Two Way Traffic Light System using Counter by IRJET Journal

Two Way Traffic Light System using Counter

TALLA

SRAVANI1 , N. VISRANTHAMMA2 , POTHIREDDY ARAVIND3 , KORAPALLI VENKATA AJAY KUMAR4 , KUNCHE ANJANEYA RAGHU KUMAR5

1Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2Assistant Professor & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

3Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

4Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

5Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

6Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Abstract -

Urban traffic congestion has become a significant concern due to the increasing number of vehicles on the road, leading to delays, fuel wastage, and increased environmental pollution.Traditionaltrafficlightcontrolsystemsoperateona fixedtimeschedule,regardlessofreal-timevehiclepresenceor road usage, often resulting in inefficient traffic flow. To address this issue, this paper proposes a smart and adaptive Two-Way Traffic Light Control System using Counter and Ultrasonic Sensors. The system is designed to intelligently manage traffic flowintwoopposingdirectionsbymonitoring vehiclepresenceanddynamicallycontrollingthetrafficlights accordingly.

The systememploys two ultrasonic sensors placedat the entry points of both directions to detect the presence of vehicles. When a vehicle is detected in one direction, the system initiates a countdown through an I2C-based LCD display and activates the corresponding traffic signal, granting right of way. The opposing direction is simultaneouslyhaltedwitharedsignaltopreventcollisions.If no vehicles are detected in either direction, both signals remain red, minimizing unnecessary green time and conserving power. The implementation uses the ESP32 microcontroller, ensuring low power consumption and enhanced computational capabilities. The traffic light status and countdown are displayed in real time on an LCD module, providing clear visual cues for drivers.

This intelligent traffic control system introduces a basic level of autonomy in traffic signal operation, with potentialapplications inlow-trafficurbanintersections,gated communities, and educational institutions. The system’s ability todynamicallyallocategreentimebasedonreal-timedemand significantly improves traffic efficiency and reduces idle time at intersections. Additionally, the system can be expanded by integrating more sensors, IoT connectivity, and cloud-based monitoring for more complex traffic management.

The hardware implementation is kept cost-effective and easily scalable, making it suitable for deployment in developingregions.Furthermore,theproposeddesignoffersa

foundation for future enhancements, such as emergency vehicle prioritization and vehicle counting for traffic data analytics. Overall, the Two-Way Traffic Light Control System using Counter presents a viable, low-cost, and practical approach to modernizing conventional traffic control infrastructure, thereby enhancing road safety, optimizing traffic flow, and contributing to smart city development initiatives.

Keywords: Traffic control, Smart traffic system, Two-way traffic, Ultrasonic sensor, ESP32, Adaptive traffic lights, Countdown timer, LCD display, Vehicle detection, Traffic optimization, Smart city, Real-time monitoring, Road safety, Low-cost implementation, IoT-based traffic system.

1.INTRODUCTION

The exponential growth in urban population and the correspondingriseinvehiculardensityhaveposedserious challengestotraditionaltrafficmanagementsystemsacross cities worldwide. Traffic congestion, particularly at intersections, has become a pervasive issue leading to considerableeconomic,environmental,andsocialimpacts. Conventionaltrafficsignalsystems,whichoperatebasedon fixed time intervals, fail to accommodate real-time traffic fluctuations, often resulting in inefficient traffic flow, increasedfuelconsumption,andunnecessarydelays.These staticsystemslacktheflexibilityandintelligencerequiredto adapt to dynamic traffic conditions, thereby necessitating thedevelopmentofinnovativesolutionsthatareresponsive, scalable,andeconomicallyviable.

Inrecentyears,theintegrationofembeddedsystemsand sensortechnologieshasopenednewavenuesforintelligent traffic control. The convergence of microcontrollers, realtimedataacquisition,andsimpleautomationmechanisms hasenabledthedesignofsmarttrafficsystemscapable of adapting to real-time vehicular movement. Among the variousapproachesexplored,two-waytrafficlightcontrol using proximity sensors and countdown mechanisms represents a practical and efficient strategy to streamline vehicularmovementatintersectionswheretrafficfromtwo directionsmustbecoordinated.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Thispaperpresentsthedesignandimplementationofa Two-Way Traffic Light Control System using a Counter, whichutilizesultrasonicsensorsforvehicledetectionanda microcontroller-based decision-making system to manage trafficsignalsinrealtime.ThesystemisbasedontheESP32 microcontroller,arobustandversatiledevelopmentboard that offers both high-speed processing and low power consumption. By incorporating ultrasonic sensors at two opposing entry points, the system is able to detect the presence of vehicles and allocate green signal time accordingly. A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module is employedtoprovideavisualcountdownforvehiclesduring the green light phase, enhancing driver awareness and safety.

