A STUDY OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY ASSEMENT OF A MULTI-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN PUNE REGION

A STUDY OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY ASSEMENT OF A MULTI-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN PUNE REGION Research Assistant

Abstract In recent years climate change has become a growing concern all over the world, and because of this it has become a necessity to monitor the carbon emission in various industries. This study focuses on life cycle analysis of a 12 year old residential building in Pune. It focuses on the energy utilized during its construction, the energy utilized during its current phase which can be deemed as operational energy and its demolition energy during its end of life cycle. As the building is almost a decade old it lacks many environment norms which are currently in use today. The primary aim of this study is to calculate the total energy expenditure of the residential building and provide a definitive carbon foot print of the same. This study also focuses on providing energy efficient solutions to reduce the carbon footprint and its dependency on natural resources

Key Words: Carbon Footprint, Energy efficient, Eco friendly, Climate Change, Embodied Energy, Residential building, Pune , Life Cycle Assessment, Construction Energy, Operational Energy, Demolition Energy.

1. INTRODUCTION

Theconstructionindustryisknowntobethelargestconsumerofnaturalresourcesintheworld.Itisalsoamajorcontributor intheemissionofgreenhousesgases.TheseGHGareanadditiontotheongoingcrisisofglobalwarming.Outoftotalenergy generatedworldwide39%oftheenergyisconsumedbytheconstructionsectoranditalsoemits30%ofcarbondioxide.(1). Thematerialsusedduringconstructionsuchassteelcementmetalsetcrequiretremendousamountofnaturalresourcesfor theirproduction.Theenergydemandforproductionofsuchmaterialsisveryhigh.Inrecentyearstheconstructionindustry experiencedanincreaseboomduetorapidurbanization.

Varioussmartcitiesschemesarebeingdevelopedbythegovernmenttoaccommodatetheinfluxofpeoplemigratingtocities duetovariousjobopportunities,comfortablelifestyleandeasyaccesstomanyfacilities.Accordingtoasurveydonefrom2016 to 2020 there is a demand of 1.98 million houses in the low income group whereas the supply is only about 25000 unit (statista). Due to this there has been an increasing demand in construction materials and also generation of waste on constructionsites.

Asthebuildinghas3phasessuchasconstruction,operationanddemolitionphase.Itisobservedthatmostoftheenergyis consumedintheoperationphaseofthebuilding.Thereforeithasbecomeanecessitytodevelopandimplementmeasurewhich canresultineffectivelyreducingthecarbonfootprintofthebuilding.

1.1 Need of this study

Climatechangeandglobalwarmingaremanmadecalamitythattheworldisfacingtoday.Carbonemissionacrosstheglobehas beenincreasingatanalarmingrate.IthasbecomeanecessitytoregulatethecarbonemissionandGHG.Thereforeitisaneedof hourtodefineandreducethecarbonfootprintofthebuildingthroughLifecycleanalysisconsideringitsmaintenanceperiodof 15years.AstherehavebeenvariousstudiesconductedoncarbonfootprintacrossvariouspartsofIndia.Nostudyoncarbon footprinthasbeenconductedinoraroundPuneregion.ThisstudyfocusesonmultistoriedresidentialbuildinginPuneregion. Thisstudyanalysesthelifecycleoftheresidentialbuildingandalsoderivesthecarbonfootprintofthe sameandprovided solutiontoreduceit.

1.2 Aim

TheresearcherfocusesonlifecycleassessmentofG+7residentialbuildinginPuneareaandthetotalenergyexpenditure duringitlifecycleandmaintenancealsoprovidingeco friendlytoreducethederivedcarbonfootprint

1.3 Objectives

•Toanalysesvariousphasesofaresidentialbuilding

•Tostudytheenergyusageinvariouslifestagesoftheresidentialbuilding

•Toderivecarbonfootprintofaresidentialbuilding

•Toprovideeffectiveenergyefficientsolutions

1.4. Research Questions

1.Howmuchenergyisutilizedduringtheconstructionphase?

