A Critical Review on the Evolution Pattern and Urban Morphology of Thiruvaiyaaru Town to Enhance the

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A Critical Review on the Evolution Pattern and Urban Morphology of Thiruvaiyaaru Town to Enhance the Urban Spatial Character

Ar. R. Vignesh1, Ar. A. Lavanya2

1Master of Architecture, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu), India.

2Master of Architecture, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu), India.

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Abstract From a historical standpoint, the key morphological aspects of Thiruvaiyaaru city are discussed. Thiruvaiyaaru has represented the dominance of an organic spatial feature in general from its inception. Within the multiple stages of expansion in Thiruvaiyaaru, two prominent urban patterns emerge: the historical centre, or 'old Thiruvaiyaaru,' and the eventual development encompassing the centre, termed as 'new Thiruvaiyaaru.' Furthermore, there are a few planned developments in this city. As a result, this study indicates that in Thiruvaiyaaru, four main spatial patterns coexist: indigenous and informal developments, colonial and planned interventions. The crucial morphological properties of these patterns that are dominant in Thiruvaiyaaru are discussed here.

Key Words: UrbanMorphology,UrbanStudy,PlaceIdentity,FigureGroundAnalysis,UrbanFabrics,SettlementPattern,Spatial Structure,UrbanGrain,Articulation,PlaceTheory,LinkageTheory

1. INTRODUCTION

Urbandesignisacomplexproblem solvingactivitythatcommonlyrequirestheaidofavarietyofmethodstosupportthe processandenhancethequalityoftheoutcomes.Anappropriatesolutionthatisnecessarytohelpdesignerswithsuitable techniquestodealwithill definedurbanproblemsconstitutesthemainchallengeintheurbandesigndomain.Byanalyzingthe urbandesignpatterns,serialvision,andclusteridentification,thedesignercancontributetoabetterdesignanduseoftheurban space,whichissensitivetotheurbansituationsandproblems.

ThephysicalformofThiruvaiyaaruevolvedfromthehistoricbuildingcalledAiyarappartemplewhichisoneofthe“Thevara PadalPetraSthalam”(275templesthatarereveredintheversesofSaivaNayanarsinthe6th 9thcenturyofdeltaregions) The initialsettlementsofthetownarearoundthetemple,theotherbuildingssuchascommercial,government,andinstitutional buildingsstartedevolvingtofulfilltheneedsoftheinitialsettlements.

Form Evolution

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The town Thiruvaiyaaru is situated along the river Kaveri which has a prolonged history and connections with the settlementsthatevolved.Peoplestartedsettlingtheirhousesbasedontheiroccupationandtheflowofwaterbodies Agriculture isthepredominantoccupationofthepeopleandthemainsourceofwateristheriverKaveri.Thedesignedbuildingsandthe evolvedsettlementshaveastrongconnectionwithnatureandthebeliefsystemofpeople.Theaveragepopulationofthetownis 16,164anditcomesunderthetownshiporsub districtcategory

Fig 2:LandUseMorphologyofThiruvaiyaaruovertheYears

2. FIGURE GROUND MAP AND ANALYSIS

Afigure grounddiagramisatwo dimensionalmapofanurbanspacethatshowstherelationshipbetweenbuiltandvoid space.

2.1. Built Space and Void Space

Discriminationsofsolidandvoidcouldbeintheperipheryofthetownwhichisanagriculturalfieldwherethesettlements arebeingdeveloped.Thescatteredsettlementpatternontheboundarylineofthetownlookslikeahamlet.Thedispersionon theperipheryofthetownisthecontrastingfeaturethatiscomparedandanalyzedinthefigure groundmapandurbanfabric analysis.

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2.2. Urban Fabrics

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2.2.1. Fine Grain X Thesouthstreetfine graincircleconsistsofseveralsmallblocksnearby.Withineachblockareseveral buildings,mostwithnarrowfrontages,frequentstorefronts,andminimalsetbacksfromthestreet.Streetsandopportunitiesto turncornersarefrequent,andasaresult,soarestorefronts.Finegrainsfabrictypesaremostlyevolvedtofulfillthecommercial needsofthetown.Thesouthstreetstretchandstreetsonthewestwhichhasmoreresidentialbuildingsevolvedbasedon populationgrowthandthegrowingvalueoftheland.

