In the 1950s, Viktor Glukovsky, of Kiev, USSR, developed concretematerialsoriginallyknownunderthenames"soil silicate concretes" and "soil cements", but since the introduction of the geopolymer concept by Joseph Davidovits. 1991, the terminology and definitions of 'geopolymer' have become more diverse and often conflicting.
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2Assistant Professor, Sree Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India
3Assistant Professor, Sree Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India
1PG Student, Sree Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India
Abstract Inpresentdaysworldfacingmajorproblemdue to huge quantity of CO2 emission from cement industries while making OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) for construction industries. To reduce this effect from environmentwearegoingtointroduceGPC (GeoPolymer Concrete)byfullyreplacementwithGeopolymerconcrete like GGBS, Fly ash and alkaline liquids {NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide),Na2Sio3(SodiumSilicate)}
Key Words: (Geopolymer,FlyAsh,GroundGranulatedBlast furnaceSlag,compressivestrength,Sorptivity,Sluptestand XRD)
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056
1.1 Necessity of Geo Polymer Concrete
AfterordinaryPortlandcement(OPC)concrete,geopolymer concrete(GPC)isthemostadvancedformofconcrete.GPC has many advantages including improved strength and durabilityproperties.Highearlyagestrengthandambient curing of GPC helps to reduce the construction. But the production of cement means the production of pollution because of the emission of CO2 during its production [4] . There are two different sources of CO2 emission during cementproduction.Combustionoffossilfuelstooperatethe rotarykilnisthelargestsourceandotheroneisthechemical processofcalcininglimestoneintolimeinthecementkiln also produces CO2. In India about 2,069,738 thousand of metric ton of CO2 are emitted in the year of 2010. The cementindustrycontributesabout5%oftotalglobalcarbon dioxide emissions [5]. And the cement is manufactured by
2. Literature Review
Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net ISSN: 2395 0072 2022, IRJET Impact Factor value: 7.529 9001:2008
K GUNASEKHAR REDDY1 , B. BALAKRISHNA BHARATH2 , Mrs. S MOUNICA SOWJANYA3
This Experimental investigation shows the GPC (15cm X 15cm)concretecubeStrengthCharacteristicswithdifferent agesofcubescuringatroomtemperature27oC.Theabove allstrengthsarealsobasedondifferentmolaritieslike6M, 8M,10M,12M,and14M.
In carrying out the project work various codes, journals, booksetc.arereferred.ThescienceofGPhasnotyetreached thestagewhereGPCmixcanbemadebyuserbyjustadding water as it has happened in the case of Portland cement technology.
More Pratap Kishanrao et al., (2013) [4]
3. Experimental Investigations
Allthematerialsusedinthestudyweretestedinaccordance withtheIndianstandards.Thisinvestigationshowninbelow figure.
studiedthePerformanceofGeopolymerconcretemixesat elevated temperatures. It is an established fact that the greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 80% in Geopolymer concrete vis a vis the conventional Portland cement manufacturing, as it does not involve carbonate burns etc. Thus, Geopolymer based Concrete is highly environment friendly and the same time it can be made a high performance concrete. In the present study, fly ash, blast furnace slag and catalytic liquids have been used to prepareGeopolymerconcretemixes.Thisstudyiscontinued to investigate the behaviour of such Geopolymer concrete under high temperatures ranging from 100°C to 500°C. Cubes of size 100mm × 100mm × 100 mm are tested for theirresidualcompressivestrengthsaftersubjectingthemto thesehightemperatures.
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An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics 0f the Concrete using the Geo Polymer
using the raw materials such as limestone, clay and other minerals.
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1.Introduction
S.NO Particulars of test Value 1 Specificgravity 2.56 2 Waterabsorption 0.6% 3 Bulk Roddeddensitybulkdensity Loosebulkdensity 1720kg/m3 1520kg/m3 4 FinenessModulus 2.62 5 Zone II 3.1.4
