Development of Mass Rapid Transit System- Necessity of Lucknow City: A Review

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Development of Mass Rapid Transit System- Necessity of Lucknow City: A Review

Anil Pandey1 , Rajneesh Kumar2

1Master of Technology, Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India

2Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India

***

Abstract With rising traffic demand, the idea of coordinating the development of numerous modes of transportation,withpublictransitasthedominantoption,has gained traction. Many big cities are working to establish three dimensional urban rail transit and build a public transportation system using urban rail transit as the backbone. Medium volume traffic is preferred by many cities due to its lowvolume andflexibility inroute choices. Basedon the study and analysis of several intermediate mass rapid transit systems, this article develops a complete decision makingmodelforthesystem usingtheDEAdataenvelopment analysis approach. The adaptability of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT),AutonomousRailRapidTransit(ART),andRailTransit were analyzed and graded using Yongxiu County in Jiangxi province as a case study. Meanwhile, this article lookedat the system selection for the mass transit system. The population grows geometrically over time as a result of the city's development as well as accompanying infrastructure expansions such as traffic and transportation. The mobility strengthandmodehavebothbeenfoundtohaveenhanced.As aresult,wesawthenecessityforatransportationsystemthat couldmovealargenumberof passengersinashortamountof time. The solution to this problem is the Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS). MRTS, which may be based on rail or bus, is popular across the world and must be a long term transportation solution.

Key Words: Mass rapid Transit System, Lucknow, Urban Area,TransportationSystem,BRT.

1. INTRODUCTION

For the evaluation, mass rapid transit is defined as public transportation that involves a significant degree of collectivization or connecting individual journeys into commontrunklinks.Itincludesmodesthatarebasedona fixed track or exclusive and segregated use of a possibly shareduserroadtrack.Asaresult,itcomprisesisolatedor mostlyseparatedbusways,butnotbuslanesorotherkinds ofbuspriorityinmixedtraffic.Aspartoftheoverallsystem, thenatureandrelevanceofsecondarywaysofentranceand egress to the trunk facility are evaluated. The assessment includesurbansettlementsofallsizesandisnotlimitedto megacities' experiences. In emerging cities, mass transportationmustbeabletotransporthugenumbersof people in a short amount of time. In the absence of significant subsidies, this necessitates both low cost

(therefore low fares) and high operational speed. The vulnerabilityofurbantransportationnetworkshasbecomea hotanddifficultsubjectincontemporaryresearchonroad networks [1] because of the fast expansion of automobile ownershipandthelaginthebuildingofroadinfrastructure in recent years. The medium urban mass rapid transit systemhasgainedincreasingfavorandattentionasaresult ofitsbenefitsandgrowthpotentialandhassteadilyevolved into a powerful supplement to the ground and rail mass transportation systems. Rail Transit, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT),andAutonomousRailRapidTransit(ART),whichare relatively new,aretheprimarycomponentsof the middle urban mass rapid transit system. Figure 1 depicts the classificationofurbanpublictransportationsystemtypes.

Figure 1: Typesofurbanpublictransportsystems

1.1. Analysis of Middle Urban Mass Rapid

PublicTransportationLow andmedium speedtrams,Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and the recently developed Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) are examples of medium capacitybuses.BusRapidTransit(BRT)isanew typeoftransportationsystemthatcombinesrailtransitand conventional buses in terms of speed and passenger capacity. It can achieve high capacity and high efficiency transportationcapacitiesthroughitsexclusivebuscorridor and uses the "transit priority" transportation strategy to increaseoperationspeed.Tramsareelectric poweredlight railvehiclesthatcantransportupto6,000passengersper hour. Modern trams, unlike classic trams, may be constructed to travel in a variety of right of way configurations[03].

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1.2. Selection of Evaluation Indexes

Thedesignofthe evaluationindexsystem forurbanmass transitsystemshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:

1. 1. The planning and evaluation indices for urban buslinesshalladheretothenationalstandardfor anurbanbus.

2. 2.Toevaluatethedegreeofurbanbuslineservice planning and the impact of real urban bus line serviceinapreciseandreasonablemanner.

