Isl mla guide 2016 pdf by Marion Van Engelen

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Glossary Acknowledge sources Citation: in-text (parenthetical)

Paraphrase Plagiarism

Quotation (direct)

Quotation (Indirect)

Reference (full citation)

To give someone credit for their ideas, words or materials if you use them in your own work. An indication used within your writing to show exactly where the source of an idea or words can be found in the references. It shows that the ideas, words or materials you are using are not yours, but those of someone else. In-text citation is also referred to as parenthetical citation. Both terms are used interchangeably. To put someone else’s ideas and thoughts into your own words. When paraphrasing it is important to always cite the source. Plagiarism is the representation of the ideas or work of another person as your own. Put simply, it is when you use someone else’s work but fail to acknowledge it. The IBO does NOT distinguish if this is done on purpose (deliberately) or by accident (unintentionally). A direct quotation is someone else’s exact words. A short quotation is always shown in quotation marks (“…”). Longer quotations are shown by way of an indented paragraph without quotation marks. In both cases you must cite the source you are quoting. An indirect quotation is where you use your own words to paraphrase the words that someone else spoke or wrote. An indirect quotation is essentially when you paraphrase a short direct quotation. You do not use quotation marks with an indirect quotation, but you must cite the original source. A reference (or full citation) gives the full details of the source of ideas, materials or words you have cited within your work. A list of these references is located at the end of your work on the ‘Works Cited’ page. The references on the ‘Works Cited’ page must be listed in alphabetical order. Every reference in your Works Cited has to be mentioned in at least one in-text citation in your work. References that are not cited in your work, can be included in a separate list, called Works Consulted.

Summarise

To capture the main ideas of a book, article or speech for example in just a few short sentences. The summary will be written in your own words and the source you are summarising must be cited and referenced.

Works Cited

An alphabetical list of the information sources you have used in your work. The Works Cited page is also known as a Bibliography. Please note that in MLA format the preferred term is Works Cited.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Contents Glossary About this guide What is MLA style? Why cite? When and what to cite Formatting your assignment using MLA style The Works Cited Easybib Pro Noodle Tools Formatting rules for the Works Cited An example of a Works Cited

MLA Citation Basics What is an in-text (parenthetical) citation? Two important MLA citation rules

Citation of popular sources Images A Google Map A Google Earth image Citing extra-ordinary sources In-text citation of PDF files How to cite e-books Social Media sources Tables Sources with more than one author Sources with no known author Citing more than one source by the same author Indirect sources Authors with the same last name

Quotations, paraphrasing and summarising Direct quotations Indirect quotations Guidelines for paraphrasing Guidelines for summarising

Sources for additional help with MLA Guidelines on Word count Appendix 1 : Examples of referencing and in-text citation Appendix 2 : Language A English â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Written Tasks 1 & 2 Appendix 3 : Referencing Checklist

2 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 15 15 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 39 41

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

About this guide ISL has adopted the MLA (Modern Language Assocation) style of formatting, citing and referencing. This guide is based on the IB Continuum Effective Citing and Referencing document, and offers information on formatting work according to MLA rules, creating a Works Cited page and correctly citing your sources within your own writing. After reading this guide you will be equipped with the tools to produce honest, authentic work and thus avoid being accused of plagiarism You are encouraged to familiarise yourself with this guide and keep it safe for future reference. You should consult it for each and every assignment that you submit for assessment. Failure to do so could cost you your grade or even your diploma. This guide may not answer all your questions. More information about MLA can be found in a variety of places and further details can be found on page 30 of this guide. The Upper School Librarian is the go-to person to help out with guidance on anything to do with research, citation and referencing.

What is MLA Style? MLA (Modern Language Association) style is a commonly used set of rules which are applied to academic writing. MLA provides: 1. Guidelines on how to format (set up) your assignment (paper). 2. A method for citing the sources of information you use within your own writing (in-text citation). This allows the reader of a piece of work to know exactly where a quote, piece of information, idea, theory, graph, image etc. has come from. The in-text citation refers to the full reference details of the information you are citing on the Works Cited page. 3. Formatting rules for creating a quick “shorthand” way to create references in the Works Cited page.

Why cite? The IBO expects students to be honest with their work. Students are expected to clearly and consistently cite the words, ideas and materials of other people. Failure to do so, even by accident is unacceptable and could potentially result in an accusation of plagiarism and the non-award of an IB Diploma qualification. In academic research it is important to show that you have used credible, authoritative sources for your work. Citing and referencing all the sources you use enables you to give credit to the original author or creator of those sources. Your references are a showcase of the work you have done in your research. When you plagiarise, (deliberately or by accident) you are guilty of trying to pass off someone else’s work as your own. 4

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Committing plagiarism will cause you to fail your IB Diploma or IB Courses. THIS IS NOT AN EXAGGERATION. Consistently citing your sources is the ‘right thing to do’ and it is essential to your success at school and university.

When and What to Cite Whenever you use the words, ideas or materials of another person in any form (written, oral or electronic, etcetera), you must cite your sources. The following, non-exhaustive list gives examples of sources that need citing if you use them in your work. Advertisements Blogs Books Brochures Cartoons Charts Computer Programmes/applications Diary entries Dictionary entries Digital files Digital images DVDs E-books E-mails Encyclopaedia articles Films Google Earth Images

Google Maps Government publications/documents Graphs Interviews Journal articles Lectures Letters Live performances – plays or musicals Magazine articles Manuscripts Maps Music Musical scores Newsletters Newspaper articles Online videos

Online databases Paintings or other artworks Pamphlets Photographs Podcasts Press releases Religious texts Speeches Tables of data/information Telephone conversations & interviews Television and radio programmes Twitter/Tweets Websites Wikis

etc. etc. etc. Fig. 1. List of Options for Citation of Sources. Digital image. Easybib Pro. Imagine Easy Solutions, 2014. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Formatting your assignment/paper in MLA The MLA style requires formatting of pages in the following way: a) Print your work on A4 paper. b) Double space each line of text in your work, including the Works Cited. c) Use Arial or Times New Roman font. d) Use Arial font, size 12. e) Set margins to approximately 2.5 cm on all sides. f) Leave only one space after a full stop (period), comma or quotation mark. g) Indent the first line of each paragraph by approximately 1 – 1.5 cm. h) Include a page number for each page. i) Center the word “Works Cited” at the top of the page. j) Indent the second line of each reference about 1 - 1.5 cm.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

