As well as a convenient tool for performing online government transactions, to be used in public policy and enable transparency[4].Whileaccountabilityandenhancedconnectivityandaccesstoinformationforpeoplehavebeenenhancedby e government,digitaldistributionofinformationisalsoaccomplishedatahighpricetogovernmententities[5].
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Abstract The effectiveness of e government services is contingent on both government backing and end user’s acceptance. This article examine factors e government services in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).The Darmawan model was extended to develop an acceptance model taking into account specific context for DRC.
Forthepurposeofthisstudy,G2Chasbeenconsideredforthefactthatisstructuredtotakeintoaccountfactorsinfluencingthe levelofadoptionofonlineservicesbycitizensindevelopingcountries,suchasDemocraticRepublicofCongo.
Elias Semajeri Ladislas1, Businge Phelix Mbabazi2
Key Words: E government,DemocraticRepublicofCongo,adoption,end users,informationsecurity,
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To get primary data, 100 citizens were polled. The impact of the parameters modified by adding constructs such as information security from the Darmawan’s model on e government adoption was investigated using regression analysis. The reported values of the various constructions in reliability tests is 0.972. The findings show that end users' e government behavior is influenced by information confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability and non repudiation. Practice and research implications are highlighted.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Actually,e governmentisnolongerseenbygovernmentagenciesworldwideasanalternative,butasaparticularlysignificant additiontotheservicesprovidedtopeople.Thequalityandreliabilityofpublicsectorservicesareseenastheoutcomeofe governmentimplementation.E governmentoffersanimportantwayforpeopletoengageinandtoparticipatein.
Oneofthegovernmentsthathasagreedtointroducee governmentisthegovernmentoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo (DRC).Asoneofthestepstobuildaknowledge basedsociety,e governmenthasbeenlaunched[6].
Makingelectronictraditionalgovernmenttransactionsmaynotbetheonlychallengeemergingfrome governmentsystems, sincetheintroductionandimplementationofsuchsystemsentailsavarietyofproblems,includingpolitical,cultural,social, technological,andorganizationalandhumanresourcesissues[7],[8],[9].
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Up to now, there really is no clear explanation of e government, and most definitions focus on the improved delivery of governmentservicestocitizensthroughtheuseoftechnology.E governmentrelatestotheuseofITtechnologybygovernment agencies[3].Suchinnovationscanrepresentarangeofdifferentpurposes,suchaspeople,consumers,clientsandworkers.
FACTORS AFFECTING E-GOVERNMENT ADOPTION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Prospectiveusersofe governmentserviceshavebeencategorizedintodifferentsectors:thegovernment togovernment(G2G) categorythatcoversinternal transactionsamonggovernmentagencies,thegovernment to business(G2B)category,that covers public sector contacts with the private sector, and the government to citizens (G2C) category, that comprises all electronicservicesrenderedbygovernmententitiestocitizens.
Mostoftimes,suchissuesledtofailureofE governmentdespiteeffortsengagedbygovernmentauthorities.
Internet advancement and the progress of information and communication technologies (ICT) provide new ways for governmentsfacilitatinginteractionwithcitizensandservethem[1].Theexponentialgrowthofe governmentworldwidehas enabled the debate about how governments should boost the citizen’s acceptance of their online public services [2]. E governmentimplementationsforseveralnationsstartedinthelate1990s.
In2018,theDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsstipulatedthatthefailureofe governmentinitiativesaredependenton avarietyoffactors,includingtechnologyissues,trustinsecurityanduncertaintyofcitizens'needs[10].Inordertosupply
1,2School of Mathematic and Computing, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda ***
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Intheimplementationofe governmentservices,adoptionperformsanun overlookableposition.Lackofcitizens'acceptanceof e governmentservicesiseitheranegativesymptomaticofineffectiveapplicationoraverylargeindicativeparameterofless usageofe government[15],[16],[17].Basically,theprogressofe governmentisdependentonthedesireorreadinessofthe peopletoembraceandusethisinformationtechnology[17].
Literaturereviewsontheimplementationandusageofinformationsystemsandtechnologyinpreviousempirical studies indicatedthecommonrolesofe governmentinseveralvariousareassuchaselectronicgovernment(e government),electronic commerce(e commerce),e learning,etc.
A number of studies have adopted, updated and tested several theoretical models over the last thirty years in attempt to comprehendandforecasttheadoptionanduseoftechnology[18].