3. Thedesignoftheindexsystemshouldbeasbasicas possible, as long as it does not directly impair its accuracy.Afterconductingthestudy,thefollowing four factors were identified as indicators for evaluatingtherationalityofbuslinetransferspace planning connectivity: line length, number of stations,average station distance,averagestation transit speed, and peak load rate. This study examines and creates a set of relatively conventionalevaluationindexsystemsofbusline servicelevelbasedontheaboveknowledgeofthe evaluationindexcontentofservicelevelofmedium volumerapidtransitsystem.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Fouracr, Gardner (2000) Thesetwoauthorsstudiedhis researchworkabout“MassTransitinDevelopingCities”and conclusions are given that, The construction of guided busways, at grade LRT, and lightweight metro systems is increasinglybeingproposed.Itisimpossibletodetermineif theyareprecisealternativesforbus ormetro,orwhether they offer benefits for a certain range of passenger managementdemands,possiblysomewhereinbetweenbus and metro, until an additional study is conducted to demonstrate their performance under diverse situations. Any new development will require significant funding. Financepackagesfrom aid agenciesandmanufacturers in industrialized nations appear to be easily accessible for metro projects, while less encouragement appears to be availableforbuswayprojects,perhapsbecausebeneficiaries have yet to be convinced of their value (as previously stated).AccordingtothefindingsoftheTRLresearch,there shouldbemoreassistanceforbuswaydevelopments.

[2] Asato Saito (2003) The author studied his research workabout“ThePoliticsOfUrbanDevelopment InAGlobal City: Tokyo And Waterfront Sub Centre Project” and conclusions are given that, In the case of Tokyo, various publications have noted some of the characteristics of the national political economy known as the Capitalist Developmental State (CDS) about urban transformation (Fujita,2000;HillandKim,2000).However,thedefinitionof CDSandhowitrelatedtourbanspatialdevelopmentwere unclear.Asaresult,thisthesisdefinesthenotionofCDSby

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developingafive folddefinitionbasedonPalan,Abbott,and Dean(1996),andconnectsittothestate'sinvolvementin infrastructure development and construction through the concept of Public Work State (PWS) (Honma, 1996). The state ledpublicworksprojectfueledeconomicdevelopment, but it also forged a strong connection between state authoritiesandconstruction relatedbusinesses,whichLDP lawmakers helped to bridge. It has evolved into a self sustaining, all encompassing mechanism that assures a strongstatepresenceinJapanesespatialplanningsystems and development initiatives. This is not taken into consideration in existing analyses of Tokyo as a global metropolis.Anotherissuewithprevious Tokyostudieson the global economy is that they mostly rely on macroeconomicdataandperceiveurbantransformationasa mechanical result of external forces. As a result, they neglectedtoaddresstheunderlyingmechanicsofhowthe global economy operates through the interplay of major agencies engaged in the development of the world metropolis. Existing research focuses on economic transformation,suchaschangesinthelabormarket,rather than on intentional policy responses to global economic change.

[3] FUKUDA (2006) Theauthorstudiedhisresearchwork “AStudyOnTheIntroductionOfBusRapidTransitSystemIn Asian Developing Cities” and conclusions are given that, numerousideasforimplementingasuccessfulBRTsystem in Asian emerging cities, beginning with identifying key factors that contribute to the success of existing BRT systems. The report then outlines the factors that impede BRTimplementationinAsianemergingcities.Thesefindings havepromptedthecreationofseveralmeasurestosolvethe problem and improve the BRT system's development in these cities. This research primarily focuses on supply demand methods for the BRT system, formalizing their principles and assessing their performance. Rather than standardTDMtechniques(high densitylanduseallocation, park and ride facilities, etc. ), two strategies of well integratedparatransitasafeedertotheBRTandareduction in the number of local buses in BRT corridor regions are advocated.Thestudysuggeststhattheparatransitsystem feederandotherrecommendedmeasuresmightimprovethe performanceoftheBRTsystembyimprovingtrafficnetwork circumstances.

[4] Agarwal et al (2010) These authors studied his research work about “An Overview On Bus Rapid Transit System” and conclusions are given that, BRTS has a lot of versatility, which is a huge plus. This method allows for progressive issue learning and error correction as the projectprogresses.Taxpayersarealsonotcommittedtoa singletechnologyorsolutionbecauseofthecomparatively cheap installation expenses. Commuters prefer to board/alightatintersections,resultinginunofficialbusstops that produce dangerous traffic congestion. It is thus recommendedthatfacilitiesbeplannedtomeettheneedsof commuters.

