meiji Restoration. Through these experiences, many

work Chinese Early Barter and Uninscribed Money , he sold

scholars came to draw on the experiences and approaches

these coins to the A.N.S, and his collection was reserved

of Japan to understand western civilization and review

permanently for Western researchers to study Eastern

Chinese culture and society from diﬀerent aspects. As for

culture and ancient cultural relics. In particular, Lo Chen-

the study, Lo also got enlightenment from Japanese study

yü’ s collotype atlas helped to preserve the original features

of Western and Chinese culture. Moreover, Ramsden

of these national treasures and ancient artifacts in the Ming

was also the president of the Yokohama Numismatic

dynasty and other periods. Both of them took appreciation,

Society, so he had a chance to meet professors in the

collection, research, and publication as their ﬁnal goals. It

Japanese academic circle and the director of the Osaka

can be said that they met by destiny, and they were willing

Mint. He had exchanges with them to make a further study

to publish publications together.

on Far Eastern ancient culture, in particular the study of numismatics.

From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, western thoughts had a significant impact

Both Ramsden and Lo Chen-yü made certain achievements

on East Asian culture, which led to great integration and

and contributions to archaeology and numismatics with

innovation. This process also gave birth to many experts

great insights from diﬀerent aspects under the inﬂuence of

in tortoiseshell bone inscriptions, and their academic study

the trend of "eastward spread of Western Culture".

References 1.Lyce Jankowki, History of the Chinese collection of the American Numismatic Society, the American Numismatic Society, New York (2016). 2.Michael Chou, Ron Guth, Bruce W. Smith. Howard Franklin Bowker: Numismatic Pioneer , iAsure, Hong Kong (2014): 45-48. 3.Bowker, H. F. Ramsdeniana , Coin Collector's Journal N.S Vol. VIII (1941): 76- 79.

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★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★

拉姆斯登

★

美國錢幣學會的藏品曾澤祿〔美國〕

Ⅰ拉姆斯登拉姆斯登全名哈裏 · 亞曆山大 · 拉姆斯登是 Harry Alexander

副領事，1904年著作他第一本書《古巴甘蔗園代用幣圖錄》。

Ramsden，簡稱 H.A. Ramsden。我很早就知道他的名

可見他32歲年輕時就對各種錢幣具有興趣及天賦，1906年

字，但還是很籠統不很瞭解。最近在 Stephen Album Rare

著有《日本寬永通寶》，1910年著有《韓國壓勝錢》，1911年

Coins（S.A.R.C）買了4本書，是拉姆斯登在1910-1912年的

《暹邏陶瓷及代用幣》。1915年去世之前共寫過至少有40-50

書。看完這些書後再找一些數據，就讓我更瞭解，他是位中

篇亞洲遠東地區貨幣之文章。

間者的經銷商、收藏家、研究著書貨幣學專家，在100年前就着力推廣亞洲貨幣的知識與認和，並有拓展東西方錢幣學

他的父親是一位英國外交官，年輕的拉姆斯登跟隨父親

的交流與研究的貢獻。

的腳步，以古巴代表的身份來到日本。他跟一位日本婦女結婚，並與她的兄弟⸺ 集郵及錢幣商小早川商（Jun

他在1914年3月20日寫信給 ANS 之遠東錢幣部門主任霍蘭

Kobagawa），共同創辦編輯錢幣及集郵期刊的交流，也因

德· 伍德（Howland Wood）說： “除了遠東國家的錢幣學以外，

此認識了日本大阪造幣廠經理古賀康彥（Koga Yoshimasa，

沒有任何一個錢幣學領域能像遠東國家有涵蓋如此廣泛不同

1907年在東京帝大歷史系第一任主任內田耕三教授）及東

的形狀、資料及不同種類的文字，也許沒有什麼比這更吸引

京錢幣學會秘書長（S.Hayashi）等等。他也創辦日語及英

人的了，也沒有比這更有趣的了。當然了，我們對此竟然完

文雙語期利，西方對遠東錢幣文物藝術有興趣者，可以從

全一無所知而忽略了它。”因此，就可以知道拉姆斯登很早

這錢幣期刊而互相討論通信交流，例如小約翰 · 賴利（John

就有那種使命感及熱情地想把有關東方錢幣以英文著書介紹

Reilly Jr）、霍蘭· 伍德（Howland Wood）、約翰·羅賓遜（John

給西方對東方錢幣有興趣者。

Robinson）。可以這麼說 , 拉姆斯登（Ramsden）在那年代是一位東西雙方錢幣的傳播交流之中間者。對於拉姆斯登來

有關拉姆斯登的一生可以從下面的數據得知。例如《霍

說，錢幣學和收藏以及辦刊物是他最主要的興趣，其次是

華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克⸺ 錢幣學研究先驅者》（Howard

錢幣交易。他需要謀生，但對賺錢並不在意。他花了他一生

Franklin Bowker-Numismatic Pioneer）（2014年出版，作

的大部分時間都在學習錢幣並撰寫有關錢幣的文章，旨在激

者：周邁可、古富、史博祿）這本書裏的文章《拉姆斯登藏

發靈感，並鼓勵藏家鑒賞亞洲錢幣。在1910年告訴一位美

集》（Ramsdeniana）來瞭解。他的父親克萊默 · 拉姆斯登

國藏家羅賓遜，他的錢幣交易業務不是謀生，而是一種維持

（Frderick W. Ramsden，1839-1898）是位英國人，曾任英

生活的手段。

國駐古巴領事，任職於世界多地的英國領事館。拉姆斯登生

104

於古巴（1872-1915年，享年43歲），1892年畢業於賓州理

下列四本書就是我最近從 S.A.R.C 的 Bowker 藏書拍賣中

海大學（Lehigh University），1901年擔任英國駐古巴哈瓦那

買到的，四本有關他對中國錢幣有關的著作如下：

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1.《中國現代銅元》（Modern Chinese Copper Coin s），美國馬賽諸塞州伍斯特市，1911年。近代中國銅幣屬於機製銅幣。因為出書的時間與中國機製銅幣開始發行的年代1910年左右很接近，除了介紹各省及戶部發行銅幣概況外，書中刻版的圖案也很清楚。我想這本唯一用英文寫的書，為的是讓外國人多瞭解中國銅幣，這一本想必對伍德華（Woodward）在1943年出版《中國當十銅元》是有所啟發影響的。

2.《中國空鏤繪錢》（Chinese Openwork Amulet Coins）

知識份子在使用“支那”或“中國”一詞來稱呼國家及國民未有共識，也因此 Ramsden 的書都以 Chinese 翻釋為支那國，並無歧視或侮辱之涵義。

根據 Google 中文維基百科對支那人（梵語 CHINAS）的解下列三本書在1911-1912年以日本橫濱小早川商公司（JUN

釋：

KOBAYAGAWA Co.）出版。支那以及支那人的稱呼，最早起源於古印度。在印度古典《摩訶婆羅多》《羅摩衍那》《摩奴法典》及《政事論》等，皆記載

這本空鏤繪錢在1911年出版。拉姆斯登着迷中國壓錢勝，也

了支那與支那人的稱呼，同時也記載“ 支那” 產絲綢一事。在

許是東西方歷史文化藝術概念之不同，他尤對鏤空錢更有興

部派佛教經典中，使用了支那這個地名。如《那先比丘經》《普

趣，他覺得清代之《古今錢略》《古泉匯》《日本之古泉大全》

曜經》《大毗婆沙論》等。大乘佛教經典，如《華嚴經》等，《古今貨鑒》以及外文系統之 Lockhart 等書雖有一些壓勝也記載這名稱。推估最晚在公元1世紀時，這名詞就已經在古

錢，但有關鏤空型的著作寥寥無幾，多在10-30枚左右而已。

印度通行。

所以他從他的收集鏤空型之藏品選204枚分門

這個名稱隨着佛教經典

別類加以示逑。例如以

漢譯而進入中國，後傳

龍、虎、麒麟、鳳凰、

至日本、韓國等國家。

鯉魚、荷花、菱、藻水等主題分門別類加以說

在甲午戰爭日本戰勝滿

明。

清失敗，以至到 1945年第二次世界大戰結束期

他還以日本劍刀之 tsuba

間為中日關係最惡劣的

“ 鍔 ”、 “鐔”來比較鏤

時期，在這段時期，支

空型之壓勝錢 , 還有附

那人一詞在日本涵有日

上一頁韓國的鏤空壓勝

本的自我優越感及對中

錢拓圖，拉姆斯登並在

國人的輕蔑態度。晚清

1910年著作一本韓國壓

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勝錢 Corean Coin Charms and Amulets。我覺得韓國的壓

下。這讓我想起有一位學者任戴維（David Jen），著有一本

勝錢的製作工藝比中國好得多了，而且花樣更多，多是大院

英文版有關中國錢幣的書，在90年代曾在 A.N.S 當義工整

君執政 [ 大院君（1820年12月21日 -1898年2月22日）] 朝鮮

理中國錢幣數據與目錄，想把館內壓勝錢加以整理並著述。

京畿之錢局作的。

我看過相片內容，裏面真的有許多很好的壓勝錢，但不幸，他因胃癌開刀後不久就過世。我的推想這些壓勝錢中的鏤空型是來自 Ramsden 的藏品。

我買下的這本書中還有夾着34枚鏤空壓勝錢的原墨拓圖。推想是以此拓圖想作雕刻版作為印書之用，但未用它而留

3.《中國古紙幣》（Chinese Paper Money），1911年，大早川商會（JUN KOBAYAGAWA CO.），日本橫濱。這本書序文中有提到他看到的紙幣實物不多，只好依靠《泉布統志》一書而加以示逑。書中僅有二張官方紙鈔看來是真品。一張大明通行寶鈔，另一張是咸豐柒年製的大清寶鈔，准足制錢伍佰文。另一私人匯票是真品，其餘的所謂之大唐寶鈔、大宋通行寶鈔、大遼軍營寶鈔、大金頒行寶鈔等等均是清人孟麟所編的《泉布統志》的臆造紙鈔。

4.《中國初期無銘交換貨幣》（Chinese ，1912年，小早川商會，日 Early Barter）本橫濱。書中的太昊棘幣、磬幣、藕心錢、罄心錢、小銅鈴、大大小小之原始刀、銅戈、銅矛、銅劍、銅鏃、銅甲泡、銅戟等，大型漢代握板式之壓勝錢等等，大都是戰國時代或漢代青銅器，因形狀不一，重量不同，無銘文，何況在那年代已有布刀幣，甚至圓形方孔錢半兩的等銘文之錢幣行用，目前從出土記錄及相關考證，這些均不屬於錢幣諸類等。但是，此書的 No.2及 No.3等先秦大布是羅振玉的藏品，來自河南或陝西的地方，此地便

拉姆斯登可能受到古希臘博學多才的思想家亚里士多德的物物交换的

是甲骨文出土處，亦可推證為商、周時代之

理论，再推理这些无铭文青铜器为中国早期交换货币。

原始大布。

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Ⅱ A.N.S 的遠東錢幣藏品的來源 1. 第一階段

2. 第二階段

最早期是無名氏捐者，1865-1893年

1913年是一個最大的轉捩點，因為當時有拉姆斯登在日本發行錢幣

年代的香港英屬錢幣及一些清朝歷代

刊物，促進藏家對遠東錢幣的興趣與認知，而且在1900-1915年間

錢及2枚明朝錢。一直到1905年有位

整個世界局勢是最不安定，例如義和團事件、辛醜條約、武昌起義、

紐約銀行家（Charles Gregory）開始

軍閥割局、清帝退位、民國成立、及第一次世界大戰等等，而造成

捐獻中國古代錢幣1 411件藏品，包括

許多中日藏家的錢幣出售。由於拉姆斯登本人具有遠東錢幣的狂愛

2件錢模笵具、19枚刀幣、32枚方足幣、

及遠見，就有機會入藏他所喜愛的錢幣，在北京及南京等地，有錢

1枚王莽一刀平五千、984枚方孔錢、

幣商為他供應他想要的藏品。這包括他在1911年3月到北京親見羅

12件銀錠、43件銅鈐、7件橋樣銅件、

振玉本人及其藏品，他認為羅氏藏品全部是真品又珍罕，其質與量

31枚機製銅幣、22枚壓勝錢，及日文

是超過大英博物館藏的中國先秦錢幣部分。那時侯他又想購買的這

錢幣、暹羅物件等等。

批所謂“羅氏藏品” （Lo's Collection）為的是想轉賣給 ANS 來收藏。

1911年，格林納達 [Isaac John

下面我再分別說明1913年後，ANS 大宗捐贈品及主要關鍵藏品是

Greenwood（1833-1911），他在1859

如何來的，又如何造就了後人的研究資料，例如1949年，學者王毓

年加入 ANS 會員 ]，他捐中國、日本

銓（哥倫北亞大學博士）在 ANS 任職遠東部門主任三年，利用館

229枚銅錢、4枚金幣及17枚銀幣，及

藏品的資料研究，在1950年寫了一本英文《中國先秦貨幣史》（Early

其他不同國家的3 000枚錢幣、獎章

Chinese Coinage）。1950年回中國任職於北京中國歷史博物館，

及紙幣。

1957年著一本書中文版《中國古代貨幣的起源和發展》。

小約翰 · 賴利（ John Reilly Jr， 1876-1931）

普林斯頓大學畢業生，他曾擔任 Ambroid 公司總裁，該公司

上海壹兩、關平壹兩、太平天國陰刻銀幣……尤其有一枚我看

以其原始膠粘劑液體而聞名，是一種合成水泥膠，用於修補

碎片。

過 , 讓我印象很深刻，就是宣統三年壹圓大清銀幣左下邊有陰

在1907年，賴利第一次到遠東旅行，激發了他對遠東藝術及錢

是意大利 GIORGI 雕刻師返國之前，就又傳受給天津造幣廠之

徒弟們，後來似有可能表現於1921年之徐世昌的無“ 紀念幣”

幣的興趣，在日本橫濱遇到拉姆斯登，他給賴利一份日本蒙羅

的陰刻英文字名字的刻字。ANS 館藏近代機製幣大部分是賴利

（Neil Gordon Munro，《日本錢幣》的作者）的錢幣副本，讓他

的藏品。前幾年，大概是因經費不足，就把賴利捐獻的近代機

刻 GIORGI 英文字陰刻得很深又精緻。這個陰刻手法有可能

回美國時在旅途中閱讀它，從而引起了賴利的興趣，讓他想買

製幣之重複品供給拍賣公司拍賣出售。

蒙羅的藏品。所以，在第二次1909年的遠東中國及日本旅行時，到日本時就以4 000元日幣買下這份蒙羅的藏品。同時拉姆斯登

拉姆斯登於1912年1月27日因瘟疫傷寒之傳染病在日本橫濱去世，享年43歲。留下了15 000多件的收藏品。在這個期間，

也帶他去橫濱錢幣學會，並介紹又參加為橫濱錢幣學會會員。

正好是伍德當 ANS 遠東錢幣策展者，而賴利是財物主管，二

1926年，賴利第三次到遠東旅行，他在中國住了幾個月，並收

人基本上對遠東錢幣有共同的興趣及認知，覺得有需要買下

集到3 000多枚錢幣，這其中有古幣及近代機製幣，他主要興

拉姆斯登的藏品給 ANS，以讓後人作為科學性的研究參考資

趣在於近代機製幣，在 ANS 藏品中的近代機製幣和銀餅有不

料。所以，在1917年，以30 000日元（約15 000美元）賣給

少珍罕品，例如臺灣老公銀、如意及筆寶“ 庫” 字、漳州軍餉、

賴利。按史博祿在《拉姆斯登藏集》中記載的藏品，有272枚

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大布，包括有2枚三孔布， 535枚尖足布， 928枚方足布， 226