2.Whataretheembodiedenergyofthebuildingmaterialsused?

3.Whatistheoperationalenergyofthebuilding?

4.Whatisthedemolitionenergy?

1.5. Methodology

Themethodologyisdividedinto5categories.Thefirstcategorydealswithpreliminaryanalysisoftheresearchtopic.The secondcategorydealswithliteraturereviewfromvariousrelatedpublishedresearchpapers.Thethirdcategorydealswith datacollectionfromthelivecasestudy.Thefourthcategoryanalysisthedatacollectedfromthecasestudyandprovides findings.Thefifthcategoryprovidessolutionsandproposals.Thelastcategoryconcludestheentireresearchanddefines furtherscopeofstudy.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Life Cycle Assessment Stages

Lifecycleassessmentofabuildingisdividedinto4stageswhichisfurtherclassifiedintovarioussubstages.Thesestagesare developedandprovidedbyInternationalOrganisationforStandardisation(ISO)inISO14040and14044.Thereare4stagesin lifecycleassessmentofabuildingtheyare

• Productstage A1 A3

• Transportationstage A4 A5

• Operationstage B1 B7

• Endoflifestage C1 C4

Fig -1 Methodologyflowchart

As shown in figure 2 the product stage includes from the extraction of raw materials, transportation of materials to manufacturing plant and manufacturing of materials required for the construction of building. This stage also included transportationofmanufacturedmaterialstorequiredconstructionsite.

The operation stage includes the total energy usage of during its life span for heating cooling and for various electrical appliances.Italsoincludedtherepairandmaintenanceofthebuildingforevery15years.

Theendoflifestageincludestheenergyrequiredfordemolitionofthebuilding,transportationofwastematerials,processing ofwastematerialsanddisposalofmaterialswhichcannotberecycled.

Fig 2:Lifecycleassessmentstages

2.1.1 Ecological footprint (EF)

TheconceptwasdevelopedbyMathisWackernagelandWilliamReesalmosttwodecadesago.Itisasummationofcomplete energyusageofabuildingduringitslifetime.Itisalsoanassessmentoftheimpactofabuildinginbiospherewhichdetermines theEFofabuildingonthebasisofitsconsumptionofnaturalresources,emissionofGHG,waterusagesetc.

2.2 Life Cycle energy of the Building (LCE)

LCEisdefinesasthetotalenergyexpenditureofthebuildingduringitslifetime.Thesummationoftheenergyutilisedduring constructionphaseoperationphaseanddemolitionphaseamountstothetotalenergyexpenditureofthebuilding.thefollowing equationrepresentstheformulaforcalculatingLCE

LCE=CE(EE(I)+EE(R)+TE)+OE+DE

LCE =lifecycleenergy

CE =constructionenergy

EE (i) =initialembodiedenergy

EE(r) =recurringembodiedenergy

OE =operationalenergy

DE =Demolitionenergy

Constructionenergy(CE)isfurthersubdividedinto2partswhichisEE(i) initialembodiedenergyEE(r)

Fig 3:lifecycleecologicalfootprint thebuilding

2.3 Embodied energy of building materials (EE)

Embodiedenergycanbesummarizedasthetotalenergyexpenditurenecessaryforvariousprocesseslikeextraction,processing andmanufacturingofbuildingmaterials.Duringthevariousprocesseswhicharerequiredtoproducebuildingmaterialslarge amountsofenergyisrequiredbecauseoftheenergyconsumptionitgeneratestremendousamountsofCO2whichresultsinthe emissionofvariousGHG.Thereforetheembodiedenergyisconsideredastheindicatorofthetotalenvironmentimpactofthe buildingmaterials

TheEEisfurthersubdividedinto2typesnamely

2.3.1. Initial Embodied Energy (EE(i))

TheenergywhichisutilisedduringtheinitialdevelopmentphaseofthebuildingisknownasInitial embodiedenergy. Followingequationcanbeusedforcalculationtheinitialembodiedenergy

EE(i) = ∑m(x)M(x) + E(c),

whereM(x) =energycontentofthematerialperunitquantity; m(x)=totalquantityofbuildingmaterialused;

E(c) =energyutilizedatsiteforconstructionofbuilding;

EE(i) =buildinginitialembodiedenergy.