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[5] Mishra et al (2013) These authors studied their researchworkabout “StudyofBusRapidTransitsystemIn RespecttoGrowingCitiesofIndia”andconclusionsaregiven that, the physical and operating characteristics of India's BRTnetworksThemajorityoftheBRTsystemsstudiedhave certainBRTelementsincommon,butnotall.Whenplanning aBRTsystem,theelementsshouldbechosenbasedonthe project budget, local users, and traffic and corridor conditions,andthenintegratedtomaximizeridershipand operational speed. The BRT characteristics have been dividedintothreedeploymentphases,takingintoaccount thelimitedsuccessandridershipofBRTinIndiancities,as well as the expensive cost of right of way. The features indicated in each step increase in cost, technical sophistication, and implementation timeframes, but they alsocorrespondtogreaterbeneficialbenefitsonpassenger attractivenessandoperatingspeed.ForaBRTsystemtobe viable,thephasesmaybedeployedinorder.

[6] Chaurasia (2014) Theauthorstudiedhisresearchwork about “BusRapidTransitSystem(BRTS):ASustainableWay of City Transport (Case Study of Bhopal BRTS)” and conclusions are given that, BRTS is for Bus Rapid Transit System;Iwanttoemphasizetheword'System'sinceitrefers toanintegratedstrategythatincludesnotjustdedicatedbus lanesbutalsosafeand comfortable corridors for walkers, bicycles,andmotorvehicles.Busstops,FootOverBridges, Pedestrian Subways, platforms, curbs, railings, Public Informationsystems,PedestrianCrossingSignals,Signages, and road markings should be passenger/user friendly for people of all ages (Old age, Children), gender, and people withvariousphysicalconditions(PregnantWoman,Wheel ChairBoundPerson,VisionImpaired),amongotherthings. Toputitanotherway,theBRTsystemallowsustocreate ourcitiesholisticallysothateverybodymayproudlyutilize them

[7] Neuenfeldt et al (2016) These authors studied his researchworkon “Thescientificresearchcontextofurban transportsforBusRapidTransitsystemsapplications”and conclusionsaregiventhat, Itwasdiscoveredthatthereis stillaneedforpublictransportationresearch,particularlyin thecontextofBRT,wherewefoundjustsixpaperswiththis concentration. There is a need to develop techniques to promotetheperformanceevaluationofinstalledsystemsto argue the possibility of a broad field for exploration, particularlyforissuesrelatedtowaystooptimizethepublic spaces required for urban displacements to occur in the most efficient manner possible. As a result, it may be concluded that scientific study on urban transportation is stillinitsearlystages. Intermsoffutureresearchpotential, itisenvisagedthat,inthefuture,toolsgearedtotheissue will be developed and utilized to address various management challenges related to Transportation Engineeringsystems,followingthestudy'scontext.

[8] Vo Van Dut (2017) The author studied his research work about “Accessibility And Connectivity Challenges of

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Mass Rapid Transit In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” and conclusionsaregiventhat,MRTisoneofthemostpopular meansoftransportationinmanycitiesbecauseofitsgreat efficiency and large energy savings both important economic and environmental concerns. They are usually reasonably priced, offering high quality service at a fair price. MRT also allows for interaction with existing rail networks, resulting in more dependable public transportation in cities. Local governments must address both accessibility and connection to properly adopt MRT. MRT'ssuccessfulimplementationcanaidinthereductionof traffic and pollution, as well as the decarbonization of metropolitanareas.

