International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1672
Biological Measures for Rehabilitation of the Mined-Out Area in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, India
plantsandfunctioning offoodwebs inthedegradedarea. After rehabilitation of the mined out areas, it should be allowedfornaturalregenerationofgrasses,herbsandother plant communities. Rehabilitated mined out areas themselves may change the vegetation in unpredictable ways, due to successional processes. The change of vegetation will be determined by a number of factors, notablysitecharacteristicsandclimate.Moreover,oncethe nutrientcyclingisre establishedintherehabilitatedareas it will confirm the successful restoration of the degraded ecosystem. Many soil properties such as structure, water retention,nutrientavailabilityandmicrobialactivitiesare dependentontheorganicmatter.Plantstakeupnitrogenas ammoniumnitratefromthesoilanditisusuallyintheform ofammoniaorammoniumbutcanbeoxidizedtonitrateby nitrifying bacteria. Significant levels of ammonium may accumulateinthedeepanaerobiczonesofdegradedsoilthat result in high nitrification potential when exploited with nitrogenfixingbacteriaandleguminousplantspecieswhich inturnresultinimprovingsoilfertility.
Singh1 1Scientist E, Additional Director, National River Conservation Directorate, Delhi ***
In a completely degraded area with low soil nutrient status, the colonization of plant species become very slow andprimarysuccessionwilltakeplaceslowlyforalongtime span. Lichens, mosses, and small orchids capable of inhabiting rocks and a few grasses grow as primary colonizers. Depending on the extent of accumulation of organicdebris,singlespeciesassociations(Consociations)of grassesappear.Theearlygrasscolonizersgraduallygiveway totypicalgrasslands.
Abstract ReclamationandRehabilitationis theprincipal process used to mitigate the long term impacts of mining on programme.vegetatedencouragingtermPromotingfertilizers)amendmentserosionreconstructionsustainability.theistheenvironment.ThemainobjectiveoftheproposedR&RplantoensuretheecosystembiodiversityandhabitatstabilityofareaimpactedaslessaspossibleinthelongrunforfutureIthasbeenaimedattopographicwithengineeringandbiologicalmeasuresforcontrolandrevegetationwithadequatesoilincludingapplicationofbeneficialmicrobes(biosuchasmycorrihizalfungi,PlantGrowthRhizobactera(PGPR),etc.,forstabilityandlongsustainabilityinthenutrientbudgeting.Also,thenativefaunatorecolonizeinareasreafterminingistheintegratedaimofthisrestoration
The main goal of restoration is to develop long term sustainableecosystemindigenoustotheareawheremining occurred.Itresultsinnaturalregenerationandsurvivalof
1.INTRODUCTION
Intheelevation(500 1200masl),similartotheminesite, the tree savanna enclosures comprised of mostly of moist deciduoustreespeciesexist.Throughoutthelocationofmine area, the mean annual rainfall is over 1445 mm, and the whole area can sustain Dry Deciduous to Moist Deciduous forest (which is true with the adjoining forests of the surroundingarea).Accordingto(3),theforesttypesinthis regionaredevelopedduetorecurringfireandisconsidered asfireclimax.
Anjani Prasad
Key Words: Reclamation, Rehabilitation, Fungi, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobactera (PGPR), mining.
The eco restorationand rehabilitationofopencastmined out area in heavy rain fall zone necessarily involves stabilizationofslopes,soilandwaterconservationmeasures and afforestation with suitable species including grasses, shrubsandtrees,mostlyindigenousones.Rehabilitationis sometimes termedasreclamation, becausethedamage to sitesissoseverethatsoilshavetobereplaced.Reclamation isaprocessbywhichhighlydegradedlandsarereturnedto productivitysoastorestore biotic functionandmicrobial productivity (1) and rehabilitation is an action to make restoration (2). Therefore, rehabilitation, reclamation and restorationareinterrelatedindevelopmentofvegetationin thedegradedlandslikeminedoutareas.Rehabilitationof degradedlandsduetominingalsoinvolvesreclamationof productive,economicandaestheticvaluesoftheland.Itis no doubt a challenging job and requires a thorough understandingoftheecologicalprinciples.
