Bitumen ageing phenomenon: A review

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Bitumen ageing phenomenon: A review

Tanuj Parmar1 , Samarth Tailor2

1Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Dr. S & S S Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat 2BE Civil, Dr. S & S S Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat ***

Abstract A far reaching writing concentrate on street toughnesshasdemonstratedthatthematuringhelplessness of bituminous covers in surface layer is a key boundary deciding the existence season of a black top asphalt. Age solidifyingisoneofthesignificantfactorsfromnumerous factorsthatinfluencetheviscoelasticpropertiesofbitumen with timing. Age solidifying of bitumen is an irreversible interaction,whichfundamentallyinfluencethestrengthof asphaltsandintheendexpandstheupkeepcost.Atthepoint when the bitumen is age solidified, the black top combination will become fragile and its capacity to help traffic instigated anxieties and strains may altogether diminish.Thefundamentalsystemsofmaturingofbitumen are oxidation and loss of volatiles during black top combinationcreation(momentarymaturing)andsetuphelp period(longhaulmaturing).Botharecauseanexpansionin consistency(orsolidness)ofthebitumen.Thematuringof bitumenisoneofthechiefelementscausingtheweakening of black top asphalts. The maturing methods of disappointments incorporates exhaustion, warm actuate breaks, and raveling. This audit paper completed on the presentcontemplatedtoanalysestheimpactofmaturingon bitumenfolioutilizingdifferentfillermaterials.Studieshave shown that the perfect bitumen cover has more maturing impactthanalteredbitumen

Key Words: BitumenAging,AgingPhenomena,Short term aging,oxidization

1. INTRODUCTION

Foracountrytoprospersociallyandmonetarily,itsstreet frameworkisfundamental.ThelengthofIndia's5.89million km street organization (which positions second on the planet solely after United States) which incorporates National interstate,Stateexpressway,Majorregionstreet, otherlocalestreetsandVillagestreetsofwhichbituminous asphalts are generally normal. Bitumen is an oil material madeoutofdifferentnaturalsubstancecompound.In1920, theShellHavenprocessingplantwasthepersonwhoplaysa partinbringingthebitumenintostreetdevelopment.These days it has been generally utilized as the folio of total in streetasphaltbecauseofitsgreatviscoelasticpropertiesand furthermore as waterproofing specialist, sealant, cement. During capacity,blending, transport, laying,andlonghaul administration,bitumenisinclinedtomaturingpeculiarities that change its substance structure, mechanical and rheologicalattributes.Bitumenmaturingisoneofthechief

elementscausingthedisintegrationofbituminousasphalts. whichmakesthebitumenhardenandbecomefragile,which makesblack topasphaltslosetheiradaptability,buildsthe unbending nature which prompts a high potential for breaking, and debases bituminous asphalt. Subsequently, workingontheprotectionfromagingisfundamental.Using added substances can work on maturing opposition of bitumenandfurtherupgradethepropertiesofbitumen.

Hostiletomaturingaddedsubstancesareutilizedtoworkon maturing opposition and rutting execution of fastener. Cancerpreventionagent,UVsafeguard,layeredsilicates,and inorganic nanoparticles are the vital enemy of maturing addedsubstances,amongwhichlayeredsilicateshasbeen broadly utilized as of late however not very many investigationshavedone.InthisstudyExpandedvermiculite (layered silicate) is utilized as against maturing added substance.

1.1 Bitumen

Bitumenisdefinedas“Aviscousliquid,orasolidcomprising basically of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which is soluble in tri chloro ethylene and is substantially non volatileandsoftensgraduallywhenwarmed.Itisblackor brown in colour & possesses waterproofing and adhesive properties.Itisobtainedbyremovingthelighterfractions (suchasliquidpetroleumgas,petrolanddiesel)fromheavy crudeoilduringtherefiningprocess.Assuch,itiscorrectly known as refined bitumen. In North America, bitumen is commonlyknownas“asphaltcement”or“asphalt”.

1.2 Elemental composition of bitumen

Thebasicstudyofbitumenproducedfromdiversecrudeoils withdifferentphysicalpropertiesisdescribedbyWhiteOak (2003).Itmostlyconsistsofhydrogenandcarbon.However, it demonstrates that heteroatoms like carbon, hydrogen, sulphur,oxygen,andnitrogenarepresentinthemajorityof bitumen binder. The bitumen binder's basic analysis is providedbelowinTable1.1.