[9] Mutyam Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy (2017) These two authors studied his research work about “Pre Feasible Study For Introducing Bus Rapid Transit System In Jalandhar” andconclusionsaregiven,that,Inawiderange ofcircumstances,BRTsystemsandmonetaryadvancescan enticenewpassengerstotravelandcommencetransport related land use. BRT systems are high capacity, low cost publictransportationsystems.IntegratedBRTenhancesthe efficiencyofexistingtransitsystemsbyimprovingtheirflow. ThemajorityofhighwaysinJalandharhavearightofwayof fewerthan30meters.Thevolumeofpedestriansandtwo wheelersissignificant,necessitatingadditionalright of way width.Theroadwaywidthistypically14 20m,occupyingthe majorityoftheright of waywidthandminimizingthearea necessaryforthepedestrianfacility.Thereisnopedestrian crossing on the city's main route, as far as we can tell. Through traffic, the inference is created. The number of privateautomobilesinJalandharisrapidlyincreasing,and therearenoparkingspacesforthem.On streetparkingis usedbythecars,whichlimitstheroadwidthavailablefor traffic movement. Because of the huge population of studentsandemployedpeopleinJalandhar,thepeakhouris from8to10a.m.Themovementofpublictransportationin Jalandharcityisinadequate,withmaximumspeedsof18 25 kph. This is because the number of private buses and minibusses has increased. The average delay time on Jalandhar's roads is more than 60 seconds. This is due to poortrafficmanagementandcrowdedhighways.

[10] Wani, Singh (2018) These two authors studied his researchworkabout “MassRapidTransitSystem(MRTS) A sustainable Transport System” and conclusions are given that,Metrosystemsaremoredependable,pleasant,andsafe thanroad basedsystems,andtheyhelptodecreasetraffic congestion.However,systemsdesignedinIndiahaveshown cost overruns and capacity underutilization. The methodology and reasons used to support these systems mustbethoroughlyscrutinized.Ahigh capacitysystemdoes notalwaysimplyahighlevelofdemand.Thewholetravelof commuters,includingaccesstime,shouldbeincludedwhen estimatingpassengerdemandfortransportationservices.

[11] Debasis Sarkar (2018) The author studied his researchworkon“IntegratedMassRapidTransitSystemfor

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Smart City Project in Western India” and conclusions are given that, Multiple linear regression analyses were performedafterassessingnumerousparametersbywhich MRTS integration would become achievable via questionnaire survey, yielding the following findings. The most critical determinants for switching to public transportation,accordingtothemultiplelinearregression analysis,werejourneytime,costsavings,andcomfortrating. Intermsofindividualsswitchingtopublictransportation, cost savings and accessibility were not as crucial. The comfortratingexhibitedthehighestcoefficients,followedby triptimesavings,withcost savingandaccessibilityhaving minimal effects on mode shifting behavior. It's also worth notingthat,whencomparedtoothermorerelevantcriteria like comfort and travel time savings, age, gender, and employment were not statistically significant. Integrating different modes of transit on different routes, such as a metrorailwithBRTS,metrorailwithIndianrailways,metro railwithmonorail,andBRTSwiththemonorail,appropriate locations for developing multimodal hubs are found by proposingdifferentmodesoftransitondifferentroutes.

[12] Aqib et al (2019) Theseauthorsstudiedhisresearch work about “Rapid Transit Systems: Smarter Urban Planning Using Big Data, In Memory Computing, Deep Learning, and GPUs” and conclusions are given that, By combining four cutting edge technologies: big data, deep learning, in memory computing, and GPUs, we have suggested a comprehensive solution to large scale and speedier metro system characteristic prediction. To show thesuccessofoursuggestedstrategy,weusedtheLondon Metrosystemasa casestudy.TheRODSdata wasusedto estimate the number of people that traveled to and from eachLondonMetrostationusingthevariousentranceand egressoptions.We'vealsoforecastedthenumberofpeople whowouldcommutebetweenspecifiedpairsofstationsat differenttimes.Furthermore,weforecastedthenumberof passengerscommutingbetweenspecificODstationpairsto lookatthelinkbetweenthenumberofpassengersandthe distance between the stations. The forecast enables improved spatiotemporal planning of the whole urban transportationsystem,includingthemetrosubsystemand itsmanymeansofentranceandegress.Inourdeeplearning models,weemployedCNNsforprediction.Theaccuracyof thepredictionswasassessedusingMAEandMAPE,aswell as a comparison of actual and expected metro features. A varietyofforecastaccuracies,fromhightofair,wascollected and discussed. This is the first research of its type to use cutting edge technologies to simulate and forecast the performanceofarealrapidtransitsystemholistically.