2. SPECIES SELECTION FOR AFFORESTATION
3.
Mixedplantationoftreesandshrubsarerecommendedtobe takenupalongwiththegrasscomponentonslopesofmined areas.Followinglocalhardyspeciesoftreesandshrubsare suggestedforplanting(Table 2).
Afforestationprogrammeintheminedareashastobetaken uptocontrollandslidesandsoilerosion.Basedonthesurvey andstudy,itispossibletorecommendsuitableplantspecies fortheminedoutarea.Thespecieshastobeplantedonthe slopes, particularly trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses to stabilizetheslopefromsoilerosion.
5.
Thisareaisveryfragileduetohighvelocityofrunningwater. Forminedrainagemanagement,theengineeringstructures oferosioncontrolshouldbeimplemented.Thesestructures should be further strengthened by planting different trees and shrubs. The rainwater accumulating in the mine workingsshouldbechanneledtominepitandpumpedout onlyaftersettlingthesuspendedmatter.Toprotectthearea
Grasseshavethecapacitytobindsoilparticleswithveryhigh regenerative capacity and high viability of seeds. Other annual/perennial herbs also can be used for stabilization. They are also available naturally in the site. Crotalaria laburnifolia,C.retusa,Smithiaconferta,Tephrosiapurpurea and T. villosa are the other important leguminous plant species that can improve soil nitrogen status. These plant seeds can easily be collected from adjacent areas. Broadcasting of seeds during monsoon periods will give betterresults.
7.
4. Cymbopogon martini Poaceae Herb
Table 2: Treesandshrubsrecommendedforplantingon slopesofminedoutareas
2.3 Plantation of trees and shrubs along the slopes and stream bunds
Table 1: Grassspeciessuggestedforplantinginmined outareaforstabilization
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1673
3. Cymbopogon nardus Poaceae Herb
2.2 Plantation of trees and shrubs
Sl. No Name of the species Family Habit
On broken up hill tops/bund tops, only grasses should be plantedthroughseeds,nurseryraisedseedlingsorslips.On slopes, for stabilization, rows of sturdy grasses like Cymbopogon nardus, Chrysopogan fulvus, Thysanolaena maxima andother grassslipsare tobe planted. Seedsand slips can be collected from surrounding areas without destroyingthegrasscoverinsuchareas.
2.1 Afforestation Programmee
It is well known that areas receiving more than 1400 mm rainfallperannum,canexpectthedevelopmentoffireclimax vegetationsuchasdry/moistdeciduousforests(4)reported thecolonizationofmoistdeciduousspecieslikePhyllanthus adapted.intoarehabitatsnegativeinneeded,needsTheestablishinsidedisturbancedisturbedareasantidysentericaxylocarpa,peltatascholaris,thtreemoreTheelevatedemblica,Careyaarborea,Terminaliaelliptica,etc.inmoderateareas(9001400masl).plantspeciessuggestedforecorestorationhaveoneorreasonsforitssuitability.Hardyshrubsanddeciduousspeciescansurviveinsuchadverseconditions.SpeciesatnaturallyinvadethedisturbedareassuchasAlstoniaBrideliaretusa,Tremaorientalis,MacarangaandeasyregeneratingspeciessuchasXyleaBombaxceiba,Careyaarborea,Holarrhenaarewellsuitedforafforestationinsimilarwithmoistconditions.Whenthesespeciesestablishinareas,natureitselftakescare(iffurtherisnotcaused).Seedsorpropagulescomingfromorfromadjacentforestareasthroughdifferentagentsandacclimatizeintheenvironment.roleofexoticorindigenousspeciesinrehabilitationcarefulconsideration.Carefulselectionofspeciesisasnewlyintroducedexoticsmayalsobecomepestsothersituations.Exoticspeciesarebelievedtohaveimpactonsiteconditions,escapeintooriginalanddisplacenativespecies(5).Indigenousspeciespreferablethanexoticsbecausetheyaremostlikelytofitafullyfunctionalecosystemandtobeclimatically
8.
6.
5. Eulalia trispicata Poaceae Herb
9.