文序文，此本是周邁可買下包克圖書館書本之一，贈送給筆者）

枚戰國齊刀，63枚四字刀、五字刀， 2枚六字刀， 668枚明刀，

及其他也有可能是他的古藉本藏書。

那還有的一萬多項的錢幣，包括方孔錢及壓勝錢，究竟有沒有

按以1945年有一篇文章《拉姆斯登藏集》，作者是霍華德 · 包

172枚竹幣， 1 200多枚暹羅代幣。但這個數目僅有4 000多枚，全部包括捐獻之項目裏 ? 因為一直到1936年賴利的女兒弗蘭西

克，有提到賴利的嗜好興趣是多方面的，不僅收錢幣，還有一

斯 · 賴利（Frances Reilly）才正式把購入拉姆斯登藏品捐獻

給 ANS。那麼在這19年間有否被轉手或另外捐獻？不然怎麼會

茶壺等等。他一生收集不同遠東錢幣及當代的銅銀機制幣共有

在霍華德 · 包克（ Howard Bowker）藏品中又出現拉姆斯登之

藏品，例如天津方藥雨的三字齊刀及拓本（有 Ramsden 之英

26 000枚。他不僅有 Ramsden 提供，還有美國、歐洲等地錢幣商的來源。

些東方的古董，如漆器、景泰藍、瓷器、青銅器、雕刻品和

羅振玉藏品持續有30年，他又是北京高等學校或大學的校長，在這方面

是最為權威者 , 而他的收藏是中國最大又重要的古文物⸺ 甲

骨文之骨頭，我相信他知道我收藏錢幣的數量已超過了他，或許是現在，他正好興趣於古董書及甲骨文的研究。他的古代錢幣藏品正好可以說明中國古代先秦的錢幣造型方式之演變循序，這正好激發了我想買下他的錢幣之興趣 , 但這不包括圓形

方孔錢。”

按筆注：王毓銓博土曾在1949年任職 ANS 三年，在他的書中， 1957年出版《我國古代貨幣的起源和發展》，有圖版“ 肆” 及圖版“陸”的原始青銅農耕工貝（錢或镈）是注明來自美洲古錢

學會 ANS 藏品。我的推測是羅振玉的藏品，有可能他跟他的

弟弟（羅振常）在1908年到河南安陽搜購甲骨片及青銅原始大布的地方得來的。因此地在北宋時就常有青銅器出土之記錄。

首先介紹羅氏藏品的主人是何等人，就是羅振玉（ 1866-1940 年）。羅振玉是中國近代的農學家、教育家、考古學家、敦煌

學家以及甲骨文專家等，他參與了開拓中國的近代化之農學，

由於當時正是瘟疫傳染病的流行，暫由北京代理商負責保管，

保存了內閣大庫明、清檔案以及從事甲骨文字的研究與傳播，

一直到1911年2月底才收到藏品。他很希望將它出售給 ANS。因為他很讚賞這批藏品是品質之佳和稀有之物。按他在1910

整理敦煌文卷，收藏碑帖 , 並開展了漢晉木簡的考究，同時倡

年12月間曾經寫信給 ANS 遠東錢幣負責人 curator 伍德的信

導了古代明器研究。作為一個對於古文化相當入迷的人，他也

“ 不僅所有作品都是真實中，強調羅氏藏品有幾個主要看點：

收藏了數量龐大的甲骨文。他的錢幣部分收藏品包括500件來自各方古董店，清末社會動盪，朝廷大官、太監把皇宮珍寶偷出倒賣。他1905-1911年在學部任職（清代內閣存放檔案書籍），及任京師大學堂農科大學校長時，一有空就逛北京琉璃廠，收集大量古代文物、先秦錢幣等等。拉姆斯登至少從1910年開始就知道羅氏藏品，於1910年12月在北京看到他的全部錢幣藏品，1910年12月2日寫信給伍德說：

“ 我上次在北京時，仔細檢查了一下，並知道羅先生收集錢幣

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法？因有三點：[1] 西方國家對遠束錢幣的需求有限；[2] 藏品

的，而且該系列還可以能夠使 ANS 超越大英博物館收藏的早

中皆是賤價的青銅質；[3] 市場上有許多偽造品。因此，為了

期中國錢幣！”

售賣的價錢的問題而被擱置近二年之久。在1911年6月21日，伍德收到了羅振玉的500件藏品，要價是 3 000美元，平均每枚約為6美元，但是有些個別藏品可高到

僅管如此，在1911年夏季 ANA 美國全國錢幣協會年度大會在

的價錢，有需要謹慎小心一點。為什麼當時大家有如此的看

月的討價返價，才以2 500美元成交，但這是由另一財團付錢

150元美元。但不幸的是，其他 ANS 成員認為這是高估了它

芝加哥舉行，羅氏藏品就放在大會場中展覽。最後經過22個

的，故在1913年3月31日正式捐獻給 ANS，4月放在 ANS 紐約本址展覽。因為有了羅氏藏品之後， ANS 就加強東亞地區

有關錢幣的活動，例如，賴利在1913年5月《中國近代機製幣》的演講，賴利及伍德（專業是伊斯蘭錢幣）等二人藏品共有 570枚正反面錢幣之展覽。1914年成立東方錢幣委員會。總之，ANS 大宗藏品是來自賴利的中國近代機製幣及古幣，拉姆斯登的1.5萬枚遠東錢幣藏品及羅振玉中國先秦錢幣500 件藏品等等。可算是北美洲博物館有最多遠東地區的錢幣藏品存庫之處。另外 The Smithsonian Institution 有 Glover

collection 2 025件， [George B.Glover（ 1827-1885）是位美

國外交官及大清帝國的海關總署服務 ]。賓夕法尼亞大學考古

與人類學博物館大約有4 000件中國錢幣。

結語拉姆斯登及羅振玉等二人均能講日文，交流溝通上不成問

的時代感。中國近代學術體系的確立，一方面是直接受西方

題。二人有一段時間在日本橫濱及京都成為泉友，對東方古

的影響，另一方面則是通過日本式之解讀來認識西洋的思想

文物有共同嗜好，既是收藏家、出版者、研究者與古董商，

及其方法論。清末，羅振玉在上海創辦一所日文學校，留學

二人又以藏養藏的買賣方式再購買更上一層的藏品而研究。

日本蔚然成風；革命志士、文化名人一邊在日本展開政治、

例如，1910年羅振玉對甲骨文研究比錢幣更有興趣，遂把先

學術活動，一邊體會日本明治維新以來的社會變遷和新文化

秦錢幣部分賣給日本的拉姆斯登，而拉姆斯登研究後並舉例

思想的創建。通過這些體驗，許多學者從不同的層次借鑒日

於他的著作《中國初期無銘交換貨幣》，之後再轉賣給美國

本的經驗和方法來理解西方文明，重新審視中國的社會及文

ANS，而 ANS 再把羅氏藏品永久存放 , 讓西方研究學者有

化。羅振玉在治學方面，同樣也是從日本人的西洋認識和漢

機會研討東方藝術古文物。可以說，這二位是有他們時代性

學研究中得到諸多啟示，而當時拉姆斯登又是橫濱錢幣學會

之相遇緣分，並共同樂於出版刊物，尤以羅振玉的珂羅版圖

的會長，而有機會認識日本學術界教授，及大阪造幣廠經理，

冊，為的是要保存國家遣產，及所有古文物，包括明器等之

並通過彼此的學術互動來深化遠東古文化之研究，尤以錢幣

真面貌。二人可說是鑒賞、收藏、研究、出版等為最終目的。

學為主。

從19世紀末至20世紀初，西洋思想對東亞文化圈產生了極

在西學東漸思潮的影響下，二人從不同層次及遠見，在考古

大的衝擊、融合、再創新。眾所周知，在這一過程，造就了

學及錢幣學理念等領域是有所建樹輿貢獻。

一批研究甲骨文大師，使他們的學術研究帶有通觀古今中外參考資料 1. 何淑貞，《美國錢幣學會收藏中國錢幣的歷史》，2016 年。 2. 周邁可、古富、史博祿，《霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克⸺ 錢幣學研究先驅者》，2014 年。 3. 霍華德 · 弗蘭克林 · 包克，《拉姆斯登藏集》，2014 年。

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Obsidional Money Bruno Collin〔France〕

the sinews of war is a limitless supply of money!!

According to Cicero, the sinews of war is a limitless supply of money. Indeed, money allows one to acquire weapons, to pay and sustain the troops, to hire mercenaries and even to bribe an adversary or pay a ransom.

Regular coins within a besieged city are quickly set aside, even hidden, for better days. So, what does a military leader do when in charge of a besieged city and the supply of coins has been shut off and the resources are running low?

A centuries-old solution was to issue emergency money using the resources at hand, whether it be metal or paper. This specific type of emergency money is called obsidional money, from the Latin obsidionalis, 'relating to a siege'.

Overview obsidional money was the incessant wars of the 16th and 17th centuries.

It seems that the first obsidional coins were issued when Athens was besieged by the Spartans around 406 B.C.E. and the famous Owls disappeared from local circulation. To remedy the situation, the Athenians melted a gold statue of Victory to make small coins of equal value to a silver drachma.

There were many issues during various conflicts, but the most prolific seem to be the War of the Spanish Succession (17021713) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). The issue of obsidional money eventually petered out at the beginning of the 20th century.

Many centuries later, obsidional money was again issued at Groningen, Netherlands, circa 1414-1415. But the heyday of

War Of The Spanish Succession

◎ WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (1702-1713) It was possibly during the War of the Spanish Succession that the issue of obsidional money was most frequent. Let's look at a few of them.

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Barcelona (1651-1652) During their revolt against the Spanish rule, the Catalans asked France for help and it sent troops. In July 1651, a large Spanish army, led by Don Juan José of Austria (John of Austria the Younger) descended on Barcelona and laid siege to the city. The Catalans and French troops surrendered more than a year later, in October 1652. Silver 10-real coins were issued in the name of Louis XIV (XIIII on the coin) during the siege. They can be identified by the legend BARCINO • CIVIT • OBESSA (Siege of the city of Barcelona) found on the reverse.

Barcelona obsidional money

Note that all French coins issued for Catalonia between 1651 and 1652 are quite rare, as the Spanish quickly melted them.

Landau (1702) At the beginning of the war, Landau (Germany) was under the control of the French led by Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac. In June 1702, the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army, led by Louis of Baden laid siege to the city. To pay his troops, Mélac struck coins from silver obtained by melting his dishes. These somewhat square uniface pieces bear the arms of Mélac and a fleur-de-lis in each angle, and have strange denominations: 4 livres 4 sols, 2 livres 2 sols, 2 livres 1 sol, and 1 livre 1 sol. Landau obsidional money (1702)

These pieces stand out from the previous ones as they look like real coins, having been struck at the Lille Mint.

Tournai (1709)

Lille obsidional money

French troops led by Monsieur de Sur ville, marquis de Hautefort, were holding Tournai when English troops, led by the Duke of Marlborough, and Austrian troops, led by Prince Eugene of Savoy, laid siege to the city.

a portrait, a first for an obsidional piece. This was felt to be a crime of lèse-majesté because it was believed to be the portrait of M. de Surville. A story in its own right that we will not discuss further.

A coin with a value of 20 patards was issued on July 13. Square and uniface, these coins were made from silver from de Surville’s dishes. It an outcry at the French court as it bore

A week after the issue of the 20 patards, it was decided to issued copper 2- and 8-patard pieces. These were both struck on round blanks and on liards of various sources.

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Tournai (1709)

Tournai obsidional money

A coin with a value of 20 patards was issued on July 13. Square and uniface, these coins were made from silver from de Surville’s dishes. It an outcry at the French court as it bore

A week after the issue of the 20 patards, it was decided to issued copper 2- and 8-patard pieces. These were both struck on round blanks and on liards of various sources.

Aire-sur-la-Lys (1710) The Allied troops that besieged Lille in 1708, attacked and laid siege to Aire-sur-la-Lys in September 1710. The French governor of the city, Louis Vincent marquis de Goësbriand had 25- and 50-sol pieces struck from his silver dishes. These klippes are uniface and bear the arms of Goësbriand, the date, the denomination, and the legend PRO REGE ET PATRIA ARIA OBS (for king and country, siege of Aire).

Aire-sur-la-Lys obsidional money

Landau (1713) In 1713, it was the French’s turn to besiege that city then held by Allied troops under the command of Charles-Alexander, Duke of Württemberg. Charles-Alexander had uniface square pieces of various denominations struck: a gold doppia (double ducat) and silver 2 florins 8 kreutzer, 1 florin 4 kreutzer, and ½ florin 2 kreutzer. All pieces bear the inscription PRO CÆS & IMP (for king and emperor) at the top and BEL (from German belagert, besieged) LANDAU at the bottom with the denomination.

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Landua obsidional money (1713)

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◎ NAPOLEONIC WARS (1803-1815)

NAPOLEONIC WARS

Another prolific period for obsidional currency—surely to no one’s surprise—was during the Napoleonic Wars. Under the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn, Austria ceded its territories on the Adriatic Coast (which encompassed modernday Croatia, Slovenia, and Gorizia) to the French. These became the Illyrian Provinces.

Zara (1813) In August 1813, the Austrian troops invaded the Illyrian Provinces and laid siege to Zara (today, Zadar, Croatia). Large silver pieces weighing respectively 1, 2, and 4 ounces were str uck. Round, they bear a diamond-shaped mark consisting of the French Imperial eagle flanked by ZARA and 1813 on the obverse; while the reverses show the weight (top) and denomination (bottom) in a square, as follows: 4.0. [ounces] / 18F 40C; 2.0. / 9F 20C; and 1.0. / 4F 60C.

Zara obsidional money

Cattaro (1813-1814)

Cattaro obsidional money

In October 1813, a small British fleet, led by Captain William Hoste and Montenegrin troops under PetarI, laid siege to Cattaro (today Kotor, Montengro), after hauling the ship’s cannons and mortars to positions in the mountains above Cattaro’s fortress.

crowned N flanked by the denomination with the legend DIEU PROTEGE LA FRANCE (God protect France) around the piece with the weight at 6 o’clock. The reverse shows a group of arms in the centre and the legend CATTARO EN ETAT DE SIEGE (Cattaro under siege) and the date at 6 o’clock.

French commander General Jean-Joseph Gauthier issued obsidional pieces in three denominations: 1, 5, and 10 francs.

The 1-franc piece is quite different and much simpler in design; bearing a crowned N over the denomination, 1.F., f lanked by laurel branches on the obverse and the reverse shows CATTARO / 1813 in two lines.

The 5 and 10 francs bear similar designs. The obverse has a

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Palmanova (1814)

Palmanova obsidional money

The obverse shows the denomination in the centre in two lines (the currency unit on top) and the legend NAPOLEONE IMPE E RE (Napoleon emperor and king), while the reverse shows a crown and the date 1814 with the legend MONTA D’ASSEO PALMA (money of besieged Palma).

Palmanova is a fortress in northeastern Italy that was captured by the French during the Italian Campaign of the French Revolutionary War. Besieged by the Austrians in 1814, the French issued copper 25and 50-centime coins that have similar designs.

Antwerp (1814)

Antwerp obsidional money

In February 1814, the city of Antwerp was completely isolated as it was surrounded by Russian, Prussian, but mainly British troops.

The reverse shows, in the centre, the denomination in two lines (with the currency at the bottom) and the legend MONNAIE OBSIDIONALE (obsidional money). Two different yet similar obverses were used. The first shows a large N surrounded by laurel branches with ANVERS (Antwerp) at 12 o’clock and 1814 at 6 o’clock. On pieces struck after Napoleon’s abdication, on April 14, 1814, the N was replaced by the double-L cypher of Louis XVIII.

Lazare Carnot, who had been named governor of Antwerp by Napoleon, had several local companies strike 5- and 10-centime coins in copper and bronze, with similar designs.

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Strasbourg (1814-1815) While strictly speaking the following pieces are not obsidional (because the city was not under siege), we have included because they are emergency money. Following the Russian campaign, General Gourrier garrisoned in Strasbourg where he intended to stop the Russian advance. A single denomination was struck: 1 décime (10 centimes). The reverse shows the following inscription in four lines: UN (one) / DECIME / 1814 / BB (BB is the mint mark for Strasbourg). The inscription is surrounded by an oak wreath. Like in Antwerp, the obverse shows either a crowned N (for Napoleon I) or a crowned L surrounded by thee fleur-de-lis (for Louis XVIII). Pieces were struck in both 1814 and 1815 and are marked accordingly.