S. No.
Theriversand,passingfrom4.75mmsieveandretainedon 600µmsieveasperIS:383 1970,Zone 2wasusedasFA.The aggregate was typically the same materials used in the normal concrete mixture and the fine aggregate is clean, inertandfreefromorganicmatter,siltandclay. PropertiesofFineAggregate Coarse Aggregate (CA)
Table ChemicalCompositionofGGBS Major Components Formula Values PhysicalPropertiesofGGBS
alumina and silica which are necessary for the geo polymerizationreactiontotakeplace.TheDegreeofreaction was evaluated for all the percentage variations of the geopolymer concrete at 7 days of curing. The chemical propertiesandthephysicalpropertiesaregivenbelow.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1119 Fig 3.1 Flow chart of the Experimental program Phase 1 ComparisonofmaterialsinGPC. Phase 2 ComparisonsofmolarsofNaOHsolutioninGPC. 3.1 Constituents of Concrete 3.1.1 Fly Ash: In this study, low calcium Fly ash (Class F) from NTPC, Visakhapatnam was used as the main source material as 100% replacement of cement. The fly ash particles are sphericalandgreyincolour. Table 3. 1 ChemicalCompositionofFlyAsh(Mass%) S. No. Major Components Formula Values 1 SiliconDioxide SiO2 59.8% 2 AluminiumOxide AL2O3 25.8% 3 FerricOxide Fe2O3 7.8% 4 CalciumOxide CaO 2.8% 5 MagnesiumOxide MgO 0.42% 6 PotassiumOxide K2O 0.62% 7 SodiumOxide Na2O 0.2% 8 SulfurTrioxide SO3 0.56% 9 LossOnIgnition LOI 2.00% Table 3.2 PhysicalPropertiesofFlyAsh Properties Values FinenessModulus(passingthrough45µm) 6.7 SpecificGravity 2.25 3.1.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a good aluminosilicate source as it contains high amounts of
3.1.3 Fine Aggregate (FA)
Properties Values SpecificGravity 2.2 ParticleSize <45µm SpecificArea 400 440m2/kg
Table 3.5
aggregatewastestedforitsphysicalrequirementsthat are
3.3
1 SiliconDioxide SiO2 33.50% 2 AluminiumOxide AL2O3 20.80% 3 FerricOxide Fe2O3 0.25% 4 CalciumOxide CaO 31.70% 5 MagnesiumOxide MgO 8.8% 6 PotassiumOxide K2O 0.65% 7 SodiumOxide Na2O 0.60% 8 SulfurTrioxide SO3 0.5% 9 LossOnIgnition LOI 3.20% Table 3.4
The givenbelow (part
1) 1963,IS4031(part 4) 1996andIS:383 1970
inaccordancewithIS2386(Part 3) 1963,IS 2386
Concentration of sodium hydroxide is the most important factor for geopolymer synthesis. The solubility of aluminosilicate increases with increase in hydroxide concentration. The use of higher concentration of sodium hydroxideyieldshighercompressivestrengthofgeopolymer
Volumeofcombinedaggregatesis70%
2.2
Meltingpoint 1,098oC
Geopolymerconcreteisnothingbuta100%replacementof cement with cementious materials and alkaline liquids. Initially, many number of trials were carried out by using different materials such as Rice husk ash, Metakaoline, GroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslagandFlyash.Inthose trials,wefoundFlyashandGGBSaresuitablematerialsfor thereplacementofcementtogetsignificantstrengthtoOPC.
3.2 MIX DESIGN
Fineaggregates=694.4kg/m3
Volume of coarse aggregates is 60% of combined aggregates
In this investigation, sodium silicate solution is used as another alkaline activator. Sodium silicate solution is also knownaswaterglassorliquidglass,availableinliquid(gel) form. As per the manufactured, silicate were supplied to detergent company and textile industry as bonding agent, thesamesodiumsilicateisusedformakingofgeopolymer concrete,whichwebroughtfromlocalsupplier.
Fig. 3.2 Constituents in Mix design of Geopolymer Concrete
Appearance Liquid(gel)
Volume of fine aggregates is 40% of combined aggregates
Theconcrete.sodium
Table 3.7 PropertiesofSodiumHydroxide Values
hydroxideiscalculatedinmolarsormoles.The NaOHsolids(pellets)weredissolvedinwatertomakethe solution.
Water is an important ingredient of Mortar as it actually participates in the chemical reaction with NaOH pellets. Since it helps to from the strength giving binder gel, the quantityandqualityofwaterarerequiredtobelookedinto verycarefully.
Properties
Density 2.450g/cm3
Combinedaggregates=1736kg/m3
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1120 Table 3.6PropertiesofCoarseAggregate S.NO Particulars of test Value 1 Specificgravity 2.62 2 Waterabsorption 0.5% 3 Bulk Roddeddensitybulkdensity Loosebulkdensity 1610kg/m3 1462kg/m3 4 FinenessModulus 7.45 5 Impactvalue 15.2% 6 Crushingvalue 16.4% 7 FlakinessIndex 20mm 10mm 7.65.5%% 8 ElongationIndex 20mm 10mm 128.5%%
3.1.7 Distilled Water
Densityofconcrete=2480kg/m3 (assumed)
Odor Odorless
Molarmass 122.2g/mol
3.1.6 Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3)
3.1.5 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Table 3.8 PropertiesofSodiumSilicateSolution
VolumeofGGBS/Flyash+Alkalinesolutionis30% ofdensityofconcrete.