South Street Fine Grain Circle Oneofthefinegrainsofthetownismostlyonthesouthstreetwhichisastatehighway extendedtowardstheeast westdirectionwhichhas6mwidthwheremostoftheimportsandexportsofcommercialareas exchangedhere.Thebuildingsofthisfinegraincircleincludemixed usedevelopment,commercialshopsfrom(GtoG+3), governmentbuildings,temples,residences,institutions,andbusstops.ThiscircleisthebusiestcircleofThiruvaiyaaruwherethe busfromeastandwestdirectionsextendingtowardKumbakonamandTrichyrespectivelymakeitavibrantstreet.Thesub road networksofsouthstreetsarerunningtowardsnorthandsouthtowardsThirumanurandKaveririverrespectively Southextent mixed usedevelopment,religiousstructures,andresidences Northextent residencesandcommercialshops

2.2.2. Coarse Grain Y Coarsegrainsfabrictypesaremostlyevolvedtofulfilltheshelterneedsofthepeopleinthetown.

Fig 7:FineGrainClustersofSouthStreet,Thiruvaiyaaru

Fig 8:CoarseGrainClustersofNorthStreet,Thiruvaiyaaru

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Thenorthstreetstretchandthestreetsinsouthdirectionalongtheriveraremostlyresidentialevolvedbasedontheoccupation andfinancialstatusofthepeopleinthetown.

North Street - Coarse Grain Circle - OneofthecoarsegrainsofthetownsituatedonnorthofAiyarappartemple.Mostofthe typeofbuildingsareresidentialandlessamountofcommercialshopsandmixedusedevelopment Thiscircleistheoldest settlementswheremostofthehousesofthisstreetsaresemi puccahousesbuiltin18th 20thcentury.Northstreethaving roadsonnorthandsouthdirectionsandthesolidsaredispersedandlinearhavinghighspacinganddensity.Thecircle‘Yisnot asvibrantandbusyassouthstreetwheremostoftheactivitiesaredomesticbased.Thecircle‘Y’havingmoreopenspaceon westandnorthdirection.Itisthedevelopingareahavingmoreresidenceandcommercialdevelopmentscopeonthewestand northofthecircle.

2.3. Urban Elements

Theurbanelementssuchasbuildings,streets,publicplaces,transportation,landscaping,andtheirratioareshowninmaps andgraphs.Havingadequatewaterresources,vegetation,andopenspace,theratiooftheseelementsaremorebalancedand perfectlyconfigured. Thephysiologyofthetown issegregatedforall geology of the landsuchas water, trees,agriculture, undergroundwater,habitats,andspecies.

Fig 9:UrbanElementsMapofThiruvaiyaaru

2.3 1. Buildings

47%ofthetowniscoveredwithbuildingsthatareallevolvedbasedonstreetconnectionsofthetownwithadjacentvillages anddistricts.SouthStreetandnorthstreetarefilledwithsemi puccahouseswhichareallmorethan100yearsoldevolvedover thecenturiesaroundthetempleincludingresidentialandcommercialareas.Institutionsandothertypologiesevolvedbasedon thepopulationgrowthandneedsofpeople.

2.3 2. Public Places

Otherthanthebusterminussituatedonthestate highwayfromThanjavurtoThiruvaiyaaruroadand religiousbuildings(templeprecinct),therearenot many public places or public gathering spaces is available. There are no recreation or park areas present in the town which is a major threat and disadvantageforthepeopletospendtheirfreetime. Thetempleprecinctatthecenteractsasanurban squaresometimesbecauseofitslocation,vision,and vastarea.

2.3.3. Streets

Thestreetevolvedbyhavingatempleasabasic axis.southstreetistheinitialstreetthatevolvedfor thefunctionalneedtoconnectthetownwithother districtsandtowns.Northstreetevolvedwhenthe populationstartedgrowing.Theroadnetworksare aresultofpeople'soccupationandneed.Theother street such as Melamada, Keelamada, and other streetssurroundingthetownarehavingmaximum residentialbuildingsevolvedfromsouthstreetfrom easttowestandAriyalurroadfromnorthtosouth direction.