Table 1. 1 Elementary analysis of bitumen

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Sulphur 0 6 Oxygen 0 1.5

Nitrogen 0 1



Chemical groups of bituminous materials

Robert et al (2000) mentioned that bitumen is consists of twomajorchemicalgroupscalledasphaltenesandmaltenes. Themajorchemicalcompositionforbitumenispresented belowinFigure1.1.

servesasanagentfordispersingasphaltenes.Theresins are dark red compounds that are semi liquid or occasionallysolidatnormaltemperature.Theseresins were discovered to be the most in charge of the plasticityofasphaltanditsadhesiontoaggregate.They give bitumen adhesion, ductility, malleability, and plasticity.Itisdiscoveredthatbitumen separatedresins havemolecularweightsof800 2000.(Numberaverage). Itmakesabout15to55percentofthebulkofbitumen.

 Aromatics: The bitumen's lowest molecular weight substances are called aromatics. Between 40% and 65%ofthemassofbitumenismadeupofthesedark brown, viscous liquids. Aromatics have molecular weights that range from 300 to 20,000 on average. Theyaremadeupofnon polarcarbonchainsthatare dominated by unsaturated ring systems (aromatics) andhavetheabilitytodissolveotherhighmolecular weighthydrocarbons.

Bitumenaging

Figure 1. 1 Chemical group of bitumen

1. Asphaltenes: Theyaredark brownamorphoussolids with highest polarity, complex aromatic materials, havinghighmolecularweightmorethanMaltenes.The asphaltenecontentofbitumenmayrangebetween5% and 25% and has significant effect on the overall properties of the bitumen. Bituminous Materials with high asphaltene content will have higher softening points, higher viscosities and lower penetrations. Increasing the asphaltene content and reducing the maltene content of bitumen will result in harder bitumen.

2. Maltenes: Three categories, including saturates, aromatics,andresins,areusedtocharacterizemaltenes.

 Saturates: Saturates are hydrocarbons that have a straightandbranchedchain.Thesenon polar,whitish, viscousoilshaveacomparablespectrumofmolecular weightsasaromaticsandcomponents.Waxyandnon waxy saturates are both included in the components, whichrangeinmolecularweightfrom300to20000on average.Thisportioncontributes5 20%ofthebulkof bitumen.

 Resins: Theyareasemi solidsubstanceinadarkcolour thatishighlystickyandhasalowmolecularweight.It becomesliquidwhenheatedtoahightemperatureand becomes brittle when heated to a low temperature. It

Aging is acomplex phenomenon, in whichbitumen becomestiffenupduringconstructionandthentheprocess graduallyslowsdownastheroadisputtouse.Theasphalt pavementslosetheirflexibilityasaresultofthebitumen's aging,whichalsoincreasestheasphalt'srigidityandleadsto asphaltdegradation.

Thefollowingmechanismsareprimarilyresponsibleforthis phenomenon: 

Thevolatilization(evaporation)oftheoilspresents inthebitumenduetothehightemperaturesduring theproductionofbituminousmixes;  The degradation of some oils by the influence of light(photodegradation); 

Oxidationproducedbyreactionswithoxygeninthe ambientair.

Temperature,light(ultraviolet),bitumenfilmthickness,and void percentage all play a role in the complex process of bitumen ageing. In reality, ageing happens in two stages: duringshort termservice(duringstorage,mixing,transport, and laying) and long term service (during long term service),onthepavement.

1) Need of bitumen modification

Bitumenmodificationbinderscanbeengineeredtoperform in any type of climate. Responsible designers of bitumen modified binder usually consider climate condition. Following is a summary of several key justifications for addingvarioustypesofadditivestobituminousmaterials:

 Toimprovemixes'stabilityandstrength.  Toachievestiffermixesathightemperaturesandlessen rutting.

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

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Toproducesofterblendsatlowservicetemperatures andlessencracking.

 Toincreasethemixes'fatigueresistance.

Tomakeflexiblepavementsthinner.

