3rd episode cosmology the adventures of ben hur and padilha in outer space

COSMOLOGY

THE ADVENTURES OF BEN-HUR AND PADILHA IN OUTER SPACE

Episode 3: The intricacies of gravity Por: J.R. SILVA BITTENCOURT

REVERSE SIGHT THEORY SEEKING ANOTHER EXPLANATION FOR THE UNIVERSE

English version

Sun

A Movement of the center of mass

Observer

B A = Bright companion (visible star) B = Dark companion (invisible star)

A Movement of the center of mass

Observer

B A = Bright companion (visible star) B = Dark companion (invisible star)

from past to present A Movement of the center of mass

Observer

B

from past to present

A = Bright companion (visible star)

B = Dark companion (invisible star)

A

past

from present to the past

Movement of the center of mass present

B

future

from future to present

A = Bright companion (visible star)

B = Dark companion (invisible star)

What??...

A Past

Invisible

B

Present

Center of mass

Center of mass

Past

Invisible

space doesn’t communicate anything to us, directly...

Sun

Light

Light

cosine image of the sun

infrared-ultraviolet

observer Uncertain position of the sun

image of the sun

infrared- ultraviolet

sine

observer

cosine image of the sun

infra-red-ultraviolet

past

future

Uncertain position of the sun

observer

infra-red-ultraviolet

sine

future

past image of the sun

observer

The existence of dotted waves is questionable

foci of the elipse

cĂ­rcle (apparent)

aphelion

perihelion

Sun

aphelion

elipse (real)

Uniform (relative) circular motion of the sun’s image

Ecliptic

Orbit of the Earth Uncertain position of the Sun

Earth movement

The Sun occupying one of the foci of the elipse

Earth

Sun

Center of mass of a binary. Both bodies, M1 and M2 evolve around their common center of mass, C. This is located closer to the body possessing greater mass, such that d1 / d2 = M1 / M2.

major axis of the elippse

focus of the ellipse

Earth

Sun

Elliptical motion circle radius

center of the circle

F = Fcpt

Circular motion

Sun acting as a source of ďŹ ctitious circular waves

There’s no time (directly measurable) Space + light

Sunlight has always been on Earth (from our point o view), from where it began to condense until forming the information package (quantum). Time would have been stuck in the process...

Here from the Sun I see Earth 8 minutes late...

Space + light + time

Waving in expansion

3 seconds later

2 seconds later Time

1 second later

Space

The stone hits the surface of the water

Time

The Earth will enter the light cone of the future of the Sun after 8 minutes.

8 min

Depth

zero Sun

Earth

Space

Positive work performed by the gravitational force

Negative work performed by the gravitational force

Throwing a ball into the air

Time

Time

Invisible sun (uncertain position) Earth Light cone of the future of the Sun

The observer’s light cone of the past

Visible sun

Space

Inversion towards the arrow of time in the position of the observer

I don’t see anything (yet)

Time Invisible Sun

Earth Light cone of the future of the Sun

space Shrinkage of time during stretching.

Light Light

Saturn is sighted from Earth through the reection of sunlight, which strikes the planet.

Stretched spring: negative work Ec = zero Ep = maximum V = zero

I don’t see anything (yet)...

Invisible Sun Earth Contraction of time

Light cone of the future of the Sun

stretching of space Shrinkage of time during space stretching

F = force

resting spring spring

block

Ep = zero Ec = maximum speed = maximum

Fixed end

block Fixed end

light spring

Earth Sun

Fixed end

Time

Space Spring

Stretching

Mass

Force orientation

Sun The point of view of the observer: The mass-spring assembly applied to the formation of the light cone of the future of the Sun.

2nd stage of simple harmonic motion (SHM): relaxation Time Space

Force orientation

Relaxing Sun The mass-spring assembly applied to the formation of the light cone of the future of the Sun.

Rest position: 1st stage of SHM: Negative force work: Stretches Preparation

Star moves away

Observer

2st stage of SHM: Positive force work: Gravity

the stone is loose

Star approaches

The outside of space-time:

1st Phase o SHM: negative force work Stretches

Observer

Preparation

Star moves away without being sighted

This phase retains time and information. It would correspond to the action of antigravity, but there’s no direct record of its existence.

Possibility (A): The universe is static out of time.

Resting position: Force is equal to zero.

Static universe

Possibility (B): The universe was expanding at an earlier time. Hence, the expansion, as assessed at present by cosmic background radiation, could not be happening in real time or is an image of the past.

1st phase of SHM: Negative force work, expansion.

Stretches Star moves away Observer

Space

Beta Andromedae

Light cone of the future

Beta Andromedae (A) sends its light to Earth. This light will be retained for 75 years whithin its cone of light of the future.

Until then, information regarding time time retention can’t be accessed directly by the observer on Earth.

Orientation of the force (F) space Light

black arrow: Force orientation red arrows: trap of the light

Star

Tim The work resulting from the stretching of space would be negative: light would be trapped in the curvature of space, and force would point in the opposite direction.

As everything would be in the center before space bends, the negative force (antigravity) would point in the direction ‘back to the center’.

e

Everything is in the center

Formation of the curvature of space: As space stretches, light would be trapped within the light cone of the future of events, and space would communicate nothing to the observer on Earth. The force would point out of the center (antigravity), represented by the atness of space.

2nd SHM phase: Positive restoration of strength.

Gravity

Everything is in the center

widt

h

Everything is in the center

length

Static universe model

Picture of the past

Current thinking: Most stars move away from one another...