[13] Verbavatz et al (2020) These authors studied his researchworkabout“AccesstomassrapidtransitinOECD urban areas” and conclusions are given that, We get comparablefindingsusingidenticaldefinitionsforcitiesand transitsystems,supportingourtechniqueandcomputations. To make future research easier to compare, we advocate utilizing the Functional Urban Areas definition of cities,

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whichiswidelyusedandalreadystandardizedacrossOECD nations. Whenitcomestotransitsystems,webelieveit is more relevant and verifiable to assess them according to theircategories(Railvs.Road)ratherthanarbitraryandless universalspacingandtimetablecriteria.Asaconsequence, afterconfirmingthatourtechniqueissoundbycomparing ourresultstothoseintheIDTPreport,weoptedtopreserve ourunmodifiedestimatesforthecitiesunderconsideration.

[14] Patel et al (2021) Theseauthorsstudiedtheirresearch workabout“ACaseStudyontheUrbanMassTransitSystem andSustainableDevelopmentinIndia”andconclusionsare giventhat,Bengaluru'stransportationsystemandstrategies to improve the present public transportation situation by implementing two sustainable transportation policies: BMTC'sfarerestructuringpolicyandtheinstallationofBRT lanes.Accordingtothereport,reorganizingtheBMTCbus service'sfaresandinstallingBRTlaneswillassistdecongest Bengaluru's roadways while also cutting automobile emissions. After studying the current travel pattern by different modes and discovering that there is a need to minimize the rate of increase of bus fees for journeys of shortandsmall mediumlengths,thereportadvisesthatbus ratesberevised.Thesimulationrevealsthatrestructuring the BMTC rates has a favorable effect, as it increases the mode share of buses by over 2% while simultaneously boostingrevenuebyover15%.Accordingtoemissionplots, the fee restructuring would cut total Vehicle Kilometers Traveled(VKT)byallmodescombined,reducingNOx,CO, CO2, PM, and HC emissions into the environment. The establishmentofBusRapidTransit(BRT)lanesonafewkey metropolitanhighwaysnotservedbyproposedorplanned metro lines is also recommended in this study. The BRT lanes are critical in the city because public transportation busesarebecomingincreasinglyunreliableowingtosevere trafficcongestionateveryintersection.TheBRTlaneswill significantlyimprovetheperformanceofbustransportation inthecitybysignificantlyimprovingitsspeedoncrowded andbusyroadways.Accordingtotheanalyticaloutputand emissionplots,BRTwillboostBMTCridershipbymorethan 4%,increaseincomebyabout23%,andsubstantiallyreduce NOxemissionsaswellastotalVehicleKilometersTraveled by all modes. When both possibilities (fare and BRT) are consideredcombined,theBMTC'sridershipandincomewill grow,evenmore,resultinginbetterandmoresustainable urbantransportationinthecity.FurtheranalysisofBMTC's incomerevealedthattheEMPKMM isgrowing by2% and 9%fromBAUtoS1andS2,respectively.

[15] Weiwei Liu et al (2021) These authors studied his researchworkabout“StudyontheSelectionofMiddleUrban MassRapidTransitSystemandAdaptabilityAnalysis” and conclusions are given that is a critical path for urban transportationdevelopmentbothathomeandabroad.The general situation of the development, application, and technicalcharacteristicsofthreetypesoftrafficinthecity MRTsystem(BRT,ART,andmoderntram)aresummarised, the research analyzed the main factors affecting system

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choice, using the data envelopment analysis DEA, the absorptionofexpertexperienceandknowledgeatthesame timereflectstheimportanceofeasiness. ForYongxiuCounty toselectasomewhatadequatedevelopmentstandard.The selectionofastandardforurbanrailtransitisacomplicated systemengineeringproblemwithseveralaffectingaspects. Thisreportismerelyafirstlookatthetopic;moreresearch isneededtoimprovetheexistingassessmentindexsystem. Thepeakperiodisusedastheresearchgoalinastudyon thestandardselectionofamid volumerapidtransitsystem in Yongxiu County. The travel plan can be more precise according to the traffic demand of a certain period on a route,andthemarshalingmethodcanbedefinedinfuture research.

