ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ

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W. Abu-Azizeh, M. Tarawneh, F. Abudanah, S. Twaissi and A. Al-Salameen, โ€œVariability within Consistency: Cairns and Funerary Practices of the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic in the Al-Thulaythuwat area, Southern Jordanโ€, Levant 46 (2014), pp.161โ€“185.

R. Arav, S. Filin, U. Avner and D. Nadel, โ€œThree-dimensional documentation of Masseboth sites in the โ€˜Uvda Valley Area, Southern Negev, Israelโ€, Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (2016), pp.1โ€“13.

U. Avner, โ€œMasseboth Sites in the Negev and Sinai and Their Significanceโ€, in: J. Aviram (ed.), Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem 1990, Jerusalem 1993, pp. 166โ€“181.

U. Avner, โ€œProtohistoric Developments of Religion and Cult in the Negev Desertโ€, Tel Aviv 45 (2018), pp. 23โ€“62.

U. Avner and L.K. Horwitz, โ€œAnimal Sacrifice and Offering from Cult and Mortuary Sites of the Negev and Sinai, 6thโ€“3rd Millennia BCโ€, Aram 29 (2017), pp. 35โ€“70.

V. Eshed, and U. Avner, โ€œA Late Neolithicโ€“Early Chalcolithic Burial Site in Eilat, by the Red Sea, Israelโ€, IEJ 68 (2018), pp. 5โ€“29.

V. Eshed and A. Gopher, โ€œAgriculture and Life Style: A Paleodemography of Pottery Neolithic (8500โ€“6500 BP) Farming Population in the Southern Levant, Palรฉorient 42 (2017), pp 93โ€“111.

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ืจื•ืžืื› ืŸืœื•ื› , ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืชื•ืชื™ื–ื—ื‘ ืชื•ื“ืžื•ืขื” ืชื•ืคื•ืงืชื‘ืฉ ืŸื•ื•ื™ื›ืž , ืชื ื™ื™ื ืขืž ืชื•ื’ื•ื–ื‘ ืŸืชื‘ืฆื” . ืŸื•ื™ืจืค ืชื•ืœื

ืื™ื ื•ืฉ ืื™ืžืข ืœืฉ ืื™ื‘ื•ืชื› ืื™ืกื•ืชื™ืžื‘ ืชื•ืขื™ืคื•ืž ืจืชื•ื™ ืชื•ืจื—ื•ืืž , ื”ื™ื™ื—ืชืœื• ืชื•ื•ืžืœ ืชื•ืจื•ืฉืงื” ืชื•ืœื ืœืฉ ืชื•ื’ื•ื– ืื•ื“ืงื” ื—ืจื–ืžื‘ , ืŸืขื ื›ื‘ ืชื ืขื• ืฉืคืฉ , ื”ื™ืžื˜ื•ืคื•ืกืžื‘ ืœื’ื™ืงืฉืจืื• ื”ื ื ื™ื , ืœืฉืžืœ

ืชื•ื’ื•ื– . ืŸื•ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืคืกืจืคื• ืจื˜ืžื“ , ืื™ืจืฆืžื‘ ืกื™ืชืคื ื• ืกื™ืกื™ื

ืื”ื™ืชื•ืจื•ืงืž ื™ื› ืชื•ื“ื™ืขืž ืชืœื™ืื‘ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงื” ืจืชืื‘ ืชื•ื‘ืฆืžื”

ืชืขืคื•ื”ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื”ื‘ ืื™ืžื•ื“ืง ืื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืื™ื‘ื•ืชื›ื” ืื™ืกื•ืชื™ืžื” ืœืฉ

ื—ื•ืชืคื”

, ื”ื› ื“ืข ืšืจืื•ืชื• ืฃืฉื—ื ืฉ ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืžื•ื“ืงื”ืž ื“ื—ื ืื•ื” ืชืœื™ืื‘

ื”ืชื™ื™ื”ืฉ , ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืงืฉื•ื”ืฉ ืจืชื ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื ืื™ืฆื•ืจืขื”ืž ืชื•ืœื•ื“ื’ ืื™ื ื‘ื ืœืฉ ื”ืขืกื”ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืจื› , ืชื™ื“ืขืœื‘ื” ืื™ื” ืชื™ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงื” ืŸืื› ื”ื ื•ืฉืืจืœ . ืชื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืื’ , ืื™ืจื˜ืคื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืชื•ื—ื ืž ื™ืฆืคื— ื•ื ืชื™ื  ื”ื ื•ืฉืืจืœื•