1. Albizia chinensis Mimosaceae Tree Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae Tree Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Tree Clerodendru viscosum Verbenaceae Smalltree Glycosmis pentaphylla Rutaceae Shrub Phoenix loureiroi Arecaceae Shrub Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Smalltree Wendlandia tinctorea Rubiaceae Smalltree
4.
2.
S. No. Name of the species Family Habit
2. Chrysopogon fulvus. Poaceae Herb
The following grass species are excellent soil binders, suggested for planting in the form of slips and seedlings (Table 1):
1. Arundo donax Poaceae Shrub
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1674
6. Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Shisham
S. No. Plant species Family nameHindi
4. Azadiracht aindica Meliaceae Neem
S. No. Botanical name Family Hindi name
areashouldbemadeasgreenbelt.Itisimportanttocreatea greenbeltwithtall seedlings(>1mheight)offastgrowing nativespecies.ThespecieslistedinTable5maybeselected for planting in 4 rows (2.5 x 2.5 m spacing) for greenbelt development.
5. Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Amaltas
4.1 Total area afforestation at the conceptual stage
5. squamosaAnnona Seetaphal Annonaceae M,E,C
5 Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Shisham
Moraceae
Mostsuitablenativevegetationcomponentssuchasherbs, shrubs, trees and grass species having various utility like timber, medicinal, fodder, food, etc., recommended for consideringafforestationarelistedinTable6
3. Albizia lebbeck Kalasiris Mimosaceae T
9. swieteniaChloroxylon Bhirra/Bhivia eFlindersiacea M,T
Moraceae
3. Albizia procera Mimosaceae Safedsiris
4 Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Amaltas
7. indicaAzadirachta
Table 6: Multipurposeplantspeciesrecommendedfor afforestationofmineareas No.S. Plant species Hindi name Family Uses
fromerosionandtostabilizetheslopesalongthestreams,the followingtreesandshrubsaretobeplanted(Table 3).
6. latifoliaAnogeissus Dhawa/ Dhawra eCombretacea T
3. MANAGEMENT OF HAUL ROADS AND APPROACH ROADS
2. salvifoliumAlangium Ankol/Akola Alangiaceae M,T
Thehaulroadsandapproachroadsofthismineleasearea aremaintainedverywellwithappropriatecatchdrainsand slopestabilizationvegetationallalong.Asthemineemployed conveyor system for ore transportation, vehicular transportation and consequent pollution from dust is practicallynegligible,however,theminehaulroadswithin theleaseshouldbemaintainedproperlyatregularintervals and regularly sprinkled with water to avoid dust during vehiculartransportation.Asaninitiativetofurthergreening, avenue2.5plantedtheareaalongtheroads(approach/township/avenue)canbewithsuitablefastgrowingtreesinthreerows(withmspacing)oneitherside.Thespeciesrecommendedforplantationisprovidedin(Table4).
4. Albizia procera Safedsiris Mimosaceae T
4.1.1 Multipurpose plant species for afforestation
3 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem
aeCaesalpiniace
Tree
S. No. Name of the species
2. Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Kalasiris
1. Ardisia solanacea Myrsinaceae Shrub Caryota urens Arecaceae Tree Ficus auriculata Tree racemosa Tree
Table 3: Plantsrecommendedforfoothillsoftheslopes andstreams
Table 5: Treespeciesrecommendedforgreenbelt development
1 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Kalasiris
Family Habit
2.
4. Ficus
4. GREENBELT/SAFETY ZONE
2 Albizia procera Mimosaceae Safedsiris
1. Alangium salvfolium Alangiaceae Akola/Ankol
Afforestationisthemaincomponentofre vegetationprocess tomitigatethenegativeimpactsofminingonenvironment. Afforestationwithnativespeciescomponentswillfacilitate restoration of the ecosystem diversity relatively similar to thatofthepre miningstage.