The Works Cited A list of works that you have cited is an alphabetical list of the sources used to research and write your own paper. It is found at the end of your work and it should only list those sources actually cited within the body of your text. In MLA this list is called “Works Cited”. Before you cite your sources, you need to know what your reference looks like in your Works Cited. That is why we look at how to create a Works Cited page first. You are required to format your Works Cited page using the official MLA format. There are various online tools available to help you create a well-formatted Works Cited. ISL is subscribed to EasyBib Pro and NoodleTools.

EasyBib Pro EasyBib Pro is an online ISL subscription to help you organise your research and create a Works Cited in MLA format. It has a wide range of options for different types of sources. ISL is subscribed to Easybib Pro, which gives access to the following tools: - Online citations in MLA. - All your projects separate in your own personal account. - Access to suggestions for in-text citations - A research tool to organise all your research in virtual notecards and link them to your Works Cited. - A link to the online Librarian’s account, to help you with creating the right citations and references. How to set up an Easybib Pro account 1. Create an Easybib Pro account on www.easybib.com. You will be asked for your name, email address and to create a password. Importantly, you will need to enter a ‘coupon code’ which for ISL is the word luxembourg. This will give you full access to the Pro version. 2. Start a new project and create your Bibliography/Works Cited here. This will be saved and can be revisited whenever you log in. 3. Select the type of source you wish to reference and complete as many details as possible. When you have done this, click on Create Citation and a correctly formatted entry will be added to a list that can then be exported to your work or printed off directly. 4. Easybib Pro also makes suggestions for your parenthetical/in-text citations. If you need any help with setting up your peresonal account, contact the Upper School Librarian.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Noodle Tools Noodle Tools is similar to Easybib Pro, and allows you to create projects, organise your research and generate full references for your Works Cited page. How to set up an account in Noodletools 1. Go to www.noodletools.com and login with the generic login and password islnoodletools. This gives you access to the online ISL area within Noodletools. 2. Create your personal account and fill in required details. 3. Create a new project. For advice on how to use Noodletools effectively, please contact the Upper School Librarian.

Citation Machines are exactly that: machinesâ&#x20AC;Ś EasyBib and Noodle Tools do not create content. They are citation machines. They put information in the right order for your MLA format. What you put in, will come out. If you enter insufficient or incorrect information, it will result in an incomplete or inaccurate reference.

Warning:

Do not use the citation tools available in word processing packages such as MS Word; they are limited and often out of date.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Formatting Rules for the Works Cited page (Chapter 4 MLA Handbook) 1. The page title is Works Cited, with a capital W and C. 2. The word Works Cited is centered at the top of the page. 3. The line spacing is double. 4. Leave one line open between each entry. 5. Each reference should be in alphabetical order by the first word of the entry. 6. Capitalize the first letter of all significant words in the title. Do not capitalise articles, prepositions or conjunctions unless one of these forms the first word of the title. 7. The second line (if there is one) of your full reference should be indented, so that the first entry in alphabetical order can be clearly seen in the list. 8. MLA does not require inclusion of the URL of an online source. However, the IBO and ISL do want to see the full URL of every online source in your reference. An example of a Works Cited page is shown on the next page. See below the detailed instructions in the MLA Handbook on page 131.

Fig. 4. The Top of the First Page of Works-cited List. Digital image. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. The Modern Language Association, 2010. Web. 9 Dec. 2015.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Example of a Works Cited Works Cited Acton, Edward. "State and Society under Lenin and Stalin." Themes in Modern European History, 1890-1945. Ed. Paul Hayes. London: Routledge, 1992. Print.

Fowler, F.G. "Adroit." The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.

Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York: Levine Books, 1999. Digital.

Clegg, Adam. Telephone interview. 12 July 2013.

Delly, Alice. "Philippines Typhoon: U.S. Aid Efforts Begin Focusing on Recovery." Los Angeles Times. 26 Nov. 2013. Web. 26 Nov. 2013. <http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-wnphilippines-typhoon-us-aid-20131125,0,4480690.story?track=rss>.

Hamlet. By William Shakespeare. Globe Theatre, London. 15 Feb. 2013. Performance.

Jenkins, Amber. "An Emotional Call for Help." Web log comment. Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes

Earth.

NASA,

Nov.

2013.

Web.

Nov.

2013.

<http://climate.nasa.gov/blog/1003>.

Owen, Wilfred. "DULCE ET DECORUM EST." In Flanders Fields and Other Poems from the First World War. Ed. Brian Busby. London: Arcturus, 2012. 4-5. Print.

Penton, Clark. "The Challenges of Scientific Research." Interview by Daniel Riley. Science Weekly 13 Mar. 2011: 13-17. Print.

Vodafone. Advertisement. New Scientist 21/28 Dec. 2013: 9. Print.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 You will notice in the above example of a Works Cited page that some words appear in italics. You may also have noticed that the information for each entry appears in a specific order; author, title and publication details. These are all requirements of the MLA formatting style of referencing.

Example Both of the references below were generated using EasyBib. The first reference is clearly incomplete because only limited information was put into EasyBib in the first place.

Lacey, Greg. Modern World History. 1995. Print. The second example (below) is a much more complete reference; it shows the name of a second author (Colin Shephard) and gives the place of publication (London) and the name of the publisher (Letts Educational).

Lacey, Greg, and Colin Shephard. Modern World History. London: Letts Educational, 1995. Print. Note: Only the first author is shown as family name first, followed by first name. Second (and subsequent) authors are shown first name first, followed by family name. Both EasyBib and Noodle Tools will put the information in the right order for you – as long as you enter the correct information.

As the saying goes, ‘garbage in, garbage out’. Be very careful to put in enough information to generate a high quality MLA reference.

Note:

If you want to make mention of sources that you consulted, but did not use in your work in the end, you can create a separate list called “Works Consulted”. Format this list in the same way as your “Works Cited” and place it right after the Works Cited.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

MLA Citation Basics What is an in-text (parenthetical) citation? An in-text citation is an indication used within your own writing that the ideas, words or materials you are using are not yours, but those of someone else. For printed resources you include the first entry of your Works Cited reference PLUS the page number (see examples). For sources other than printed there often is no page number, so you just enter the first entry of your Works Cited reference. Try to vary the way you cite your sources; do not just cite at the end of a sentence each time. Varying your citations makes your work more interesting to read.

Examples of in-text citation for printed sources. Works Cited reference for this source: Jones, Tom. A Study of Ice cream. Boston: Harvard UP, 2014. Print.

Example 1. Jones claims that “Italian ice cream is the best in the world” (14). In this case the author Jones is quoted within your sentence and the page reference at the end in parentheses. It tells the reader where the quote came from. Example 2. It has been claimed that “Italian ice cream is the best in the world” (Jones 14). In this example, all citation information has been placed within parentheses at the end of the sentence. Both methods of citation are acceptable. It is also possible to cite the author mid-sentence: Example 3. In her book A Study of Icecream, Jones claims that the “Italian icecream is the best in the world” (14). Note in the above example, when you are citing a book title within your writing, the title must appear in italics.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Example of in-text citation for sources other than printed Works Cited reference for this source: Shreya, Chug. "Breathe Out Exam Stress." Breathe out Exam Stress with Yoga and Meditation. Art of Living, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. <http://www.artofliving.org/yoga/yoga-for-beginners/breathe-outexam-stress>.

Example 1. It has been claimed that “yoga is the best way to relieve exam stress” (Shreya).

Example 2. Shreya has claimed that “yoga is the best way to relieve exam stress”.

Two important MLA citation rules Rule 1. No citation without a reference Every full reference in your Works Cited must have at least one in-text citation in your work that refers to it. OR Every in-text citation you provide within your writing must have a full reference on the Works Cited Page. Example One prominent historian is of the opinion that Austria was most to blame for the outbreak of World War One (Smith 24). In the above example (with page number), if the reader were to look at the Works Cited page, the full reference details of Smith’s work would be found as shown below: Smith, Stephen J. European History, 1700-1980. London: Routledge, 1982. Print.

Rule 2. Link the citation to the reference  

The in-text citation is always the first words of your Works Cited reference. The Works Cited is always organised in alphabetical order.

This makes it easy to find the reference for the reader of your work.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Always create the reference first to know what your in-text citation looks like.

Example Reference (in the alphabetically arranged Works Cited list): Broughton, Jason. "Saving the Rainforest." Saving the Rainforest. Caltech University, 11 May 2011. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. <http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/preserve.html>.

In your work the in-text citation looks like this: Environmental activists are increasingly concerned about the loss of rainforest habitat in Brazil (Broughton).* *No page number because it is an online source.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Citation of Popular Sources Images (chapter 4.5. MLA Handbook) Under MLA rules anything that is NOT a Table (formatted with columns and rows) is an illustration and needs to be cited in a particular format. If you are citing an image from a website, for example a map, graph, photo or table of data, you must give certain reference details of the website directly below the image. 1. Create your reference in MLA format. 2. Number all your illustrations/images from 1 upwards. Call them Figures and shorten this to Fig. Example: Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3….. 3. Paste the MLA reference you created under your illustration. See example below. 4. If your source is a website, leave out the URL (website address), but include the URL in your reference in the Works Cited. Example 1 Notice that the medium (in this case Web) is clearly stated. However, the URL is not given and is not needed here, but will be included in the reference on the Works Cited page.

Notes:  The term Fig. 1. Is written below the image.  Fig. 1. is followed by the full reference. caption/title.  The source of the image is given below the caption. Fig. 1. Turner, Joseph Mallord William. Rain, Steam and Speed. 1844. National Gallery, London. The National Gallery. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. The full reference on the Works Cited page would look like this: Turner, Joseph Mallord William. Rain, Steam and Speed. 1844. National Gallery, London. The National Gallery. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-mallord-william-turner-rain-steamand-speed-the-great-western-railway>. 

Note in the example that 1844 is the year the work was created, Web refers to the fact that this source was found on the World Wide Web, and 3 Dec. 2015 refers to the last date you accessed the source on the Internet.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 

Note that the URL on the Works Cited page is enclosed between the following type of brackets < >.

Example 2

Fig. 2. "Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent". National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). National Ocean & Atmospheric Administration, Oct. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. The full reference on the Works Cited page would look like this: "Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent". National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). National Ocean & Atmospheric Administration, Oct. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. <https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/snow-and-ice/extent/>.



Note in the example that Oct. 2013 is the year the work was created, Web refers to the fact that this source was found on the World Wide Web, and 01 Dec. 2013 refers to the last date you accessed the source on the Internet.



Note that the URL on the Works Cited page is enclosed between the following type of brackets < >.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

A Google Map (Source: Trinity College Library, Hartford, CO) Citing a Google Map is like citing any other image from the web. However, please note that you will need to give the map a title yourself. The map below has simply been named: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Map of Luxembourg Cityâ&#x20AC;?.

Fig. 3. "Map of Luxembourg City". Map. Google Maps. Google, 2009. Web 7 Jan. 2015. The full reference on the Works Cited page would look like this: "Map of Luxembourg City." Map. Google Maps. Google, 2009. Web 7 Jan. 2015. <https://maps.google.com/maps?output=classic&dg=brw>.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

A Google Earth image Google Earth uses aerial and satellite imagery to display Earth in a 3-D map with elevation, roads, photographs and other geographic information, as well as other contributed information. In order to create a satisfactory MLA citation for Google Earth, it is best to cite it as a Web page. You can use the Website options in Easybib Pro or Noodletools. The example below has been given the title: Aerial/Satellite image of Esch-sur-Alzette.

Fig. 3. Aerial/Satellite image of Esch-sur-Alzette. Google Earth. Google, 3 Apr. 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2015. Alternatively, if you wish to include the latitude and longitude, do so just after the image title as follows: Fig. 3. Aerial/Satellite image of Esch-sur-Alzette (49°30’04.72 N and 35°12’02.52 E). Google Earth. Google, 3 Apr. 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2015. Notes:  The first citation (found directly beneath the title/caption) does not give latitude and longitude; the second citation does give this information. Either method is acceptable. 

The full citation on the Works Cited page would appear exactly as shown above (either the first or second example, depending on which method you choose to use).

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Extra-Ordinary Sources 1. Determine the type of work to cite (e.g., article, image, sound recording) and create a reference in MLA, using Easybib or Noodletools. 2. End the reference with the name of the digital format (e.g., PDF file, JPEG file, Microsoft Word file, MP3). 3. If the work does not follow traditional parameters for citation, give the author’s name, the name of the work, the date of creation, and the medium of publication. Use Digital file when the medium cannot be determined. 4. Add the URL at the end. This is required by ISL and by the IBO.

Example of a reference for an Online PDF file Council of Writing Program Administrators, National Council of Teachers of English, and National Writing Project. Framework for Success in Postsecondary Writing. CWPA, NCTE, and NWP, 2011. PDF file. <www.councilofwriting.org/articles/1000.htm>. Example of a reference for an Online PDF file from Database Bentley, Phyllis. “Yorkshire and the Novelist.” The Kenyon Review 30.4 (1968): 509-22. JSTOR. PDF file. <www.jstor.org/article123944-real.htm>. Example of a reference for a Sound recording Beethoven, Ludwig van. Moonlight Sonata. Crownstar, 2006. MP3. Example of a reference for a Word file Smith, George. “Pax Americana: Strife in a Time of Peace.” 2005. Microsoft Word file.

In-text citation of PDF files (ch. 6.4.1. MLA Handbook) If the work is a PDF file with fixed pages, cite the page numbers. If the work lacks any kind of stable section numbering, the work has to be cited as a whole.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

How to cite E-books (chapter 5.7.18 MLA Handbook) In general, a work formatted for reading on an electronic device like Kindle, Nook, and iPad is covered by the guidelines for Digital Files. Begin the entry in the works-cited list like the entry for a comparable printed work and end it with a designation of the medium of publication. The medium is the type of electronic file, such as Kindle file, Nook file, EPUB file, or PDF file. If you cannot identify the file type, use Digital file. Example Rowley, Hazel. Franklin and Eleanor : An Extraordinary Marriage. New York: Farrar, 2010. Kindle file.

If the work presents electronic and print publication information, the electronic information should usually be cited.

Page numbering in e-books (chapter 6.4.2 MLA Handbook) Most electronic readers include a numbering system that tells users their location in the work. Do not cite this numbering, because it may not appear consistently to other users. If the work is divided into stable numbered sections like chapters, the numbers of those sections may be cited, with a label identifying the nature of the number. Example According to Hazel Rowley, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt began their honeymoon with a week’s stay at Hyde Park (ch. 2). or Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt began their honeymoon with a week’s stay at Hyde Park (Rowley, ch. 2).

(The abbreviation ch. is shown in ch. 7.4. of the MLA Handbook. There is a comma in a parenthetical citation after the author’s name if the following reference begins with a word.)

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Citing Social Media sources Social Media is everywhere, but do you know how to cite and reference it? This is an evolving topic and MLA is developing and updating guidelines for this. For now, use the following examples for guidance.

Blog post

Youtube Video

Twitter

Facebook

MLA Formatting

Example

Last name, First name. “Title of Blog Post.” Blog Title. Publisher. Date posted. Web. Date accessed. <URL>. Author name/poster’s username. “Title of Video.” Online video clip. Name of Website. Name of Website’s publisher. Date posted. Web. Date accessed. <URL>. Last name, First name (Username). “Text of tweet.” Date of post, Time of post. Tweet.

Jenkins, Amber. "An Emotional Call for Help." Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on Earth. NASA, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. <http://climate.nasa.gov/blog/1003>. TelegraphTV. “Unseen footage of Japan Tsunami Released.” Online video clip. Youtube. YouTube, 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <www.youtube.com/tsunami_2033444.htm>.

Last name, First name (Username). “Text of tweet.” Date of post, Time of post. Facebook. Last name, First name. “Subject of email. ”Message to recipient’s name. Date of message. Email.* *”Last name, First name” refers to the person who wrote the email. If you were the recipient of the email, write “Message to the author”.

West, Kanye (kanyewest). “I hate when I’m on a flight and I wake up with a water bottle next to me like oh great now I gotta be responsible for this water bottle.” 26 Aug. 2010, 12:53AM. Tweet. NYPL The New York Public Library. “Today we recognize a Nobel Peace Prize winner, leader in women's suffrage, and social activist…” 6 Sept. 2013, 7:00 a.m. Facebook. Timberlake, Justin. “My next SNL Performance.” Message to Jimmy Fallon. 20 Mar. 2013. Email. In-text: Timberlake stated in his email (Mar 20 2013) that his record company told him he was likely to make a healthy profit next year. Note: The date of the email has been shown in parentheses so that the reader can easily distinguish between references to other emails from the same author received on different occasions.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Tables (ch. 4.5. MLA Handbook) Any source that is an information source consisting of rows and columns with data is cited as a Table. Tables must: 1. Have the word Table .. (number) followed by the title at the top of the Table. 2. The word Source: under the table followed by the full MLA citation. See examples below. Table 1 Annual Maximum and Minimum Temperatures for London

°C Max °C Min

Mar 11.0 3.4

April 13.8 5.7

May 17.7 8.6

June 21.4 11.8

July 23.6 13.8

Aug 23.1 13.3

Sept 20.1 10.9

Oct 15.6 7.7

Nov 11.0 4.5

Source: "London Climate Data." Climate London. Climate-Data.org, 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. Important: 

The term Table 1 and the title are written above the table.