The core principle underlying the proposed system is simplicitycombinedwithintelligentresponsiveness.When novehicleisdetectedineitherdirection,bothsignalsremain red, therebyconserving energyandreducingunnecessary signalactivity.Whenavehicleisdetectedinonedirection, the system triggers a 10-second countdown on the LCD screen,duringwhichtheopposingdirectionremainshalted witharedlight.Followingthecountdown,agreensignalis providedforashortduration,allowingvehiclestopass.This sequence ensures that each direction is given the right of waybasedsolelyondemand,ratherthanonapre-settimer.

Fromanengineeringstandpoint,thesystemarchitecture is designed for cost-effectiveness, scalability, and ease of deployment. It uses readily available components ultrasonic sensors, LEDs, and an I2C LCD module integrated through simple digital logic and control algorithms.TheuseoftheESP32microcontrollernot only adds computational efficiency but also enables future expansion such as wireless data transmission, remote monitoring,andintegration withsmartcityinfrastructure through Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks. The entire systemismodular,meaningitcanbereplicatedorexpanded to include more lanes or directions with minimal modifications.

Theapplicationpotentialofthissystemiswide-ranging. Whileitmayinitiallybedeployedinlow-trafficareassuchas rural intersections,educational campuses,parkinglots,or privatecolonies,itsconceptcanbescaledformorecomplex urban intersections. In environments where traffic is relativelylightorsporadic,thissystemcanhelpreduceidle timeatredsignals,lowervehicularemissionsbyminimizing stop-start cycles, and improve the overall flow of traffic. Moreover, in developing countries where infrastructure upgradesmustbeeconomicallyjustified,thissystemoffers anaccessibleandimpactfulalternativetoexpensiveadaptive trafficmanagementsystems.

Another noteworthy aspect of this project is its educational and research value. For engineering students, hobbyists,anddevelopers,thissystemprovidesanexcellent exampleofhowbasiccomponentscanbeusedtodevelop

practical real-world solutions. It fosters learning in areas suchasembeddedsystems,real-timedataacquisition,digital control, and human-machine interaction. The project encourages an interdisciplinary approach that blends electronics,computerscience,mechanicaldesign,andcivic planning, reflecting the multifaceted nature of smart city innovation.

Ascitiestransitiontowardsmarterandmoresustainable transportationsystems,theimportanceofintelligenttraffic controlbecomesincreasinglypronounced.Systemsthatcan dynamicallyrespondtoreal-timestimuliarekeyenablersin achieving fluid mobility, reducing carbon footprints, and ensuringpublicsafety.The proposedtwo-waytrafficlight controlmodelalignswiththebroadervisionofsmartcities by promoting automation, efficiency, and data-driven decision-making in the domain of traffic management. It serves not only as a technological prototype but also as a policy model that showcases how incremental, localized innovationscancontributetosystemicurbanimprovements.

Furthermore, the real-time monitoring and control enabled by this system lay the groundwork for more sophisticated features such as emergency vehicle prioritization, vehicle counting for traffic analytics, and integration with cloud-based platforms for remote administration.Theseextensionswillsignificantlyenhance theutilityofthesysteminreal-worlddeploymentscenarios. Even in its current form, the model contributes to environmental conservation by reducing engine idle time and,consequently,vehicularemissions acriticalgoalinthe context of global climate change and air quality deterioration.

In conclusion, the Two-Way Traffic Light Control System using Counter offers a forward-thinking yet accessibleapproachtomodernizingtrafficinfrastructure.It embodies the principles of intelligent automation and resource efficiency, addressing the shortcomings of traditional traffic systems while laying a foundation for futureenhancements.Thisprojectexemplifieshowsimple, cost-effective technologies can be leveraged to solve pressing urban challenges, offering both immediate and long-term benefits for road users, city planners, and environmental stakeholders alike. As the push toward smarterurbanecosystemscontinues,systemssuchas this one will play a pivotal role in shaping the transportation networksoftomorrow.

2. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. ESP32 Development Board

 Purpose: Central controller of the system; handles sensor inputs, processes logic, and controlsLEDsandLCD.

 FeaturesUsed:GPIOpins,serialcommunication, high-speedprocessing.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2. Ultrasonic Sensors (2x HC-SR04)

 Purpose: Detect vehicles by measuring the distancetoanobject.