1. Aegle marmelos Bael Rutaceae M,E,C
Themainobjectiveofthegreenbelt/safetyzoneistoprovide a barrier between the sources of pollution and the surrounding areas. The greenbelt helps to capture the fugitiveemissionandtopreventthenoisegeneratedapart fromimprovingtheaesthetics.Developmentofgreenbeltand otherformsofgreeneryshallalsopreventsoilerosionand washing away of topsoil besides helping in stabilizing the functionalecosystem.Asperthestatutoryguidelines,safety zoneof7.5mwidthalongtheboundarywithintheminelease
Neem Meliaceae MT
8. Cassia fistula Amaltas M
5. malabathricumMelastoma eaeMelastomac Shrub
Table 4: Treespeciesrecommendedforapproach/ township/avenueroads
3.
Shrub infortunatumClerodendrum Bhant Verbenaceae M
12.
14. Vitex negundo Nirgundi Verbenaceae M Herb and Grasses
13. loureiriiPhoenix Arecaceae E,C
(b) Creation of Habitat for Avifauna
Vegetation plays an important role in reclamation of the degradedlands.Richfloristicdiversityisadesirableobjective initselfandislikelytoleadtohighfaunaldiversityalso.The present arealieswithinforestlandwhichhastypicalfloral elementsofMoistDeciduousandDryDeciduousforests.In certain places near the streams, purely evergreen species suchas Cyathea gigantea, Phoebe paniculata,Eurya nitida, Olea paniculata, Ficus nervosa, Macaranga peltata and Neolamarckia cadamba and amphibious vegetation like speciesoffernsandsedgesalsocouldbeobserved.Inorder to achieve the objective of bringing back the disturbed vegetationinminedareastopre miningstatus,itissuggested
19. esculentaColocacia Arvi Araceae M,E
11. Helicteres isora Marurphalli Sterculiaceae M cassioidesIndigofera Saknya/Kathi Fabaceae E
17. occidentalisCassia Kasunda/Bari kasondi aeCaesalpiniace M
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1675
Thediversityofanimalspeciesandtheirabundanceislargely dependent on the availability of suitable habitats and vegetation cover on which they depend for their various biologicalneeds.Allthemeasuressuggestedhereinmaybe followedtoachieveprotectionofhabitatforwildlifeforms.
Themostpracticalwaytoincreasethenitrogencapitalofsoil ecosystems is to establish nitrogen fixing plants, usually legumes,whichcanquicklyincreasethenitrogenlevelsinthe system.Theeasiestmethodistobroadcastlargequantityof seedsofHorsegram(Macrotylomauniflorum)andHamata grass (Stylosanthes fruticosa) immediately after first showers.
20. junceaCrotalaria masina/Jhunjhunia/San Fabaceae F Bamboo arundinaceaBambusa Bamboo/ThornyBans Poaceae E,C 22. strictusDendrocalamus Solidbamboo/ Bans Poaceae E,C M=Medicinal;T=Timber;E=Edible;F=Fodder;C=Commercial
(a) Habitat protection
Followingsuggestionsaremadeinthisplantoimprovethe faunalpopulation:
15. Aristida setacea DesiJaddughas Poaceae C pertusaBothriochloa Indian Bluegrass Poaceae F
16.
5. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN
Biodiversityreferstovariouskindsoflifeformswith their habitats.Biodiversityisthebasisoflifeonearth,important for the functioning of ecosystems and provides us with products and services. As the mining involves a lot of disruption to the physical environment, it interferes with variousbiologicalprocessesresultinginlossofbiodiversity. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the magnitude and severity of impacts associated with mining and their implications for biodiversity conservation. Developmental projects in any eco region must learn to respect the ecologicalintegrityofthedependentorganismsthrivingin thearea includingthehumanbeingsandtheirhabitatsfor longtermsustainability.
5.2 Fauna
Asbirdsactasseeddispersalagentsaswellaspollinators, effortsmustbemadetocreateenvironmentforavifaunaby plantingsuitabletreeswhichprovidehabitatforthem.Trees likeAlangiumsalvifolium,Annonasquamosa,Bombaxceiba, Cochlospermum religiosum, Erythrina suberosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus racemosa, Maduca longifoliavar.latifolia,Syzygiumcumini,Ziziphusmaurtiana, etc.,maybeplantedtoattractbirds.