2.3 4. Transportation

Maximum traffic on the south street having commercial activities maximum like exchange of goodswithotherplaces.Themajorconnectionfor largervehiclesisthestatehighwaywhichissouth street,Ariyalur,andManamadurairoad.Theother streetssuchasMadha streetsandstreetsthatare having residential settlements have a 4m to 5m width minimum having only domestic vehicular circulation.

2.3 5. Landscaping

The initial vistas of the town are explained in Thirumuraisongsi.e.thetempleislocatedalongthe Kaveririverandsurroundedbyanagriculturalfield, plantation, and forest areas. The settlement got evolved and the population increased over the years.Sothegreenandbluespacegotreducedwith theincreaseinpopulationandsolidspace.

2.4. Major Threat

The sprawl in the west and north directions deforestsagriculturallandandforestareas.Itaffects thenatureofthelandandthebalanceofdistribution ofurbanelements.

Fig -10:UrbanElementsofThiruvaiyaru

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3. SETTLEMENT PATTERN EVOLUTION OVER THE YEARS AND ITS TYPES

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Thetransitionofsettlementpatternfromdesignedtoevolved isclearlyshowninFigure11.Theevolvedpatternsaremostly thepuccahouseswhicharedispersedintheagriculturalfield.

Forvariousreasons,thetownThiruvaiyaaruhasextendeditsboundary.Theflexibilityofevolvedspacesismostlybasedon peopledaytodaylifeandtheiroccupation.

Thepatternoftraditionalsettlementisformedbyculturalbeliefsbasedoncosmologicalinterpretationoftherelationship betweenhumanbeingsandnature.

Thispatternwillbekeptbythetraditionalcommunitywhentheymovedelsewhere.Thiscanbeseenfromtheeffortsofthe traditionalcommunityinmodifyingtheirnewsettlements.

However, the pattern may not exactlyduplicate the ‘original’ one due to the different roles ofphysical elementsof the settlementtotheircurrentculturewhichbeginstoadopt‘external’culturesintotheirbuiltenvironment.

TheAiyarappartemplebuiltbyKarikalaCholanistheinitialdevelopmentalongthesouthandnorthstreet.

Fig - 11:DesignedSettlementPatternMap(above)andEvolvedSettlementPatternMap(below)

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Thesectionalelevations showstheurbangrainsegregationsofnorthstreets,southstreetsofthetown.

The ratio of urban elements could be seen in the drawings which are landscape, water body, built and un built space, historicalbuildingdomination.

Thismainlyhelpstounderstandtheskyline,thestreetfunctionsandelementsofthetownandalsodescribestheclear coherenceandvisionthatarecreatedinthestreets The residential, commercial and institutional areas are maximum in the town and the most dominating structures are AiyarappartempleandthespacesareSamaadhitempleandPushyamandapamwhichgrabsattentionoftheviewerwhile enteringthetown.

ThedistributionofallurbanelementsclearlyshowstheprosperityofthetownwhichareagriculturallandandKaveririver whichoccupiesthemajorareaofthetownandthatismainsourceofoccupationofthepeopleandsourceofwater.

Theagriculturallandsarespreadedontheperipheryofthetownwhichkeepsthewholecoolerandelegantwithitsbeautiful vistas.thewaterbodyisthewatersourceforagriculturalwhichhasdividedbranchesofwaterbasinstowardstheagricultural areas.

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CurrentLandusePatternofThiruvaiyaaruTown

VISION

EXPERIENCING URBAN SITUATIONS

Asourexperienceofanurbanenvironmentisadynamicactivityinvolvingmovementandtime,theurbanexperienceof movingthroughspaceisanimportantpartofthevisualdimensionofurbandesign.

Naturalness Environmentthatisnaturalorwherenaturaloverbuiltelementsarepredominant.

Upkeep/Civilities anenvironmentthatappearstobelookedafterandcaredfor.

Openness - theblendingofdefinedopenspacewithpanoramasandvistasofpleasantelements

Historical Significance / Content Fragranthistory.

Order - intermsoforganization,coherence,legibility,clarity.