Severalresearchontechnologyacceptanceconcerningtheimplementationofe governmentusestheoriginaltypeoftechnology acceptancemodelsandhypotheses,combiningthemorincorporatingexplanatoryfeatures[21].
2. LITTERATURE REVIEW
Asfurtherasthisstudyisconcerned,wewillconsiderthedefinitionofGunter[13],specifyingthate governmentrelatestothe useofinformationandcommunicationtechnologyinordertoprovidepublicservicestopeopleandbusinessesandincludesthe transformationofpublicservicesaccessibletocitizensthroughneworganizationalprocessesandnewtechnologicaltrends.
2.1 Motivators of Adoption and Use of E government
ThusitisimportanttogainandassesstheDRCcitizens’perceptionsofe governmentasanimprovementintheirlifestylesby examiningthefactorsaffectingtheadoptionofe governmentintheDemocraticRepublicofCongoandhence,inrelationtothis latesttechnologicalinitiative,toexplaintheirresponsetogovernment.
Itiscommonlythoughtthattheconceptofe governmentemergednear1990after50yearsofuseofinformationtechnology(IT) inthesenseofthegovernmentsector[11],[12].
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However,thereisnosinglemodelthat,underallsituations,matcheswell.
Meaningsofe governmentvarybasedone governmenttargetsandperspectives,aswellasgroupexpectationsandbeliefs[13].
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Inordertoanalyze,examineandunderstandvariablesinfluencingtheuseoftechnologyinspecificcontexts,numeroustheories andmodelsoftechnologyadoptionhavebeendeveloped.
ModelsadoptedandthenusedfromanotherfieldanddevelopedbyresearchersinInformationSystemshavingmodelssuchas: TheoryofReasonedAction(TRA) TheoryofPlannedBehavior TechnologyAcceptanceModel(TAM) DiffusionofInnovationTheory(DOI) UnifiedTheoryofAcceptanceandUseofTechnology(UTAUT) Darmawan’smodel Etc.
Withdifferentphasesemerging,improved,interactive,transactional,andrelated,theadoptionofe governmentasamechanism iscontinuous.Atthetransactionallevel,theonlinetransactionsthemselvesoccur[19],[20].Theinformationsecurityaspect includes achieving this degree of two way communication. The protection of data is an integral part of systems that are transaction based.
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economicandsocialbenefitsforpeople,e governmentadoptionisknowntobeanimportantpartofe governmentprogressin developingcountries[5].
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AlthoughtheDarmawanmodel[22]didnotadequatelyhighlightkeyinformationsecurityandconfidencefactorsthatcould affectthepenetrationofe governmentinanAfricancontextwhenleftout,itwasconsideredthemostappropriatemodelto guidetheresearch.Thisisbecausethemodelisanexpansionof TAM,anempiricallytestedmodel,andthemodelalsoincludes factorssuchasadequatequalityoftheCitizenTrust+Framework,compatibility+knowledgequality,promotingconditionsthat havebeenlistedamongthemainfactorsinfluencingtheadoptionofegogovernmentservicesintheDemocraticRepublicof Congo(DRC).
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Table -1: A Summary of Measures for the E-Government Adoption Process
PerceivedUsefulness EasePerceivedUseof toIntentionUse andPrivacysecurity Management
Davis,F.(1989)
FISM No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Bwalya & Healy( 2010)
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen,I.(1975)
SocialInfluence BehavioralIntention Experience ExpectedBenefit
EGAM Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No
Forthisstudy,datasecurityandtrustfactorshavebeendefinedfromotherresearchandthefieldsurveyandincorporatedinto theDarmawanmodelasadditionale governmentadoptionrequirements.
TAM Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes? Yes No Yes Venkatesh and Davis(2000)
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Rogers, E.M. (1962)
TPB No No No No No No No Yes? Yes Yes No No
Inordertoestablishsomeofthemainfactorswhichmightbecriticalinaffectingthedecisiontoacceptandusethetechnology usedine governmentinthecontextoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo,ananalysisofsomeofthemaintechnologyadoption modelswasconducted.
TRA No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No
Name and Year Models
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Models and Core Variables
UTAUT Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tassabehji(2005) N/A No No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes? Wangwe et al.’s (2012)
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen,I(1980)
Acomparisonmatrixillustratingtheidentifiedgapsintheliteratureregardingtheassessmentoftheadoptionandusageof emergingtechnologyservicesine governmentisprovidedinTable 1.