5.1 Flora
in Biodiversity Conservation Plan to desist from planting exotics like Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Cassia siamea,Casuarinaequisetifolia,Grevillearobusta,Spathodea campanulata,Tecomastans,etc.Asthemineleaseareahas naturalvegetation,effortsshouldbemadetocollectseeds, tubersandotherplantingmaterialsandpropagatethesame inthenurseries.Seedlingsandsaplingsofshrubsandtrees from the undisturbed mineralized zones could be transplantedeitherintheareasproposedforafforestationor temporarilytothenurseryforfutureplanting.
Herpetofaunaincludesamphibiansandreptilesandarewell known environmental quality indicators because of their sensitivitytochangesintheenvironmentandspecificityof themicrohabitattheyuse.Inthevalleyswithinandoutside themineleasearea,thereareforeforestpatcheshavingboth moistdeciduousaswellasevergreencharacters,whichare verygoodhabitatsforthesekindsoforganisms.Hence,itis suggested to create an environment for dwelling of native herpetofaunaaswellasacorridortoallowthemovementof herpetofauna by planting suitable vegetation wherever disturbedbetweentwopatchesofforests.
18. fulvusChrysopogon Dhalu/dhaulu/ gurla/zargha Poaceae F
10.
(c) Providing a corridor for the dwelling and movement of herpetofauna
6. SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN
21.
[1] Bradshaw, A.D. 1996. Underlying Principles of Restoration. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science,53(Suppl.1):3 9.
© 2022, IRJET | Impact
0056 Volume:
value:
Research Journal of
| ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1676
Necessaryprecautionarymeasuresshouldbetakento preservethefertilityandshelflifeofthesoil.
[4] Lugo,A.E.1997.Theapparentparadoxofreestablishing species richness on degraded lands with tree monocultures.ForestryEcologyandManagement,99,9 19
(IRJET) e ISSN:
International Engineering Technology 2395 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 ISSN: 2395 0072 Factor 7.529
7. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
[3] Champion,H.G.andSeth,S.K.1968.ARevisedSurveyof theForesttypesofIndia.Govt.ofIndiaPress,Nasik.
and
[2] Brown,S.andLugo,A.E.1994.RehabilitationofTropical Lands A Key to Sustaining Development. Restoration Ecology,2,97 111.
Thetopsoilcontainingbeneficialmicrofloramustbe used for raising plantation over different reclaimed areassuchasdumps,backfilledareas,etc.
Inordertoensurerehabilitationofthemineaffectedareas, regular monitoring of implementation of the proposed measuresisveryessential.Monitoringprovidesamethodof measuring progress against an objective. In addition, site surveillancemayberequiredtodemonstratethatthemine siteremainssafeandposesnoenvironmentalrisks.Regular monitoringalsoallowsforaproactiveresponsewherethe rehabilitationprocessisfoundtobelackinginthedesired results.Monitoringalsoprovidesvaluablereferencedatafor authorities in subsequent decision making and in refining environmentalpermittingproceduresorlanduseplanning. Monitoring a landscape’s health over time in response to Environmental Management or regulatory drivers is important for land managers, ranging from individuals to governments, especially when the monitoring output has direct relevance for management decision making. Monitoringmaybeseekingtolookforevidenceoflandscape degradationorofrehabilitationprogressandtheprocedure needstohaveequalfacilityindealingwiththesescenarios. This training would equip them to: Respond to environmentalimpacts,Developplanstoaddressimpacts,To implementtheplansandevaluatetheresults,andReportand recordtheresults
In order to achieve these objectives, it is recommendedto havesuitabletrainingsintheformofrefreshercoursesfor themanagersdealingwithenvironmentalissues.
Asthebeneficialmicrobesarepresentinthetopsoil,it mustberemovedandstackedseparatelyaspertheplan andbeusedforreclamationandrehabilitationofmined areas.
[5] Seth,S.K.andKaul,O.N.1978.Tropicalforestecosystems ofIndia:TheTeakForest. In:UNESCOandFAO.Tropical ForestEcosystems.UNESCO FAO,France.
www.irjet.net p
REFERENCES
Thefollowingmeasuresinrespectofsoilmanagementcanbe adoptedinreclamationandrehabilitationofminedareas: