לשם שמיים
Authoritarianism and Democracy
com/beijings-new-national-intelligence-law-defense-offense. 9 “Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans,” Senate Report (Nov. 18, 2019), 1, accessed April 21, 2022. https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/imo/media/ doc/2019-11-18%20PSI%20Staff%20Report%20-%20China’s%20Talent%20Recruitment%20Plans%20Updated2.pdf. 10 Chinese Talent Plans,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/the-china-threat/chinese-talent-plans. 11 Ryan Fedasiuk, “If You Want to Keep Talent out of China, Invest at Home,” Foreign Policy, last modified September 17, 2020, accessed April 21, 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/ china-thousand-talents-plan-invest-us-xenophobia/. 12 “Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals Charged in Three Separate China Related Cases,” Office of Public Affairs, Department of Justice, January 28, 2020, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinese-nationals-charged-three-separate-china-related. 13 “Chinese Talent Plans.” 14 Sherisse Pham, “How Much Has the US Lost from China’s IP Theft?,” CNN Money, last modified March 23, 2018, accessed April 21, 2022, https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/23/technology/ china-us-trump-tariffs-ip-theft/index.html. 15 Eric Rosenbaum, “1 in 5 Corporations Say China Has Stolen Their IP within the Last Year: CNBC CFO Survey,” CNBC, last modified March 1, 2019, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www. cnbc.com/2019/02/28/1-in-5-companies-say-china-stole-their-ipwithin-the-last-year-cnbc.html. 16 Christopher Wray, “The Threat Posed by the Chinese Government and the Chinese Communist Party to the Economic and National Security of the United States,” speech presented at Hudson Institute Video Event: China’s Attempt to Influence U.S. Institutions, Washington, D.C., July 7, 2020, Federal Bureau of Investigation, last modified July 7, 2020, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/the-threat-posed-by-the-chinese-government-and-the-chinese-communist-party-to-the-economic-and-national-security-of-the-united-states. 17 “The China Threat,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, accessed May 1, 2022, https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/the-china-threat. 18 Gates. 19 Gates. 20 Laufman, Casino, and Kasdan. 21 “Combating Economic Espionage and Trade Secret Theft”: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Crime and Terrorism of the S. Judiciary Comm., 113th Cong., 2d Sess. (2014) (statement of Randall C. Coleman, Assistant Director, Counterintelligence Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation). Accessed April 23, 2022. https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/combating-economic-espionage-and-trade-secret-theft. 22 The Report of the Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property, Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property, 77–78, May 22, 2013, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/ IP_Commission_Report.pdf. 23 Wray. 24 “Communist Party Steals Science.” 25 Made in Beijing: The Plan for Global Market Domination, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2022, accessed April 22, 2022, https://www.fbi.gov/video-repository/made-in-beijing-030722. mp4/view.
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International Views on Vaccine Mandates Mikaela Garber, ’24
Since COVID-19 first made headlines in late 2019, it has spread across the entire world and wreaked global havoc. Two years and multiple variants later, the pandemic still seems to be as prevalent as ever. With the emergence of a safe and effective vaccine in December of 2020, many people hoped that the pandemic would soon end. However, much of the eligible population still has not gotten the shots. Whether it is due to safety, religious, economic, or political concerns, only 76% of the US,1 and a mere 64% of the world, has received at least one dose of the COVID vaccine.2 Regardless of the rationale of the unvaccinated, many believe that COVID will prevail until the world reaches herd immunity, something that is predicted to happen when approximately 70-85% of people are fully vaccinated.3 Fully vaccinated means that a person has gotten all the recommended doses. Nevertheless, creating a vaccine mandate has sparked many arguments about human rights, free will, and whether or not a government should have the power to force people to get vaccinated. Although there is much debate as to whether vaccine mandates are ethical, research and observation of diverse policies have shown that there is no end to the pandemic until everyone, all over the world, is vaccinated, whether that be through a mandate or a more moderate approach. Due to the fact that there is no global guidance on vaccine mandates and the increase of cases because of new variants, countries around the world have created vastly different policies. Guidelines range from mandatory vaccination for all adults – like in Australia and Ecuador – to only for public health workers to only for kids.4 Those in Australia and Indonesia who refuse vaccination face fines and the threat of losing governmental or social services.5 Other countries, such as Canada, France, and the United States, have opted for less radical policies by only mandating that government employees get vaccinated.6 Still others, including Britain and New Zealand, have decided to only mandate shots for those most vulnerable: the elderly, health care workers, or both. Finally, a slightly different mandate has been put in places such as Britain and Czech Republic. They do not explicitly require vaccination but instead limit people’s entry to public places if they have not received their shots.7 These varied policies, along with the countless others around the world, are a product of the lack of international guidance on the matter of vaccine mandates. It is evident that there is much benefit to vaccine mandates. With each new variant, COVID-19 has the ability to get milder, but it also has an equal chance to become more contagious and deadlier.8 In addition, people who have gained immunity from one variant after getting sick