SerialVisionisavisualapproachtourbandesignfirstintroducedbyGordonCullen.Thismethodofvisualrepresentationcan beusedasatoolforevaluatingcurrentexperienceinmovingaroundaspace,analyzingit,designingalternatives,andpresenting anewdesign.Architecturehasthepowertograbyourattentionandleadontoapathpredestined. Severalprincipleswork togethertomakethispossible.SerialVisionrevolvesaroundworkingonasetofrevelationsandatthesametimekeepingthe interestandcontrasttoupkeepthestimulationandcreateavibrantenvironment.

Astraightroadorasimplerectangularbuildingmayseemmonotonoustotheviewerasheorshetendstoabsorballofits gloryanddepthinasingleframeorglance.Whereas,littleattentiontotheorientationandscalescancurateasenseofcuriosity andelementofsurpriseintheviewer,oftenguidingthepersoninacertaindirection.Serialvisiontakesitsultimateformwhen architectureandurbandesigntakeshapetoformpublicartforms;oneinwhichtheobserverdoesnothaveachoicetoturnback buttopassthroughit.Thishugeresponsibilityliesintheheadsoftheurbandesignersandarchitectsandhence,thecompetition torenderperfectresults.

Atownorcityshouldbedesignedfromthepointofviewofmovingpeoplesinceresidents“apprehendurbanenvironments throughkinestheticexperience”,theideaof“SerialVision”,whichmeanspeoplecanexperiencearevelationofviewswhile walkingalongthestreetsatauniformpace.Theaimistopresentaninformativeillustrationofspacesthatiscapabletogivea generalimpressionaboutthejourney.

Fig 16: SerialvisionsinthetownThiruvaiyaaru

5.1. Serial Vision Thiruvaiyaaru Urban Walk from Bridge that connects Thiruvaiyaaru and Tanjore to Samaadhi Temple

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Amethodtoexperiencethespaceanditstransformations,arevelation,changesandcontrastsofthebuiltenvironmentthat onecanexperiencewhenexploringthespacefrompressuretovacuum,fromenclosuretoexposure,fromtraditionaltomodern, frompublictosemi public,fromstreetstosquares,fromhighertolowerlevelandfrombusyspacestoquietalleys.Sounlessyou areshowingdeliberatelyarepeatingview(tosaythatthepathlacksdiversespacesforexample),shouldselectviewsthatshow changesandcontrastsinthestudiedspace.

5.1.1. Urban Walk 01 North Street

Thecasualwalkstartsfromthewestdirectionendofthestreettothelastshowingalltheinterestingelevationsofthestreet, whicharemostlyresidentialbuildings.Thestreetactivities,structuralconfiguration,andskylinecouldbeseenintheelevations ofthenorthstreet.Thehousesaremostlyfromthemidandcurrentcenturiesandhavedifferentsensesofarticulationand continuity.Thearchitecturalvalueofthesefacadesisdescribedinclusteridentificationanalysis.Facadecollage1and2inFig 15showfacadecharactersofNorthStreet.

5.1.2. Urban Walk 02 From Bridge to Pushya Mandapam

Urbanwalk02startsfromthebridgethatconnectsThiruvaiyaaruandThanjavurtoPushyamandapam.Theexperienceof this journey is shown in serial vision images 1 to 9 and each stage of architectural revelations is described in cluster identificationanalysis.

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Fig 17: ImageshowingtheUrbanwalkthroughNorthStreet

Fig 18: ImageshowingtheUrbanwalkfromBridgetoPushyaMandapam

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5.1.3. Urban Walk 03 From Bridge to Aiyarappar Temple

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TheUrbanwalkstartsfromthebridge(TanjoretoThiruvaiyaaru)toAiyarappartemple.Theexperienceofthisjourney shown in serial vision images 1 to 9 shown in Figure 18 which is the destination of urban walk 03 and each stage of the destinationpartisdescribedinclusteridentificationanalysis.

