160 ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื“ื”

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ืŸื™ื‘ืฉ

ื”ืจืžืชืฉื” ืŸื”ืž ืชื—ื ืืœ ืฃื , ืœื‘ื . ืŸืชืจื™ื‘ ื™ืจืข ืœืข ืชื•ื›ืœืžืž , ืงืฉืžื“ . ื”ื“ื™ืฆ ืชื™ื‘ ืชื•ืจืžืชืฉื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืžื‘ ืชื•ืžืœืฉื‘

ื™ื’ื•ืœื•ืื›ืจื ืืฆืžืž ืื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ืชื•ื” ืืœ , ืงืฉืžื“ ืืจื ืœืฉ ื”ืชืจื™ื‘ , ืื™ืงื™ื ื™ืคื” ืœืฉ ืืจื™ืข , ืจื•ืฆ . ื  " ื”ืก ื™ื ืคืœ ' ื—ื” ' ื™ื” ืชื•ืืžื”ืž , ืŸื•ืจืžื•ืฉ ืื’ ืšื›ื• , ื•ื– ื”ืคื•ืงืชืž ืื™ืืฆืžืž ื“ื•ืืž ื˜ืขืž ื”ืจื™ืชื•ื”

ืื™ืจืคื•ื—ื” ืื™ื’ื•ืœื•ืื›ืจืืœ ื”ืจื™ืชื•ื” , ืกื•ื“ืจื•ื” ื™ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ืกืจื”ื ืฉ ืื™ืœื“ ืื™ืœืฉื•ืจื™ื‘ ืื’ . ืื™ื˜ืขื•ืž ืื™ืžื•ื“ืง ืื™ื“ื™ืจืฉ ืงืจ ื”ืจืชืื‘ ืืœ , ืื™ื ื•ืžืขื” ืชืจื™ื‘ , ืŸื•ืžืข ืชื‘ืจ .

R. Arav and M. Bernett, โ€œThe bฤซt แธซilฤni at Bethsaida: Its Place in Aramaean/Neo-Hittite and Israelite Palace Architecture in the Iron Age II,โ€ Israel Exploration Journal 50,1โ€“2 (2000), pp. 47โ€“81.

R. Arav and R.A. Freund (eds.), Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee, 4 vols., Kirksville MO, 1995โ€“2009.

M. Bernett and O. Keel, Mond, Stier und Kult am Stadttor: Die Stele von Betsaida (et-Tell), Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 161, Friburg, Goettingen 1998.

E.J. Harold (ed.), Bethsaida in Archaeology: History and Ancient Culture. A Festschrift in Honor of John T. Greene, Newcastle upon Tyne 2014.

C.E. Savage, Biblical Bethsaida: An Archaeological Study of the First Century, Lanham MD 2011.

https://bethsaidaarchaeology.org/publications/

ื”ืขื‘ื’ื‘ ื•ืžืงืžืชื” ืื”ืฉ ืงืคืก ืŸื™ื . ืจื™ืขื” ืœืข ืจื•ืฆืž ืื™ืจื•ืฉืื” . ืœื™ืกืžื” ืฅื•ืจืข ืœืฉ ื™ื ืฉื” ื•ืจื‘ืขืžื• ืจื™ืขื” ืจืขืฉืœ ืœื•ืžืž , ืชื™ื—ืจื–ืžื” . ืœืชื” ื—ืจื–ืž ืื•ืจื“ื‘ ืขืคืฉืฉ ืŸื™ื™ืขืžืœ ืื’ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืง ื”ืชื™ื™ื” ื•ื– ื”ื“ืžืข . ืจื™ืขื” ืจืขืฉ ืœืข ืœื™ืขื™ ืจื•ืฆืž ืœื”ื ืœ ืื’ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืคื ื”ื– ืื•ืงืžืž

ืจืชื•ื™ ื—ื•ื ื” , ืŸื•ืคืฆ ื“ืฆืž ืจื™ืขื” ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ืกื™ื  ืืœ ืื™ืจื•ืฉืื”

ื”ืขื™ืชืจื”