Below the table, use the term Source, followed by full reference details.



If you have generated the data yourself, write Data collected by candidate.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Sources with more than one author (ch. 5.5.4 MLA Handbook) If you are citing a source where there is more than one author, you have two options. a) You can place your citation at the end of the sentence containing the work you wish to cite; you add the author(s) and page number(s) in brackets before the full stop. For online sources without pages numbers the in-text citation contains just the name of the author(s). b) If there are four or more authors, the citation may contain just the name of the first author, followed by et al. and the page number. Et al. is Latin and means and others. It is not necessary to list everyone’s name in the citation. However, all authors’ names would appear in the full reference on the Works Cited page. Example (one author) It has been claimed that “Italian ice cream is the best in the world” (Jones 14). Example (two or three authors) “Italian ice cream contains significantly less fat than most ice cream and is therefore arguably healthier for you” (Jones, Smith and Beale 24). Example (four or more authors) “Britain makes the best ice cream in the world” (Jones et al. 263). In this case the first author’s family name is given, (Jones), followed by et al. and the page number, if the source is printed.

Citing sources with no known author (ch. 5.4.9. MLA Handbook) If you are citing a source but do not know the author’s name, the in-text citation is the first entry of your reference. It may be necessary to shorten the title if it is a long one. Make sure that the first word of the in-text citation corresponds to the first word entry on the Works Cited page. Example Reference: “Best British Food”. British Good Food Association. EFCHO, 12 June 2008. Web. 9 Dec. 2015. <www.goodfoodass.co.uk>. In-text citation: It has been argued that British food is “far superior to French food” (“Best British Food” 12). 23

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Citing more than one source by the same author (ch. 5.3.5. MLA Handbook) Sometimes you might need to refer to two books or articles by the same author. In this case it is necessary to distinguish one work from the next by including a shortened title (in italics) with the citation as well as the page number. Example Bailey originally argued for the use of the death penalty for rape, armed robbery and murder (Bring Back Hanging 3), but he later softened his views and now only supports capital punishment for first degree murder (A Rationale for Capital Punishment 19). Your Works Cited references will look like this: Bailey, Samuel. Bring back hanging. London : Penguin Books, 2014. Print. ---. A rationale for Capital Punishment. London : HarperCollins, 2013. Print. Note that you do not repeat the same name twice in your Works Cited, but replace it with 3 hyphens (- - -).

Citing indirect sources (ch. 6.4. MLA Handbook) An indirect source is where one source is cited within another source. If possible it is best to locate and cite the original source. However, if this is not possible, then proceed as follows: Example Whippy also argues that “British ice cream is the best in the world” (qtd. in Jones 15). In this example, Whippy’s words are quoted by Jones. The letters qtd. in stand for ‘quoted in’ and refer to the fact that one author’s work has been quoted by someone else. (Note that when used, there is a full stop after the letters qtd). Your reference in the Works Cited will be: Jones, Tom. A Study of Ice cream. Boston: Harvard UP, 2014. Print. Note that Whippy does NOT appear in your Works Cited, only Jones does.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Citing authors with the same last name (ch. 6.2. MLA Handbook) If you are using two authors with the same last name, then it is necessary to give each author’s first initial in the citation. Example The Works Cited references are: Smith, G. The history and use of apples in Europe and the Americas. Oxford: HarperCollins, 1999. Print. Smith, N. Desserts through the ages and all the continents. Edinburgh: Yesyes Books, 2005. Print.

Your choices for in-text citation are: According to G. Smith, apple pie is a “rather dull dessert” (67), whereas N. Smith argues that apple pie is “one of the most exquisite desserts ever invented” (23). Or Some argue that apple pie is a “rather dull dessert” (G. Smith 67), whereas others claim that apple pie is “one of the most exquisite desserts ever invented” (N. Smith 23). *Note that the colourings are added for clarification purposes only. Do not use colour coding in your references and citations.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Quotations, paraphrasing and summarising There will be times when you will want to quote an author directly, perhaps paraphrase or summarise the ideas or sentiments expressed in their work.

Warning: When

you quote an author directly, or you paraphrase or summarise the ideas or sentiments of someonelse, you need to acknowledge the source of the ideas by citing and referencing them.

Direct Quotations This is when you use the exact words of the original author(s). When you use a direct quotation you must cite and reference its source.

Guidelines for short direct quotations a) As a general rule, if a quote is less than thirty words (or three to four lines) it should be enclosed with quotation marks, within the body of your work. Example According to Smith, the most important reason for the high death toll “was the complete lack of planning for the consequences of such an event” (12).

Please note in the above example that as well as quotation marks (“…”), the author, Smith, and the page reference (12) are given. Putting quotation marks around a direct quote is not enough on its own; you must give an in-text citation as well. b) If quoting a complete sentence, start with a capital letter. If quoting only a section of a sentence part way through your own, do not use a capital letter unless a noun such as a person or place name requires it. c) If you want to leave out part of a quote, use three ellipsis points (dots) to show that information has been omitted (left out). Be careful not to change the context of the quotation. Example “After a meeting with key industrialists . . . Hitler decided to press on with his plans” (Smith 15). Note: The three ellipsis points indicate that something has been left out of the original quotation but the quote maintains its correct meaning. A space must be left between each ellipsis point and before they begin and after they end.

d) If you need to change any part of an original quote (for example, you may need to change a letter from small to upper case, change the tense of a verb, or clarify the meaning of a pronoun), you must show this change within square brackets [ ]. 26

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Example “It [running] is said to be an excellent way to relieve stress at the end of the day” (Jones 28). Note: In this example, the inserted word running was not in the original quote, but has been added to clarify the meaning of the pronoun ‘it.’