 WorkingPins:TRIGandECHOpinsconnectedto ESP32.

3. LEDs – 6 Units Total

 Purpose: Represent the traffic lights for both sides.

 Configuration:

o RedLEDs–2pcs(oneforeachside)

o Orange (Yellow) LEDs – 2 pcs (for transition/blinkingphase)

o GreenLEDs–2pcs(toindicateallowed movement)

4. Resistors (220Ω or 330Ω – 6 pcs)

 Purpose:CurrentlimitingresistorsforeachLED topreventdamage.

5. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – I2C 16x2

 Purpose:Displayssystemstatusmessagesand countdowntimer.

 Advantage: I2C module reduces wiring complexity(onlyusesSDA&SCL).

6. Jumper Wires (Male-to-Male and Male-toFemale)

 Purpose: For making electrical connections betweencomponentsandtheESP32.

7. Breadboard (optional for prototyping)

 Purpose: Temporary circuit setup without solderingforinitialtesting.

8. Power Supply for ESP32

3. HARDWARE CONNECTIONS

4. Implementation

Theimplementationofthe"Two-WayTrafficLight Control System using Counter" is carried out through the integration of embedded hardware components and intelligent control logic coded using the Arduino programminglanguageonanESP32developmentboard.The systemisdesignedtodynamicallymanagetrafficflowfrom two opposing directions using real-time vehicle detection. The traffic flow regulation is achieved by utilizing two ultrasonic sensors (HC-SR04), strategically positioned to detect the presence or absence of vehicles in both lanes. Thesesensorsmeasurethedistancebetweenthesensorand anyobject(i.e.,vehicle)approachingtheintersection.Ifthe distance falls below a predefined threshold, the system recognizesthisasthepresenceofavehicleandtriggersthe correspondingtrafficlightresponse.

ThecentralcontrolunitofthesystemistheESP32 microcontroller, chosen for its high processing speed, multipleGPIOpins,andcompatibilitywithboth3.3Vand5V devices. The sensors are connected to the ESP32 via four GPIOpins:twoforTRIGsignalsandtwoforECHOresponses. The system continuously polls data from the ultrasonic sensorstodeterminethetrafficstatusinreal-time.Basedon thedistancereadingsfromeachsensor,themicrocontroller decideswhichdirectionshouldbegrantedthegreensignal whiletheotherremainsred,therebyenablingasystematic andconflict-freeflowoftraffic.Intheeventthatvehiclesare detectedonbothsidessimultaneously,thesystemprioritizes onesidebyassigningagreenlightalongwithacountdown timer,whiletheothersideremainsredtoavoidaccidents.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

ThesignalingmechanisminvolvessixLEDs,threefor each direction, representing standard traffic lights red, orange(yellow),andgreen.TheLEDsareconnectedthrough current-limiting resistors to appropriate GPIO pins of the ESP32, and their states are controlled based on the logic derived from sensor inputs. A green signal permits traffic movement, while a redsignal indicatesa stop. The orange light serves as a transition signal during countdown or changeoverphases,providingdriverswithavisualwarning beforeasignalchange.Akeyaspectoftheimplementationis the inclusion of a countdown feature, which is displayed using a 16x2 I2C-based LCD display. The I2C protocol simplifiesconnectivitybyusingonlytwodatalines(SDAand SCL),whichcommunicatewiththeESP32toprovideuserfriendlyinformationsuchascountdownseconds,trafficside priority,andsystemstatuslike"NoVehicles".

A dedicated function, controlTraffic(), handles the countdownlogic,flashingtheorangeLEDduringthefinalfew seconds before transitioning to green. This mechanism improves driver preparedness and safety. After the green phase concludes, the LEDs are reset, and the opposite directionischeckedfortraffic.Ifnovehiclesaredetectedon eitherside,bothredlightsremainon,andtheLCDdisplays “NoVehicles,”conservingenergyandreducingunnecessary signalchanges.Thisdynamicandintelligentapproachhelps optimizetrafficflowandreducecongestion,particularlyat intersectionswherevehiclepresenceisirregular.

The entire system is powered via a standard 5V micro-USBcableconnectedtotheESP32.Jumperwiresanda breadboardareusedduringprototypingtoensureflexible testing and easy debugging. Once the logic is verified and tested under various traffic conditions, the setup can be transferred to a more permanent PCB for deployment. In summary,thesystemoffersacost-effective,automated,and adaptive solution to conventional traffic light systems, ensuringimprovedtrafficefficiencyandroadsafetyusinga sensor-driven,microcontroller-basedapproach.