◎ OTHER CONFLICTS

Strasbourg emergency money issued in 1814

St rasbourg emergenc y money issued in 1815

St rasbourg emergenc y money with a crowned N for Napoleon I

St rasbourg emergenc y money with a crowned L for Louis XVIII

Obsidional money was used in other conflicts as well. Here are a few examples.

Scarborough obsidional money

English Civil War (1642-1651) pence, and 1 shilling 3 pence are known.

Some of the better known obsidional coins of the English Civil War are those from the 1645 siege of Scarborough and the 1646 siege of Newark.

The pieces from the siege of Newark were struck on diamondshaped silver blanks. The obverse shows a large crowned f lanked by the letters C R (for Charles I) with, below, the denomination expressed in pence with Roman numerals. The reverse bear the simple inscription, in three line, OBS: / NEWARK / date (either 1645 or 1646). Pieces of 6, 9, 12, and 30 pence are known.

The pieces of the Scarborough siege are very primitive, oddshaped, and cut from silver dishes. They are uniface and bear a very rustic depiction of a castle and the denomination expressed in shillings (S) and pence (D). Pieces of 3 shillings, 2 shillings 6 pence, 2 shillings 2 pence, 1 shilling 6 pence, 1 shilling, 4

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Franco-Dutch War

Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678) During the Franco-Dutch War, the troops of the Bishop of Münster, an ally of the French, besieged the city of Groningen in 1672. The Dutch issued obsidional silver pieces of 6 ¼, 12 ½, 25, and 50 stuivers. Struck on square blanks with rounded corners, these pieces are uniface and bear the arms of the Province of Groningen flanked by the denomination and surrounded by the legend 1672 IVRE ET TEMPORE (legal and on time).

First Italian War of Independence (1848-1849) Occupied by Piedmontese separatist troops, the Palmanova fortress was besieged by the Austrian Army in 1848.

The lira-denominated notes bear the following inscription: CARTA MONETATA / PER LIRE / (red digit representing the value) / ASSICURIAS SOPRA GLI STABILI N. 392.393.396 / DELLA FORTEZZA / COMMISSIONNE DI FINANZA / DI PALMANOVA IN ISTATO D’ASSEDIO / 1848 (in green).

Square siege notes of 25 and 50 centesimi, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 lire were printed then hand-numbered and signed. The 25- and 50-centesimo notes are quite simple, bearing the denomination below which is inscribed PALMA / IN ASSEDIO / 1848. (Palma under siege 1848)

All these notes are uniface and bear an oval stamp from COMMISSIONNE DI FINANCE PALMANOVA IN ISTATO D’ASSEDIO 1848 (Finance Commission of the besieged Palmanova 1848).

Palmanova obsidional banknote

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Second Boer War (1899-1902) (green for 1s., brown for 2s, and red for 3 s.). The 10-shilling and 1-pound notes were printed using hand-carved wood stamps. All notes were hand-signed by Baden-Powel’s Pay Master.

Possibly the last obsidional money was issued during the 18991900 siege of Mafeking (today Mahikeng) in the Second Boer War. Notes of 1, 2, 3, and 10 shillings, and 1 pound were designed, and issued under the authority, of Colonel Baden-Powell (the founder of the Scout movement) who was besieged by the Boers.

While the notes were reimbursable at the latest six months after the lift of the siege, there remains more than £6,000 pounds worth of unclaimed notes. Baden-Powell apparently said that very few notes were actually reimbursed as most people had decided to keep them as souvenirs.

The 1-, 2-, and 3-shilling notes bear only text and a small coat of arms with the value (e.g. 1s.) in larger font and in colour

Mafeking obsidional banknote

WITNESS TO HISTORY This was but a brief overview of the fascinating world of obsidional money. These coins and note are certainly artefacts and witnesses to history.

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圍城幣布魯諾·科林〔法國〕

無窮的金錢是戰爭的原動力 !!

古羅馬著名政治家馬庫斯 · 圖留斯 · 西塞羅（Marcus Tullius Cicero）曾經說過，無窮的金錢是戰爭的原動力。而事實

上，金錢也可以用來購買武器、支付軍費、維持軍隊運轉，甚至是賄賂敵軍、支付贖金。

但是如果身處一座圍城，人們便會選擇把普通的硬幣存起來，甚至是藏起來，以備日後之用。那麼，當一位軍事長官接管這樣一座硬幣供應被切斷，資源又短缺的圍城時，他該如何是好呢？百年前，為了解決這樣的局面，圍城幣由此誕生，這是一種利用手頭現有資源發行的特殊緊急貨幣，既有金屬幣，也有紙幣。

概述公元前406年前後，雅典被斯巴達人圍困。雅典當地著名的

了圍城幣。

典被圍之後便不再流通，而第一批圍城幣似乎正是在此時

事實上，有很多圍城幣都是在各種戰爭衝突期間發行的，

一尊雅典娜金像，鑄發了與銀質德拉克馬硬幣等價的小硬幣

(1803-1815) 期間發行的最多。時至20世紀初，圍城幣便漸

貓頭鷹銀幣是當時古代世界最重要的國際通貨之一，在雅

其中又以西班牙王位繼承戰爭（1702-1713）及拿破崙戰爭

發行的。為了解決城中沒有貨幣流通的問題，雅典人熔化了。（德拉克馬為希臘貨幣單位，於2002年為歐元所取代）

漸退出了歷史的舞臺。

數百年之後，即1414年至1415年前後，荷蘭格羅寧根也發行西班牙王位繼承戰爭

◎ 西班牙王位繼承戰爭（1702-1713）發行圍城幣最為頻繁的一段時期可能便是在西班牙王位繼

承戰爭期間。下面，讓我們來介紹幾座圍城發行的圍城幣。

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巴賽隆納圍城幣

巴賽隆納 (1651-1652) 17世紀上半葉，歐洲大部分地區被捲入三十年戰爭（1618年

在巴賽隆納被圍期間，城中發行了路易十四10裏亞爾銀幣

至1648年，是由神聖羅馬帝國的內戰演變而成的一次大規

（裏亞爾為西班牙本土與殖民地雙柱銀幣的貨幣單位），背面鐫有“BARCINO · CIVIT · OBESSA”字樣，意為“巴

模的歐洲國家混戰），西班牙試圖在加泰羅尼亞地區加征丁、

賽隆納圍城” 。

稅以補助戰爭。加泰羅尼亞首府巴賽隆納為此爆發起義，並向法國求援應戰，而法國也派出軍隊相幫。1651年7月，小

唐 · 胡安（John of Austria the Younger）率領西班牙大軍

值得一提的是，這些法國於1651年至1652年期間在加泰羅

的加泰羅尼亞人和法軍宣佈投降。

熔化，因此全都非常稀少。

突襲巴賽隆納，並將其包圍。一年後的1652年10月，被圍

尼亞發行的硬幣，因為在發行後不久便被西班牙政府下令

蘭多圍城幣（1702）

蘭多（1702）西班牙王位繼承戰爭之初，德國蘭多落入梅拉克伯爵

幣。這些單面硬幣稍顯方形，每個角上都刻有梅拉克伯爵的

月，巴登（Baden）率領奧匈帝國軍隊圍困蘭多。

別是：4裏弗4索爾、2裏弗2索爾、2裏弗1索爾和1裏弗1索

（Comte de Mélac）所帶領的法軍控制之下。時至1702年6

盾徽和百合花飾，而這些銀幣上所刻面額或許稍顯陌生，分爾（裏弗和索爾為古時的法國貨幣單位）。

梅拉克伯爵為了支付軍費，熔化了自己的銀碟，用來鑄造銀

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裏爾圍城幣

裏爾（1708） 1708年，奧英聯軍包圍馬歇爾 · 德 · 布夫勒（Marshall de

面則是幣值及銘文“PRO DEFENSIONE URBIS ET

Boufflers）率領的法國軍隊。彼時，布夫勒正在裏爾堡壘

PATRIÆ 1708”，意為“保衛城市和祖國”。

尋求庇護。

較之之前發行那些圍城幣，這些硬幣更為引人注目，因為它

期間，布夫勒共發行了3枚圍城幣，面值分別為20索爾、10

們是由裏爾造幣廠鑄造，看起來就像是真的硬幣。

索爾和5索爾，正面繪有他的盾徽和兩支元帥指揮杖，背

圖內爾圍城幣

圖內爾（1709） 1709年，豪特弗特侯爵（Monsieur de Surville, marquis

銀碟製成。據信，幣上鐫有豪特弗特侯爵肖像。茲因這是

被馬爾堡公爵（Duke of Marlborough）率領的英軍和薩

君主罪，對其發行進行了抗議，該事件的具體情況我們在此

de Hautefort）領導法國軍隊控制圖內爾。但這座城市之後

第一枚刻有肖像的圍城幣，法國宮廷方面認為這觸犯了褻瀆

伊親王（Prince Eugene of Savoy）率領的奧軍包圍。

不表。

7月13日，圖內爾發行了面值為20 帕塔爾的硬幣（帕塔爾是

20 帕塔爾硬幣發行後一周，豪特弗特侯爵便決定再發行2帕

所使用的貨幣單位）。這些單面方形硬幣由豪特弗特侯爵的

鑄造而成。

西歐古代尼德蘭南部地區和皮卡第地區從16世紀到18世紀

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塔爾和8帕塔爾面額的銅幣，這些銅幣則是由各種圓形坯料

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利斯河畔艾爾圍城幣

利斯河畔艾爾（1710） 1708年，奧英聯軍圍攻裏爾。1710年9月，聯軍攻擊並包圍

marquis de Goësbriand）用自己的銀碟鑄造了25索爾和50 索爾硬幣。這些單面硬幣上繪有文森特侯爵的盾徽、鑄造

利斯河畔艾爾。

年份和麵額，並刻有“PRO REGE ET PATRIA ARIA

掌管這座城市的路易斯 · 文森特侯爵（Louis Vincent

OBS”字樣，意為“為了國王和國家圍攻艾爾”。

蘭多（1713） 1713年，法軍轉而在查爾斯 · 亞曆山大公爵（Charles- “為了國王和皇帝”，在底部刻有“BEL LANDAU”字樣及 Alexander, Duke of Württemberg）的指揮下，圍攻當時

。幣值， “BEL LANDAU”意為“圍攻蘭多”

由奧英聯軍控制的蘭多。

查爾斯 · 亞曆山大公爵下令鑄發了各種不同面額的方形單面

硬幣：包括1達克金幣、2佛羅林 8克魯澤銀幣、1佛羅林 4克

魯澤銀幣和 ½ 佛羅林2克魯澤銀幣 ( 達克為舊時在多個歐

洲國家通用的金幣，佛羅林為英國舊時價值兩先令的硬幣，相當於現在的10便士，克魯澤為西班牙金幣、銅幣單位 )。

所有硬幣都在頂部刻有“PRO CÆS & IMP”字樣，意為

蘭多圍城幣（1713）

拿破仑战争

◎ 拿破崙戰爭（1803-1815）另一個發行了諸多圍城幣的時期則是在拿破崙戰爭時期，而這一時期會發行如此之多的圍城幣也不無意外。

1809年，法國和奧地利簽署了《維也納和約》，奧地利割讓亞得里亞海岸地區的領土（包括現在的克羅地亞、斯洛文尼亞和格魯吉亞）給法國，合併建立伊利裏亞行省。

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薩拉圍城幣

薩拉（1813） 1813年8月，奧地利軍隊進攻伊利裏亞行省，包圍薩拉（現

國帝國鷹組成的鑽石型標誌，兩側有“ZARA” （薩拉）和

1813年的字樣；反面則是一個方形圖案，其頂部注明了重

克羅地亞紮達爾）。

、量，底部注明了幣值，分別為“4.0. [ounces] / 18F 40C”

這些圓形大銀幣分別重1盎司、2盎司和4盎司，正面繪有法

。 “2.0. / 9F 20C”和“1.0. / 4F 60C”

卡特羅圍城幣

卡特羅（1813-1814） 1813年10月，一支由威廉 · 霍斯特上尉和佩塔裏領導的黑山

PROTEGE LA FRANCE”，意為“天佑法蘭西”，N 字6

點鐘方向還刻有硬幣的重量。背面中間則為盾徽圖案，題刻

軍隊所組成了一支小型英國艦隊，他們把船上的大炮和迫擊

炮運至卡塔羅（現黑山科托爾）要塞上方的山中，形成包圍。 “CATTARO EN ETAT DE SIEGE”字樣，意為“卡塔羅圍城” ，盾徽6點鐘方向刻有年份。

法軍指揮官讓約瑟夫 · 高希爾將軍（General Jean-Joseph

Gauthier）在卡塔羅發行三種面值的圍城幣，即1法郎、5

而1法郎的設計則非常不同，要簡單得多。正面幣值1法郎

法郎和10法郎。

上刻有大寫字母 N，字母 N 上有皇冠圖案，兩側繪有橄欖

枝；背面則分兩行題刻“CATTARO / 1813”字樣（卡塔

5法郎和10法郎採用了相同的設計。硬幣正面為大寫字母

。羅 /1813年）

N，N 字上方為皇冠圖案，兩側寫有幣值和銘文“DIEU

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帕爾馬洛城圍城幣

帕爾馬洛城（1814）法國大革命戰爭期間發生了意大利運動，法國在此期間佔領

硬幣正面在正中間分兩行書寫幣值（第一行為貨幣單位）和（拿破崙皇帝和國銘文“NAPOLEONE IMPE E RE”

了位於意大利東北部的堡壘城市⸺ 帕爾馬洛城。

王），背面則是皇冠圖案和年份1814年，並題刻“MONTA

1814年，在奧軍包圍了帕爾馬洛城之後，法軍在此發行了25

D’ASSEO PALMA”，意為“帕爾馬洛城圍城幣”。

生丁和50生丁銅幣（生丁為法國輔幣），兩個面額的銅幣設

計相同。

安特衛普圍城幣

安特衛普（1814） 1814年2月，安特衛普被俄羅斯、普魯士以及英國軍隊包圍， “MONNAIE OBSIDIONALE”，意為“圍城幣”。兩種

完全處於孤立狀態。

幣值硬幣的正面設計略微不同，但十分相似。前者刻有較

薩迪 · 卡諾被拿破崙授命掌管安特衛普，於是薩迪 · 卡諾向

（安特衛普），6點鐘方向寫有年份1814。有“ANVERS”

大的字母 N，周圍環繞着橄欖枝，字母 N 的12點鐘方向寫

當地的幾家公司下令鑄造了5生丁和10生丁的紫銅幣和青銅

而那些在拿破崙1814年4月14日退位之後鑄造的硬幣，上面

的字母 N 則被代表路易十八的字母 L 代替。

幣，兩種面額硬幣的設計相似。

背面中間分兩行書寫幣值（第二行為貨幣單位）及銘文

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斯特拉斯堡（1814-1815）從嚴格意義上來說，下面這一枚硬幣並不是圍城幣（因為這座城市並未被圍），但因其也是在緊急情況下發行的，我們還是在這裏對它稍作介紹。