ืชื•ื‘ืฆืž :ื”ื ื•ืฉืืจืœ ืŸืื› ืื™ืขื™ืคื•ืž ืื™ื‘ื•ืฉื— ืื™ื˜ืจืค ื“ื•ืข . ืื™ื“ืœื™ื” , ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืšื•ืชื‘ ืชื•ื‘ืืœ ืชื•ื‘ืฆืž , ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืชื•ืชื™ื–ื—ื‘ ืชื•ืœืืœ ื“ืขื•ื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืชืค ืฉื“ืงืžื• ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืงื” ื”ืจืฉืื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ืง ื™ืจืชืื‘

ืชื•ืžืฆืข " ืœื’ื” ืจื‘ืงื‘ ืŸื™ืžื˜ื”ืœ ื•ืชืจื˜ืžื• , ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืข ืšื› ืชื•ื’ื”ื•ื ื” , ืชื•ื›ืจ ืชื•ืžืงืจืž ืชื•ื™ืงื  , ื”ืœื ืชื•ืžืฆืข .(ื–ืœ ืœืืงื–ื—ื™) " ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™

ืชื•ืจืžืฉืžื• ืื™ืื˜ื—ืž ืชื•ืจื•ื”ื˜ืœ ืชื•ื™ืชืจื•ืกืž ืชื•ืจื‘ื—ื‘ ืชื•ื‘ืฉื—ื 

ืจื•ืžื™ืฉ . ืื™ืชืžื” ืืœื•ืขื‘ ืื™ืจื˜ืคื ื” ืœืฉ ืื—ื•ื› ืชืื• ืื—ื•ืจ ืชื

ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ ื”ืขืคืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื› ืกืคืชื  ืื™ืจื˜ืคื ื” ืชื•ื‘ืื” ืœืฉ ืŸื•ื™ืจืคื” ื—ื•ื›

ืกืงื˜ ื™ื› ื”ืœื•ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื•ืœื•ืคื•ืจืชื ื ืื™ืจืงื—ืžืž . ืื™ื™ื—ื” ืื”ื™ื‘ื•ืจืง ืœืข

ืชื•ื—ืคืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงืœ ืŸืชืจื‘ืขื”ื• ืชื•ืžืฆืขื” ื™ื•ืงื™ื 

ื™ื ื™ืขื‘ ื™ืชื™ืืจืฉ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืง ื™ืกืงื˜ ื”ืžื›ื‘ ืื’ ื”ื™ื” ืšื›) ื—ืžืฉ ืขืจื•ืืž

ืื™ื™ื’ื™ื’ื— ื•ื™ื” ืืœื•ื› .1999 ืชื ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื“ื ื™ืื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืกื” .(ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ ื”ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื˜ืœื‘ ืŸื›ื ืืœื•ื›ื‘ื• ื“ื•ืืž ืื™ืขืงืฉื•ืžื•

ื•ืชืจื•ื‘ืง ื“ืขื• ืื“ื ืœืฉ ื•ืชื•ืž ืขื’ืจืžืฉ ื”ื ื•ืžืื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืขื  ื”ื—ืžืฉืœ ืืœื•ืขื• ืื™ื™ื—ื” ืืœื•ืข ืŸื™ื‘ , ื™ืœื•ื‘ื’ ื‘ืฆืžื‘ ืืฆืžื  ืื•ื” ืชื™ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ื” ืชื™ืคื•ืกื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงื‘ . ื•ืชื—ืคืฉืžืœื• ื•ืœ ืŸื›ื•ืกืžื” ื‘ืฆืž , ืื™ืชืžื” ืฃืกืื  " :ืืจืงืžื‘) " ืชื•ื‘ืื” " ืชืœื™ื”ืง

ืŸืจืชื™ื• , ืž "ืก 55 ื• 65 ืŸื”ื‘ื•ื’ ืŸื”ืž ืื™ื™ืชืฉ . ืชื•ืœื•ืคื  ืŸื‘ื•ืจื• ืชื•ื‘ืฆื™ื  ืจื‘ื“ืžื‘

ืชื™ืกื—ื™ ืื™ืžื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ืจืืžื• ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ ืชื•ืื™ืจื‘ืž ื”ืชื ื”ื  ื”ืœื™ื”ืง ื”ืชื•ื

ืื™ืื ืชื” ืชื•ืจืžืœ ืชืื– ืœื› . ื”ืคื•ืงืชื” ื™ื ื‘ ืœืฉ ื™ืฆืจืื” ืขืฆื•ืžืžืœ

ืืœื•ืขื‘ื• ืฅืจืื‘ ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืชื™ื–ื—ื‘ ืชื•ื‘ื—ืจื” ืชื•ื‘ืฆืžื” ื™ื› ืจื‘ืชืกืž , ืื™ื™ื’ื•ืœื•ืคื•ืจืชื ื

ืชื•ื‘ืฆืžื” . ืื™ืจื˜ืคื ื” ืœืขื• ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืœืข ื•ื ื’ื”ืฉ , ืŸื•ื™ืจืค ืชื•ืœื ื•ื’ืฆื™ื™

ืชื•ื‘ืื” ืชื•ื—ื•ืจ ืชื ืชื•ื’ืฆื™ื™ืžื› ื•ืฉืคืชื  ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ืšื•ืชื‘ ืชื•ื“ืžื•ืขื”

ื”ืืžื”ืž ืชื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื‘ืชื›ื‘ . ื˜ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื ื”ื—ืคืฉืžื” ืœืฉ ืื™ืžื•ื“ืงื”

ื”ื‘ืฆืž " ื—ื ื•ืžื” ืื™ืชื™ืขืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืž , ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ , ื  " ื”ืก ื™ื ืคืœ ื• " ื˜ื”

ืจื•ื˜ ืฃืฉื—ื  V ืจื‘ืง ืšื•ืชื‘ .(" ื‘ื " ื• " ืœื " ืœืฉ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืฉ) " ื‘ืืœืืœ

ืชื•ืžื“ ื”ืœื• ื“ื•ืืž ืชื“ื—ื•ื™ืž ืŸื”ืž ืชื—ื , ื”ืœืื› ืชื•ื‘ืฆืž ืฉื•ืœืฉ ืœืฉ ื•ื“ื™ืฆื‘ , ื•ื– ื”ื‘ืฆืž ื“ื™ืœ . ืชื“ื‘ื•ืขืž ื”ื ื™ื ืื™ื”ืฉ ืชื•ืจืžืœ , ืื“ื ืšื , ืชื•ืœื•ื’ืœื•ื’ ืฉืฉ ืœืฉ ื–ื•ื›ื™ืจ

ืื™ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• (ืชื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื‘ ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ื˜) " ืœื’ ืจื‘ืง " ื’ื•ืกืž ืื” ืื™ืจื‘ืงื”

ื•ืจื˜ื•ืงืฉ ืœื’ืœื’ืก

ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ , ืื™ืจื˜ืž ื”ืฉื•ืœืฉ ื™ื‘ืจืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืคื”

ืื™ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื™ื” ืืจื•ืงืžื‘

. ืชื•ื™ื ืฉืž ื•ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื•ื‘ืงื” ืœื› ื•ืคืกื , ืชื•ื›ืจื” ืชื•ืžืงืจื” ื•ืœื›ืชื”ืฉ ืจื—ืืœื• , ื™ืขืจื ืจื‘ืงื‘ , ืชื™ื ืฉืž ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงื‘ ืŸืงืœื— ืชื ื•ื ืžื˜ื• ืชื•ืžืฆืขื” ืชื ืื™ื‘ื•ืจืงื” . ืšืฉืžื”ื‘ ื•ืืจ ื”ื– ื’ื”ื ืž ืœืฉ ื•ืจืฉืค ืœืข . ืœื’ื” ื™ืจื‘ืงื‘ , ืชื™ืคื•ืก ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื‘) ืื™ื™ืจื˜ืžื•ื™ื“ืจ ืื™ื›ื™ืจืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื• ืื™ืจื‘ืงื”ืž ืื™ืืฆืžืžื”

5500 ืŸื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืงืชืœ ืจืชืื” ืœืฉ ื•ื ืžื– ืชื ื•ืขื‘ืง (14 ืŸืžื—ืค

ืชืจื—ื•ืืžื” ืชื™ืชื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืงืชื”)

ืื™ื‘ื•ืฉื— . ืชื•ื•ืžื” ืชืื• ืื™ื™ื—ื” ืชื ืืชืกื™ืคืชืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืกื” ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช

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