5. Real Time Implementation

:HardwareImplementation

The coreconcept iscentered around the detection of realtime vehicular presence on two opposite lanes using ultrasonic sensors, and accordingly controlling the traffic lights with dynamic timing, guided by a countdown logic system.Thisapproachnotonlyimprovestrafficefficiencybut also minimizes idle waiting time, ensuring smoother vehicularflowatintersectionswithfluctuatingtrafficdensity.

At the heart of the system lies the ESP32 microcontroller, chosenforitspowerfulprocessingcapability,Wi-Fisupport, andampleGPIOinterfaces.Itservesasthedecision-making unit, continuously processing distance data received from two ultrasonic sensors (HC-SR04), each monitoring traffic flow in one direction. These sensors operate by emitting ultrasonicwavesandcalculatingthetimetakenfortheecho toreturn,therebyestimatingthedistancebetweenthesensor and the nearest object. If a vehicle is detected within a defined proximity threshold (typically 10 cm), it is

Fig -1

International

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

considered an active traffic presence that requires signal attention.

Upondetection,theESP32initiatesatrafficcontrolsequence. The LED indicators Red, Orange, and Green for each directionaretriggeredaccordingtoapredefinedlogic.When onesidehastraffic,thatsideisgrantedagreenlight,while theopposingdirectionremainsred,therebyeliminatingthe chance of collision. The countdown feature is employed duringtheorangelightphasetowarndriversofanimminent signal change. This countdown is not only displayed via a 16x2 I2C-based LCD screen but also ensures that drivers receivevisualfeedbacktoeitherpreparetohaltorproceed, enhancingroadsafetyanddriverresponsetime.

TheLCDdisplayservesasareal-timeinterfacebetweenthe system and its users, displaying messages such as “Side 1 Allowed,” “Side 2 Allowed,”or “No Vehicles,” based on the trafficcondition.Italsodisplaysthecountdowntimerduring signal transitions. The use of I2C communication greatly simplifieswiringbyreducingthenumberofconnectionsto themicrocontroller,therebymakingthesystemmorerobust andscalable.

Acrucial function,controlTraffic(),encapsulatesthetraffic control logic, including signal transitions, countdown handling,andLEDmanagement.Duringthelastfewseconds ofthecountdown,theorangeLEDblinksrapidlytosimulate real-lifesignalbehavior,givingdriversafinalwarningbefore transition.Oncethecountdownends,thegreenLEDactivates forabriefinterval,permittingvehiclemovement.Afterward, thesystemresetstheLEDsandreevaluatessensorinputto determinethenexttrafficflowdirection.

The entire setup is powered through a 5V power supply, typically via USB, making it convenient and portable. Breadboardsandjumperwiresareusedforprototypingand testing,ensuringmodularityandeaseoftroubleshooting.In real-world deployment, the system can be migrated to a printed circuit board (PCB) for long-term stability. The modular natureof thesystem allows for future scalability, whereadditionallanes,pedestriansignals,orwirelessdata loggingcanbeincorporated.

Inconclusion,theimplementationadoptsasmart,low-cost, andautonomoustrafficmanagementframeworksuitablefor urban as well as rural environments. The use of real-time vehicle detection, intelligent signal switching, and humancentricinterfacedesignmakesitaninnovativeandpractical solution for modern traffic control. This system not only reducestheriskofcollisionsbutalsoenhancestheefficiency ofintersectionmanagementbyensuringthattrafficflowis drivenbyactualvehicularpresenceratherthanrigidtimers. It exemplifies how embedded systems and sensor-based automationcanbeemployedtoaddresscriticalchallengesin transportationinfrastructure.

6. Result

Fig -2:SoftwareImplementation

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1. Real-Time Traffic Detection – Detects vehicle presence instantly using ultrasonic sensors, enablingsmartdecision-makingfortrafficflow.

2. DynamicSignalTiming–Adjustslighttimingsbased onactualtraffic,eliminatingtheinefficiencyofstatic timers.

3. MinimizedWaitingTime–Reducesidlewaitingfor vehiclesonemptyroads,improvingoveralltraffic movement.

4. ImprovedIntersectionEfficiency–Allocatesgreen signals only to lanes requiring it, enhancing throughputattwo-wayjunctions.

5. Cost-Effective Solution – Utilizes affordable components like ESP32, ultrasonic sensors, and LEDs,makingitbudget-friendlyfordeployment.