5.1.4. Urban Walk 04 From Bridge South Street to Samaathi Temple

Theurbanwalk04startsfromBridgetoSamaadhitempleandtheexperienceofthisjourneyisshowninserialvisionimages 1to11showninFigure18whichisthedestinationandeachstagesofthedestinationisdescribedinclusteridentification analysis

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Fig 20: ImageshowingtheUrbanwalkfromBridgetoAiyarapparTemple

6. PATTERN IDENTIFICATION FROM URBAN FABRICS

6.1. Characteristics of Urban Fabrics

6.1.1. Structural Coherence

Peoplerecognizeanidentityofaplacethroughitsregularityandcoherenceofitsparts.InThiruvaiyaaru,itsfabricwholeis establishedmainlyonheavyrepetitionandproximity,VonMeiss'sideaofstructuralcoherenceoftheurbanenvironmentlists elements of repetition and similarity, proximity, enclosure, and orientation. The structural form of buildings and their relationshiptotheelements,thefigure groundrelationshiponbuildingfrontagesandthird,thearticulationofbuildingparts,are thestructuralcoherenceelements.

Thebuildingsbuiltuntilthe19thcenturyhasconformedtothesesimilarities,andhence,theslightvariationoftheirfloor heights,ornamentation,materials,finishes,andlatertheinfluencesofModernismhasnotcausedtheseveredisorder.Ourvisual andmentalvisionssettleontheeasinessofacongruentform.TheheritageresidentialhousesofThiruvaiyaarufromtheearly periodsuntiltheEarlyModernperiodshareasimilarbuildingform,whichhadonlyevolvedoverartisticinfluencesandthe advanceinbuildingtechnology

6.1.2. Facade Characters

Urban artefact is the richness of the town's history, its auspicious character and ominous moments of life make it an indispensablepartofthecity.Thiruvaiyaarutown’sheritagehousesarefilledwithmicro urbanartifactsonitsfacade.The woodenroadfromentrydoors,pottiledroof,colorsandarticulations,andthefenestrationsonfacadesonsemi puccahouses couldbestudiedasaseriesofrhythmicelements.

6.1.3. Linkage

The major tool that combines residential buildings around the Aiyarappar temple into an urban fabric is largely the impositionofafootwayonthegroundfloorthatprovidesphysicallinkagestoanentirestreet,andvisuallinkagesfromone streettoanother.Theselinkagesarefurtherenhancedbyotherdetails,suchascommonroofandcornicelines.

Fig 21: ImageshowingtheUrbanwalkfromBridgeSouthStreettoSamaathiTemple

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Thecontinuityofthesesemipuccahousesisdisruptedbyobject buildingsthathavefunctionalorsymbolicalimportance, mainlymosques,temples,andchurches Suchbuildingsarenormallybuiltawayfromtheproximityofthefabric,accentuatedby gapsandrecesses. Incasesoflimitedspaceandcapital,uniquearchitecturalsolutionstranspireintheirrelationshiptothesky suchastemplesandchurches,theground,andthefabric buildingsinimmediatecontact.

6.1.4. Articulation

Another method of looking at the coherence of the fabric is in the articulation of the details. An articulation is a joint establishedbetweentwodifferentbuildingcomponentsmeanttodefine,accentuateorseparateopposingelements.Thevaried articulationsofdifferenttypesofbuildingssuchassemi puccahouses,temples,shops,puccahouses,andreligiousstructures directlyshowtheageofthestructurebyitspatterns,style,anddecorations.

6.1.5. Continuity

Asenseofcontinuityiscreatedbythecurvesonthecapital,windowarchesandfloralplasterworksonthefacade.This continuitycreatedbyornamentationwasremovedinshops(commercialbuildings)builtduringthelateperiodsandtheearly modernperiods,inwhichtheformeremphasisedonverticallywhilethelatterheldontostrictfunctionalism.

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Fig 22: GlimpsesofDifferentTypesof BuiltFormsandSpacesinThiruvaiyaaruanditsArchitecturalValues

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Expressionofartdecostylesonfacadescreatesasenseofidentitywhichimposestimelessness.

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Fig 23: ArtDecoStyleFacades

Earlymodernarchitecturehadposedthemostradicalchallengestothefabric:disruptionoffigure groundrhythms,removal oformnamentaldetails,introductionofparapetwalls,flatroofforms,simplisticedgetotheelements,andoppositemethodsof articulation,etc.