2.3.2. Recurring embodied energy (EE(r))

Itistheenergywhichisutilisedforrepairandmaintenanceofthebuildingduringitslifespan.Asbuildingmaterialshavealife spanwhichislesscomparedtothelifespanofthebuilding.Thefollowingequationisusedforcalculatingrecurringembodied energy

EE(r) = ∑m(x)M(x) [L(b)/L(m(x)) − 1],

whereL(b)=buildinglifespan;

EE(r) =recurringembodiedenergyofthebuilding; L(m(x))=materiallifespan.

Sr.no Description

Embodied energy (mj/kg)

Indiandata(BMPTC,1995; Reddyetal.2003;Shuklaetal. 2009) (HammondCarbonLCE:inventoryandenergyandjones2008)

Basedata

1 Cement 5.9 7.8 4.6 6.85

2 Sand 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.15

3 Coarseaggregates 0.4 0.1 0.4

4 Cementblocks 0.745 0.81 0.745

5 28.2 24.6 35.1

6 3.33 9 3.33

7 Putty 5.3 5.3 144 68 144 Pvc 104 108 67.5 106 Glass 25.8 15 25.8

Table 1: Embodiedenergyofvariousbuildingmaterials

2.3.3 Transportation stage (TE)

Theenergyconsumedwhiletransportingrequiredmaterialsforconstructionofabuildingfromvariousplaces.Transportation energycanbecalculatedbythegivenequation

TE= DC× FC

Where,DC=totaldistancetravelledtoandfroforhaulinganddeliveringofconstructionmaterialsfrommanufacturingplantto FCsite,=consumptionoffuelinliters.

2.4 Operational energy (OE)

It is the energy which is consumed for heating, cooling and operating of machines in the building. Operational energy is estimatedbythegivenequation

OE = E(OA) × L(b), L(b)Where,=buildinglifespan; E(OA)=yearlyoperatingenergy;

2.5 Demolition energy (DE)

Itistheenergyrequiredfordemolitionofthebuildingandtransportationofwastegeneratedduringdemolitionofthebuilding. Thedemolitionenergycanbecalculatedbythefollowingformula.

DE=CE*10%

CE=constructionenergy.

3. CASE STUDY

Indiaisdividedinto5climaticzonesnamelyHotandDry,WarmandHumid,Temperate,Composite,andCold.Thescopeofthis studyislimitedtoresidentialbuildinginPune,Maharashtra.TheclimateofPuneishotsemi aridborderingtropicalwetand dry.ThisstudyislimitedtoresidentialbuildinginPuneregionwheretheminimumwintertemperaturegoesupto8oCfrom NovembertoDecemberandmaximumsummertemperaturegoesupto42oCfromMarchtillJune.MonsooninPunespans fromJulytoSeptember.TheEE,LCEandLCEFoftheresidentialbuildinghasbeencalculated.

Fig -4:VariousclimaticzonesofIndia

3.1 DETAILED INFORMATION OF CASE STUDY

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING -2:

Theparametersoftheresidentialbuildingmentionedabovehasbeenconstructed12yearsago.Thebuildingisconstructed using R.C.C technology and the walls have been constructed using AAC(autoclave aerated concrete) blocks. The building consists of7 floorsandthe total area of the building is 8848sq.mt witha deviation of2%. Ithas4category of flatswith differentareaandroomsizes.Thebuildingconsistsofmostlysinglefamilyoccupants.Thebuildinglacksmajorenvironment friendlytechnologieswhichhavebeenusedinrecenttimes.

Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net ISSN: 2395 0072

ThelifespanofanyR.C.Cstructureis100years.Forcalculationsofconstructionenergyofthebuildingthedatawasgathered fromthebuildersandthecontractoroffice.Theembodiedenergyofthematerialsusedduringconstructionisalsoanalyzed. Below table provides the transportation details of vehicles used and the total distance travelled by the vehicles for transportationofconstructionmaterialsfrommanufacturingplanttoconstructionsite.

Building materials (WQuantity mp/kg) ofNumbertrips

Total distance travelled Fuel (km/lefficiencyit) conFuelsumption (lit)

Cement(LDV) 1,56,279 60 1248 7.43 167.96

Concrete blocks(MDV) 78513 25 700 3.25 215.38

Ceramic tiles(LDV) 102752 7 140 7.43 18.84

Table 3: Fuelconsumptionduringtransportation

The embodied energy of the building material was calculated from Table No.1. The operational energy of the building is calculatedaccordingtothemonthlyelectricityconsumptionoftheresidentsofthebuilding.DuetoCovid 19pandemicas majority of the work placeshavea work from home policysomany resident are working fromhome because of thisthe electricityconsumptionanddemandhasincreasedinthelast2years.Beforethepandemictheelectricityconsumptionwas observed to be lower during the weekdays from 9am 7 pm and the demand increased on weekends. The electricity consumptionisobservedtobehighduringsummerbecauseoftemperaturesoaringabove400Candwaslowerinwinters.

Sr No. flNo.ofats

Monthly electricity consumption(kw) Total electricity consumption (kw/month) Yearly electricity consumption (kw/year)

buResidentialilding 84 200(avg) 16800 6132000

Table -4: Electricityconsumptionofresidentialbuilding Asthebuildingsageisbelow15yearsnomaintenancehasbeenrequiredsofar.

4. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FortotalLCEtheinitialandrecurringEmbodiedenergywascalculatedseparatelyfromtheabovegivenequations.The operationalenergywascalculatedbytheelectricityusageoftheresidentofthebuildingandwasmultipliedbytheno.of yearsremainingfortheendofthebuilding.ThebelowtableshowstheclassificationoftheLCEofthebuilding. Afterthecomputationofalltheenergytheecologicalfootprintofthebuildingwascalculatedbysummationofalltheabove listedenergywhichequalto7555.4tco2/ewhichcomesaround0.85tco2/em2.ToreducetheLCEandLCEFofthebuilding thefollowingenergyefficientsolutionsareprovided,

Fig-5, 6:Energydistributionofthebuilding

4.1 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR PANELS

Therearevariousresearchconcerning thereductionoflifecycleenergyofthebuildingbyinstallationofsolarpanelsfor electricitygeneration.SolarpoweredwaterheatingtechnologycanalsobehelpfulinreductionofLCEandLCEF.Ithasbeen observedfromvariousresearchpapersthatecologicalfootprintperm2ofsolarphotovoltaiccellsisaround0.0694gha/m2.It isnotedthata“Gridconnectedrooftopsolarphotovoltaic“canhelpinreductionupto60%ofthetotalelectricalenergydemand ofthebuilding.Maharashtraelectricityboardalsoisknowntoprovidesubsidiaryonelectricitybillsofresidentialbuildingwho have‘gridconnectedrooftopphotovoltaiccells’installed. Flatplatesolarcollectoristhemostbasicandinexpensivesolar waterheatertomeethotwaterdemandsofresidentialbuildings.ThistechnologycanhelpinsignificantlyreductionofLCEof theresidentialbuildings.Phasechangingmaterialsarerapidlygrowingtechnologicaladvancebuildingmaterialswhichhelpin reducingtheelectricitydemandofthebuildingallthewhilemaintainingthethermalcomfortofthebuilding.