6. LowPowerConsumption–Operatesefficientlyon minimalpower,makingitidealforsolarorbatterypoweredsystemsinremoteareas.

Fig -3:InitializedResult

Fig -4:Result

Fig -5:Execution 7. ADVANTAGES

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

7. Compact Design – Occupies minimal space due to integrated circuitry and efficient wiring via I2C protocolfortheLCD.

8. User-Friendly Interface – LCD displays real-time information in readable form, aiding comprehensionanddecision-making.

9. Safety Enhancement – Incorporates countdown timersandorangelightwarnings,providingsafer transitionsfordrivers.

10. Ease of Deployment – Simple hardware and modular code design make the system easy to installandreplicateinvariousenvironments.

11. Customizable Parameters – Thresholds such as detection range and signal duration can be easily modifiedincode.

12. Scalability – The architecture can be expanded to supportmulti-laneorfour-wayintersectionswith minimalchanges.

13. Traffic Decongestion – Prioritizes lanes with vehicles, leading to reduced road congestion over time.

14. ModularProgramming–Functionsarestructured for easy debugging, code reuse, and extension of features.

15. Eco-Friendly Operation – Reduces unnecessary idling and emissions from vehicles, supporting greenmobility.

16. Maintenance-Friendly–Component-basedsystem allowsforeasytroubleshootingandreplacementof faultyparts.

17. Educational Value – Demonstrates practical applications of embedded systems and sensor networksintransportation.

18. Reliable Sensing Mechanism – Uses proven ultrasonic technology for accurate distance and vehiclepresencedetection.

19. Wireless Capabilities – ESP32 allows future upgrades like remote monitoring or cloud-based dataintegration.

20. No Manual Intervention Required – Entire operation is autonomous, reducing the need for trafficpersonnelatthejunction.

21. Supports Emergency Situations – With enhancements,thesystemcanprioritizeemergency vehiclesusingsensorlogic.

22. Supports Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) –Forms a building block for larger smart city infrastructure.

23. Minimized Human Error – Automated control eliminateshumandecision-makinginconsistencies insignaloperation.

24. VisualandDigitalFeedback–LCDservesbothasa driver display and a diagnostic interface for developers.

25. Portability–Lightweightandcompactsetupcanbe transported and demonstrated in classrooms or exhibitionseasily.

26. OpenSourceCompatibility–BasedonArduinoand ESP32 frameworks, allowing integration with numerousopen-sourcelibraries.

27. AdaptableforPedestrianSignals–Canbeextended toincludepedestrianbuttonsandcrossingswithout overhaulingcorelogic.

28. Efficient Use of Microcontroller Resources –Optimized code ensures low latency and effective GPIOutilization.

29. Quick System Boot-Up – Initializes rapidly with minimal startup time, ensuring immediate operationuponpower-up.

30. Future-Ready Platform – Can incorporate AI or machinelearningmodelsinthefutureforpredictive trafficcontrol.

8. CONCLUSION

Theimplementationofthe Two-Way Traffic Light Control System using Counter presentsasignificantstep toward achieving intelligent and adaptive traffic managementinmodernurbanenvironments.Byintegrating real-timevehicledetectionthroughultrasonicsensorsand controlling signal timing dynamically, the system successfully mitigates common issues associated with traditionaltrafficlights suchasunnecessarydelays,traffic congestion,andinefficientenergyusage.Thedeploymentof an ESP32 microcontroller, paired with cost-effective electroniccomponentslike LEDsandanI2C-enabled LCD, demonstratesascalable,affordable,andreliableapproachto smartinfrastructuredevelopment.

This system not only enhances vehicular flow at two-way intersections but also contributes to environmental sustainabilitybyreducingengineidlingtimeandassociated emissions.Thecountdowndisplayanddual-lanesensingadd layers of safety and visibility for road users, ultimately minimizingtheriskofcollisionsandconfusion.Furthermore, themodulardesignandsimplicityofimplementationmake

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

the project highly suitable for academic research, prototyping,andfuturereal-worldadaptationsinbothrural andurbansettings.

Inessence,thisprojectservesasapracticalmodel for integrating embedded systems with intelligent traffic solutions.Itlaysastrongfoundationforfutureexpansion whether through IoT connectivity, machine learning integration,orcity-widesynchronizationofmultipletraffic units therebyaligningcloselywiththeobjectivesof Smart City initiatives and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The adaptability, efficiency, and impact of this system reinforce itsvalue asa meaningful contribution to thefieldoftrafficautomationandintelligenttransportation systems(ITS).

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