Guidelines for longer direct quotations For longer quotations (more than four lines of verse or three lines of prose), you must indent the left hand margin of the entire quotation. Quotation marks are unnecessary but leave a line space above and below the quote to set it apart from the text. The interline spacing of the quotation is single rather than the double spacing that you would normally use for your assignment. A longer direct quotation would look like this: Example (leave a line space here) It has been said that Hitler deliberately encouraged confusion and uncertainty as a means of consolidating his own power. By encouraging the number of agencies or individuals operating in a given area and playing one off against the other, Hitler prevented the emergence of serious rivals and established himself in government as the supreme arbiter, the role he already played in the party. (Smith 18) (leave a line space here) Note:  The absence of quotation marks  The single line spacing  The left hand indentation. (Indenting the right hand side of the quotation is not required).  The punctuation (period/full stop) comes directly after the end of the quotation and before the citation. (With shorter quotes the period/full stop comes after the citation).

Indirect quotations An indirect quotation is where you use your own words to rephrase words that someone else spoke. An indirect quote is essentially when you paraphrase a short direct quotation. You do not use quotation marks with an indirect quote, but you must cite the original source.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Example Direct quotation: Jones states, “The world will run out of oil within the next 50 years” (15). Indirect quotation: Jones is of the view that within the next 50 years there will be no more oil left in the world (15).

Guidelines for paraphrasing This is when you use your own words to convey someone else’s ideas. When you paraphrase you must clearly cite the source of the ideas and content you are paraphrasing. If you don’t do this you are plagiarising. When you paraphrase, you must not copy down the author’s words or style of writing. You must write in your own voice using your own words. One way to get started is to write down the key points or ideas an author is making and then write them in your own ‘voice’ without looking at the original source. It is important to keep the author’s original meaning, but using your own words and style. Avoid simply changing a few words to synonyms (words or phrases that mean exactly, or nearly the same as other words or phrases). Even if you cite your source, this is considered plagiarism, because it is too close to a direct quotation. If you need to use an author’s exact words within your paraphrase, make sure these are enclosed in quotation marks. Try to use different styles when paraphrasing an author’s ideas, such as: Examples  When Dawkins said that he did not believe in the death penalty, he justified this by pointing out that a number of innocent people have accidentally been executed in the past (91).  Dawkins states that he does not believe in the death penalty because innocent people have been killed by accident (91).  Some authors do not believe in death penalty (Dawkins 91).

Note a) Do not use quotation marks when you are paraphrasing (unless including a direct quotation within the paraphrase). 28

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 b) The source of the ideas or information must be acknowledged. In the above example, Dawkins is acknowledged and the idea expressed is found on page 91 of the book or article in question. In each case a parenthetical citation is given at the end of the paraphrase to show the reader where the paraphrase ends. c) For longer paraphrases it is essential to make it clear who you are paraphrasing at the beginning of the paraphrase, and to cite the source in parentheses ( ) at the end of the paraphrase. This clearly shows the reader where the paraphrase begins and ends.

Guidelines for summarising When you write a very brief summary of something like a book, a chapter from a book, an article in a magazine or a speech, you are summarising. Typically a summary is far less detailed than a paraphrase and is usually only two or three lines long. As with paraphrasing, your summary should be in your own words and in your own voice. When you summarise someone elseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work you must cite the source of that work within your paper and on the Works cited page.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Sources for additional help with MLA If you require more detailed explanations or examples on any aspect of MLA citation, here are some very useful resources: 1. Purdue Owl Writing Lab: MLA Formatting and Style Guide This is a website hosted by Purdue University in the United States. It contains a wide range of information, advice and examples on formal academic writing using the MLA style. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/11/

2. Easybib.com MLA citation guide This is the EasyBib website. It contains a helpful guide as well as the citation machine to generate your Works Cited AND suggestions for in-text citation. http://content.easybib.com/citation-guides/mla-format/

3. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition. The handbook is available from the Library in print. It is also available online as a full-text e-book on a website. To login you will need to use the following email address and password: Website: www.mlahandbook.org/private/handbook/hb1 Email: mvanengelen@islux.lu Password: islresearch

4. The Library Wiki and the Librarian Ms Marion van Engelen, the Upper School librarian has an extensive knowledge of MLA and is always happy to help students with their citation questions.

The Library Wiki at http://amazinglibrary.wikispaces.com has a special page dedicated to referencing and citing. See http://amazinglibrary.wikispaces.com/Bibliography+Guide

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Guidelines on Word Count All words contained within your in-text citation do not form part of your word count. However, words that are not in parentheses do count towards your word count. All direct and indirect quotations, paraphrases and summaries are included in your word count. You will need to manually subtract words in parentheses from your word count as the word count tool in word processing packages will not do this for you. Example Jarvis believes that the spread of Ebola could have been prevented much more quickly had the authorities acted upon his advice (14). Word count = 21. Only the page number (14) is excluded from the word count. Or Arguably, the spread of Ebola could have been prevented much more quickly had the authorities acted upon advice received (Jarvis 14). Word count = 19. Jarvis and 14 are excluded from the word count.

Reminder: Your in-text citation is always the first entry of the reference in your Works Cited.