3. CONCLUSION

The main difference is that most Asian developing city structures have been solely developed under a road transportcityplanandalackofland usecontrol,resultingin a variety of problems such as poor urban development patterns,low densityurban sprawls,haullines,andspace deficiency to establish transit corridors, as well as traffic congestion.Atbusstops,properattentionmustbepaidto pedestrian approach, crossing, and circulation. The challengesofpedestriancirculationandpassengertransfer should be minimized by the further development of BRT stationsandlayouts.Thismeansthatstationsshouldbeas close as possible to junctions. Transit stations should be positioned in the center of the service areas they are intendedtoserve.

REFERENCE

[1] P. R. FouracreG. Gardner “Mass Transit in Developing Cities” 2000, Journal of Advanced Transportation, Vol. 27, No.3,pp.251 260.

[2]AsatoSaito“ThePoliticsOfUrbanDevelopmentAGlobal City:TokyoAndWaterfrontSub CentreProject”2003,The LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience.

[3] FUKUDA (2006) “A Study On The Introduction Of Bus Rapid Transit System In Asian Developing Cities” Propagation Of Ecological Transportation Systems In DevelopingCountries.IATSSRESEARCHVol.30No.2,2006

[4] Agarwal P K1, Sharma Anupama2, Singh A. P3 (2010)“AnOverviewOnBusRapidTransitSystem”Journal ofEngineeringResearchandStudies

[5]Mishraetal(2013)“StudyofBusRapidTransitsystemIn RespecttoGrowingCitiesofIndia”InternationalJournalof EngineeringResearch&Technology(IJERT)Vol.2Issue10, October 2013.

[6]Chaurasia(2014)“BusRapidTransitSystem(BRTS):A Sustainable Way of City Transport (Case Study of Bhopal BRTS)” InternationalJournalofEngineeringandAdvanced

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Technology(IJEAT)ISSN:2249 8958,Volume 3,Issue 4, April2014

[7] Alvaro Luiz Neuenfeldt Júnior1,+; Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk2; Sabine Ritter De Paris3 (2016) “The scientific researchcontextofurbantransportsforBusRapidTransit systemsapplications” JournalofTransportLiterature,10(4), 15 19,Oct.2016.

[8] Vo Van Dut (2017) “Accessibility And Connectivity Challenges Of Mass Rapid Transit In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia”AccessibilityAndConnectivityChallengesOfMass RapidTransitInKualaLumpur,Malaysia.

[9] Mutyam Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy (2017) “Pre Feasible Study For Introducing Bus Rapid Transit System In Jalandhar”LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara 2017.

[10] Wani, Singh (2018) “Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) AsustainableTransportSystem” June2018IJSDR| Volume3,Issue6,IJSDR.

[11]DebasisSarkar(2018)“IntegratedMassRapidTransit System for Smart City Project in Western India” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology InternationalJournalofUrbanandCivilEngineeringVol:12, No:5,2018

[12] Muhammad Aqib 1, Rashid Mehmood 2,*, Ahmed Alzahrani1,IyadKatib1andAiiadAlbeshri1andSalehM. Altowaijri3(2019)“RapidTransitSystems:SmarterUrban Planning Using Big Data, In Memory Computing, Deep Learning, and GPUs” Sustainability 2019, 11, 2736; doi:10.3390/su11102736.

[13] Vincent Verbavatz 1,2 & Marc Barthelemy (2020) “AccesstomassrapidtransitinOECDurbanareas”Scientific Data | (2020) 7:301 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597 020 00639 3

[14] Patel et al (2021) “A Case Study on the Urban Mass Transit System and Sustainable Development in India” InternationalJournalofResearchinEngineeringandScience (IJRES)ISSN(Online):2320 9364,ISSN(Print):2320 9356 www.ijres.orgVolume9Issue1ǁ2021ǁPP.72 75.

[15] Weiwei Liu1, Chennan Zhang1, Fu Wang1, Jingyu Zhang2,LeiWang3 (2021)“StudyontheSelectionofMiddle UrbanMassRapidTransitSystemandAdaptabilityAnalysis” StudyontheSelectionofMiddleUrbanMassRapidTransit SystemandAdaptabilityAnalysis605

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