發行於1814年的斯特拉斯堡緊急貨幣

古裏埃將軍（General Gourrier）在俄羅斯運動結束之後駐

紮斯特拉斯堡，打算在那裏阻止俄軍前進。

發行於1815年的斯特拉斯堡緊急貨幣

斯特拉斯堡發行的緊急貨幣只有一種面額，即10生丁。背

面分四行書寫以下文字： “UN (one) / DECIME / 1814 /

BB”，亦即“一 / 10生丁 / 1814 / BB（斯特拉斯堡造幣廠

廠標） ” ，周圍是橡樹花環。這一貨幣的正面和安特衛普圍城

，上幣一樣，中間或是一個大寫字母 N（代表拿破崙一世）方繪有有皇冠圖案，或是用百合花飾環繞的字母 L（代表

斯特拉斯堡緊急貨幣刻有代表拿破崙一世的字母 N

路易十八），上方亦繪有皇冠圖案。這些硬幣造於1814年及

1815年，硬幣上標記了對應的年份。

斯特拉斯堡緊急貨幣刻有代表路易十八的字母 L

◎ 其他戰爭衝突期間發行的圍城幣在其他戰爭衝突期間，也曾有圍城幣發行。

斯特拉斯堡圍城幣

英國內戰（1642-1651）英國內戰時期所鑄圍城幣中，比較為人所知的是1645年斯

便士和1先令3便士。

特拉斯堡圍城幣和1646年紐華克圍城幣。

紐華克圍城幣則由鑽石形狀的銀質坯料鑄造。正面為巨大

，的皇冠圖案，左右各寫有字母 C 和 R（代表查爾斯一世）

斯特拉斯堡圍城幣是從銀盤上切割下來，樣式非常原始，形狀也頗為奇特。這些單面硬幣上繪製的是一個非常簡單

下方用便士單位和羅馬數字表示幣值。背面為簡單的三行銘

先令、2先令6便士、2先令 2便士、1先令6便士、1先令、4

1646）”。已知的面額有6便士、9便士、12便士和30便士。

文： “OBS:（圍城）/ NEWARK（紐華克）/ 年份（1645或

的城堡圖案，面額用先令和便士表示。已知的硬幣面額有3

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法荷戰爭

法荷戰爭期間，法國聯軍中的明斯特主教軍隊於1672年包圍了格羅寧根。

格羅寧根被圍期間，荷蘭方面發行了6 ¼ 斯圖弗（斯圖弗是

、12 ½ 當時荷蘭的一種銀幣 , 也算是當時的國際貨幣之一）

斯圖弗、25斯圖弗或50斯圖弗的銀質圍城幣。這些單面硬幣

用方形圓角的坯料鑄造，上面有格羅寧根行省的盾徽，盾徽上方標明了面額，周圍則題刻了鑄造年份和銘文“IVRE

ET TEMPORE”，意為“合法且適時”。

第一次意大利獨立戰爭（1848-1849）里拉面值的紙鈔上面則印有“CARTA MONETATA /

1848年，奧地利軍隊包圍了被皮埃蒙特分離主義軍隊佔領

PER LIRE /（用紅色字體標明幣值）/ ASSICURIAS

的帕馬諾瓦要塞。

SOPR A GLI STA BILI N. 392.393.396 / DELLA

這些方形的紙鈔上印有面額：25生丁、50生丁、1里拉、2里拉、

FORTEZZA / COMMISSIONNE DI FINANZA /

3里拉、4里拉和6里拉（里拉為意大利貨幣單位），上面還有

DI PALMANOVA IN ISTATO D’ASSEDIO / 1848

（用綠色字體標明綠色） ”字樣，表明這是帕馬諾瓦圍城發

手書編號。

行的里拉面額貨幣，並用紅色字體標明紅幣，用綠色字體表

25生丁和50生丁紙鈔的設計非常簡單，上面僅有幣值，下

明年份1848年。

，即“帕馬諾瓦方書有“PALMA / IN ASSEDIO / 1848”

/ 圍城 /1848”之意。

這些紙鈔均為單面，有1848年帕馬諾瓦圍城財政部加蓋的橢圓形印章。

帕馬諾瓦圍城紙鈔

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第二次布爾戰爭（1899-1902）並用較大的字體寫了幣值（1先令用綠色書寫、2先令用棕色

第二次布爾戰爭期間，馬弗金圍城在1899年至1900年間被

。10先令和1磅加蓋了手刻木製印書寫、3先令用紅色書寫）

圍，併發行了圍城幣，這可能是歷史上最後一次發行圍城幣。

章。所有紙鈔都用巴登 · 鮑威爾的軍費主管的手書簽字。

馬弗金被圍期間，共設計並經巴登 · 鮑威爾上校（童子軍運

動發起者）授權發行了1先令、2先令、3先令、10先令和1磅

雖然在圍城解圍後6個月內可以用這些紙幣兌換到相應的補

償，但仍有價值超過6 000英鎊的紙幣無人認領。巴登 · 鮑

紙鈔。

威爾上校表示，因為大多數人決定把這些紙幣留作紀念品，

1先令、2先令、3先令紙鈔上面只印有文字和一個小的盾徽，所以實際上鮮少有人用前去兌換補償。

馬弗金圍城紙鈔

見證歷史這裏僅對世界各地發行的圍城幣做出了簡要介紹。這些圍城幣，不論是硬幣還是紙鈔，都必然會成為具有歷史價值和文化價值的手工藝品，同時，它們也是歷史的見證者。

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VIETNAMESE EMPEROR MINH MANG FANTASY COINS Howard A. Daniel〔USA〕

★2.1 Tiền Gold (1820) D-F103b1

★2.1 Tiền Gold (1820) D-F103b2Courtesy of Clark Smith

There exists two gold fantasy coins which are believed to be from French, Chinese or Japanese sources which have Emperor Minh Mạng ( 明命 ) on the obverses. These coins do not have the normal Thông Bảo ( 通寶 ) but what is reported to be Chong (?) and Bảo ( 寶 ) on them. I do not know what Chong translates to in Vietnamese or English. Please contact me if you know.

The reverse dragon on the F103b2 is somewhat like what is on an authentic coin except for the head, which is almost unrecognizable. All of the clouds should have body to them but some are just lines. The weight of this coin is again about 8 grams and 2.1 Tiền. Both coins should be about 3.6 Tiền (11.3 grams), even if they are to be used as presentation coins.

The fonts of the obverse characters are something that has never been seen on an authentic Vietnamese coin. The obverse on the F103b1 coin also has 18 thick and short rays off of the sun when authentic coins have 24 thin and longer rays. An authentic coin has straight thin denticles from the rim but this coin has thicker denticles at an angle along with edge cuts at an angle.

The F103b1 was in a Spink–Hong Kong November 19 9 9 a u c t i o n , a n d t h e n a u c t i o n e d a g a i n b y Numismatica Genevensis. Spink describes the weight as 8.18 grams, with another weighing 7.8 grams, and the edge as horizontally grained (?) but Numismatica Genevensis has it with a reeded edge. Are they the same but using different words to describe the edge?

The reverse dragon on the F103b1 is close to a similar authentic coin but the dragon's head is disconnected from the body and the clouds are too few and are mostly just lines and without body to them. The denticles on the reverse rim are the same as on the obverse. The weight of the coin is about 8 grams, which is 2.1 Tiền, an odd weight for a circulating coin.

Bruce W. Smith identified the F103b2 to me as the Eduard Kann's B-100 Chinese fantasy piece and that it was in a famous Chinese collector's collection in 1927. I can find no other catalog source for either coin, but I have been told other sources have a silver variety and a larger gold variety. Both of these coins are about 27.0 mm in diameter but I do not know

The F103b2 coin has very similar fonts to the F103b1 coin but there are differences. The sun is replaced with a Chr ysanthemum with 15 petals and the denticles to the rim are short and not long like on an authentic coin. This coin is also reported to have edge cuts at an angle but I have not actually seen them on this or the other coin. If you have images of them, please contact me.

One report has them minted in Osaka in August 1903 for Emperor Thành Thái to reward Europeans for exceptional service. This does not make any sense. I believe both coins to be fantasies and/or jewelry pieces and not to be placed in a numismatic collection. I also believe their values to be about 1015% above their bullion values and not for thousands of dollars like authentic coins.

Courtesy of Numismatica Genevensis

their thickness.

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越南皇帝明命臆造幣霍華德·丹尼爾〔美國〕

★ 1820 年 2.1 錢金幣編號： D-F103b1 來源： Numismatica Genevensis 拍賣

★ 1820 年 2.1 錢金幣編號： D-F103b2 來源：克拉克·史密斯（ Clark Smith ）

現在已知正面鐫有“明命”字樣的越南臆造金幣有兩枚（見

只是用線條勾勒。這枚幣的重量也是8克，即2.1錢。兩枚幣

。的真幣即使是用作樣幣，其重量也都應該是3.6錢（11.3克）

上圖），人們認為這兩枚幣乃是自法國、中國或日本流出。但是這兩枚幣上題刻的並非常見的“通寶”，而是“重寶”。

上面這枚 F103b1臆造幣在1999年11月的斯賓克（Spink）香港拍賣會上拍出，之後又被 Numismatica Genevensis

這兩枚幣正面題刻所使用的字體之前從未在越南真幣上出現過。編號為 F103b1的硬幣正面上的太陽有18根粗短的

拍賣再次拍出。斯賓克拍賣圖錄上的描述中顯示，該

又細又直的齒狀裝飾，但是這枚硬幣的齒邊裝飾較之更寬，

Numismatica Genevensis 拍賣圖錄上的描述則說其為齒

射線，而真品上則是 24根細長的射線。真幣的邊緣有一圈

幣重8.18克，另一枚重 7.8克，邊緣有水準紋理，但是

並在邊緣形成一定角度的切口。

邊。這可能就是同一枚幣，但是兩家公司採用了不同的描述。

F103b1臆造幣背面的龍和真品非常接近，但上面龍的頭和

史博祿（Bruce W. Smith）向筆者確認，F103b2臆造幣

表示，缺乏實體感。背面邊緣的齒狀裝飾和正面一樣。該

家的收藏。我並沒有在克勞斯硬幣目錄中找到兩枚中的任

是耿愛德的中國臆造幣收藏，出自1927年一位中國著名藏

身沒有連接在一起；雲的圖案過少，而且大多只是用線條幣重8克，即2.1兩，這種重量在流通幣中比較奇怪。

何一枚，但是我通過其他管道得知，這種臆造幣還有一枚

銀幣版，和一枚更大的金幣版，直徑皆為27毫米左右，但

編號為 F103b2 的臆造幣所使用的字體和 F103b1的非常相

厚度不詳。

15瓣雛菊的圖案取代，邊緣的齒邊裝飾更短，不像真幣那

有人表示這些幣是1903年8月在大阪鑄造，是為了泰國皇帝

似，但是還是有一些不同。此外，正面中心太陽的圖案被麼長。據報告，該幣邊緣也有一定角度的切口，但是我並

嘉獎為泰國做出傑出貢獻的歐洲人而鑄造的。但是這種說

沒有在這枚幣上觀察到。

法並沒有任何佐證。我認為這兩枚幣都是臆造的，或是作

為珠寶裝飾，而不是作為錢幣收藏。在我看來，這兩枚幣

F103b2臆造幣背面的龍和真幣多少有些相似，但其龍頭幾乎

的價值只比同等重量金條的價值高出10-15% ，而非像真正

不可辨認。該幣上所有的雲都應該有實體，但是也有一些卻

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The Doubled Dies of Thailand Jay Turner〔USA〕

who didn’ t previously know about such issues. Here we will look at Thailand as one such country in which significant doubled dies are starting to be discovered and PCGS is recognizing them for the benefit of the hobby.

Collecting varieties in coins has long been a popular pastime in the United States. However, in many other nations around the world variety collecting is still in its infancy. As the popularity of collecting grows in different countries, varieties often neglected before now become recognized by and collectors

Thailand (1860) Baht Listed as Y-11 in Krause, a significant doubled die has been noted on the Rama IV seal side. A fully doubled design can be found in parts of the seal as well as on the flowers.

（ Close up of reverse of coin） nd(1860) Baht Y-11 DDR, Thailand, PCGS MS64.

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ĺ°&#x2C6;ćŹ&#x201E;

Thailand (1869) Fuang Listed as Y-28 in Krause and as A019-04, a significant doubled die was recently noted by PCGS. This doubled die on the elephant side shows significant doubling on the chakra, the elephant's trunk and tail, and on the denticle design.

(Close up of elephant on obverse of coin)

(Close up of design around elephant on obverse of coin)

nd(1869) Fuang A-019-04 Y-28 DDO, Thailand, PCGS AU58

Thailand (1876-1900) Baht Listed as Y-34 in Krause, PCGS has noted two major doubled dies for this coin. The first shows significant doubling on both the obverse and reverse of the coin. The doubling on the obverse is most visible on the lettering from 9-12. On the reverse, incredible doubling is found on all of the lettering, especially from 4-10 as well as on the arms. The coin was also noted as having rotated dies and an obverse die break or cud at about 4 o'clock.

(Close up of rim of obverse of coin)

(Close up of reverse of coin)

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Thailand (1876-1900) Baht The second major doubled die is on the obverse. The doubling can be noted on the lettering and on the bust.

（ Close up of obverse of coin.）

Image courtesy of PCGS True View

Thailand RS119 (1900) 2 Att A massive doubled die obverse has been noted showing incredible doubling on all of the lettering the bust, and decorations on the bust.

（ Obverse coin design）

Image courtesy of PCGS True View

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Thailand RS124 (1905) Baht This doubled die is most evident on the lettering and the nose and lips of the bust.

Image courtesy of PCGS True View （ Close up on obverse lettering）

Thailand RS125 (1906) Saluang This doubled die is found on the reverse most evident on the lettering.

Image courtesy of PCGS True View

（ Close up of reverse edge lettering）

All of these varieties have been found and noted by PCGS in just the past few years. For collectors of variety coins, looking to regions across the world can yield incredible discoveries. For people who collect the coinage of Thailand, these discoveries can enrich and diversify their collections. You never know what you may discover with a sharp eye and the willingness to look at your coins a little closer!

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泰國重模幣傑伊 · 特納〔美國〕

在美國，收藏不同版別的硬幣一直是一種流行的消遣方

硬幣版別如今被越來越多的收藏家所認可。比如在泰國，

芽階段。隨着錢幣收藏在各國漸趨流行，先前常被忽略的

藏研究，PCGS 目前也正在認可這些重模幣。

式。然而在世界上許多其他國家，這種收藏方式仍處於萌

意義重大的重模幣正開始進入人們視野。為推動錢幣收

泰國（1860）1銖下圖所示硬幣的克勞斯目錄編號為 Y-1，硬幣背面是泰王拉瑪四世的印章圖案，邊緣處存在明顯重

模，印章和花飾上也有幾處。

（硬幣背面特寫）

1860（無紀年） 1 銖 Y-11 DDR, 泰國 , PCGS MS64

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泰國（1869）1方近來，PCGS 發現了一枚重要的重模幣，在克勞斯目錄中的編號為 Y-28 和 A019-04 。硬幣正面的重模

分別出現在脈輪、象鼻、象尾以及外側的小齒狀圖案中。

( 硬幣正面邊緣特寫 )

( 硬幣正面大象特寫 )

1869（無紀年） 1 方 A-019-04 Y-28 泰國 DDO，PCGS AU58

泰國（1876-1900）1銖這枚重模幣在克勞斯目錄中的編號為 Y-34，PCGS 發現該硬幣主要有兩種重模幣。第一種重模幣的正反面皆有重模，出現在硬幣正面 9-12 點鐘範圍內的銘文重模效果最為明顯；而硬幣背面的所有銘文皆有

絕佳重模，尤其是在4-10 點鐘範圍以及徽章上。PCGS 還表示，由於該硬幣由轉模打造，因此硬幣正面大約 4 點鐘方向存在模具裂紋。

( 硬幣正面邊緣特寫 )

( 硬幣背面特寫 )

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泰國(1876-1900)1銖該硬幣的另一種重模則出現在硬幣正面的銘文和拉瑪五世半身像上。

（硬幣正面特寫）

圖片由 PCGS TrueView 提供

泰國RS119 (1900) 2 Att 這枚硬幣的重模效果在正面銘文以及泰王拉瑪四世的服飾上較為奪目。

（硬幣正面設計）

圖片由 PCGS TrueView 提供

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泰國盧比124 (1905)銖這枚硬幣的重模效果在銘文以及泰王拉瑪四世的鼻子和嘴唇處最為明顯。

圖片由 PCGS TrueView 提供

（正面銘文特寫）

泰國RS125 (1906) 1 Saluang 這枚硬幣的重模效果在背面銘文處最為明顯。

圖片由 PCGS TrueView 提供

（硬幣背面的邊緣銘文特寫）

上述所有重模錯幣版別皆由 PCGS 於過去幾年間發現並進行記錄。對於青睞各種版別的錢幣收藏者來說，放眼世界

各地會有更多精彩發現；對於收藏泰國硬幣的人來說，這些發現可以豐富並多樣化自身藏品。睜大眼睛仔細看看自己手中的硬幣吧，說不定會有意料之外的發現！（原刊載於 PCGS 網站）

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Champion Auction and China Coin Grading Champion The problem of counterfeit Chinese coins was ever-

the Shanghai Museum, where some of the most famous

worsening in the period leading up to 2006. Even though

Chinese coins are held. They held a PCGS grading event

Michael Chou, the president of iAsure (the parent

in Beijing and visited China Gold Coin Inc. and its museum.

company of Champion Auction) was quite busy with his company‘s technology and marketing projects with eBay in Asia, he still had a strong interest in the well-being of the Chinese numismatic market. Michael thought one of the solutions which would help reduce this problem was to introduce the concept of third-party grading to China and the Asian market. Fortunately, Ron Guth, a friend of Michael Chou, who had called Champion Hong Kong auctions in 1996 and 1997, had by 2006, become president of PCGS, one of

PCGS struck 50 sets of $1 commemorative coins featuring 4 American presidents for the 2007 PCGS China visit. 50 sets of 4 coins, 200 coins in total.

the leading third-party grading companies in the world. After meeting with David Hall, the founder of PCGS, at the Collectors Universe headquarters in California, it was decided that president Ron Guth and consultant Karl Stephen would team up with Champion Auctions to have a 2007 PCGS China visit to Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Taipei to introduce PCGS third-party grading and learn about market conditions and detection of counterfeit coins. They planned to meet leading auction houses and institutes like Beijing China Guardian, Beijing Chengxuan, China Gold Coin Inc, the Shanghai Museum, the Shanghai Mint, the Hong Kong Numismatic Society, and the Taipei Numismatic Society, and the Chu Hwa Numismatic Society.