ESADEC Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Darmawan’s model(2017)
TOG No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No Alfawaz et al.’s (2008)
TAM2 Yes? Yes? No No No Yes No Yes? Yes Yes? Yes Yes Venaktesh et al.(2003)
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DOI No No No No No No No Yes? Yes? Yes? No No
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toWillingnessadopt InformationSecurity FacilitatingConditions
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IntheDelon&McLeanSuccessmodel,Systemqualityischaracterizedasthedegreeofexcellenceofthesoftwareorsystem andfocusesonthefunctionalityoftheuserinterface,easeofuse,systemresponselevels,documentationandqualityofthe system,easeofmaintainingtheprogrammingcode,andwhetherthesystemisbug free[34].
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ThequalityofserviceinthesuccessfulDelon&McLeanmodelisthequalityoftheintendedsystem,ifthecustomeriswilling ornot,andtowhatdegreethesystemcanhelpusersbuildjobs.
addition,thereareotherfactorsthatarethoughtoimpactorpromotee Governmentadoption.
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InUTAUT,thefacilitatingconditionsintheUTAUTmodelisdescribedastheobjectiveenvironmentalfactorsthatparticipants agreetomakeanacteasytoexecute,alongwiththesupportofcomputer.Ithasbeendemonstratedthat,throughperceived usefulnessandeaseofuse,facilitatingconditionssignificantlyimproveuseracceptance[39],[40],[41].Facilitatingconditions givethereferencemanualincludesspecificguidanceonhowtouseanapplication,specialistunitsorstafftooperatethee Governmentsystem,andappropriatesupportresources.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
The independent factors proposed by the UTAUT model comprise of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influenceandfacilitatingconditions.
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Compatibilityischaracterizedasastatetowhichaninventionisconsideredtobecompatiblewithpotentialadopters'current values,needs,andexperiences[44].
Itiscrucialtounderstandthefactorsaffectinge governmentusers.Therearemanyacceptancemodels,asdiscussedabove, whichhavebeencommonlyusedtodescribetheuseracceptanceoftheInformationSystem.TAMisnowoneofthemany extensively studied models in information system documentation and has been used in a wide variety of information managementapplications indifferentconsumersamples [29]. The TAMhas been updated byseveral scholars toboostits interpretationabilities.Inthefieldofe Government[12],[30],[31],[32].
Takentogether,theresultsdemonstratethattheperceivedeaseofuse,perceivedutility,CitizenConfidence,SystemEfficiency, Compatibility,InformationQuality,PromotingConditionsthathavebeenestablishedamongthevitalfactorsinfluencinge governmentservicesadoption.However,Informationsecurityconsiderationsarethoughttobecorrelatedintheadoptionofe governmentintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo'sContext.
Compatibilityisanotheraspectthatisalsoacriticalfactorofe Governmentadoption[42],[43].
Compatibilityisanotheraspectthatisalsoanimportantfactorine Governmentadoption.Compatibilityisdescribedasthe waytowhichtechnologyisconsideredtobecompatiblewiththecurrentvalues,desiresandexpectationsofpotentialadopters [44].In
AccordingtoEseri(2014),InformationSecurityisthemechanismthroughwhichthegovernment,asanongoingprocessand notasastateatatime,protectsandpreservesitssystems,media,andfacilitiesthatpreserveinformationnecessaryforits securityoperations[45],describedaccessibility,confidentiality,transparency,informationassurance,andaccountability as components of information security. In this study, the capacity of e government systems to meet confidentiality/privacy, transparency,accountabilityandtrustassetsisevaluatedintermsofinformationprotection[46].
3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
IntheUTAUTmodel,socialinfluencesfactorisdescribedaspeople'sexpectationsofwhetherornotmostpeoplewhoare importanttothemwillthinkthattheyshouldconducttheaction.Inpreviousresearch,socialinfluenceshasshownasignificant impactontheintentionsofpeopleusingtechnology[35],[36],[37],[38].
Focusedonanexistingliteratureonthestateoftheartmodelfortheadoptionoftechnology,particularlyinthecontextofe Government,28hypothesiscanbeexpressedas:
Perceivedusefulness(PU)isdescribedasthedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthattheuseoftheactualsystemwould enhanceherorhisworkperformance[33]andperceivedeaseofuse(PEOU)asthedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat usingtheactualsystemwillbefreeofmentalandphysical[34].
H1:PerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H2:PerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)significantlypositiveinfluencestheBehavioralIntention(BI)
H20:BehaviourIntention(BI)significantlypositiveinfluencestheE GovernmentAdoption(EA)
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H13:InformationQuality(IQ)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H23:Availability(AV)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H10:Compatibility(COM)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H22:Confidentiality(CONF)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H27:Non repudiation(NR)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H4:Awareness(Aw)significantlypositiveinfluencesthe PerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H5:Awareness(Aw)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H21:Confidentiality(CONF)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H11:Compatibility(COM)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
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H17:ServiceQuality(SEQ)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H26:Accountability(AC)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H14:SystemQuality(SQ)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
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H19:FacilitatingConditions(FC)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H12:InformationQuality(IQ)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H16:ServiceQuality(SEQ)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H25:Accountability(AC)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H24:Integrity(INT)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H6:SocialInfluence(INS)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H18:FacilitatingConditions(FC)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H3:PerceivedUsefulness(PU)significantlypositiveinfluencestheBehaviorIntention(BI)
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H24:Availability(AV)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H28:Non repudiation(NR)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H8:CitizenTrust(CT)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
H23:Integrity(INT)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedEaseofUse(PEOU)
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H15:SystemQuality(SQ)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
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H7:SocialInfluence(INS)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
H9:CitizenTrust(CT)significantlypositiveinfluencesthePerceivedUsefulness(PU)
Asmentionedearlier,thequestionnaireprovidedparticipantswithabriefdescriptionoftheaimofthestudy,andparticipation was on a strictly voluntary basis. In an atmosphere free of external constraints. After a time of about 13 minutes, the questionnaireswereobtainedfromtheparticipants.
Forthepurposeofthisresearch,theinstrumentofdatacollectionconsistedof:a)aformalquestionnaireandb)theguidelines forthesemi structuredinterviews.
Inthesurvey,thestrengthofopinionwillbemeasuredbya5 pointLikertscalewhererespondentscouldchoose“Strongly agree”to'“Stronglydisagree”.
InternalconsistencywasdeterminedusingCronbach'scoefficientalpha,witharecommendedlevelofCronbach'sAlphaofmore than0.60.(Mukerjietal.,2012).Forthepurposeofthisstudy,theTable 3showsthattheCronbach'sAlphawascalculatedto 0,970,meaningourconstructsareconsistenttomeasureend usersadoptionintheDRC.
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ThequestionnairewasadministeredbetweenthemonthsofDecember2020andJanuary2021toatotalof426people.385 responseswerecollectedfrom426questionnairesdistributed.
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5. DATA ANALYSIS
Thefirstphaseofthedataanalysistoverifytheanswersofthequestionsconsistedoftestingtheanswersandmarkingthem withauniqueid.ByusingSPSSS,theauthorsdevelopeddescriptivestatisticsandusedregressionanalysis.Descriptivedata analysisoffersthereaderanunderstandingoftherealnumbersandvalues,andalsothedegreetowhichresearchersdealwith them[28].
5.1. Reliability of the Model
ThefactorsSocialInfluences,CitizenTrust,Compatibility,Awareness&Training,InformationQuality,SystemQuality,Service Quality,FacilitatingConditions,PerceivedEaseofUse,PerceivedUsefulness,BehaviouralIntention,Confidentiality,Integrity, Availability, Accountability, and Non repudiation were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha value to measure the internal consistencyofthesefactorsevaluatinge governmentservicesadoptionfromaninformationsecurityperspectivetoensure instrumentreliabilityandhavetrustinthefindings.AccordingtoMukerjietal.(2012),Cronbach'salphagreaterthan0.60
• Quantifiableinformationregardingthebehaviorintentionsofthestudypopulationinordertodesigntheadoption modeltousee governmentservicesisneeded.
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4. METHODOLOGY
Across sectionaltimehorizonwasusedinthisstudyratherthanalongitudinalone,whichmeansthatalargeamountofdata frombothDRCresidentsandgovernmentofficialsresponsibleforimplementinge governmentserviceswascollectedonlyonce andwithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.
• Aquestionnairecanbeadministeredconcurrentlytoalargenumberofindividuals;itislesscostly,lesstime consuming andrequireslessexpertisecomparedtotheinterview[27].