Fig - 24: FacadesshowingContinuity

Identification through selected clusters of Thiruvaiyaaru

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6.2.1. Cluster/Archetype 01 Aiyarappar Temple Square

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Thearticulationofthedetailsisanotherwaytolookatthefabric'scoherence.Anarticulationisaconnectionbetweentwo buildingcomponentsthatisusedtodefine,highlight,ordivideopposingelements.Thepatterns,style,anddecorationsofmany typesofbuildings,suchassemi puccahouses,puccahouses,temples,stores,andreligiousstructuresimmediatelyrevealthe antiquityoftheconstruction.

Cluster01circleisthetemplesurroundings,whichisThiruvaiyaaru’sveryfirstdevelopment.Residentialandcommercial developmentssurroundthetemple.Thetemplehasconnectionstoroadnetworksonallfoursides,allowingpeopletoeasily moveandinteractwithneighbouringstreets.

Totalareaoftheprecinct=15.4acres Ageofthestructure=1100yrsold

This precinctservesasa townsquare,withcontrolledviewsandvistas,streetalignments,andmonumentrooflinesall contributingtoitssenseofenclosure.Thetemple,withitstallGopuramsontwosidesfacingthestreetopenings,unitesthem.

Thetowerservesasthedominantvisualanchorofthesquare,aregionallandmark,andtheterminusofthevisualaxisof SannathiStreetallthewaytoSouthStreet.AcloserexaminationofpedestriantravelalongSannathiStreetfindstwodifferent walkwaysonitssidesthatcircletheentireprecinct.TheArchetypeanalysisexplainstheexperienceofcluster01Aiyarappar templesquare'surbancontext,whichincludesannouncements,pylons,gates,forecourts,andpaths.

6.2.2. Cluster/Archetype 02 - Pushya Mandapam

Pushyamandapamreferstotheriversidekioskswhereritualsknownas"Thidhi"inTamilareperformed.Peopleregardthis edificeassacred,anditslocationandoutlookserveasaguidewhentravellingfromThanjavurtoThiruvaiyaaru.ThisMandapa, togetherwiththeriver,createsanintriguingholisticviewthatharkensbacktoearliertimesthankstoitspristinenaturalbeauty. Thestructureisalsowell configuredandzoned,creatingasenseofidentity,announcement,andgatewaytothetownduetoits socialandculturalvalues.

FromthebridgethatjoinsThanjavurandThiruvaiyaaru,theMandapa,thetempleclosetotheMandapa,andtheMadam, whichisanolddevelopmentalongtheriver,canallbeseen.

TheArchetypeanalysisexplainstheexperienceofcluster02Pushyamandapam’surbancontext,whichincludesportal, threshold,announcement,approach,path,revelation,arrivalandbeing,enclosureandtunnel.

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Fig 26: ObservationofUrbanSituationinAiyarapparTempleSquare

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6.2.3. Cluster/Archetype 03 Thiyagaraja Samaathi Temple

Cluster03circleislocatedalongtheKaveririverandfeaturesanarchwayneartheentrancealongSouthStreetRoad,which servesasthespace'smainentrance.TheThiyagarajasamadhistructureisoneofThiruvaiyaaru'stouristattractions,witha500 year oldhistoryofThiyagarajar,aCarnaticmusician,andafamousfestivalcalledThiyagarajaAaradhana,whichisheldevery yearneartherivertohonourThiyagaraja.

Thearchwayservesasawelcomingstructureforvisitors,servingasanannouncementandlandmark.Cluster03isnota vibrant site, with the exception of festival seasons in December and January, and the space might be fully utilised by transformingitintoanurbanplacemakingspace.

TheArchetypeanalysisexplainstheexperienceofcluster03ThiyagarajaSamaathitemple’surbancontext,whichincludes announcement,path,gateway,arrivalandbeing,revelationandenclosures

6.3. Figure Ground Cluster Analysis

6.3.1. Archetype 01 Aiyarappar Temple Square

TheannouncementstartsatthearchwayofthetempleandterminatesatthehingewhichistheGarbhagraha.Eachstageof thestructureisanarchitecturalrevelationthatiscompletelyfromtheuser'sperspective.Thedescriptionsareexplaininghow themovementofthepeopleandstructuralelementsandtheircharacteristicsarerelatedtotheexperienceoftheviewer.