Ⅰ The History of Third-party Grading in China The history of third-party grading received a massive push in 2007 when then PCGS president Ron Guth agreed to make an oﬃcial trip with Michael Chou to Hong Kong and China. His grading consultant Karl Stephen also came on a journey to visit Taiwan, China. During this trip, they PCGS Grading Seminar

visited Beijing and Shanghai and called in on the vault of

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On June 21, 2008, they held a PCGS grading seminar

set its first authorized dealership in Taiwan, China. In

in Hong Kong with former PCGS president Ron Guth,

addition, Ron Guth was the auctioneer of the Champion

Mr. Zhou Xiang of the Shanghai Museum, and Taipei

2008 Hong Kong Auction.

Numismatic Society president Chou Chien Fu, and PCGS

2009 Champion Hong Kong Auction Flyer Featuring the Chinese Family Collection

2008 Champion Hong Kong Auction Catalog

Champion Auction was the only authorized agent of PCGS and NGC in China. In 2005, Rick Stelzer and Glen Jorde founded Paper Money Guaranty (PMG), and Rick Stelzer was the ﬁnalizer of the world paper money. On August 23, 2009, Champion Auction held the first PMG seminar in Hong Kong with PMG founder Rick Stelzer and Zhang An See. Mr. Stelzer introduced PMG and its services at the seminar, which provided an excellent opportunity for Asian paper money collectors and dealers. Michael Chou also spoke about the cooperation between auction houses and third-party grading companies and his experience of setting up the submission center in Taiwan with CCG. Champion Auction also signed a deal with NGC CEO Steve Eichenbaum and Taipei Numismatic Society director Chou Chien Fu to set up the ﬁrst NGC submission center in Taiwan, China. Later, it increased NGC services

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Hong Kong Seminar held by PMG and Champion Auction J

to include Hong Kong before NGC setup its own Hong A

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Champion Auction worked with Nick Brown and NGC to develop the oversized holders for modern Chinese

Champion Auction also worked with NGC to bring the

coins and funded the development of the huge oversized

ﬁrst onsite grading to Hong Kong, then later Shanghai,

NGC holders for the 1991 5 kilo gold panda and 10 kg

and participated in many grading seminars with NGC

gold coins. It worked with NGC to set up its first China

and PMG.

submission center.

1910 Yunnan spring dollar, NGC AU55 The first Chinese coin valued at one million dollars

1991 5 Kilo Gold Panda

In 2013, the Champion Winter online auction featured a 1992 1 kilo seismograph and compass gold coin (LOT 10), NGC PF68 Ultra Cameo, realized at RMB 8,998,000. Champion also worked with NGC to grade to sell the ﬁrst

grading event in Hyatt Regency hotel, Hong Kong.

Chinese coin of valued at one million dollars, the 1910 Yunnan spring dollar from the 2010 Ultima Auction. It has

In 2011, NGC Shanghai oversaw the onsite grading of the

since auctioned more million-dollar Chinese coins, all in

Howard Bowker East Asian Coin Collections at the East

NGC holders, than all of its auction competitors combined.

Asia Hotel.

In 2010, Champion Auction co-held an NGC onsite

In November 2014, NGC Shanghai held a modern seminar

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featuring the 1992 1 kilo Inventions and Discoveries China

the Shanghai Mint Museum, Shenyang Mint Museum,

gold coin.

Beijing China Banknote Printing and Minting Museum, Germany Mortizberg Museum, and Smithsonian National

In December 2015, NGC held a Macau event, and NGC

Numismatic Collection.

world ﬁnalizer Ken Krah presented. Michael Chou has served as a senior advisor to CCG, Champion has also worked with NGC and PMG to

the parent company of NGC, NCS, and PMG in Sarasota,

grade and conserve coins and grade banknotes from

New York, and participated in the NGC 30th anniversary

the Howard Bowker Collection, which were donated to

video.

Hunan dollar, NGC SP67 It was sold in a private transaction in 2014 for over USD 1 million.

Former NGC World Finalizer Ken Krah

Hupoo 5 mace, Chinese family collection, PCGS SP66 Auctioned on the second Champion VIP Wechat auction (LOT 19).

Hunan Half dollar, NGC SP66 Sold in a private transaction in 2013.

Ⅱ Rating of Chinese Coin Graders

different grades, then a third-grader, the finalizer, assigns a grade, which is the final grade.

When Michael Chou visited Ron Guth's office when

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he was PCGS president, there was a monthly chart of

The higher percentage of grades correct, the more

the performance of each PCGS grader and what the

valuable the grader is, as the resources of the ﬁnalizer at

grader’s percentage of getting a ﬁnal grade correct was.

each grading service are limited.

Usually, two graders look at a coin. If both graders assign

At NGC for world coins, the finalizers were Ken Krah

the same grade, the grade is final. If they assign two

and NGC former president Mark Salzberg. Now, Scott

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Schechter has assumed the position. The PCGS ﬁnalizer

in the same box with their nice coins. This might reduce

used to be Ken Park but is now Mike Sargent.

the chance of getting a good grade from a grader and also increase the chance of a genuine coin being called

Ⅲ Techniques for Top Grading Submitters

questionable. All of these strategies have worked very well at both NGC and PCGS.

There are some techniques for some of the top grading submitters.

Former PCGS finalizer Ken Park also said that, for US coins, there are only two types of toning, nice attractive

Jeff Garret is former ANA president, Smithsonian NNC

rainbow toning or white. In most cases, white coins were

director, and NGC consultant. He told Michael Chou a

dipped by using a liquid to remove heavy toning, which

long time ago that when he visits NGC, he tries to come in

would reduce the grade, as the graders could not see the

on the weekend and then submit his coins early Monday

surface below. But for world coins and especially Chinese

morning when the graders were fresh. He also said that

coins, envelope toning, which develops over many years

the worst day to submit was Friday when everyone was

in a coin envelope, is preferred over white coins as the

perhaps tired and maybe more conservative in assigning

original toning protects the surface of the coin and gives it

the grades. It is the same for show walkthrough grading,

an authentic look, which helps the coin get graded. Even

which means submitters must get the coins early to the

knowing the grade might be more conservative with the

grading service, so perhaps the graders will look at the

envelope toning, a coin that is AU58 with original envelop

coins when they are fresh.

toning may outsell a white cleaned coin that is MS60 to 62. It is even more important when it is from a famous

Another tip Michael Chou received from his friend Ron

collection as graders like to see nice original coins fresh

Guth, former PCGS president, is that the graders like

to the graders.

to look at nice coins as most of the time they look at As many coins are submitted many times to try to get a higher grade or playing the grading lottery, the graders may get grading predictable after a while. Also, fresh original toned coins often bring much higher prices when they come to market. Regarding those coins that appear many times over a short period, sometimes even with a higher grade, the price is still pretty average as they are seen many times by both dealers and collectors.

Envelops of the Bowker Collection

generic commercial coins, which gets boring after a while.

The coins from the Howard Bowker Collection meet many

Therefore, if you have an excellent group of coins, it is

aspects of fresh original coins from a famous collection.

better to put the best coins in the front of the box and on

The coins have been in the coin envelopes for at least 70

the invoice, as this improves the chance of getting good

years, as the envelope has the catalog number and price

grades for the best coins. Famous world coin dealer,

of the ﬁrst Kann’s catalog from 1954 and not the 1966

former PCGS consultant, and world grader Karl Stephens

version. Coins from the Chinese family and NC Collection

told Michael Chou that Ron's theory was correct.

also meet some of the criteria as these coins have been in the collection for a minimum of 20 years and most over

Former PCGS world coin grade ﬁnalizer Ken Park added

30 years. Besides, most of them are coming to the market

that submitters should not add ugly or questionable coins

for the ﬁrst time.

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冠軍拍賣與中國錢幣評級冠軍研究室

在2006年之前，中國錢幣市場上的假幣問題日益嚴重。因此儘管周邁可先生仍在忙於冠軍拍賣母公司愛秀集團（iAsure）與易趣（eBay）在亞洲開展的技術和行銷項目，但他依然希望能夠積極促進中國錢幣市場的健康發展。為此，周先生認為在中國和亞洲市場引入第三方評級的概念可以有效減少假幣問題。恰巧曾參加過冠軍1996年和1997年香港拍賣的好友古富（Ron Guth）當時正是全球領先的第三方評級公司 PCGS 的總裁。在加州環球收藏者公司 (Collectors Universe, Inc.，為 PCGS 母公司 ) 總部與 PCGS 創始人大衛 · 霍爾（David

2007年 PCGS 訪華時鑄打了50套精製一美元紀念幣，每套紀念幣上有4名美國總統的頭像。每套4枚，共計200枚。

Hall）會面後，大家決定由 PCGS 總裁古富和評級顧問卡羅 · 斯蒂芬斯（Karl Stephens）與冠軍拍賣公司合作，代表 PCGS 將於2007年造訪中國北京、上海、香港和臺北，並對 PCGS 第三方評級進行介紹，同時還將瞭解中國的市場情況和假幣檢測現狀。此外，PCGS 還計劃與中國頂尖的拍賣公司及錢幣相關組織機構會面，包括位於北京的中國嘉德、北京誠軒、中國金幣總公司，上海博物館、上海造幣廠，香港錢幣學會和臺北錢幣學會等等。

Ⅰ 中國評級公司歷史 2007年，冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生的好友，即 PCGS 總裁古富（Ron Guth），同意代表 PCGS 官方造訪中國大陸和中國香港，評級顧問卡羅 · 斯蒂芬斯（Karl Stephens）也一同來訪，並前往了中國臺灣。由此，中國的第三方評級行業大大地向前邁進了一步。一行人一起前往了北京和上海。在上海期間，大家參觀了收藏着一些最為著名的中國錢幣的上海博物館館藏。在北京則舉辦了評級會，並參觀了中國金幣總公司及其博物館。

2008年6月21日，冠軍拍賣和原 PCGS 總裁古富、上海博物館錢幣部門研究員周祥、臺北錢幣協會主席周建福一起在中國香港的金域假日酒店舉辦了 PCGS 評級研討午宴，並在中國臺灣設立了第一家 PCGS 授權代理。此外，原 PCGS 總裁古富先生擔任了冠軍2008年香港拍賣的拍賣師。當時冠軍拍賣是大中華區唯一經 PCGS 和 NGC 授權的代

PCGS 評級研討午宴

理商。

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2009年冠軍拍賣華人家族收藏宣傳頁

2005年，我們的好友瑞克 · 斯特拉爾（Rick Stelzer）和格倫 · 喬德（Glen Jorde）成立了 PMG（Paper Money Guaranty，紙幣評級公司），瑞克擔任世界紙幣的終評評級師。

2009年8月23日，冠軍拍賣和瑞克以及另一位好友⸺ 澳門資深紙鈔藏家張安生一起舉辦了第一場 PMG 評級研討會。瑞克在會上作了有關 PMG 公司及其提供的各項服務的介紹，這為廣大亞洲紙鈔收藏家和經銷商提供了一個難得的機會。周邁可先生也在會上發表了關於拍賣公司與第三方評級公司相互協作以及與 CCG 共同在臺灣地區建立評級鑒定提交服務中心等方面的演講。我們還與 NGC 的總裁史蒂夫 · 艾森鮑姆先生（Steve Eichenbaum）、臺北錢幣協會理事長周建福簽訂協議，在中國臺灣設立第一個 NGC 評級提交中心。在 NGC 設立香港辦公室之前，我們增加了為香港提供 NGC 評級的業務。冠軍拍賣還和 NGC 合作，在香港舉辦了第一場現場評級活動，之後又將這一活動引入上海，並且參與了多場 NGC 和 2009年冠軍香港拍賣目錄內頁

PMG 的評級會。

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庚戌春季雲南造庫平七錢二分，經評 NGC AU55 這是第一枚價值百萬美元的中國錢幣

1991年5公斤熊貓金幣我們還和好友尼克 · 布朗（Nick Brown）以及 NGC 一起為中國現代錢幣研發了大號的 NGC 盒，並且資助 NGC 為1991年5公斤熊貓金幣和10公斤金幣開發超大號的 NGC 盒。此外，還幫助 NGC 在中國本土建立了第一家錢幣提交中心。冠軍拍賣還將一枚得自2010年 Ultima 拍賣的一枚庚戌（1910年）春季雲南造銀幣提交 NGC 評級，

並在評級後出售。這是第一枚價 2013年冠軍冬季網路拍賣亮點 ⸺ 1992年1公斤指南針和地動儀金幣（LOT 10），經評 NGC PF68 Ultra Cameo，成交價8 998 000元人民幣值百萬美元的中國錢幣。自此，我們拍賣過的經評級的錢幣價值

比其他所有拍賣行加在一起還要多一百多萬美元。

2010年，冠軍拍賣與 NGC 一同在香港凱悅酒店舉辦了現場評級活動。 2011年，NGC 在上海東亞飯店對霍華德 · 包克東亞錢幣收藏進行了現場評級。 2014年11月，NGC 在上海舉辦了現代錢幣研討會，1992年中國古代科技發明發現1公斤金幣亮相活動現場。

2015年12月，NGC 舉辦澳門活動，NGC 當時的世界錢幣終評評級師肯 · 克拉（Ken Krah）亮相活動現場。

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前任 NGC 世界錢幣終評評級師肯 · 克拉

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針對捐贈各大博物館的包克收藏，我們對其中的硬幣進行了評級盒保養，對其中的紙鈔也進行了評級，捐贈對象包括上海造幣博物館、瀋陽造幣博物館、北京中國印鈔造幣博物館、德國莫裏茨堡博物館和華盛頓史密森美國國家錢幣收藏。冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生至今仍然擔任着位於紐約薩拉索塔的 CCG 公司的高級顧問（CCG 是 NGC、NCS 和 PMG 的母公司），並且參與錄製了 NGC 成立30周年的紀念錄像。湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，經評 NGC SP67 2014年冠軍拍賣私人交易，成交價超過一百萬美元

戶部五錢，華人家族收藏，經評 PCGS SP66 該幣於8月23日冠軍第二次 VIP 精品微拍上進行拍賣，拍品號 LOT 19

湖南省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币，经评 NGCSP66 2013年冠军拍卖私人交易級師是肯 · 樸（Ken Park），現在則是麥克 · 薩金特（Mike

Ⅱ 錢幣評級師

Sargent）。當古富還是 PCGS 總裁的時候，周邁可先生曾造訪他的辦公室，那裏有一張每個 PCGS 評級師的月度績效表⸺ 評

Ⅲ 錢幣送評技巧

估評級師最終評級正確的百分比。有一些資深人士在將錢幣提交評級的時候會有一些小技巧。通常一枚硬幣會由兩名評級師共同評估，如果評分相同，則該分數成為其最終評分；如果評分不同，那麼會有第三名終

如冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生的好友傑夫 · 加勒特（Jeﬀ

評評級師進行最終評定，評出的分數即為最終分數。

Garret），他是美國錢幣學會的前任主席，史密森美國國家錢幣收藏的主管，也是 NGC 的顧問。很久之前他曾告訴過

因為每次評級服務可用的終評評級師是極為有限的資源，因

周先生，他去造訪 NGC 的時候會選擇在週末前去，之後再

此一名普通評級師的評分正確率越高，他便越有價值。

週一早上去提交錢幣，因為這個時候的評級師頭腦都比較清楚。而提交硬幣最不好的時機是週五，因為這個時候，每一

NGC 之前的世界錢幣終評評級師由肯 · 克拉和 NGC 主

位評級師都很累，評級的時候可能也更加保守。現場評級也

席馬克 · 薩爾茨伯格（Mark Salzberg）擔任，現為斯科

是這樣的，必須提前把錢幣送到評級服務處，這樣評級師在

特 · 舍希特爾（Scott Schechter）。而 PCGS 之前的終評評

評級時頭腦或許更加清醒。

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另一位朋友，即前面提到的 PCGS 前總裁古富則給了另一

PCGS 前終評評級師肯 · 樸還告訴了我們，美國錢幣上的包

條提示，那就是評級師們更喜歡看到那些精美的錢幣。這是

漿有兩種，一種是漂亮又吸睛的幻彩包漿；另一種則是白的，

因為他們大多數時候看到的都是普通的商業性錢幣，看久了

這種大多是被浸在特製的液體裏去除了原本厚重的包漿，因

就會覺得很無聊。所以，如果你有一組看上去還不錯的錢幣，

為厚重的包漿會讓評級師難以看到包漿底下的錢幣表面，這

那麼不妨把品相最好的那些放在前面，這樣可以讓這些品相

就會導致低評。但是對於其他地方的錢幣，尤其是中國錢幣

最好的錢幣獲得一個好分數。前面提到的世界著名幣商、前

而言，有些在信封裏保存了很多年，這樣形成的包漿則會比

PCGS 顧問和世界錢幣評級師卡羅 · 斯蒂芬斯也表示，古富

白色的幣更受評級師歡迎，因為這樣的原包漿可以保護錢幣

的說法是正確的。

的表面，讓評級師可以看到錢幣的真實品相，會更有利於評分。即使是在知道一枚有着保存在信封中而形成包漿的錢幣

而我們的朋友，前 PCGS 世界錢幣終評評級師肯 · 樸則補充

評分只有 AU 58，但是其價格可能會比一枚評分為 MS 60至

道，不要把那些品相不佳或有問題的錢幣與你的精品錢幣放

62的白幣更高，尤其是當這枚錢幣是出自名人收藏的時候就

在同一個盒子裏，因為這樣可能會讓評級師不願意輕易評出

更是如此。這也正如肯 · 樸告訴我的那樣，評級師更喜歡看

高分，並且對其中的真幣也產生懷疑。所有這些策略在我們

到那些原始的錢幣，這對他們來說更具新鮮感。

將錢幣提交到 NGC 和 PCGS 評分時都很有效。

包克收藏信封

有很多錢幣都會送評多次，從而獲得更高分或對評分進行競

霍華德 · 包克收藏的錢幣便滿足了上述的多個條件，它們既

猜，但是這樣會讓評級師對錢幣的評分有了預見性。

是名人收藏，又因為在信封中保存了至少70年而有着原包漿，存封它們的信封上還有1954年（而非1966年）的耿愛

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另外，新面世的原包漿錢幣的價格通常也會高很多，因為大

德目錄編號和價格，之前也未曾出現在市面上。華人家族和

多數錢幣都在短時間內多次出現在市場上，有時一些高分的

NC 收藏也滿足其中的一些標準，這些都被收藏了至少20年，

錢幣，其價格也不過平平，因為幣商和藏家都已經見過這些

大多都是被收藏了30年以上，並且其中的大多數都是首次出

錢幣很多次了。

現在市面上。

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Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio Exceptional Records Achieved in 2020 Consign Now to our Legendary Hong Kong Auctions in 2021! April 2021 Hong Kong Auction April 4-7, 2021 Consign by: January 15, 2021

Fall 2021 Hong Kong Auction Fall 2021 Consign by: June 15, 2021

Realized: $348,000 USD

CHINA. Silver Long-Whisker Dragon Dollar Pattern, Year 3 (1911). Tientsin Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-65 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver “Reversed Dragon” Dollar Pattern, Year 3 (1911). PCGS SPECIMEN-64 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Kiangnan. 7 Mace 2 Candareens (Dollar), ND (1897). PCGS MS-64 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 18 (1929)-R. Rome Mint. NGC SATIN FINISH SPECIMEN-66.

CHINA. Anhwei. Brass 7 Mace 2 Candareens (Dollar) Pattern, Year 23 (1897). PCGS MS-63 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 3 (1914). Tientsin Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-63 Gold Shield.

Realized: $276,000 USD

CHINA. Szechuan. 7 Mace 2 Candareens (Dollar), ND (1901-08). PCGS MS-64+ Gold Shield. Realized: $216,000 USD

Realized: $456,000 USD

Realized: $252,000 USD

Realized: $210,000 USD

Realized: $144,000 USD

CHINA. Silver 50 Cents Pattern, Year 3 (1911). Tientsin Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-63 Gold Shield. Realized: $264,000 USD

Contact Us to Speak with a Consignment Director! CALIFORNIA OFFICE HONG KONG OFFICE Email: Consign@StacksBowers.com Email: ConsignHK@StacksBowers.com Tel: +01.949.253.0916 Tel: +011.852.2117.1191 Website: www.StacksBowers.com Website: www.StacksBowers.com 1231 E. Dyer Road, Suite 100 Unit 1603, 16/F Mira Place Tower A, Santa Ana, CA 92705 No.132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, HK SBP JEAN Online Issue 201021

CHINA. Gold 200 Yuan Pattern, 1989. Dragon & Phoenix Design Concept. NGC PROOF-68 Ultra Cameo. Realized: $192,000 USD

PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the first gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of People’s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany. Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award, the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wähner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany. Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair. The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School in August 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year. From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr. Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint. The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine. Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very difficult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials. In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Min’s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head office of Bank of China.

Champion Shanghai Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 championghka@gmail.com

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

本屆世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮於2017年2月4日在德國柏林的世界錢幣展上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎賽錢幣設計終身成就獎

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004 年7月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

的獲得者是上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師⸺ 余敏。余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書—李剛

工藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起，

代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成就獎的獲得者分別是：奧地利的赫爾伯特 •韋納、意大利

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大

的瑪利亞•卡梅拉•柯蘭納瑞以及德國的 Heinz Hoyer 和

獎賽最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

念熊貓，包括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和 2013熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎賽的發起人之一

多，很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

的大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助商之一。

他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念

的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎賽，同時也準備了

幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕

一篇余敏的生平簡介。

是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完成任務。

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的

刻工作。

決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球）也在競標被中國銀行選中。

1996年2月至6月期間，赴俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系進修。

冠軍拍賣有限公司地址：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室電話：86-21-62130771 传真：86-21-62130773 Email ：championghka@gmail.com

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《东亚通宝》第 1 期 1984 年发行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《东亚泉志》电子杂志第 1 期 2016 年 1 月发行

2020.11.1.13:00

冠军上海微拍 8 预展时间：10 月 31 日

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拍卖亮点 /HIGHLIGHTS

LOT 21 1899 年（光绪二十五年）北洋造光绪元宝库平七钱二分，NGC MS65，包克藏品起拍价：200 000 元

LOT 42 1912 年黎元洪开国纪念银币壹圆，错版“H”， CIIINA，NGC MS62，华人家族藏品起拍价：100 000 元

LOT 35 1910 年新疆饷银伍钱，背面小花结， NGC MS64，包克藏品起拍价：30 000 元

LOT 44 1922 年（民国十一）湖南省宪成立纪念币壹圆 NGC AU55，包克藏品起拍价：30 000 元

LOT 48 1927 年（民国十六年）孙中山像总理纪念银币贰角， NGC MS67，NC 藏品起拍价：30 000 元

LOT 49 1928 年（民国十七年）贵州省政府造贵州银币汽车币壹圆，NGC XF DETAILS，华人家族藏品起拍价：30 000 元

LOT 50 1934 年（民国二十三年）孙中山壹圆铜样，齿边损伤，NGC UNC DETAILS，NC 藏品起拍价：30 000 元

LOT 30 1890-1905 年广东省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币 NGC MS62，包克藏品起拍价：10 000 元

LOT 45 1926 年 ( 民国十五年 ) 龙凤银币贰角，每五枚当壹元，NGC MS62，包克藏品起拍价：10 000 元

LOT 55 云南省造大清铜币二十文臆造币，有腐蚀，NGC UNC DETAILS，耿爱德 - 包克藏品起拍价：10 000 元

LOT 51 明朝洪武八年欶赐岁贡铜质臆造币 NGC AU58 BN，原古德曼收藏起拍价：10 000 元

LOT 53 1894 年（AH1311）新疆阿城光绪银圆，贰钱臆造币， NGC AU58，耿爱德 - 包克藏品起拍价：10 000 元

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2019 年冠军澳门拍卖会圆满成功成交亮点 /HIGHLIGHTS

Lot073 清代 1853 年咸丰元宝当五百，宝泉局，直径：57.3mm，重量：54.7 克，厚度：3.6mm，公博美 78(03)，Howard F. Bowker 藏品估价：$300-600 成交价：$3,500

Lot160 1897 年浙江省造光绪元宝库平一钱四分四厘，L&M273，OTTO BEH Pattern Extremely Rare，NGC PF62 估价：$20,000-40,000 成交价：$4,560

Lot081 清代 1853 年咸丰元宝当百 , 宝泉局 , 直径：52.2mm, 重量：50.7 克 , 厚度：4mm, 公博美 85, Howard F.Bowker 藏品估价：$100-200 成交价：$2,640

Lot181 1909 青岛大德国宝壹角镍币，Y2，NGC PF66，NGC 最高分，共评出 2 枚最高分估价：$3,000-6,000 成交价：$3,960

Lot094 1885 年吉林造光绪 10 年库平三钱，L&M506，K918a，PCGS AU58，PCGS 只评级过 1 枚，样品中最好的，华人家族藏品估价：$20,000-40,000 1885 年吉林省造三钱，2006 PCGS 评分为 PCGS AU-58，目前是品相最好的一枚。另一枚 NGC 评分为 NGC AU-55。这枚币是吉林省造的第一批中国机制币。华人家族收藏。目前只有这两枚评级币。成交价：$70,000

Lot182 1909 青岛大德国宝伍分镍币，Y1，NGC PF67，NGC 最高分，共评出 3 枚最高分估价：$3,000-6,000 成交价：$4,800

Lot128 1908 年造币总厂光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币，L&M11，Y14，PCGS MS64 估价：$10,000-20,000 成交价：$31,200

Lot304 1995 年乙亥猪年生肖纪念铂币，面值 100 元，重量 1 盎司，成色 99.95%，发行量 300 枚，CC-670，PCGS PR69DCAM 估价：$6,000-12,000 成交价：$9,000

爱秀冠军拍卖香港

冠军拍卖上海

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Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 Tel: (+1) 941-952-0100 Email: jericainternational@gmail.com

2020.5-6 冠军上海微拍圆满成功

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成交亮点 /Highlights 5.17 第一次微拍

LOT 13

LOT 23

LOT 32

1911 年（宣统三年）十文大清铜币 NGC MS64 BN，包克收藏起拍价：3,000 元（人民币）成交价：115,500 元（人民币）

1898 年（YR24）安徽省造库平一钱四分四厘光绪元宝银币 NGC MS64，NC 藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：83,600 元（人民币）

1910 年新疆饷银伍钱 NGC MS61，包克收藏起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

LOT 43

LOT 44

1924 年甲子二月十六日两湖巡阅使萧耀南五轶纪念铜章 NGC MS63 BN，精品军阀纪念章，NC 藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：101,200 元（人民币）

1927 年（民国十六）中华民国国民政府孙中山陵墓壹圆臆造币 NGC MS62，原耿氏收藏起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：110,000 元（人民币）

LOT 34 1949 年 ( 民国三十八年 ) 新疆省造币厂铸壹圆银币 NGC MS62，包克收藏起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：52,800 元（人民币）

LOT 45

LOT 46

LOT 50

1928 年（民国十七年）四川壹圆银币 NGC VF25，NC 藏品，极为珍稀起拍价：100,000 元（人民币）成交价：330,000 元（人民币）

1929 年（民国十八）阎锡山纪念币壹圆臆造币 NGC MS61，原耿氏收藏起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：110,000 元（人民币）

1941 年蒋介石像半圆 NGC MEDAL AU DETAILS 起拍价：3,000 元（人民币）成交价：57,200 元（人民币）

5.31 第二次微拍

LOT 5

LOT 10

LOT 11

1908 造币总厂戊申开铸三年记（纪）念牌 NGC MEDAL AU58 BN，NC 藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：55,000 元（人民币）

1902 年江苏省造每元当钱二十文光绪元宝铜币 NGC MS65 BN，包克藏品起拍价：20,000 元（人民币）成交价：126,498.9 元（人民币）

1902 年江苏省造每元当钱二十文光绪元宝铜币 NGC MS64，包克藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：26,400 元（人民币）

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LOT 13

LOT 15

LOT 21

1906 年新（疆）省光绪元宝市银一分五厘 NGC MS63 BN，NC 藏品起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：110,000 元（人民币）

1930 年（民国十九年）四川边铸中心“川”每枚当一百文铜币 NGC UNC DETAILS，包克藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：37,400 元（人民币）

1911 年（宣统三年）壹圆大清银币 NGC MS63，包克藏品起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：242,000 元（人民币）

LOT 24

LOT 29

LOT 32

1903-1908 年福建省造库平七分二厘大龙光绪元宝 NGC UNC DETAILS，包克藏品起拍价：3,000 元（人民币）成交价：11,550 元（人民币）

1912 年（民国元年）军政府造汉字壹圆四川银币 NGC AU55，包克藏品起拍价：1,000 元（人民币）成交价：11,550 元（人民币）

1927 年（民国十六）中华民国国民政府孙中山陵墓壹圆铜质臆造币 NGC MS62 BN，包克藏品，原耿氏收藏起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：75,900 元（人民币）

LOT 33

LOT 34

LOT 35

1933 年（民国二十二年）孙中山帆船壹圆银币 NGC MS64，包克藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：53,900 元（人民币）

1934 年中华苏维埃共和国川陕省造币厂造壹圆 NGC AU50，包克藏品起拍价：60,000 元（人民币）成交价：181,500 元（人民币）

1934 年闽浙赣省苏维埃政府壹圆臆造币 NGC AU58，包克藏品，原耿氏收藏起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：105,600 元（人民币）

6.14 第三次微拍

LOT 21

LOT 37

LOT 38

1908 年造币总厂光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 NGC UNC DETAILS，华人家族藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：31,900 元（人民币）

湖北武昌造币厂铜质徽章 NGC AU DETAILS，包克藏品起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：80,300 元（人民币）

1915 年湖北省造五分镍币 NGC AU DETAILS，黄华枢藏品起拍价：20,000 元（人民币）成交价：101,200 元（人民币）

LOT 41

LOT 50

LOT 51

1918 年（民国七年）湘粤桂联军总司令谭浩明赠 NGC MEDAL AU55 BN，NC 藏品起拍价：20,000 元（人民币）成交价：80,300 元（人民币）

1916 年唐继尧像拥护共和纪念银币库平三钱六分 NGC UNC DETAILS，包克藏品起拍价：10,000 元（人民币）成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

1918 年（民国七年）冯国璋像壹圆臆造币 NGC MS62，Ex.Kann/ 包克藏品起拍价：30,000 元（人民币）成交价：121,000 元（人民币）

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成交亮点 /Highlights

LOT 36

LOT 30

LOT 49

1943-1944 年法属印度支那铸造鹿头正银一两 NGC MINIT ERROR MS63，华人家族藏品成交价：60,500 元（人民币）

广东省造寿字光绪元宝库平重半两臆造币 NGC UNC DETAILS，华人家族藏品成交价：47,300 元（人民币）

台湾老公银壹圆臆造币 NGC MS61，原耿氏藏品，包克藏品成交价：34,100 元（人民币）

LOT 50

LOT 16

LOT 51

1912 年孙中山开国纪念银币贰角 NGC MS62，包克藏品起拍价：27,500 元（人民币）

清代 1853 年咸丰重宝当三十宝苏局 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品成交价：22,000 元（人民币）