2. Literature study

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Bitumen is a combination of several organic compoundsanda by productofthedistillationof crude oil. Bitumen's chemical composition is influencedbybothcrudeoilsaswelltheprocedure of processing. (Martin et al. 2011). Bitumen is majorly used as a binder in road construction because of its good viscoelastic properties (Airey GD2003).Bitumenissubjectedtoaginglikeother organic substances which effect it’ s chemical structure & physical properties. The aging of the bitumenisoneofthekeyfactorswhichcausesthe asphalt pavement deterioration. The aging is divided into two types (1) Short Term Aging (duringmixing,transport,pavingandcompaction) whichissimulatedbyTFOTorRTFOTand(2)Long Term Aging (Service life of pavement) which is simulatedbyPAV(PressureAgingVessel).(LuXH and Isacsson U 2002). According to Karlsson & Isacsson(2003),Lu&Isacsson(2002),Martinetal. (2011),thephysical andrheological propertiesof anasphaltbindercanbeevaluatedtotheagingofit. Physical tests include penetration tests, softening point tests, rotational viscometer tests, elastic recovery tests, flash and fire point tests, among others. A Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and BendingBeamRheometer(BBR)couldbeusedto evaluate the rheological properties of asphalt, whetherithasbeenmodifiedornot.Additionally,a variety of chemical approaches can be used to investigate how aging affects the chemical compositionandmicrostructureofasphaltbinder. ThemostusedmethodiscalledFourierTransform InfraredRadiation(FTIR).TheIRactivefunctional groupsthatarepresentinthematerialcanbefound using this technique and measured. FTIR used to characterizechemicalfunctionalgroupsofbitumen andpreciselydeterminevariablequantityofsome chemical groups caused by the addition of new modifiersoraging(R.Karlsson2007).

environmentaldisposalproblemifthesematerials are directly dumped into landfills. Also, it may create obstacle in sustainable road development duetoshortageofmaterials.So,asanEco friendly sustainablesolution,RAPisusedintheconstruction and maintenance of pavement to replace new or fresh materials. (Sujit Kumar Pradhan & Umesh Chandra Sahoo 2020; Anil Kumar Yadava & Syed Aqeel Ahmad 2019). Kemp and Predoehl 1981 foundthatthebinderrecoveredfromRAPisalready aged & thus delivers greater stiffness than virgin bitumen. According to Roberts et al., the asphalt binder's rheological behaviour will be different fromthatoffreshmaterialsasitreactsandlosesa few of its components over time. Therefore, the hardened,recycledbindermustbecombinedwitha recycling agent or soft asphalt binder in order to recover the rheological qualities. Along with soft binder, rejuvenating and softening agents are employed. Older binder viscosity is reduced by softening agents, and its physical and chemical qualitiesarerecoveredbyrejuvenators.W.Songet al. in 2018 found that the cracking resistance of asphaltmixtureswasimprovedduetorejuvenators but could be difficult in retaining the rutting resistance by increasing the content of viscous components and decreasing the stiffness and complex modulus of aged binder. The negative impactofrejuvenatorsontheruttingperformance oftherecycledmixturesiscompensatedbyuseof warm mix technologies & anti aging additives (A. Behnood 2019 & Ingrid Gabrielle do Nascimento Camargoetal.2021)



In India, considerable length of roads is still constructedandstillitalongwaytogo.Moreover, during the serviceable life of the pavement, the bituminous pavement disintegrates continuously and fails to retain its service at the end. So, to reinstatetheservice,theexistingpavementsurface is replaced by a fresh bituminous mixture layer which generates a huge quantity of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). It could create serious

Warmmixadditivesareusedtoimprovebitumen properties & reduce the viscosity at elevated temperatures which reduced the production and compaction temperature & also supports in reductionoftheoxidationandagingofthebitumen. Additionally,itreducestherateofcoolingofasphalt mix and improves the rutting resistance (Kheradmand et al. 2014). One WMA additive, Sasobit,lowersthetemperatureatwhichthebinder ismixedbyloweringitsviscosity(G.C.Hurley&B.D. Prowell 2005).Sanchez Alonso(2010)foundthat addingSasobittobitumencanreduceitsviscosity whilealsoloweringthetemperatureatwhichitis mixedandcompacted.Thiscansavecostofenergy andlessenenvironmentalpollution.Additionally,it lessens the ageing and oxidation of the binder, increasingresistancetolong termdeformationand enhancing rutting resistance. Antioxidants, UV absorbers, layered silicates, and inorganic nanoparticlesareatypeoftheanti agingadditives (ChongzhengZhuetal.2017).AccordingtoMartin et al. (2014), some antioxidants can enhance the anti agingpropertiesoflubricatingoil,glue,rubber,

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etc. but have no effect on bitumen's anti aging properties, and in some cases, can speed up bitumen's ageing. Additionally, Cong et al. (2012) discoveredthatUVabsorbersorantioxidantsalone wereunabletoimprovebitumen'sabilitytoresist aging. When Zhang et al. (2013) looked into how different organic layered silicates affected bitumen's ability to resist aging, they discovered thatOEVMt hada more noticeable improvements effect in aging resistance than other layered silicates.