4.2. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS

ForreductionofLCEmaterialswithlowEEshouldbeusedinconstructionofthebuilding. Therearemanysubstitutebuilding materialswithlowEEwhichcanprovetobeanefficientreplacementofconventionalbuildingmaterialssuchasbrick,cements, plasteretc.Thesubstitutematerialsarefillerroofslab,limepozzolanacement(LP),clayflyashbricks,prefabricatedroofing systems,stabilizedmudblocksetc.

4.3 RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS.

Asthebuildingismorethanadecadeolditlackstheenergyefficienttechnologieswhichareinusetodayonebeingrainwater harvestingsystems.Duetothescarcityofwaterfacedinrecenttimesrainwaterharvestinghasbecomemandatory.Thewater harvested can be used for flushing and gardening purposes. Rainwater harvesting systems reduces the dependency on municipalwatersupply.

Fig-8:Stabilizedmudblocks

Fig-9: fillerroofslabs

Fig-7:Solarpoweredwaterheater

Fig-8:Solarcells

5. CONCLUSION

TheresearchpaperisbasedonasingleresidentialbuildinginPune.Theecologicalimpactofthebuildingduringitsentirelife spanisanalyzedinthisresearchpaper.AlternativebuildingmaterialswithlowEEhavebeenresearchedandstudiedinthis researchpaperwhichcanhelpinreductionoftotalLCEandLCEFofthebuilding.Thefollowingisthesummaryofthisresearch paper:

•InstallationofSolarpanelintherooftopofthebuilding

•Installationofrainwaterharvestingsystems

•Usageofenergyefficientbuildingmaterialsformaintenanceofthebuilding.

ReductioninLCEandLCEFhasbecomeanecessityinrecenttimesduetoclimatechangeandvariousotherfactors.LCEAand LCEFcanbeavalueaddeddecisionmakingtoolintheconstructionindustry.Ecologicallyconsciousdecisionscanbemadeby calculatingLCEAandLCEFofaproject.Comparisonofdifferentmaterialsandtheirimpactsintheenvironmentcanbedoneby thestakeholdersinvolvedintheprojectwhichcanhelpthemdecidetoselectalternativebuildingmaterialswhichsuitsthe project as well as the environment. With this research and methods can help reduce ecological impact of materials in environmentandcanleadtowardssustainabledevelopment.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

IwouldliketothankmyguideMr.SudhanshuPathaksirforguidanceonselectionoftopictoframingobjectivesandrefiningmy projecttopic.Iwouldalsoliketoextendthankstothecommitteememberoftheresidentialsocietyofwhomthecasestudywas done.

REFERENCES

[1] AshokKumar,PardeepSingh ,NishantRajKapoor ,ChandanSwaroopMeena ,KshitijJain ,KishorS.Kulkarni and RaffaelloCozzolino“EcologicalFootprintofResidentialBuildingsinCompositeClimateofIndia ACaseStudy”.

[2] RosaliyaKurian ,KishorSitaramKulkarni ,PrasannaVenkatesanRamani ,ChandanSwaroopMeena ,AshokKumar andRaffaelloCozzolino“EstimationofCarbonFootprintofResidentialBuildinginWarmHumidClimateofIndia throughBIM”

[3] L.PinkyDeviSivakumarPalaniappan.”ACASESTUDYONLIFECYCLEENERGYUSEOFRESIDENTIALBUILDINGIN SOUTHERNINDIA”

[4] JiayingTeng”Eco footprint basedlife cycleeco efficiencyassessmentofbuildingprojects”.

[5] MPBhorkar,PChoudhary,AChawhan,ABijweandKDevgade”Carbonfootprintofamulti storiedresidential buildingduringtheconstructionprocess”

[6] DilawarHusain,RaviPrakash“EcologicalFootprintAssessmentandReductionofanAcademicBuildinginShahdol (India)”.

BIOGRAPHIES

Ar.Shraddha Narvekar She has completed B.arch in 2016 from Mumbaiuniversity. Currently pursuing M.arch in construction management from PuneUniversity.

Prof.SudhanshuPathak Is currently professor in Dr.D.Y.PatilCollegeofengineering fromlast10years