Properties Values
Coarseaggregates=1041.6kg/m3
AsGeopolymerconcreteisanewtechnologytotheworld, thatithavenotreachedthestageofstandardscodesormix design. The methods used to design, prepare and test the Geopolymerconcretearebasedonmanypreviousjournals.
g/mol Appearance White, waxy, opaque crystals Density 2.12g/cm3 Meltingpoint 318оC Boilingpoint 1380оC Theamountofheatliberated 265Cal/gr Storage Airtightcontainer
Density g/cm3 Molarmass 39.82
Alkalineliquid Sodiumhydroxide(NaOH) Sodiumsilicate(Na2SiO3)
VolumeofGGBS/Flyash+Alkalinesolution =744kg/m3
VolumeofGGBS/Flyash=531.4kg/m3
3.9
Table 3.10 Phase 1Mixproportions(kg/m3)
Note: Mix 3(GGBSbasedGPC)istheone,whichisobtaining theoptimumstrengthinPhase 1study.
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3.2.2 Phase 2 Mix proportions
Research
This mixdesignhavebeenfollowedinthisresearchwork.
Itdealswiththecomparisonofpozzolanicmaterial intothreedifferentfollowingmixeswithconstant10molar concentrationofNaOH.
Mix. No Type of Mix Mix Name Mix 4 6Molar G GPC 6 Mix 5 8Molar G GPC 8 Mix 6 10Molar G GPC 10 Mix 7 12Molar G GPC 12 Mix 8 14Molar G GPC 14 Table 3.12 Phase 2Mixproportions(kg/m3) oS.N sMaterial Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6 Mix 7 Mix 8 1 GGBS 531.4 531.4 531.4 531.4 531.4 2 Fine 694.4 694.4 694.4 694.4 694.4 MaterialsS.No Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 1Flyash 531.4 265.7 0 2 GGBS 0 265.7 531.4 3 Fineaggregate 694.4 694.4 694.4 4 20mm Coarse aggregate 720 720 720 510 mm Coarse aggregate 321.6 321.6 321.6 6 Sodiumsilicate 6151.8 6151.8 151.86 7 Sodiumhydroxide 18.84 18.84 18.84 8 DistilledWater 41.9 41.9 41.9 9 Molarity 10M 10M 10M
AlkalineLiquid:GGBS/Flyash::2:5
Table 3.11 TypesofmolarsandmixesofPhase 2study
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Sodiumhydroxide(NaOH)solution=60.74 kg/m3
pozzolanic
Alkaline liquid to GGBS/Fly ash = 0.4 (based on journals)
Na
Sodiumsilicate(Na2SiO3)solution=151.86 kg/m3
NaOHsolution=NaOHsolids+Distilledwater NaOHsolids(31%)=18.84kg/m3 Distilledwater(69%)=41.9kg/m3(for10 Molarconcentration)
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Table Typesof materialsofPhase 1study
NoMix. Type of Mix NameMix Mix 1 100%Flyashascementreplacement FA GPC Mix 2 50 % Fly ash and 50 % GGBS as cementreplacement FG GPC Mix 3 100%GGBSascementreplacement G GPC 10
Itdealswiththecomparisonsdifferentmolarconcentration of Sodium hydroxide of alkaline solution with constant pozzolanicmaterial,whichgotoptimumstrengthinPhase 1 study.Thefollowingmolarsarecompared.
VolumeofAlkalineliquid=212.6kg/m3
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RatioofSodiumsilicatetoSodiumhydroxideis2.5 2SiO3 :NaOH::5:2
3.2.1 Phase 1 Mix proportions
International Journal of Technology (IRJET) ISSN: 2395 0056
GPCcubes(15cmX15cm)wereimmersedinwater aftercasting Thespecimensize100mm×100mm×100mm
X ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the presenceofsodaliteafterflyashalkalineactivation,whose contenthighlydependsonthecompactparticle’spercentage. Theseresultshighlightthethermalstabilityofgeopolymers in the 25 1000 °C temperature range through the use of thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, andXRD.X raysareelectromagneticwavessimilartolight, butwhosewavelengthismuchshorter(=0,2 200Å).XRD is produced as a reflexion at well defined angles. Every crystallinephasehasitsowndiffractionimage.
Sorptivity is a material's ability to absorb and transmit water through it via capillary suction and provides an engineering measure of microstructure and propertiesimportantfordurability.Sorptivityisincreasingly beingusedasameasureofconcreteresistancetoexposure toaggressiveenvironments
Fig 3.3 Compressive Strength machine
Tests
3.3.1ConductedSlumptest
Thecubeofsizes100mm×100mm×100mmwascast.After 24hoursto36hours,thespecimensareremovedfromthe moulds and subjected to curing for 7, 14 and 28 days of phase 1andthespecimensofphase 2areremovedfromthe moulds and subjected to curing for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days exposed to sunlight. GPC cubes casting and curing and testingwasadoneasperIS:516 1959.