Ali Foroutan Mirhosseini et al. (2019) conduct a laboratory basedresearchstudythatevaluatedthe performance of asphalt mixtures prepared with dateseedoil(DSO)rejuvenator(5%,10%)binders containingdifferentamountsofReclaimedAsphalt Pavement (RAP) binder varying from 20 to 40%. They conclude that moisture susceptibility of the mixes was slightly influenced by DSO content. Ruttingperformanceofthemixeswasdeteriorated, whiletheadditionofDSOimprovedfatiguelifeof thespecimenscontaining20%RAPupto15%.



Hamid Behbahani et al. (2017) investigated the effect of warm mix additives on the properties of warm mix asphalt (WMA) with recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and compared the results to the samegradedhot mixasphalt(HMA).Asorganicand chemicalWMAadditives,respectively,Sasobit(3%) andZycotherm(0.15%) wereusedtomakeWMA mixtures.AvarietyofmixturesincorporatingRAP were created (0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of total aggregates). Utilizing dynamic creep and wheel track tests, the resistance of specimens to permanent deformation was determined. Sasobit WMA mixtures showed significantly better resistance to permanent deformation, more resilientmodulusandruttingresistancethanHMA andZycothermWMAmixtures,whichisattributed tostiffersasobitmodifiedbinder.



Chetana Joshi et al. (2013) determined the rheological characteristics of an asphalt binder usingDynamicShearRheometer(DSR)forselected pavement stretches (Bangalore Mysore State Highway) for that they have taken 60/70 binder from four years old flexible pavement stretch (divided into 6 sections). The test was conducted under stress controlled mode (constant stress σ(Pa):2.45e+03)atafrequencyof10rad/sandata constanttemperatureof46°C.DSRresultsindicates, therangeofrutting&fatigueparameterforbinders fromallsectionsare31.93 402.9kPa(≥2.2kPa)& 30.34 253.80 kPa (≤5000 kPa) are within permissible limit, which indicates that the binder extracted from the selected stretches were stiff enoughtoresistruttingandfatiguefailure. 

Luca Noferini et al. (2001) investigated the performances of asphalt mixtures made with ReclaimedAsphaltPavement Effectsofinteraction between virgin and RAP bitumen (in different percentages 10%,20%,30%).Theresultsoftests show,penetrationisdecreasedandsofteningpoint isincreasedasRAPcontentincreases.Asaresultof RV&DSRtest,thepresenceof10%orlessofRAP binderintothemixturedoesnotaffecttheviscosity of the blend & also it has little influence on the rheology, whereas 20% or higher RAP binder causesasignificantincreaseinviscosity&itshow adverse effect on rheology. Study concludes that whentheRAPpercentageincorporatedinthemixis equal or above 20%, they recommended to use softer&lessviscousneatbinder.

Ali Mansourkhaki et al. (2019) used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to assess changes in chemical structure of RAB (Reclaimed Asphalt binder) containing binder mixes with various modifiers, such as softer bitumen, rejuvenator,andwastepolymermodifiedbitumen (WPMB).Carbonylandsulfoxideindicesincreased astheRABpercentageincreasedineachscenario, as indicated by the results. The use of softer bitumenandrejuvenatorhadthelargestimpacton reducing the carbonyl index and sulfoxide index, respectively,ofRAB containingbindermixtures.