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Astructuredquestionnairecontainingapre formulatedwrittenof52itemsandsemi structuredinterviewsetofstatements adoptedfromstudiesfoundintheliteratureintobothE governmentandtechnologyacceptance[26],[21],[22],[18],willbethe maindatacollectiontool,withafewmodifications.
Thedegreetowhichameasuringinstrument(questionnaire)producesreliableresultsisreferredtoasreliability(Ayodele, 2012;Kothari,2005).Thatis,atool'sstabilityanddependability,orwhetheritiserror freeandthereforeobtainsaccuratedata. Stability of constructs and instrument stability over time are two examples of reliability tests. In this case, questionnaire reliabilitywascheckedtoseewhetherthevarioussectionsofthequestionnaire,suchasthesectiononSocial Influence,the sectiononconfidentiality,integrity,availability,citizentrustandothersproducedconsistentresults.
Astheprimarydatacollectiontoolforthisanalysis,aquantitativeresearchapproachusingasurveyquestionnairewaschosen. Asitisaffordable,lesstimeconsumingandhasthepotentialtoincludebothquantitativeandqualitativedatafromabroad researchsample,asurveyquestionnairewasused[23],[24],[25].
Thefollowingarethereasonsforusingaquestionnaireasthemaintoolforcollectingdata:
• nisthesamplesize
Skewness Ni(Xi x)3/(N 1)*σ3,
• Xi=RandomVariable
indicatesreasonableandsatisfactoryreliability,greaterthan0.70indicatesdecentreliability,andgreaterthan0.95indicates verygoodreliabilityincorrectingaccurateanswers.Forscience,reliabilityvaluesof0.65to0.92areconsideredsuitable(Babin etal.,2011).
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
Kurtosis Ni(Xi x)4/(N 1)*σ4
With:
• x MeanoftheDistribution
Anormaldistributionhaszeroskewness,andanysymmetricdatashouldhaveskewnessclosetozero.Negativeskewnessvalues indicatedatathatisskewedleft,whereaspositiveskewnessvaluesindicatedatathatisskewedcorrect.Theterm"skewedleft" referstothelengthofthelefttailincomparisontotherighttail.Skewedright,ontheotherhand,meansthattherighttailis longerthanthelefttail.
• xisthesamplemean
Themean,aswellasotherstatisticssuchasSkewnessandKurtosis,wereusedtodeterminethedistributionoftheindicators underinvestigation.Skewnessisameasureofadistribution'ssymmetry,andKurtosisisthedistribution'speak(Shailendra, 2018).Anegativeskewnessvalueindicatesaskeweddistributiontotheleft,whileapositiveskewnessvalueindicatesaskewed distributiontotheright.Thefollowingisthebasicformulaforcalculatingthestatistic:
To assess the reliability of the items used in the studyconstructs,an assessment was carried out. Theanalysis used Stata (Version10)tolookatallofthefollowingitems:mean,standarddeviation,skewness,Kurtosiswiththeappropriateimportance degree.Themeanistheaverageofthemeasurementsoverthesampleorpopulation,representedsymbolicallyas: x (Σxi)/n
Lowskewnessandkurtosisareallcorrelatedwithhighprobabilityvalues,suggestinganormaldistributionfortheconstructed variable(Joanesetal.,1998),asseeninTable.1.
• Ơ StandardDeviation
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• N=NumberofVariablesintheDistribution
Where:
Weconsiderskewnessvaluesbetween 3and+3.UndertheZratings,alloftheitemvaluesintable1areregular.Welookat kurtosisvaluesbetween 4and+4forthekurtosis.
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• xiisthemeasurementofindividual
• Σissummationnotation
Theabsolutepeakednessofthemeanindistributionismeasuredbykurtosis.Lowkurtosisisassociatedwithaflattopnearthe meanandaheavytailinonedirection,whereashighkurtosisisassociatedwithahighpeaknearthemeanwithaheavytailin onedirection.Thekurtosisfigureisexpressedsymbolicallyasfollows:
Table1showsthatmostresearchvariablesarenormallydistributed(p value0.1)asaresultofcross sectionalsurveydata collection.CONF1(mean=1.95,kurtosis=,316;Skewness=,278),forexample,showsthatCONF1isatnormaldistributionatthe 1%levelofsignificance.At5%importance,theitemCONF2(mean=2.00,Skewness=,722;kurtosis=1,903)isalsonormally distributed.Thisindicatesthattheconstructisimportantandrelevanttotheresearch.