Fig 27: ObservationofUrbanSituationinPushyamandapam

Fig 28: ObservationofUrbanSituationinThiyagarajaSamaathiTemple

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Fig 29: PrecinctExperienceshowing9stagesofRevelationsfromAnnouncementtoHinge

Fig - 30: ExplanationofthePrecinctExperience

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6.3.2. Archetype 02 Pushya Mandapam

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TheannouncementstartsatthebridgethatconnectsThanjavurandThiruvaiyaaruandterminatesattheKaveririverwhich isthePadithurai.TherevelationofPushyamandapamisanannouncementatthebridgeandtheentrywayoftheMandapais revealedbythetempleatthesouthstreetcenterwhichactsasanarchwayforthespace.Thedescriptionsofallthestagestalk abouthowtheplacethatisviewedfromfarawaycreatesasenseofsuspenseuntilthehinge.

Fig 32: ExplanationofthePushyaMandapamVistaExperience

TherevelationhappensattwolevelofexperiencefromBridgetoSouthStreet.1stlevelofrevelation frombridge creatingvistasbeforeenteringthetownandactasawelcomingelement.2ndlevelofrevelation fromsouthstreetcorner endofPushyamandapam creatingasenseoforderandannouncementfortheplace

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Fig - 31: PushyaMandapamVistaExperienceShowing10StagesofArchitecturalRevelationsfromAnnouncementtoHinge.

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6.3.3. Archetype 03 Thiyagaraja Samaathi Temple

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TheannouncementstartsatarchwayofthetempleatSouthStreetandterminatesat2levels.Oneisthehingewhichis insidethetempleandtheotheristhePadithuraiwhichistheriver.Thearchwayistherevelationoffirststagewhichleads usertotheentrypointofthestructureanddynamicallymakeusertomovetothePadithurai.Thedescriptionsexplain abouthowthespatialmovementcangetdividedandspatialflexibilityworksintheoutdoor

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Fig 33: ThiyagarajaSamaathiTempleVistaExperienceShowing7StagesofArchitecturalRevelations

Fig - 34: ExplanationoftheThiyagarajaSamaathiTempleVistaExperience

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7. CONCLUSIONS

Urbandesignisasophisticatedproblem solvingactivitythatfrequentlynecessitatestheuseofanumberoftoolstoeasethe process and improve the quality of the final product. A fundamental concern in theurban design arena ishow to provide designerswithappropriatemethodsfordealingwithill definedurbanchallenges.Inthisregard,theemploymentofurban designpatterns,serialvision,andclusteridentificationisregardedasanapproachthatcanaidintheunderstandingofurban circumstances,aswellasthesolutionofurbandesignproblems.

Thetimelessmethodofconstructionisaself sustainingprocessthatoffersordertoourlives.Thiruvaiyaaruidentifiesitas thereasonwhysomeareasappearquaintandethereal,suchasthenumeroustastefultraditionalbuildingsofthepastthat appearnewwhilebeingthousandsofyearsold,beingbuiltbythosewhohaveattunedthemselvestothiskindofconstruction. Suchastrategymustbeunderstood,andthedesignersmustbeabletouseittomakeanybuildingabeautifulplacetobein.

TheTimelesswayofbuildingmakesthespectatorfeelasiftheyhavethisone of a kindqualitythatallowsthemtocreatea homethatistimeless,beautiful,andfunctional.Ratherthanblatantlyattachingdefinitionsandrulestotheseentities,these structureskeepideasopen ended,allowingthespectatortobuildhisorherownunderstandingofthesamewhilefollowingthe designer'sorarchitect'swell guidedexamples.Thehappeningsthattakeplacewithinatown,city,orbuildingcharacterizeit.An emptyroombyitselfmeansnothing;yet,theeventsthattakeplacewithinitandthepeoplethatoccupyitgivesitssignificance.

Inaway,theeventsthatoccurthroughouttimeinatownorcitycanbenarroweddowntocertainpatterns.Thesepatterns givetheseareasindividuality.Theaudienceisleftwithanexperiencethatreverberatescloselywiththeirbeingratherthana flurryofcomplicatedrulesandconcepts.

Fig 35: 3dMapofThiruvaiyaaruwithitsImportantLandmarksshown

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Thiruvaiyaaru Structural Elegance The architectural magnificence of Thiruvaiyaaru's old and mid century buildings, including as the Aiyarappar temple, mahals, chatrams, mandapas, and madams, reflects the town's cultural and spiritual activitiesandcreatesastrongspatialpresenceaswellasinthemindsofvisitors.