AmbikaBehletal.(2013)hadstudiedRheological CharacterizationofBituminous Bindercontaining sasobit in the dose of 1.5 %, 2.5 % and 3.5 % by weightofbinder.RVtestresultsshowsthatupto 100ºC the Sasobit increased the viscosity of the binderasitsmeltingpointisbetween85ºC 115ºC& beyond100ºCitreducestheviscositytoagreater extent up till 150ºC. Mixing & compaction temperaturecanbeaslowas80ºCfor3.5%sasobit modifiedbitumen.From40ºC 60ºC,neatbitumen showedhigherG*valuebutfrom60ºC 88ºC,3.5% sasobit modified binder showed higher G* value. 1.5%sasobitmodifierbindergivestheleastvalueof δ. As a conclusion, 3.5% sasobit modified binder improveshightemperatureperformance.

Hassan Fazaeli et al. (2013) had studied the rheologicalcharacteristicsofmodifiedbinderwiths combinationofsasobitandotheradditives.Inthis study,Sasobit(2.5%)modifiedbitumenisusedas the base condition and four common modifiers namelyanti strippingagent(0.4%),CrumbRubber (10%),SBS(3%)&PolyphosphoricAcid(1%)are used. Results show that although anti stripping agent reduce bitumen viscosity and mixing/compaction temperatures of asphalt

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mixtures,ithassignificantlyincreasedthestiffness ofmodifiedbitumenatlowtemperatures,thismay increase the probability of low temperature cracking. Among all, sasobit and crumb rubber combination exhibited the best performance because it has the lowest stiffness and highest resistance against thermal cracking at low temperatures.

Majid Harooni et al. (2019) examined Sasobit, Polyethylene, and Paraffin additives on bitumen. Physical and rheological parameters were tested usingpenetration,softeningpoint,ductility,rotating viscometer,dynamicshearrheometer,andbending beamrheometer.Bitumenwith1%Sasobitand3% polyethylenewaxreducedviscosityandimproved hightemperatureperformancefrom64°Cto70°C. Equiviscoustechnique(ASTMD2493)wasusedto establish mixing and compaction temperature ranges at 100°C, 135°C, 160°C. The mixing and compaction temperatures of modified bitumen were2°Cto22°Cand6°Cto16°Clowerthanpure bitumen.Sasobit,polyethylene,paraffin,andtheir mixes impaired medium temperature (16°C to 37°C)performance;however,theseadverseeffects werelessnoticeablewhenSasobitandpolyethylene werecombined.

charts indicate that up to 1.6% of Sasobit can be addedtoPG64andPG70binderswithoutaffecting fatigueresistance.

HenglongZhagetal.(2013)comparephysicaland chemicalpropertiesofunagedandshort termaged bitumenmodifiedwith3%ofOEVMt.Toimprove thecompatibilitybetweenEVMtandbitumen,EVMt was modified by Octadecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (ODBA) and marked as organo expanded vermiculite (OEVMt). ConventionaltestsshowsthatMasschangerateand viscosityagingindexareincreased,whileretained penetrationandductilityaredecreasedofbinders, indicating the good aging resistance of OEVMt modified bitumen. The results of XRD show that OEVMt modified bitumen forms a semi exfoliated nanostructure, due to which OEVMt particles developed barrier properties which hinder the penetrationoftheoxygenmoleculesandincrease theiraveragepathlengthandalsoitcanbedecrease ofthevolatilityoftheoilcomponentsofbitumen, whichpreventsthehardeningofthebinders.



MohamadJavadAyazietal.(2017)studiedmoisture susceptibility of warm mixed reclaimed asphalt pavementcontainingSasobit(3%)andZycotherm (0.15%) additives. Moisture susceptibility was evaluatedapplyingtheresilientmodulusratio,the indirect tensile strength ratio, and the fracture energy ratio. Laboratory testing results indicated that Zycotherm mixtures had more resistance to moisture damage than Sasobit WMA and hot mix asphalt(HMA)mixtures.

JianyingYuetal.(2011)usedthreedifferentEVMT clays were used in this research EVMT, CTAB EVMTandODBA EVMT(3%each).AfterRTFOT& PAV, ODBA EVMT shows the least viscosity aging index and the mass change rate which indicates improveagingresistance.TheXRDresultsindicate that EVMT modified bitumen may form a phase separatedstructure,whileCTAB EVMTandODBA EVMTmodifiedbitumenformanintercalatedand exfoliatednanostructure,respectively.