ื•ืื‘ื•ื”ืฉ ื”ื—ื ืž ื™ืœื› ืœื™ื›ื” ื™ื—ืจื–ืž ืŸื•ืคืฆื” ืืชื” . ื”ืื•ื‘ืช . ืจืขืฉื‘ืฉ ืŸื—ืœื•ืคื” . ืชื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืง ืชืžื‘ ื”ืืฆืžื 

ืšื ื”ื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจืฉื™ ื—ื˜ืฉืž ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ืจื”ืž ื”ืœื•ืข ืŸื•ืชืž ืขื•ืคื™ืฉ

ื™ื“ื™ืจืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ ืŸื‘ื ื”ืืฆืžื  ื—ื˜ืฉืžื” ืœืข . ื˜ืขืž ืจืค ืชืจืืชืžื” ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ ืŸื‘ืื‘ ื”ืงื•ืžืข ื”ืชื™ืจื—ื• ืื™ื™ื ืจืง ื—ื‘ื–ืž ืจื•ื‘ ืืฆืžื  ื”ืžื‘ื” ื“ื™ืœ . ืŸื‘ืจื•ืงืœ

. ืื™ื™ืงื™ื ื™ืค ืชื•ืžืชื•ื—ืž ืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืื•ืจื“ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืก ืื•ืจื“ื‘ ื•ืืฆืžื ืฉ ืชื•ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื•ืคืก ืชื•ื‘ืฆืžืœ ื”ืืฆืžื  ื•ื– ื”ื‘ืฆืžืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืจืคื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืฆืžืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืขื” . ื”ื™ืงืจื•ื˜ ืœืข ื”ืจื•ืž (VI ื”ื‘ื›ืฉ) ืชืžื“ื•ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืงืชื” ืœืฉ ืจื™ืขื” ืจืขืฉื‘ ืชื•ืจืžืœื• , ืชื•ื‘ื›ืฉื” ืŸื™ื‘ ื”ื ืฉ 70 ื› ืœืฉ ืจืขืค ืชื•ืจืžืœืฉ ืšื›

ื”ื ื•ืฉ V ื”ื‘ื›ืฉ ืœืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื•ืœื›ืž ืœืฉ ืชื•ืœื›ื™ืจื“ืื”ืฉ

ื•ืจืืฉื ื• ื•ื™ื” ืื™ื‘ืฉื•ืชื” , ืชืžื“ื•ืงื” ื”ื‘ื›ืฉื” ืœืฉ ื•ื–ืž ื”ืชื•ื”ืžื‘ . ืœื ื•ืชื•ืืœ ื•ื“ื‘ืขืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืžืจื ืจืขืฉ . ื”ืขืชืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืคื” ืจืขืฉื” ืœืฉ ืื™ืืชื‘ ืืฆืžืžื” ื™ืจืขืฉ ืœื›ื‘ ื˜ืขืžื›

ื”ืชื ื‘ื 

ื”ื›ื•ืžื  ื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” . ื”ื™ืจื‘ืข ืœื›ืž ืจื™ืขื” , ื”ืืจื ื” ืœื›ื› , ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจืงื™ืขื” ื”ื“ื™ืงืคืชื• ืชื™ืžื™ื ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื”ืž ืชื•ืžื“ื‘ ื“ื—ื•ื™ืžื‘ ื”ืฉืง ืจื’ืชื ื•ื™ื ืคืœ ื’ื™ืฆื”ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืื” ืชื ืขื™ืชืจื”ืœ ืœืฉ ืœื•ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืข ืจื‘ื’ืชื”ืœ ื—ื™ืœืฆื™ ืืื‘ , ืชื™ืจืงื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ืจืชื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื—ืจื” , ืชื™ืžื™ื ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” . ืชื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ืฉืžืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื , ืชื•ื›ื•ืžืชื‘ื• ืื™ืœื“ื’ืžื‘ ืชื“ื™ื•ืฆืžื• ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื’ ืื™ื”ื• , ืชื™ืžื™ื ืคืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ืŸื™ื‘ . ื”ืขืงื‘ื”ืœ ืจืชื•ื™ ื”ืฉืง ืจื’ืชื