Therefore, always create the reference in your Works Cited first, and then you will know what your in-text citation looks like.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

APPENDIX 1 Examples of referencing and in-text citation In this section you will find some examples of how particular sources are referenced and might be cited in your own writing (in-text citation). Each in-text example is followed by the full reference details as they would appear on your Works Cited page. These examples show the full reference details to allow you to see the connection between your citation and the first word of the reference on the Works Cited page. There are different styles to cite your sources. In this guide we have used examples of different ones. Choose a style that helps to make your writing flow, so it is pleasant to read. Advertisement in a magazine In-text: The Vodafone advertisement published in the New Scientist featured… Or… The advertisement shows…..(Vodafone) Works Cited: Vodafone. Advertisement. New Scientist 21/28 Dec. 2013: 9. Print. Note: In this example the in-text citation is Vodafone because it relates directly to an advertisement. Vodafone would appear as the first word of this reference on the Works cited page. Book with one author In-text: (Lee 103) Works Cited: Lee, Stephen J. Aspects of European History, 1789-1980. London: Routledge, 1982. Print. Books with two or three authors In-text: (Reid and Croucher 169) Works Cited: Reid, Harry, and Michael Croucher. The Way of the Warrior: The Paradox of the Martial Arts. Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 1991. Print. Note: In this example, the second and subsequent authors on the Works Cited page are shown with each author’s first name preceding their family name. Only the first author appears as family name followed by first name or initial.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Brochure In-text: In their brochure The Ultimate Driving Machine, BMW imply that their cars are the best in the world (12). Works Cited Page: BMW. The Ultimate Driving Machine. Munich: BMW, 2009. Print. Note: In this example, because the brochure has no named author, the company, BMW, forms the first entry on the Works Cited page. Cartoon In-text: Insert cartoon and add full citation details directly below (and in the works cited section)

Fig. 1. Low, David. "What, No Chair for Me?" Cartoon. History 20th Century World Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars. Harlow: Pearson, 2010. 123. Print. Cartoon originally printed in 1938. Works Cited Page: Low, David. "What, No Chair for Me?" Cartoon. History 20th Century World Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars. Harlow: Pearson, 2010. 123. Print. Cartoon originally printed in 1938. Chapter in an edited book (a book containing chapters from different authors) In-text: (Acton 152) Works Cited: Acton, Edward. "State and Society under Lenin and Stalin." Themes in Modern European History, 1890-1945. Ed. Paul Hayes. London: Routledge, 1992. Print.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Note: In this example, the work of Edward Acton appears in a book edited by Paul Hayes. The book contains various chapters, each written by a different author. Dictionary entry In-text: Give the definition followed by the dictionary editor’s name and page number, e.g. the word ‘Adroit’ can be defined as… (Fowler 12) Works Cited: Fowler, F.G. "Adroit." The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.

Encyclopaedia entry In-text: (Dunway 60) Works Cited Page: Dunway, Alan. "Gravitation Force." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 1. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998. 56-60. Print. Film In-text: In the film Alien, director Ridley Scott creates suspense by… Or… The director creates suspense using music to good effect (Alien). Works Cited Page: Alien. Dir. Ridley Scott. Perf. Sigourny Weaver and John Hurt. 1979. Film. Note: In this example the film title constitutes the in-text citation and first entry on the Works Cited page. Even though the director’s name is specifically mentioned in the first example, a comment is being made about the film. Interview conducted by you In-text: During an interview with Adam Clegg, he stated that… Works Cited Page: Clegg, Adam. Telephone interview. 12 July 2013. Note: If quoting or summarising someone’s words from an interview, the citation relates to the name of the person being interviewed, in this case Clegg. Interview conducted by someone else and found in print In-text: (Penton 16) Works Cited Page: Penton, Clark. "The Challenges of Scientific Research." Interview by Daniel Riley. Science Weekly 13 Mar. 2011: 13-17. Print. Note: In this example Penton refers to the name of the person being interviewed. 34

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Journal article (in print) In-text: (Andrews 403) Works Cited: Andrews, David G. "Learning to Fly." Aviation Dynamics 12.3 (2013): 403-20. Print. Journal article (electronic copy) In-text: (Kepe, Wynberg & Ellis 14) Works Cited: Kepe, Thembela, Rachel Wynberg, and William Ellis. "Land Reform and Biodiversity Conservation in South Africa: Complementary or in Conflict?" International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services & Management 1.1 (2005): 3-16. Taylor Francis Online. Taylor Francis Group, 23 Apr. 2010. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17451590509618075>. Letter (in print) In-text: In a letter Adams claimed that… Or… It was claimed that…(Adams) Works Cited: Adams, John. Letter to John Smith. 12 Dec. 2009. Note: ‘John Smith’ refers to the person the letter was written to. If it was written to you, then your name would appear in the reference. Magazine article (in print) In-text: (Mair 149) Works Cited Page: Mair, Eddie. "Who Killed JFK?" Radio Times 23 Nov. 2013: 149-50. Print. Musical performance (live) In-text: The orchestra performed Symphony No. 9 as part of a… Works Cited Page: Symphony No. 9. By Gustav Mahler. Royal Festival Hall, London. 25 Mar. 2014. Performance. Musical score (ch. 5.7.5. MLA Handbook) In-text: In Puccini’s Tosca… Works Cited Page: Puccini, G. Tosca. 1900. Milan: Ricardi, 1980. Print. Score.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Newspaper article with author In-text: (Blunt 14) Works Cited: Blunt, Donald. "Tragedy Strikes Coastal City." The Manila English Weekly 10 Nov. 2013: 14-15. Print. Note: In this example, because the author of the newspaper article is known, the author’s name forms the citation. If the author’s name is not known, use the title of the article or a shortened version of it as the citation – in this case “Tragedy Strikes Coastal City”. The title appears in quotation marks – see below. Newspaper article with no author In-text: (“Tragedy Strikes Coastal City” 14) Works Cited: "Tragedy Strikes Coastal City." The Manila English Weekly 10 Nov. 2013: 14-15. Print. Newspaper Article (online) In-text: Delly reports that… Works Cited: Delly, Alice. "Philippines Typhoon: U.S. Aid Efforts Begin Focusing on Recovery." Los Angeles Times. 26 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. <http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-wn-philippines-typhoon-usaid-20131125,0,4480690.story?track=rss>.