Ali Jamshidi et al. (2012) studied the effects of Sasobit Content (1, 2, 3, and 4%) on unaged and aged asphalt binders (PG64, PG70, and PG76) at high and moderatetemperatures. Therheological properties of Sasobit modified binders were characterised using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR)inaccordancewithSuperpavetestprotocols. UsingtheSuperpavefatiguefactorandasphaltmix construction temperatures, design charts were producedtocalculatetheidealSasobitcontentasa function of temperature.The results indicate that 1% Sasobit has no effect on the performance grading of PG64 binder, whereas 4% Sasobit increases the binder's performance grading to PG70.2percentSasobitimprovestheperformance gradeofPG70bindertoPG73,whereas3percent and 4 percent Sasobit improve the performance gradetoPG74andPG76,respectively.Thedesign

XiaojuanJiaetal.(2013)usedEVMT(3%)andtwo OEVMTs(CTAB EVMT&ODBA EVMT)(each3%)as additive to modify the SBS (2.5%) modified bitumen. Conventional tests results indicate OEVMT/SBS modified bitumens show the more pronouncedagingresistancecomparedwithEVMT becauseOEVMT/SBSmodifiedbitumensshowthe lowerviscosityagingindexandthehigherretained ductilityandpenetrationthanEVMT/SBSmodified bitumen. As a result of XRD EVMT/SBS modified bitumenformsthephase separatedstructuresand OEVMT/SBSmodifiedbitumensformtheexfoliated nanostructures.AndfinallyconcludedthatODBA EVMT/SBSmodifiedbitumenhasmorepronounced improvements in aging resistance than CTAB EVMT/SBSmodifiedbitumenbypreventthephase separated trend of SBS modified bitumen during TFOT.

ChongzhengZhuetal.(2017)examinednano zinc oxide(1%)andorganicexpandedvermiculite(3%) ondifferentbitumens(60/80,80/100and100/120

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penetrationgrade)rheologybeforeandafterageing includes Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT), Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV), UV radiation, and natural exposureageing(NEA).Dynamicshearrheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests explored ageing properties of binders. Anti aging modifiersimprovethreetypesofbitumen'srutting resistance before ageing, especially 60/80 penetration grade bitumen. TFOT, PAV, UV, and NEArevealthatantiagingmodifiedbitumenshada lower complex modulus and higher phase angle than blank samples, indicating stronger thermal oxidation and photo oxidation ageing resistance. 100/120penetrationgradebitumenimprovesthe most after ageing. BBR test findings demonstrate that anti aging modifier can improve 80/100 penetration grade bitumen's low temperature rheologicalperformancefollowingPAVageing,but notothergrades.

Ingrid Gabrielle do Nascimento Camargo et al. (2021) investigated anti aging additives: a proposedevaluationprocessbasedonasurveyof the various research works. Utilizing anti aging additivesinHMAorWMAcanincreasetheasphalt's resistance to aging. TFOT and RTFOT are mostly used to simulate the short term ageing of asphalt bindersinthelaboratory,althoughRTFOTisamore efficientandrealistictechniqueforsimulatingthe ageing process during asphalt mix manufacture. Short termagedasphaltissubjectedtoDSRtesting todeterminetheruttingparameter.Almostevery anti aging ingredient enhances the resistance to short termageing.FTIRspectroscopyisanexcellent methodforstudyingtheaging inducedchangesin thechemicalcompositionofamaterial.

containingdifferentpercentageofRAPbinder,but no research work is performed yet for effects of SasobitonRAPbinderonly.Limitedresearchwork has been found on utilization of Expanded Vermiculite (anti aging additive) in bitumen to enhance the properties in which they mainly focused on change in physical and rheological propertiesofbitumenbutnoworkhasbeenfound relatedtochangeinmorphologicalproperties(FTIR test). No considerable research work has been found on the use of expanded vermiculite as an additivetomodifythepropertiesofRAPbinder.

Agingisinfluencedbyanincreaseinadditivetypes andamounts.Characterizedchangesintheasphalt binder's physical, rheological, and chemical propertieswereusedtoassesstheimpactofageing onthematerial.Tocharacterisephysicalchanges, physicaltestslikepenetrationtests,softeningpoint tests, rotational viscometer tests, elastic recovery tests, flash and fire point tests, etc. can be performed.Adynamicshearrheometer(DSR)can be used to perform rheological evaluation of asphalt, whether it has been modified or not. The DSR provides rheological parameters, such as Complexmodulus(G*)andPhaseangel(δ),andby usingthesetwoparameters,onecanobtainrutting parameters (G*/sinδ) and fatigue parameters (G*·sinδ). To evaluate how ageing affects the chemicalcompositionandmicrostructureofasphalt binder It has been done using Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy(FTIR).