SuchstructurescanbefoundatkeyintersectionsandintervalsthroughoutThiruvaiyaaru,providingalandmark,unique panoramas,andrelivingthetown'sincomparablehistory,art,andculturalsignificance.

The Beauty of Architectural Structures: Elegance beyond Aesthetics An elegant design is one that is the result of the designer's engineering creativity, meets the standards of efficiency and economy, and is also elegant. These glimpses demonstratethesignificanceofurbanareastructuraleleganceandcoherence,whicharedirectlyrelatedtouserperception.

7.1. Creating Active Public Spaces Principles in Urban Context

Diversity of uses: Blendingresidential,officeandcommercialareas,suchasbars,restaurants,cafesandlocalcommerce, attractspeopleandmakestheenvironmentsaferandfriendlier.

Active facades: Connectionbetweenthegroundlevelofthebuildings,thesidewalkandthestreetcontributestosafetyand theattractivenessofurbandesign.

Social dimension and urban vitality: Asanaggregatorofpeople,publicspacehasinfluenceoverthesocialdimension.

Human scale: High scale,high densityconstructioncannegativelyaffectpeople’shealth.Inhisfieldstudies,JanGehlnoted thatpeopletendtowalkfasterwhenpassingemptyorinactiveareas,incontrasttotheslower,quieterpaceofwalkinginlivelier, moreactiveenvironments.

Lighting: Efficientandpeople orientedlightingfacilitatestheoccupancyofpublicspacesatnight,enhancingsafety.

Stimulating the local economy: Qualitypublicspacesnotonlybenefitpeoplebyofferingleisureandlivingareas,butthey alsohavethepotentialtoboostthelocaleconomy.

Local identity: Publicspacesshouldbeplannedforthesmallbusinessesthatcharacterizetheneighbourhood.

Complete streets: Whereverpossible,publicareasshouldbethoughtoffollowingtheprinciplesofCompleteStreetsand “sharedspaces.”

Green areas: Inadditiontocontributingtoairqualityandhelpingtoeasetemperaturesinthesummer,vegetationhasthe powertohumanizecitiesbyattractingpeopletooutdooractivities.

Social participation: Involving residents in the design, planning and administration of urban public spaces or the neighbourhoodsinwhichtheyliveisessentialtomaintainthequalityofthesespaces.

REFERENCES

[1] Dr. Farida Nilufar, “Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core”, https://www.academia.edu/245137/

[2] Alexander,Christopher(1977).APatternLanguage:Towns,Buildings,Construction.OxfordUniversityPress,USA.p.1216. ISBN0 19 501919 9.

[3] Alexander,C.(1979).TheTimelessWayofBuilding.USA:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN978 0 19 502402 9.

[4] Lynch,Kevin(1960).TheImageoftheCity.TheMITPress.ISBN0 262 62001 4.

[5] Lynch,Kevin(1981).ATheoryofGoodCityForm.MITPress.ISBN0 262 12085 2.

[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth and planetary sciences/urban morphology

[7] https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978 94 007 0753 5_4080

[8] https://uwe repository.worktribe.com/output/803683/the role of fine urban grain in securing the diversity of the urban centre

[9] https://www.essexdesignguide.co.uk/design details/layout details/urban grain/

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[10] http://rethinkurban.com/2012/places and spaces/understanding urban forms/

[11] https://lotusarise.com/urban morphology upsc/

[12] https://martinfleischmann.net/category/urban morphology/

[13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610218311263

[14] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social sciences/urban anthropology

[15] https://humanspace.weblog.tudelft.nl/category/urban fabric/

[16] https://urbanfabrics.weblog.tudelft.nl/

BIOGRAPHIES

Ar.R.Vignesh,secondyearstudent

M.Arch(General Architecture) at Department of Architecture,Periyar ManiammaiInstituteofScience& Technology, Thanjavur.

Ar.A.Lavanya,secondyearstudent M.Arch(General Architecture) at Department of Architecture,Periyar ManiammaiInstituteofScience& Technology, Thanjavur.

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