Picture of the present moment

...faster and faster, because space would be stretching (expanding) in real time...

Direction of stretching

light cone of the future

Generating gravitational attraction Stretch

incubating gravity

Star moves away

1st phase of the SHM of electromagnetic radiation

Expansion

1st phase of SHM of electromagnetic radiation Stretched spring: negative force work

Fixed end Spring

Block

Contraction

2nd phase of SHM of electromagnetic radiation Spring begins to relax: positive work force

Expansion

Contraction In the celestial vault there would be no visual difference between the 1st and 2nd phase of the SHM (simple Harmonic Motion) of cosmic radiation (expansion and contraction).

I’m out of connection with the internet and without de facebook...

Time 75 years

Hick

Light cone of the future of Beta andromedae (cut in half)

Earth is outside the cone: the star is invisible

Earth Beta andromedae

space

Uncertain position Zero Time

Earth enters the cone

Before (Beta’s light cone of the future)

Inversion in the direction of the arrow of time

After

Observer’s light cone of the past: Beta andromedae is sighted instantly, but with the appearance of 75 years ago.

75 years

Image of Beta andromedae

space

time = zero Uncertain position Before

Real Sun

Time arrow

After

Instant from the past Inversion in the direction of the arrow of time

Light cone of the future of the Sun

Dilation of time Contraction of time

The observer’s cone of the past

space

Image of the Sun

75 years ago

There’s no measurable time (directly) inside the light cone of the future of the Sun. Time start to be measured only after the spread of sun’s light on Earth...

Formation of the hypothetical ‘light cone of the future of the Sun’. fixed end block Spring at rest Light/radiation

Sun

The light was already on Earth

Comparing the behavior of light with that of the mass-spring assembly.

1st phase of SHM of light: expansion or stretching Force block

spring

ďŹ xed end Intrinsic movement

Quantization of light

Invisible Sun

1st phase of SHM of light: Expansion, stretching Spring being stretched

Block

pushed away

Quantization of light

F

Fixed end

force

?

Simulation of curvature in space captures light Future Earth

invisible galaxy The space curves itself negatively during the timeless phase of energy quantization, or the formation of the light packet (photon).

2nd SHM phase of light: contraction, relaxation.

Spreading F

Block

Spring relaxing

Approach

The curvature of space falls apart

Time in the past

Gravity

Fixed end

Earth The galaxy is instantly sighted from Earth.

Spread of the photons: time expands and space contracts.

Access to information shows the space as it is still bending or expanding. However, the space would be at the stage where its curvature would already be undoing.

Characteristic of this phase: acceleration.

Earth waves in expansion

Light

Time

T=zero

Space

Light cone of the future of the Sun

Sun

Earth

Earth

Sun

The Sun and the Earth revolve around a common center of mass (C). This is located closer to the body possessing greater mass (Sun), which occupies the focus of the ellipse. The sum of the distances (d1 + d2) constitutes the major axis of the ellipse.

Radius (d2) Earth

Sun

For the calculation of gravity the major axis of the ellipse (d1 + d2) was replaced by the radius of the perfect circle (d2).

Light cone of the future of the Sun

The death of the Sun does not immediately strike us because we are not in its cone of future light.

The Earth enters the light cone of the Sun’s death approximately after 8 minutes.

Event ot the Sun’s death

Time (minutes)

Sun

Earth

Light cone of the future

Earth Time

Space

Sun Rectangle triangle

Stone

Expanding waves

Two-dimensional tank surface

waves in expansion 3 seconds later

2 seconds later time 1 second later The stone hits the surface of the water

space

Diagram of p. 53 from S. Hawking’s book ‘A Brief History of Time’ (brasilian version).

Star

‘The light of distant stars takes billions of years to reach us. They stretch so much during the trip that they turn into radio waves. We need radio telescopes to see these old lights (The ďŹ rst second of Big Bang Lawrence Krauss/Michio Kaku -Pioneer productions).

Invisible

The light was already on Earth long before the observer came.

Earth

Invisible 1st phase of SHM of light: expansion Light quantization: leveling of the energetic extremes of the Maxwell spectrum.

Curvature simulation

Moves away

2nd phase of SHM of light: contraction, restoration.

Doppler: accompanying the scattering of light

Visible as image (in the past)

Curvature undoes

Approaches

The scattering communicates the expansion instantly, as if it were happening in real time.

Collision between a quantum and a free electron stationary Quantum scattered

Free electron Before spreading

Withdrawal electron After spreading

*Obs.: Boethe/Geiger (1925) have shown that the in scattering a single quantum by one electron, the scattered quantum and the retreating electron appear simultaneously (Eisberg Fundamentals of Modern Physics, p. 75).

I feel like were a traveler of time

Sun’s light cone of the future

Observer’s light cone of the past

Apparent movement of the Sun Sun’s image after Ecliptic Sun’s image after 8 minutes 8 minutes

Earth orbit

Sun in uncertain position

E1, E2: Position of the Earth in two different moments of time.

Solar density increases waves in expansion

Time

Invisible sun directly space

Earth out of the cone of the Sun

(A)

Time

Waves in expansion

Earth outside the cone of light of the future

space

(B)

Time

Waves in expansion

space

A less dense sun in (A) would curl less space than in (B). On the other hand, (A) would shine more than (B) in imaginary time (within the cone of the Sun), which would not be reected in real time.

End of third episode

The adventures of Ben-Hur and Padilha in outer space