3. Conclusion



Jun Liu, et al. (2016) examine the high and intermediate temperature rheological and aging propertiesofwarmmixasphaltbinder(3%Sasobit) treated with Organo Expanded Vermiculite (3%). After modification of 3 % organo expanded vermiculite, the rotational viscosity, complex modulus, and rutting parameter (G*/sinδ) increased, while the penetration and phase angle decreased, indicating that the high temperature rheological properties of the warm mix asphalt binderhavebeenenhanced. 

Summary

Fromtheliteraturereviewitcanbeconcludedthat used of rejuvenator in rap bitumen weaken the rutting resistance to compensate that negative effectWMAadditivesoranti agingadditivescanbe used.Fewresearchworkshavebeenstudiedonthe effects of Sasobit (WMA additive) on the mixture

Thissurveyonimpactofvariousfillermaterialonproperties ofchangedbitumenareexamined.Theimpactofmaturing on rheological and actual properties are examined in this part. Bianchetto et al. reasoned that the utilization of hydratedlimeandcalciumcarbonateasfillerdiminishedthe maturingimpacton rheological properties of the bitumen fastener.Yeroetal.PresumedthatModifiedbitumenwithSBS show more noteworthy protection from maturing than perfect bitumen. Manindar singh et al. presumed that the utilization of EVA, SBS and CR fastener diminished the maturingimpactonrheologicalandactualpropertiesofthe bitumenfolio.Iwańskiet.al.Presumedthatthehydratedlime goesaboutasanenemyofoxidantandinequalitdiminishes thefirmnessofthebitumen(forblend:bitumenD70+4% SBS polymer) of SMA giving expected protection from the waterandiceduring12yearsofadministrationlife.Rahman etal.presumedthatblockresiduecanbeeffectivelyusedin the creation of bituminous substantial blends for the parkwaydevelopment.SeyedAbbasTabatabaeiinferredthat the utilization of SBS bitumen fastener diminished the maturingimpactonactualpropertiesofthebitumenfolio. FTIRresultshowsmaturingcausesoxidationofbitumenand

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structures the carbonyl and oxide sulfate structures in bitumen.MaturinginchangedbitumenbySBShasbeennot exactlybasebitumen.From allabovewritingsitverywell maybeinferredthatthechangedbitumenhashigherrutting oppositionthanflawlessbitumen.Itdecreasesthematuring impact on rheological properties and actual properties of fastener.

REFERENCES

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[2] Airey GD (2003), “Rheological properties of styrene butadiene styrene polymer modified road bitumens”, Fuel2003;82(14):1709 19.

[3] AliForoutanMirhosseini,SeyedAmidTahami,IngeHoff, Samer Dessouky, Chun Hsing H (2019), “Performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing high RAP binder content and bio oil rejuvenator”, Construction andBuildingMaterials227(2019)116465

[4] Ambika Behl, Prof Satish Chandra, Prof V.K Aggarwal (2013),“RheologicalCharacterizationWofBituminous Binder containing Wax based Warm Mix Asphalt Additive”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR JMCE) e ISSN: 2278 1684,p ISSN: 2320 334X,Volume9,Issue1(Sep. Oct.2013),PP16 22

[5] Anil Kumar Yadava, Syed Aqeel Ahmad (2019), “CharacterizationofIndianreclaimedasphaltpavement (rap) on the basis of sources of rap and gradation characteristicsofrapaggregates”,InternationalJournal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)ISSN:2278 3075,Volume 8Issue 7,May,2019

[6] Becker Y, Muller AJ, Rodriguez Y. (2003), “Use of rheologicalcompatibilitycriteriatostudySBSmodified asphalts”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003;90(7):1772 82

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[8] ChongzhengZhu,HenglongZhang,CaijunShi,ShengLi (2017),“Effectofnano zincoxideandorganicexpanded vermiculite on rheological properties of different

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BIOGRAPHIES

Prof.TanujParmar AssistantProfessor CivilEngineeringDepartment

Dr. S & S S Ghandhy Government EngineeringCollege,Surat

SamarthTailor BECivil Dr. S & S S Ghandhy Government EngineeringCollege,Surat

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