Fig. 3.4 Process of the sorptivity test
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1122 eaggregat 3 20 eaggregatCoarsemm 720 720 720 720 720 4 10 eaggregatCoarsemm 321.6 321.6 321.6 321.6 321.6 5 silicateSodium 6151.8 6151.8 6151.8 6151.8 6151.8 6 ehydroxidSodium 12.76 15.8 18.84 21.88 24.91 7 WaterDistilled 47.98 44.94 41.9 38.86 35.83 8 Molarity 6M 8M 10M 12M 14M 3.3 Testing of Specimens
Fig. 3.5 X Ray Diffraction process
Slump test is the most commonly used methods and measuringtheconsistencyofconcrete,itisconductedasper IS:1199 1959forallmixes.Itisnotasuitablemethodfor varywetordryconcrete.Thismethodissuitableformedium slump.
3.3.2 Compressive Strength Test
Themaximumloadatfailureistaken.Theaverage compressivestrengthofconcretespecimensiscalculatedby usingthefollowingequation.
3.3.3 Sorptivity Test
3.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Test (XRD)
Fig. 4.2 Phase 1 Sorptivity test results
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4.2 Sorptivity Test Results
Geopolymer concrete specimens G GPC 10 manufactured with 100% GGBSresulted in lesser values of slump when compared to the 100% Fly ash and 50% Fly ash + 50% GGBS based geopolymerconcreteasinthecaseofFA GPCand FG GPCspecimensrespectively.
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When the Percentage of Flyash decreases the strength increases due to the decrease in slump value.
Phase-2 Compressive strength
Fig. 4.3 Phase 2 Sorptivity test results
Fig.4.4 Phase 1 compressive strength results
Fig.4.5 Phase 2 compressive strength results
Phase-1 Sorptivity test
Geopolymer concrete specimens G GPC 10 manufactured with 100% GGBS resulted in lesser values of sorptivity when compared to the 100% Fly ash and 50% Fly ash + 50%GGBSbasedgeopolymerconcreteasinthecaseofFA GPCandFG GPCspecimensrespectively.
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We observed that the compressive strength is increased with the increase in the molarity of sodiumhydroxide.
Fig. 4.1 Slump test results
Phase 2 Sorptivity test
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4. Results and Discussions
TheslumptestofGPCbyvaryingthesourcematerial whichisrichinsilica.
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ThesorptivitytestofGGBSbasedGPCbyvaryingthewith MolarityofSodiumHydroxide.
G GPC 14 specimen recorded 0.11 mm/min0.5 sorptivitywhereasspecimensofG GPC 12,G GPC 10, G GPC 8 and G GPC 6 showed comparatively highercorrespondingvaluesof0.36,0.29,0.23and 0.15mm/min0.5respectively.Compressivestrength after 28 days was found maximum for G GPC 14 specimenwhichcontained14MNaOH.
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Whenthemolarityofconcentration,increasedthe workabilityoftheconcreteisincreasing.
4.1 Slump Test Results
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4.3 Compression Test Results Phase 1 Compressive strength
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3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolymer_cement
TheG GPCspecimensexhibitspeaksofsyngenite. PeaksofThenarditearealsoobserved.
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5. Conclusions
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4. http://www.geopolymer.org/tag/concrete
Fig. 4.8 Phase 2 Contents of compounds in Pie Chart
5. solution.htmlhttp://www.zeobond.com/geopolymer
Higherconcentrationofsodiumhydroxidesolution results in higher compressive strength of geopolymerconcrete.
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Fig. 4.7 Phase 1 Contents of compounds in Pie Chart
Phase-2 Comparisons of Chemical compounds
Lowcalciumflyashbasedgeopolymerconcretehas excellent compressive strength, exposure to aggressive environment, workability, exposure to high temperature and is suitable for structural applications.
6. IS 383 (1970), Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi.
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Fromthepastresearchstudies,itcanbesequelthat:
References:
1. Kolli Ramujee and M. Potharaju., Development of Low Calcium Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete, IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology,Vol.6,No.1,February2014.
2. Benny Joseph, George Mathew., Influence of aggregatecontentonthebehaviorofflyash
Geopolymer cement produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements withrespecttomostproperties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties withinbothacidandsaltenvironments.
ThereducedCO2emissionsofGeopolymercements buildthemagoodalternativetoOrdinaryPortland Cement.
7. IS456(2000).Plainandreinforcedconcretecodefor practice.BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi.
8. IS516(1959),Specificationformethodsoftestsfor strengthofconcrete.
IntheabovePiecharttheQuartzandSiliconoxide areinhighercontentsGGBSbasedGPCthantheFLY AshbasedGPC.
XRDanalysisoftheG GPC’sSpecimenshowedthe presence of Quartz, Analcime, Anorthite, Mullite, JadeiteandAlbite.