FACOND3 100 2,40 ,765 ,414 ,124
CT3 100 2,16 ,735 ,518 ,405
ServiceQuality 100 2,35 ,756 ,383 ,403
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AWR4 100 2,21 ,832 ,552 ,501
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AWR1 100 2,60 ,921 ,649 ,417 AWR2 100 2,55 ,880 ,570 ,042
QualityInformation
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SI3 100 2,45 ,845 ,825 ,364
INFOQUAL2 100 2,54 ,958 ,341 ,675
ConditionsFacilitating 100 2,35 ,462 ,924 2,288
INFOQUAL3 100 2,56 ,988 ,022 1,025
FACOND2 100 2,52 ,847 ,395 ,603
Likewise,disagreed.fourindicatorsintheIntegrityconstructwereclassifiednormally(,946;2,528;3,441and1,322).Thisindicatesthat,in theeyesofend usersofe governmentservices,theintegritywaspositiveandslightlyabovetheirusualexpectations.
Compatibility 100 2,08 ,614 ,422 1,129
AccordingtoCONF1,responsestothequestion"Accesstoinformationine governmentsystemsshouldbeaccessibletoallowed e governmentusersonly»werenormallydistributed.Althoughthemajorityoftherespondentsagreed,anon negligiblenumber
PEOU1 100 2,30 ,870 1,060 1,569
SI4 100 2,10 ,674 ,888 1,724
PEOU4 100 2,56 ,808 ,857 1,094
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Social Influence 100 2,22 ,486 ,848 ,487
Citizen Trust 100 2,19 ,620 ,373 ,527 COMP1 100 2,13 ,677 ,436 ,573 COMP2 100 2,03 ,674 ,774 1,601
PEOU13 100 2,21 ,701 ,943 2,321
FACOND4 100 2,29 ,756 ,747 ,434
Table 1: Statistical Reliability of Items
AWR3 100 1,79 ,701 ,676 ,599
SERQUAL1 100 2,45 ,936 ,412 ,430
Awareness 100 2,29 ,485 ,351 ,646
Q19B 100 2,26 ,747 ,573 ,321
Inaddition,thefindingsofthisstudy'sconstructanalysisshowthatConfidentiality,Integrity,Availability,Accountabilityand Non Repudiationhadnormalitydistributions.Theinformationfoundineachofthefiveconstructsindicatorsthatdisplaynormal distributionisrepresentative,andwecanuseittodrawinferencesaboutthepopulation,accordingtotheresultsofthese analyses.Second,theindicators'normalityallowsformorein depthresearchwithouttheneedfortransformation.Finally,this showsthatthesamplesizewascalculatedcorrectlyandstatistically,withminimalerrors.
CT1 100 2,14 ,804 ,571 ,146
INFOQUAL1 100 2,37 ,884 ,808 ,172
PEOU2 100 2,19 ,748 ,708 1,468
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SystemQuality 100 2,49 ,677 ,088 ,357
FACOND1 100 2,20 ,816 ,750 ,923
PerceivedEU 100 2,31 ,65097 1,043 2,829
SYQUAL3 100 2,57 ,956 ,468 ,455
CT2 100 2,27 ,802 ,667 ,185
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SI1 100 2,14 ,725 ,591 ,620
SI2 100 2,18 ,770 ,759 ,630
SYQUAL1 100 2,51 ,772 ,101 ,330
SYQUAL2 100 2,39 ,827 ,359 ,346
100 2,49 ,823 ,434 ,653
N Mean S.Deviation Skewness Kurtosis
AV1 100 1,82 ,575 ,015 ,180
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INT3 100 1,93 ,671 ,902 3,441
NONR1 100 2,01 ,659 ,422 ,692
PU4 100 2,18 ,687 ,132 ,120
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CONF1 100 1,95 ,642 ,278 ,316
INT4 100 2,11 ,777 ,728 1,322
ACC1 100 1,81 ,615 ,133 ,456
AlphaCronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,970 ,972 83
Availability 100 1,99 ,637 ,117 ,299
PU2 100 1,87 ,849 1,063 1,427
Accountability 100 1,92 ,581 ,014 ,261
BI2 100 2,08 ,677 1,298 4,051
Integrity 100 1,99 ,587 ,087 ,612
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BI3 100 2,11 ,680 1,041 3,212
AV2 100 2,15 ,845 ,628 ,549
Contentvalidity,constructvalidity,andreliabilitywereamongtheinstrumentvalidationtechniquesusedinthisstudy.The researcherusedcontentvalidity(interviews)asapre datacollectionvalidity,andconstructvalidityandreliabilityasapost data collectionvalidity,inordertohaveareliablesurveyinstrumentandhenceconfidenceintheresearchfindings.InISresearch, thesevaliditymethodologiesarerecognizedasbestpractices[48].Theinternalresearchconsistencyofmeasurementwas evaluatedusingCronbach'scoefficientalphavalue.