Online video In-text: In the online video documentary Africa’s Great Rift Valley, the presenter, Hugh Quarshie makes the point that… Or… The Great Rift Valley is said to be millions of years old (Quarshie). Works Cited: Quarshie, Hugh. "Documentary Africa's Wild Heart The Great Rift BBC." YouTube. YouTube, 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCmF5O1xsY0>. Note: In the above examples the presenter (Quarshie) is cited because his words are being quoted. The commentator’s name can usually be found at the beginning of the film or in the film’s credits at the end.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Painting or other artwork In-text: Pavey’s painting ‘The Windmill’ shows all the qualities associated with this style of art… Works Cited: Pavey, John. The Windmill. 2007. Oil on Canvas. The Gallery Art Museum, London. Personal Photograph In-text: The photograph entitled ‘Butterfly on a Flower’ features a stunning butterfly… Works Cited: Butterfly on a Flower, Vercors, France. Personal photograph by author. 2013. Photograph from another creator In-text: Plumber’s photo entitled ‘Corn Field’ clearly demonstrates his ability to capture… Works Cited: Plumber, Jean. Corn Field. 2008. Photograph. City Art Museum, St. Ives. Play – Live performance In-text: In the performance of Hamlet the actors were… Works Cited: Hamlet. By William Shakespeare. Dir. John Smith. Globe Theatre, London. 15 Feb. 2013. Performance. Note: Hamlet appears as the first word in the Works Cited reference. Play (published) In-text: If citing a prose play, give the author and page number(s) for the quotation. If citing from a verse play, give the act, scene and line(s) quoted and separated by a full stop. (2.3.420-454) Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. London: Methuen, 1982. Print. Poem (in an anthology) In-text: (Owens 4-5) Works Cited: Owens, Wilfred. "DULCE ET DECORUM EST." In Flanders Fields and Other Poems from the First World War. Ed. Brian Busby. London: Arcturus, 2012. 4-5. Print.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016 Podcast In-text: Poubel, a French soldier, describes how he escaped from his German captors. Or… Some French soldiers escaped from confinement (Poubel). Works Cited: Poubel, Louis. "Bombed on the Road." Interview. Audio blog post. Voices of Dunkirk. BBC, 15 May 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dunkirk_ audio_08.shtml>. Text message In-text: In a text message from the author, Smith stated that… Works Cited: Smith, John. Message from the author. 12 November 2013. Text Message. TV broadcast In-text: In a BBC Panorama programme about the Amazon, Hughs argues that… Works Cited: Hughs, Paul. "Panorama." The Truth about the Amazon. BBC. London. 13 Sept. 2012. Television. Website with author In-text: Fullan argues that… Works Cited: Fullan, Michael. "New Pedagogy Work." Motion Leadership. N.p., 14 May 2009. Web. 20 Sept. 2011. <www.motionleadership.com>. Note: N.p. means that no publisher information was available. Website with no author In-text: On the Centre de la Mémoire: Oradour-sur-Glane website it is claimed that over 600 people were massacred that day (“Oradour Village Martyr”). Works Cited: "Oradour Village Martyr." Centre De La Mémoire: Oradour-sur-Glane Village Martyr. Centre De La Mémoire d’Oradour, 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. <http://www.oradour.org/fr/content/lieu-de-memoire>,

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Appendix 2 Language A English – Language & Literature HL & SL Written Tasks 1 & 2 The citation and referencing requirements for Written Task 1 differ from the general requirements for citation, because of the need for an authentic look of the work.

Rules for Written Task 1 only (SL & HL)  The Written Task 1 allows you some freedom in your citation style, because it is important that your work looks ‘authentic’.  Each image, idea, or quote must be numbered with a small note.  The Works Cited appears at the end of your work, on a separate page, with numbered full MLA references. Example of a Written Task 1 with numbered notes:

“…striking is the great dichotomy between the reality of India at the end of the century and the vision of the new nation offered by its two greatest leaders at the time of independence, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.” 3)

This will produce the following references in your Works Cited: 1. Gandhi Speaks to Press upon Arrival in London. Digital image. History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2016. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. <http://www.history.com/topics/mahatma-gandhi>. 2.

Jawarlal Nehru. Digital image. Penguin India. Penguin India, 2015. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. <http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/node/553.html>.

3. Brown, Judith. "Gandhi and Nehru - Frustrated Visionaries?" History Today. Sept. 1997: n. pag. History Today. History Today Ltd., Sept. 1997. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. <http://www.historytoday.com/judith-brown/gandhi-and-nehru-frustrated-visionaries>.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Rules for Written Task 1 & 2  You are allowed to include an authentic text (like a newspaper article, or an advertisement) as an Appendix, but the examiner is not required to read it.  Having said that, many will read the appendix to help them understand your Written Task.  Do not include the appendix (if using) in the page numbering or the word count.  Make sure you DO include the appendix when you fill in the coversheet in the box “total number of sheets attached”.

Rule for Written Task 2 (HL only) Citation and referencing for this task requires exactly the same approach as for any other written work. Please follow the general rules of MLA citation and referencing as explained in this MLA Guide.

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016

Appendix 3 Referencing Check List Requirements in referencing and citing When you have used an author’s exact words, have you put “quotation marks” around the quotation and named (cited) as well as referenced the original writer or source? (If you indent your quotation(s), quotation marks are not needed, but the author must still be cited. Have you cited your indented quotations within your paper?) When you put someone else’s thoughts and ideas in your own words, have you still named (cited) the original author(s) within your paper? When you use someone else’s words or work, is it clear where such use starts - and where it finishes? Have you included full references for all borrowed images, tables, graphs, maps, and so on? Have you labelled these Fig. 1, Table.1 etc.? Print material: Have you included the page number(s) of print material you have used (especially important with exact quotations)? Internet material: Have you included both the date on which the material was posted/created, and the date of your last visit to the web page or site on the Works Cited page? Internet material: Have you included the URL on the Works Cited page? For each citation in your paper, is there a full reference on the Works Cited page at the end? Does the citation provide a direct link to the first word(s) of the reference? In other words, can you easily find the full reference on the Works Cited page by using the first word or words of the in-text citation? For each reference on the Works Cited page at the end, is there a citation within your writing/paper? Do(es) the first word(s) of the reference provide a direct link to the citation as used within your text? Is your list of references on the Works Cited page in alphabetical order?

Source: Adapted from - Effective Citation and Referencing (IBO, 2014) [Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.] 41

The ISL Guide to MLA Citation - 2016