1926 年 ( 民国十五年 ) 龙凤银币贰角 NGC MS63，包克藏品成交价：21,450 元（人民币）

LOT 04

LOT 40

LOT 47

先秦三字刀齐法化 GBCA 美 82，包克藏品成交价：18,700 元（人民币）

1897 年（光绪二十三年）北洋机器局造壹角银币 NGC AU55，NC 藏品成交价：18,700 元（人民币）

1895-1907 年湖北省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 NGC AU58，包克藏品成交价：17,050 元（人民币）

LOT 01

LOT 28

LOT 03

1926 年 ( 民国十五年 ) 龙凤银币贰角 L&M82，NGC MS63，包克藏品起拍价：6,000（人民币）

先秦直刀 - 城白 GBCA 美 82，包克藏品成交价：8,250 元（人民币）

先秦梁充五十当寽 GBCA 美 82，包克藏品成交价：12,100 元（人民币）

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成交亮点成交亮点 /Highlights /Highlights

LOT 32 LOT 32

1908 年北洋造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币，连云版， 1908 连云版， PCGS年北洋造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币， MS66 PCGS MS66 成交价：495,000 元（人民币）成交价：495,000 元（人民币）

LOT 23 LOT 23

1897 年湖南省造光绪元宝当十铜元 1897 年湖南省造光绪元宝当十铜元奥托·拜赫德制中国样币 NGC PF63 RB 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币 NGC PF63 RB 成交价：294,800 元（人民币）成交价：294,800 元（人民币）

LOT 24 LOT 24

1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当二十 1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当二十奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS MS63 BN 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS 成交价：198,000 元（人民币） MS63 BN 成交价：198,000 元（人民币）

LOT 26 LOT 26

1911-1915 年云南省造光绪元宝，库平七分二厘铜质 1911-1915 年云南省造光绪元宝，库平七分二厘铜质样币，奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP64 BN 样币，奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP64 BN 成交价：104,500 元（人民币）成交价：104,500 元（人民币）

LOT 33 LOT 33

1914 年福建袁世凯福州海运局镍质代币 1914 NGC 年福建袁世凯福州海运局镍质代币 AU58，华人家族藏品 NGC AU58，华人家族藏品成交价：68,200 元（人民币）成交价：68,200 元（人民币）

LOT 37 LOT 37

1889 年广东省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分五厘银币 1889 年广东省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分五厘银币 NGC AU55，包克藏品 NGC AU55，包克藏品成交价：357,500 元（人民币）成交价：357,500 元（人民币）

LOT 17（宝台 88 分） LOT 17（宝台 88 分）

康熙通宝罗汉式套子钱 20 枚大型 ,GBCA 美 75（05），康熙通宝罗汉式套子钱枚大型 ,GBCA 美 75（05） 1 枚；GBCA 美 80 ，1 20 枚；GBCA 美 82，10 枚；， 1 枚；GBCA 美 80 ，1 枚；GBCA 美枚，包克藏品 82，10 枚； GBCA 美 85，5 枚；GBCA 美 88，3 GBCA 美 85，5 枚；GBCA 美 88，3 枚，包克藏品成交价：220,000 元（人民币）成交价：220,000 元（人民币）

LOT 29 LOT 29

1939 年（民国二十八年）党徽背布币图下“桂”字 1939 年（民国二十八年）党徽背布币图下“桂”字壹分铜币，NGC MS65 RD，包克藏品壹分铜币，NGC RD，包克藏品成交价：176,000MS65 元（人民币）成交价：176,000 元（人民币）

LOT 25 LOT 25

1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当十铜币 1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当十铜币 SP62 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，加厚版，PCGS 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，加厚版，PCGS SP62 成交价：103,400 元（人民币）成交价：103,400 元（人民币）

LOT 03 LOT 03

先秦五字刀 - 即墨之法化，187mm，57.2 克先秦五字刀 - 即墨之法化，187mm，57.2 克 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品，原方药雨收藏 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品，原方药雨收藏成交价：66,000 元（人民币）成交价：66,000 元（人民币）

LOT 30 LOT 30

1898-1899 年浙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币 1898-1899 年浙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币 NGC MS63，华人家族藏品 NGC MS63，华人家族藏品成交价：352,000 元（人民币）成交价：352,000 元（人民币）

LOT 22 LOT 22

1896 年黑龙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分铜质样币 1896 年黑龙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分铜质样币奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP Genuine 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP Genuine Scratch AU DETAILS Scratch AU DETAILS 成交价：214,500 元（人民币）成交价：214,500 元（人民币）

LOT 36 LOT 36

1905 年吉林省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 1905 PCGS年吉林省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 MS62 PCGS MS62 成交价：126,500 元（人民币）成交价：126,500 元（人民币）

LOT 10 LOT 10

清代 1853 年天国圣宝，直径 38.6mm，重 24.4 克，清代 1853 年天国圣宝，直径 38.6mm，重 24.4 克，厚 3.2mm，GBCA 美 80，包克藏品厚 3.2mm，GBCA 美 80，包克藏品成交价：77,000 元（人民币）成交价：77,000 元（人民币）

LOT 38 LOT 38

1890-1908 年广东省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 1890-1908 年广东省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 NGC MS61，包克藏品 NGC MS61，包克藏品成交价：61,600 元（人民币）成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

經驗：

NGC評級師均是訓練有素，經驗豐富的專業人員，並在錢幣學研究領域處於前沿。每一枚硬幣均由多名專業評級師進行檢驗，以保證準確性與一致性。

參考：

診斷：

我們的綜合研究圖書館為NGC評級師提供最相關的參考資料。他們同時也向全世界的專家進行咨詢。

評級師參考我們數據庫中數百萬的真假幣圖像，包括非常詳細的診斷圖像。

科技：

X射線螢光光譜分析，結合特定的重力與顯微鏡評估，幫助判定硬幣表面成分與鑄造工藝。

專業硬幣評級的要素

每一次NGC評級背後都是一整套高度複雜，經過時間考驗的過程。依憑於我們行業領先的專業技術，超過4700萬枚硬幣被委託給NGC，其中甚至包括許多來自世界各地的頂級硬幣。

了解更多，敬請瀏覽 NGCcoin.hk/expertise

NGC以及第三方认证的优势关于NGC

NGC是做什么的？

提供专业的鉴定、评级以及封装服务。

2. NGC对硬币进行归类和描述。

NGC成立于1987年，为硬币、代币和章时至今日，NGC已经认证了4700多万

枚硬币、代币和章——评级数量全球领

先。每一枚经NGC认证的硬币都由NGC

提供综合的等级及真品保证，这给予客户更多的信心。

NGC的优势

经NGC认证的硬币： •真品

•精确的评级

•妥善的保护 •综合的保障

•被市场信赖 •更具价值

•更具市场流动性

NGC因何创立？

20世纪80年代中期，硬币收藏市场受到两大颇具挑战性的威胁： 1. 假币变得司空见惯。

2. 卖家给自己的硬币评级——这是一种

明显的利益冲突——买卖双方很难在硬币等级和价格上达成共识

NGC通过对硬币的真实性和等级提供

精准、一致和诚信的评估，解决了这些问题。

1. NGC对硬币进行鉴定。

3. NGC 对硬币从1至70级进行评级。

4. NGC将硬币封装在具有保护作用的封装盒里。

什么是70级？

NGC将一枚放大5倍未见生产后瑕疵的硬币定义为原

厂状态（Mint State）或精制（Proof）70级的硬币。

检验NGC认证

每一枚经NGC认证的硬币都会被分配一个独一无二的认证号码，这使得硬币的信息可以在全球范围内追踪。要确认一

NGC价格指南

了解一枚硬币准确的公允市场价非常

重要，这样您就可以避免高价购买、低

价出售亦或是低估一枚硬币。由于世界

各地的收藏家、经销商和拍卖公司都信赖、理解以及使用NGC评级，所以NGC 认证使得确定一枚硬币的价值更为容

易。 NGC还在其网站上提供了一整套

价格指南，以帮助收藏家们研究硬币的价值。

枚硬币的描述和评级等级，您只需访问 NGCcoin.hk/certlookup进行查询。

全球影响力

在过去的33年里，NGC使硬

币市场更安全、更透明、更具有活力。

世界各地的收藏家们都乐于

在网上无法看见实物的情况下购买经NGC认证的硬币。

NGC认证已吸引了无数新收藏家加入并促进了全球市场。

了解更多

NGCcoin.hk

注册订阅每月新闻:

NGCcoin.hk/connect 在线联系我们：

Facebook.com/NGCcoin Instagram.com/ NGCcoins (@NGCcoins)

瀏

紙幣交給PMG鑑定，最放心

PMG成立於2005年，為紙幣提供獨立公正的專業真品鑑定、評級並封裝的服務。 PMG被世界各地的收藏家和經銷商所認可。因其專業、精準和一致的評級，對公正的承諾以及全面的真品和等級保證而被全球信賴，也因此成為全球最大的第三方紙幣評級服務機構。

了解更多？請瀏覽 PMGnotes.hk/about

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm，四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。本書是1990年之後的第一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊，平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》第二版 Price( 售价 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含邮费 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，爱秀集团和《东亚泉志》出版了《中国

版的基础上出版第二版。第二版于2011年6月发行，相比

近代机制币精品鉴赏》第一版。该书对60枚中国最顶级

第一版60枚钱币囊括金币、银币和铜元，第二版专注于

的近代机制币进行了全面、深入、系统的研究与展现。

60枚中国近代机制银币，定名为《中国近代机制银币精

其内容涵盖高清钱币图像、流传脉络、拍卖纪录、市场

品鉴赏·银币版》 (简称《银币鉴赏》)。

趋势、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在钱币业界引起巨大的轰动和反响，备受赞誉，被誉为“全景式展现中国珍稀机制币的重要鉴赏书籍”。

由于页面所限，第二版刊载60枚中国银币精品的重要信息，在第一版的基础上有多方面改进和加强。《银币鉴赏》在最受欢迎和好评的照片拍摄和排版下更多功

尽管因时间苍促、经验不足，书中存在一些缺陷和

夫，并提供更多详细、准确和丰富的近期拍卖成交价格

错误，但仍得到读者的肯定和欣赏。由于该书仅限量印

记录、历史评估、珍稀度和谱系说明。所有内容均为中

刷1000本，无法满足广大钱币爱好者的需求。经多位资

英双语，彩色精装印刷。第一版中有关钱币背景的“故

深钱币专家、学者、收藏家建议，爱秀集团决定在第一

事阅读”部分将以附件方式另行印刷成册。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要请联系冠军拍卖公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

11/29/2020 冠军澳门拍卖会拍品截止时间：10/08/2020 11/27 11/28 11/29 11/29 11/30

11:00-17:00 10:00-18:00 09:00-12:00 12:00-17:00 09:00-13:00

活动地址

澳门金碧文娱中心冠军澳门拍卖会预展冠军澳门拍卖会预展冠军澳门拍卖会领取拍品澳门十六浦索菲特酒店六楼会议室

往年澳门冠军拍卖会亮点冠军澳门拍卖（11/2014） lot 446 2014 年澳门钱币学会金质

冠军澳门拍卖（11/2014）

冠军澳门拍卖（12/2015）

lot 382 2015 年澳门钱币学会铂金

纪念熊猫【加厚】，钱币号 #1，重量 62.208 克（2 盎司），直径 40mm，成色 99.9%，精制镜面，发行量 10 枚估价： US $3,000 成交价：US $43,700

lot 447 2014 年澳门钱币学会银质纪念熊猫【加厚】，钱币号 #1，重量 62.208 克（2 盎司），直径 40mm，成色 99.9%，精制镜面，发行量 1000 枚估价： US $100 成交价：US $24,150

冠军澳门拍卖（12/2016）

冠军澳门拍卖（11/2017）

冠军澳门拍卖（11/2018）

lot 324 2016 年澳门钱币学会银质纪念熊猫，钱币号 #01，重量 1 公斤，直径 120mm，成色 99.9%，精制镜面，发行量 20 枚，带盒带证书估价： US $1,000 成交价：US $6,900

lot 292 2016 年世界钱币展览会· 柏林―德制币模柏林特别展钯金纪念熊猫，钱币编号 #05，直径 40mm，精制镜面，发行量 10 枚，NGC PF69

lot 346 2018 年澳门钱币学会 30 周年年会银质 2 公斤纪念熊猫，直径 150mm, 成色 99.9%，精制镜面，发行量 15 枚，钱币编号 #1，带证

ULTRA CAMEO 估价： US $8,000 成交价：US $9,200

书估价： US $5,000 成交价：US $24,000

冠军澳门拍卖（11/2014） 1900 年（庚子）京局制造光绪元宝银币一套 5 枚，原模后铸品，均为 Kann、Sweeny 旧藏估价： US $ 250,000 成交价： US $ 414,000

纪念熊猫【加厚】，钱币号

#01，重量 62.208 克（2 盎司），直径 40mm，成色 99.9%，精制镜面，限量发行 10 枚，带盒带证。估价： US $3,000 成交价：US $27,600

冠军澳门拍卖（12/2015） 1912 年袁世凯像大胡子开国纪念壹圆银质样币，齿边，

冠军澳门拍卖（12/2016）

NGC AU58 估价： US $180，000 成交价： US $345,000

州省政府造贵州银币壹圆，俗称“汽车币”，三根草， L&M610，PCGS MS61。估价：US $30,000 成交价：US $115,000

Lot203 1928 年（民国十七年）贵

11/29/2020 Champion Macau Auction Auction Consignment Deadline: 10/08/2020

Champion Macau Auctions Highlights Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2015)

lot 446 CHINA-MACAU 2014 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Gold Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 1, Mintage 10

lot 447 CHINAMACAU 2014 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Silver Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 1, Mintage 1000

lot 382 CHINA-MACAU 2015 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Platinum Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 01, Limited Mintage 10

Estimate: US $3,000 Realized: US $43,700

Estimate: US $3,000

Realized: US $27,600

Estimate: US $100 Realized: US $24,150

Champion Macau Auction (12/2016)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2017)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2018)

lot 324 CHINA-MACAU 2016 Macau Numismatic Society 1000g .999 Silver Proof, diameter 120mm, Commemorative Show Panda, Serial number 01, Mintage 20, with Box and Cert

lot 292 CHINA-BERLIN 2016 World Money Fair Berlin - Otto Beh Dies Berlin Special Exhibit Palladium Proof, Commemorative Show Panda, 40mm, Coin Number 05, Mintage 10, NGC PF69 ULTRA CAMEO

lot 346 CHINA-2018 Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Expo 2 kilo .999 Silver proof,diameter 150mm,Serial Number#1,Mintage 15,with certificate

Estimate: US $1,000 Realized: US $6,900

Estimate: US $5,000

Realized: US $24,000

Estimate: US $8,000

Realized: US $9,200

Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2015)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2016)

CHINA-PEKING 1900 Sliver Restrike Set (5)

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Yuan Shi Kai Large Beard One Dollar Silver Pattern, NGC AU58

Lot203 CHINA-KWEICHOW 1928 Auto Dollar Silver, with 3 blades of grass, L&M610, PCGS MS61. Highest graded coin by PCGS

Estimate: US $ 250,000 Realized: US $ 414,000

Estimate: US $180,000 Realized: US $345,000

Champion Leilao Lda.

Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.,

Add: Avenida Da Praia Grande No.371 Edif. Keng

Shanghai. People's Republic of China 200060

Ou 22 Andar, A Macau

Tel: 86-21-62130771

Tel ï¼&#x161;+853 2886 8808

Fax: 86-21-62130773

www.cghka.cn

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Estimate: US $30,000 Realized: US $115,000

創

新

創

造

價

值

B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

Minted in Germany 德国铸造

1盎司 999纯银硬币

Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术 Exclusive limited mintage 1000 独家限量发行 1000枚 2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings 2019年坦桑尼亚 1000 先令

2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings

Coin Designed by: Yu Min

CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design

设计师：余敏

中国印钞造币总公司高级工艺美术师曾获得“2017年克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛年度终身成就奖”

Magnico

Room 1808, Baohua Mansion, No. 1211, Changde Rd., Putuo District, Shanghai Tel:0086(21)-62130772 www.magnico.cn

上海冠坤文化发展有限公司

上海市普陀区常德路宝华大厦1211号1808室电话：0086(21)-62130772 网址：www.magnico.cn

德国铸造德国梅耶造币厂

《東亞泉志》

免費訂閱 2021

簡介

電子季刊中英雙語出版人周邁可

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史

物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大

博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣

學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢

大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者

幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托馬斯 · 烏爾曼寫

更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

的《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機制幣⸺ 德國專家相助創建現代造幣

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

廠》、史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》、範治南與何緯渝寫的

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977

《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897

年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準

年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤

目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣

祿寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加蓋戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。

交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘

1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史

請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電

博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞

子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功

泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。

顧、重要資訊等。

雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

閱讀

东亚泉志

25 周年紀念章

No. 19

2020. 07 / Issue 37

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英双语 - 电子季刊

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

25 th

周年

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

JEAN 1994-2019

Picture of Emperor Tongzhi 同治皇帝像

The travelogue of the geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen 地理学家费迪南·冯·李希霍芬

Map of the Late Qing Empire (1912) 民国初 (1912 年 ) 中国地图

Mongolia 蒙古

Shanxi 山西 Tibet 西藏

g an eji zh 浙江

Fujian 福建

Ta台湾 iwan

ng 东广

Gua

Prices of Goods 商品价格

苏

Anhui 安徽

Jiangxi 江西

江

Guangxi 广西

Hunan 湖南

Guizhou 贵州 Yunnan 云南

Shandong 山东

Hubei 湖北

Sichuang 四川

Tong Zhi tong bao 1 Cash 同治通宝一文铜钱

Zhili 直隶

Henan 河南

Jia

Gansu 甘肃

陝西 Shaanxi

Xinjiang 新疆

Fish/kan 240 Cash 鱼 / 斤 240 文 Meat 130 Cash 肉 130 文 Flour 150 Cash 面粉 150 文 An orange/Cash 橘子 / 个 1 文 Cotton lb 380 Cash 棉花 / 磅 380 文 ......

『本期专题 | FEATURES 』中国铜钱的价值——基于费迪南·冯·李希霍芬 1869 年至 1872 年间旅华日记研究

The Value of Chinese Cash Coins—From the Expedition Diaries of Ferdinand Von Richthofen between 1869 and 1872

1981 年大韩民国第五共和国成立纪念币

The Fifth Republic Inauguration Commemorative Coins (1981)

释出与回收：民国的黄金政策

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

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章目錄

東亞泉志出版 JEAN Publications

Gold Policies of the Republic of China: Issuance and Redemption

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The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history. Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

1st Issue 2nd Issue 3rd Issue 4th Issue 5th Issue 6th Issue 7th Issue 8th Issue 9th Issue 10th Issue 11th Issue 12th Issue 13th Issue 14th Issue 15th Issue 16th Issue 17th Issue 18th Issue 19th Issue

between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin BowkerNumismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Chelu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote societ y editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quar terly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region. Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2021 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

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東亞泉志電子季刊 · 中英雙語

讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生，大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳

的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

門錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-

1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

藏協會常務副會長。退休後，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融 · 錢力於中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；

2012年，出版了彙集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克―錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 · 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美

復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

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會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

如詹姆斯 · 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六

《東亞泉志》2019年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到

jeanzg@163.com ！

厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《臺灣老公銀偽品》等。

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1 月 31 日

1月1日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

第 22 期

4 月 30 日

4 月1日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

第 23 期

7 月 31 日

7月1日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

第 24 期

10 月 31 日

10 月 1 日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

《東亞泉志》上海辦公室電話：021-62130771

郵箱：jeanzg@163.com

地址：常德路1211號寶華大廈1808室

1頁 4 期

分辨率：300

1/2 頁 1 期

1/2 頁 4 期

1頁 (A4) ：210×297mm

* 1/2頁：210×148mm

入會申請表 Application Form 申請日期 Application date：申請會員類別：

本地會員 Macau Member

Membership applied for:

外地會員 Non Macau Member

姓名 Name：

性別 Gender：

證件號碼 ID No.：

出生日期 Date of Birth：

（中文及外文）

住址 Add.：

職業 Occupation：

錢幣收集範圍 Interest：

聯絡電話 Phone Number：

繳納會費：

會費新會員需交付：入會費 MOP 1000.00 New membership fee: MOP 1000.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society）會員姓名編號 Member No：會員姓名編號 Member No：此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)：新會員入會日期：新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations. 2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee. Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》第三版正式启动 7 月 17 日（周五），冠军拍卖组织来自上海、浙江、四川等地的 20 名藏家前往上海造币有限公司参观了上海造币博物馆及其包克钱币展示厅，午餐期间宣布开始启动第三版《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》编撰工作。《东亚泉志》出版人周迈可及中文主编袁水清于 8 月 16 日至 20 日前往北京，开展第三版的问卷策划和评委会构建工作。问卷调查工作将于 9 月正式启动，12 月将评选出新一版的十大精选硬币。第三版预计于 2021 年秋面世。

藏家参观上海造币博物馆

参观者亲自铸打参观纪念章

藏家交流

冠军拍卖总裁周迈可宣布开始启动

《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》第一版封面

《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》第二版封面

藏家交流

冠军拍卖总裁周迈可宣布开始启动

藏家参观上海造币博物馆

藏家参观包克包克钱币展示厅

2009 中国近代机制币竞选活动弘扬中国钱币文化

推动市场健康发展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey 评选标准

精选活动依据钱币的珍品稀少性、价值昂贵性、品相完美性、群

体认同性、艺术观赏性、历史故事性进行评选。

珍品稀少性：好的钱币应是稀有的，仅有少量生产或流传下来。本书中有些钱币是孤品，世上独此一枚。有些钱币很少在市面出现，因此相当难得。但是，一些仅在其系列钱币的背景下属稀有的钱币亦位列精选活动的上榜名单。

价值昂贵性：一般来说，好的钱币应具有昂贵的价值，但并非一定如此。品相完美性：好的钱币一般都保存得非常完好。但完美的品相并不一定 2009 年 11 月 11 日，戴志强、孙浩与周迈可在北京的初选结果发布会上合影 Dai Zhiqiang, Sun Hao and Michael Hans Chou, at the Top Chinese Coins Survey in Beijing on November the 11th, 2009

活动目的

中国钱币文化灿烂悠久，具有丰富的内涵。为在中国钱币界进行

一次科学、深入而广泛的调查评选，弘扬中国钱币文化，提升社会对钱币收藏的关注与兴趣，推动钱币市场健康、繁荣、有序的发展，特举办中国近代机制币精选活动。并根据精选结果，出版《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》一书。

活动时间

2009 年 10 月 9 日至 2009 年 12 月 18 日

意味着毫无瑕疵，而是相对而言保存最完好者。

群体认同性：好的钱币应被大多数人所欣赏、认同。有些钱币也许是稀有、

昴贵的，但其是否真正具备高度的群体认同性也是一个重要的评选标准。艺术观赏性：好的钱币应能为人们带来审美愉悦。历史故事性：好的钱币会讲故事，应包含丰富的历史意义和内涵。有些钱币的背景故事并不为人所知，仅在少教的相关文献中提到过。精选活动的意义不仅在于评选出一个名单，更在于让人们了解钱币背后的历史故事，了解令钱币具有极致诱惑的原因。

活动方式

中国近代机制币精选活动的举办原则是坚持权威性、科学性和公

正性。为推动活动顺利进行，组织方在上海、背景、香港、新加坡、美

国等地举行五次大型说明会，近 150 人次出席。并通过电话、邮件、

面对面交流等方法，向 138 位权威专家发出选票，收回选票 102 张，

其中 45% 来自中国内地，20% 来自台湾，15% 来自香港，还有 20% 来自世界其他地区。

11 月 11 日，初评结果发布会在北京举行，公布初步选出的 12 枚珍稀钱币。12 月 10 日，组委会根据选票评分，将 12 枚钱币分为三等，前三枚为第一等，另三枚为第二等，后六枚为第三等，提交顾问组进行评

分，最后选出前十枚钱币。12 月 18 日，精选结果发布会在上海顺利举行。

2009 年 11 月 11 日，初选结果发布会暨晚宴在北京举行 Primary Selection party in Beijing on November the 11th, 2009

2009 年 10 月 9 日，启动仪式暨晚会在上海举行 The Dinner of the Opening Ceremony in Shanghai on October the 9th, 2009

2009 年 10 月 24 日，宣传说明会暨晚宴在香港举行 Top Chinese Coins Survey Dinner in Hongkong on October the 24th, 2009

2009 中国近代机制币竞选活动弘扬中国钱币文化

推动市场健康发展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey 评选结果

前十名中国近代机制币如下：

1903 年（癸卯）奉天省造光绪元宝库平一两银质样币 1900 年（庚子）京局制造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银质样币 1898 年湖南省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银质样币 1904 年广东省造光绪元宝库平重一两银质样币，背铸字 1910 年 ( 庚戍春季）云南造宣统元宝库平七钱二分银质样币 1896 年四川楷书（缶宝 ) 光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 1890 年广东省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分、七钱三分反版银质样币 1911 年（宣统三年）大清银币壹元银质样币，长须龙、短须龙、大尾龙、反龙、曲须龙

1906 年（丙午）和 1907 年（丁未）大清金币库平一两样币 (1904-05 年）四川省造光绪元宝当三十铜币，试铸币

组织机构主办：爱秀集团

协办：美国 MGC 冠军拍资公司

2009 年 12 月 18 日，上海精选结果发布会上，周迈可向林青禾颁奖 Michael Hans Chou awards certificate to George Lim at the Top Chinese Coins Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

广州国标钱币收藏鉴定评估有限公司上海申泉工贸总公司组委会主任委员：孙浩资深钱币收藏界专家学者

副主任委员 : 周迈可爱秀集团董事长暨冠军拍卖董事长

顾问委员会主任委员 : 戴志强中国钱币学会副理事长

顾问：

周祥上海博物馆研究员中国文物鉴定委员会委员沈鸣镝上海钱币学会副秘书长

甄伟刚广东集币协会理事

张明泉中华钱币协舍理事长

周建福台北市钱币协会理事长郭俊胜

理事

沈阳金融博物馆及张氏帅府博物馆馆长，辽宁省钱币学会常务

曾泽禄美国著名中国钱币收藏家

媒体宣传

上海电视台、新浪网、新民晚报、新闻晨报、钱币报、新闻晚报、上海

2009 年 12 月 18 日，上海精选结果发布会上，甄伟向陈吉茂颁奖 Zhen Weigang awards certificate to Chen Chi Mao at the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

热线、东方网等媒体均对精选活动及结果进行了隆重报道，引起热烈 d 的关注。

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精选活动嘉宾参观上海造币博物馆 Guests of the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference visited the Shanghai Mint Museum on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精选结果发布会在上海举行 The Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

中國近代機制幣十大精選活動第三版（2020.9-12）美國原 PCGS 總裁及資深錢幣專家 Ron Guth 所編輯的“100 Greatest US Coins ”(《美國錢幣百大精選》）一書中，根據調查而評選出美國十大精選錢幣，使錢幣收藏家和愛好者們對這些美國錢幣的背景有更好的瞭解。因此我們準備用類似的概念，在中國錢幣界內進行一次深入而廣泛的調查和評選活動，以評出公認的中國近代機制幣的十大精選，以此使錢幣收藏者對中國錢幣有更多瞭解，並提升社會對錢幣收藏和研究、探討的興趣，活躍錢幣市場。為此成立“中國近代機制幣的十大精選”甄選委員會。委員會設有由錢幣界權威組成的組委會及顧問組，和由著名錢幣界專家、學者以及收藏家組成的評選組。評選方法首先通過書面調查等方法，綜合評選組的見解後提交組委員會審核，最後由網上向錢幣界公佈評選統計及評選出來的中國近代機制幣十大精選。為使精選的十大錢幣具有廣泛性，所選的錢幣至少包括一枚銅幣、一枚金幣，一枚銀幣。組委會、顧問組和評選組成員，以及活動計劃，近期將在網上公佈。敬請各位錢幣愛好者關注及參與！

評選方法 1. 在下頁表內選出您認為的中國近代機制幣十大精選的錢幣。 2. 為使精選的十大錢幣具有廣泛性，所選的錢幣至少包括一枚銅幣、一枚金幣，一枚銀幣。 3. 選出後請將挑選單交回組委會：上海普陀區常德路寶華大廈 1211 號 1808 室

參與方式：

電話：86-21-62130771

微信：1026841006（DT）

掃一掃，關注我們！

郵箱：jeanzg@163.com 4. 所有參加問卷調查的朋友都將收到第三版書籍及編委會發放的參與證明。 “中國近代機制幣十大精選”甄選委員會 2020 年 9 月

評選人姓名：地址：

電話：

電子郵箱：

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日期：

2020.11.29.12:00 预展时间： 11 月 28 日 10:00-18:00 11 月 29 日 9:00-12:00

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地点：澳门十六浦索菲特酒店六楼会议室

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拍卖亮点 /Highlights

1898 年湖南省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分样币 PCGS SP66+，华人家族收藏起拍价：US 230000

1911 年大清长须龙壹元银币 NGC MS64，包克收藏起拍价：US 30000

1896 年黑龙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分 NGC AU55，奥托·拜赫德制中国样币起拍价：US 20000

1853 年台湾如意军饷 NGC AU Details，NC 藏品起拍价：US 20000

1844 年福建漳州军饷银饼 NGC AU Details，NC 藏品起拍价：US 20000

庚子京局制造一钱四分原铸币 NGC MS60，包克收藏起拍价：US 10000

1911 年宣统三年大清银币伍角 NGC MS62，包克收藏起拍价：US 10 000

1852 年台湾老公银壹圆 NGC AU55，包克收藏起拍价：US 10000

1910 年宣统年造大清壹元银币 NGC MS64，包克收藏起拍价：US 10000

1901-1908 年四川省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分，NGC MS63 起拍价：US 10000

1927 年孙中山开国纪念壹元铜币 NGC MS61 BN，NC 藏品起拍价：US 6000

1907 年（丁未）大清伍角银币 NGC MS65，包克收藏起拍价：US 5000

联系我们：上海市常德路 1211 号宝华大厦 1808 室

电话 : 86-21-62130771

邮箱 : championghka@gmail.com

2020.11.29.12:00 Preview: 11.28 10:00-18:00 11.29 9:00-12:00

Champion Macau Auction

6/F Promenade, Sofitel Macau

Email ：jeanzg@163.com

Tel：021-62130771

Highlights

CHINA-HUNAN 1898 50 Cents Silver PCGS SP66+, Chinese Family Collection Starting Price：US 230000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, Pattern,NGC MS64, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price：US 30000

CHINA-HEILUNGKIANG 1896 50 Cents Brass,Otto Beh Mint Pattern, NGC AU55 Starting Price：US 20000

CHINA-TAIWAN ND(1853) Fu Ku Military Ration Silver,NGC AU DETAILS, NC Collection Starting Price：US 20000

CHINA-FUKIEN ND(1844）Changchow Military Ration One Dollar Silver NGC AU DETAILS, NC Collection Starting Price：US 20000

CHINA-PEKING 1900 20 Cents Silver Pattern,NGC MS60, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price：US 10000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 50 Cents Silver Pattern,NGC MS62, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price：US 10 000

CHINA-TAIWAN ND(1838-1850) One Dollar Silver,NGC AU55, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price：US 10000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1910 One Dollar Silver NGC MS64, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price：US 10000

CHINA-SZECHUAN ND(1901-1908) One Dollar Silver,NGC AU DETAILS Starting Price：US 10000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1927 Sun Yat Sen One Yuan Copper,NGC MS61 BN, NC Collection Starting Price：US 6000

CHINA-KIRIN 1907 5 Cents Silver NGC F12, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price：US 5000

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Road, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 Email : championghka@gmail.com