ACC2 100 2,02 ,724 ,458 ,278
CONF2 100 2,00 ,636 ,722 1,903
Nonrepudiation 100 2,05 ,581 ,136 ,904
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BI1 100 2,51 ,904 ,638 ,377
PU1 100 1,89 ,650 ,110 ,609
UsefulnessPerceived 100 1,95 ,61574 ,182 -,415
Confidentiality 100 1,99 ,55160 ,268 ,109
INT2 100 1,98 ,752 1,052 2,528
ValidN(listwise) 100
Q24D 100 1,92 ,598 ,026 ,165
Table -3. Reliability statistics for the model
CONF3 100 2,11 ,777 ,332 ,210
BI4 100 2,11 ,634 ,637 1,370
BI5 100 2,06 ,565 1,728 8,260
NONR2 100 2,10 ,689 ,813 2,566
Cronbach'scoefficientalphavalueswerechosentoobservethemeasure'sinternalconsistency,accordingtoHintonetal.(2004). Inaddition,fourdependabilityrangeswereproposed:good(0.90andhigher),high(0.70 0.90),highmoderate(0.50 0.70),
INT1 100 1,94 ,600 ,307 ,946
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PU6 100 1,85 ,672 ,593 ,867
PU3 100 2,04 ,887 ,631 ,204
PU5 100 1,91 ,698 ,488 ,369
IntentionBihavioral 100 2,17 ,54135 ,343 1,907
SincetheguidedmodelhasbeenvalidatedinDarmawan’sstudytakingintoaccounthuman,technology,organizationdimension, InformationSecurityfactors(Confidentiality,Integrity,Availability,Accountability,Non Repudiation)wereusedaspredictor factorsinaregressionstudywithE governmentusage(E governmentAdoption)asthedependentvariable.Table 3showsthat asignificantmodelemergedfromtheinvestigation,withanadjustedRsquareof0,649.Inrelationwithourhypothesis,ithas beenshownintheresultsthatalmostallofhypothesizesweresupported,andthatonlyonehypothesisispartiallysupported, thisisthoughttoberelatedthesmallsamplesizeused(Table 5).
Model R RSquare Adjusted R Square Std.Errorofthe Estimate
andpoor(0.50 0.70).(0.50andlower).Table 3showstheCronbach'salphavaluesforourinstrumentat0.97,respectively, showingthattheconstructsareinternallyconsistentandreliabilityistestedforthesameconstruct.
Table 5. Summary of hypotheses tests of e government adoption model
a. Predictors: (Constant), NonRepudiation, IntegrityAvailability,Accountability,Confidentiality
CoefficientCorrelation
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H4b SOCIN→PU 0,211** Yes
H3a Aw→PEOU 0,542** Yes
H8b SysQual→PU 0,537** Yes
H12b CONF→PU 0,750** Yes
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
H4a SOCIN→PEOU 0,382** Yes
H3b Aw→PU 0,405** Yes
Supported
H5a CT→PEOU 0,505** Yes H5b CT→PU 0,411** Yes
H6b COM→PU 0,558** Yes
H1b PEOU→BI 0,673** Yes
b. Dependent Variable: E government Services Usage (E governmentAdoption)
H2 Pu→BI 0,554** Yes
1 ,617a ,681 ,649 ,399
H7a InfoQual→PEOU 0,067** Yes
Table 4. Regression Analysis: Model Summary Model Summary
H9a SerQual→PEOU 0,624** Yes
H9b SerQual→PU 0,563** Yes
H11 BI→EgovA 0,406** Yes
H13a INT→PEOU 0,610** Yes H13b INT→PU 0,703** Yes H14a AV→PEOU 0,599** Yes
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5.2. Regression Analysis
Hypotheses
H10a FaCond→PEOU 0,487** Yes H10b FaCond→PU 0,336** Yes
H7b InfoQual→PU 0,400** Yes H8a SysQual→PEOU 0,513** Yes
H1a PEOU→PU 0,540** Yes
H6a COM→PEOU 0,553** Yes
H12a CONF→PEOU 0,552** Yes
MultiplemodelfitcriteriaweregeneratedusingAmostoevaluatetheoverallfitofthemodel,asdescribedintheliterature [49].There wereseven goodness of fit indexesutilized. ManystudiesonISsuccess researchemploytheaforementioned model fitmetrics.AccordingtoChiuetal.[50],thevalueofchi squaredividedbydegreesoffreedom(/d.f.)forameasurement modelshouldnotexceed3,theComparativeFitIndex(CFI)shouldbehigherthan9,theNon NormedFitIndex(NNFI)should behigherthan9,andtheRootMeanSquareErrorofApproximation(RMSEA)valueshouldbelessthan0.08.Accordingto AndersonandGerbing[52],RMSEAvalueslessthan0.1areacceptable.