ื”ื ืชืฉืž ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ ืชืœื–ื‘ ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ ืฃืฆื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื’ื•ืž ื—ื˜ืฉืž ืืฆืžื  ื•ื™ื” ืจื™ืขื” ืœืฉ ืจืชื•ื™ ืขื™ื’ืคื”ื• ื™ื ื•ืคืฆื” ื”ืงืœื—ื‘ .' ืž 3 ืœ

ืชื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ืŸื™ื‘ืฉ ื—ื˜ืฉื‘ . ืจืชื•ื™

ืื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืšืžืชื ืฉ , ืชืœื–ื‘ ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ ืฃืฆื•ืจืž ื”ื•ื‘ื’ ืจืคืข ื—ื˜ืฉืž ื”ื ื‘ื  ืชื™ืžื™ื ืคืœ ืจื™ื’ ื™ื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉืข ื”ืงืœืงืœื— ื”ื ืขืฉื 

ื™ื”ื•ื– . ืชื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืฆื™ื  ื”ืงืœืงืœื—ื” ืชื™ืชื—ืชื‘ . ืชื•ืฉื•ืชื› ืชื ืื™ืฆื•ื”ืœ , ืจื•ื–ืืœ ืชื™ื ื™ื™ืคื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืื™ื”

ืื™ืœื“ื’ืž ืชืžื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœืืจืฉื™ ืชื•ื›ืœืžืž ื™ืจืขื‘ . ืŸื“ ืจื™ืขื” ืชืžื•ื—ื‘ ืื™ืœื“ื’ืžื”

. ืชื•ื’ืกื ื• ืชื•ืžื“ืง

, ืฉื•ื‘ื› ืจืคืข ื”ื™ื•ืฉืข ื”ืชื™ื™ื”

ืŸื“ ืœืฉ ืจื™ืขื” ืจืขืฉ ื™ื ืคืœืฉ ืชืคืฆื•ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื—ืจื” . ืœืืจืฉื™ ืฅืจื . ื”ื“ื™ืฆ ืชื™ื‘ ืœืฉ ืชืคืฆื•ืจืžื” ืšืจื“ืœ ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืงื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื”

ื•ืชืคืฆืจ . ืฅืคื•ืฉื• ืืงื•ืฉ ืชืžื“ื•ืงื” ื”ื‘ื›ืฉื”ืž ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ืจืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ืฆ ื™ื ืฉืž ืชื•ื—ืžื•ื’ ื™ืจื•ื—ืืž ื•ื—ื ื•ื” ืชื•ืœื•ื“ื’ ืฃืก ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื”ื”ื‘ื’ื•ื” ืชืคืฆื•ืจืžื•

ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืŸื•ื•ื™ื›ืœ ืชืœื–ื‘ ืชื•ื—ื•ืœืž ืชื•ื™ื•ื ื‘ ืชื•ื’ืจื“ืž ื™ืชืฉ . ื”ืžื‘ื” ื™ื ืค

ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉืž ื”ืืฆื•ืชื› ืŸื•ื›ื  ืœื , ืชื•ืงืœื—ื•ืžื• ืชื•ืงื•ื—ืฉ ืชื•ื’ืจื“ืžื” ื•ืืฆืžื ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ืฆืž ื™ืชืฉ ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื  ื”ืžื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ืฆ ื™ื ืฉืž . ืšืฉื•ืžืž ืœื ื™ืœืžืกื‘ ืชืจื˜ื•ืขืž ื”ื‘ืฆืž ื”ืืฆืžื  ื”ืžื‘ื” ืชื•ืœื’ืจืžืœ . ืชื•ืœื•ืคื  ื”ื‘ืฆืžื” ืจื•ื˜ื™ืข . ื”ืžื‘ื” ืœืข ื”ืืจื ื” ืœื›ื› ื”ื“ืžืข ืื™ื” . ื—ืจื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœืžืžื” ืชืคืฉื‘ ืฃื™ืœื’ื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืขืž

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