TheoverallmodelfitindicesdeterminedbyAMOSsoftwareareshowninTable 6.Itdemonstratesthatallindicesclearlyabove thestatedidealstandardvaluesforasuccessfulmodelfit,indicatingthatthemodelhadachievedasatisfactorylevelandcould beutilizedtoexplaintheassumptions.Asaresult,thepathcoefficientsforeachseparatestructuralmodelhypothesiswere examinednext.
Theresultsoftheaforementionedvalidationcriteriathatinfluencede governmentadoptionintheDemocraticRepublicof CongoaredepictedinFigure
GFI 0.911 >0.90 Yes
AGFI 0.801 >0.80 Yes
H16b NonR→PU 0,541** Yes
/d.f 1.502 <5.00 Yes
RMSEA 0.034 <0.08 Yes
H15b ACC→PU 0,658** Yes
Validating Factors Affecting E government Adoption in the Democratic Republic of Congo Model fit
index Scores Recommendedvalue AcceptedFit
Fit1.
H16a NonR→PEOU 0,544** Yes
CFI 0.912 >0.90 Yes
NFI 0.900 >0.90 Yes
NNFI 0.912 >0.90 Yes
IFI 0.907 >0.90 Yes
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H14b AV→PU 0,658** Yes
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
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Table 6. Indicators of model fit for the study model
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H15a ACC→PEOU 0,599** Yes
statistics,alloftheconstructsscoredhighlyonthe(1 5)likertscale.Asaresult,therespondents expressedhighagreementwiththestudy'selementsforanalyzingtheadoptionofthee governmentsystem(SeeGraphicsin Appendices Confidentiality,section).Integrity,Availability,Accountability,Non RepudiationsignificantlyexplainBehaviouralIntentionstoAdoptE Government,accordingtolinearregressionanalysis.
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Thisstudypresentedthefindingsofadataanalysisofasurveythatwasundertakentoinvestigateend user’sadoptionanduse ofDemocraticRepublicofCongoe governmentservices.Theresultswerepresentedinseveralareas.Thefirststagewastotalk about the validation and results of the e government system's adoption. The findings in this part demonstrated that the reliabilitytestwasconfirmedandthatthemeasureswereinternallyconsistent,sincealloftheconstructshadaCronbach's alphaof According0.972.todescriptive
Althoughthefindingsofthisstudyareintriguing,theyarerestrictedtoasmallpopulationofe governmentserviceusers.Asa result,futureresearchshouldlookattheperspectivesofnon adoptersofe governmentservices.Thisresearchcanalsobe expanded by using the UTAUT model moderators (age, gender, and experience) as well as additional variables including culture,trust,andsocioeconomicrestrictions.Asaresult,morestudyisrequiredtoovercometheseconstraints.
[1.]Lowery,M.(2001).DevelopingaSuccessfulE governmentStrategy,DepartmentofTelecommunicationsandInformation Services,SanFrancisco.
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REFERENCES
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Figure 1: Validated Model of Factors Affecting E government Adoption in the Democratic Republic of Congo
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6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
ThecurrentstudyisuniqueintheDemocraticRepublicofCongocontextsinceitfocusesontheuser'sperspective,whichcan beusedasafoundationforfuturee governmentadoptionstudiesinDRCandotherCentralAfricaRegions.Second,thestudy's practicalimplicationsincludeassistinggovernmentpolicymakersanddecision makersinthedesignandimplementationofe governmentservicesintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Theyshould,forexample,developrulesandinitiativesthat prioritizeInformationSecurityfactorsine governmentservices.
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
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