Review and Analysis of Reactive Routing Protocols: AODV, DSR, TORA and DYMO in MANETS

1. INTRODUCTION

Abstract Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic infrastructure less system. In MANET mobile nodes connect and communicate to each other through wireless links without central administration. Mobile nodes in MANET act as both host and router to establish and maintain the process of communication. Therefore, each node is equally responsible for discovering the efficient route and performs rectification when the route becomes invalid. Routing in MANET becomes complex due to such reasons as the continuous movement of nodes, topology changes frequently, limited bandwidth, and energy depletion. Reactive routing protocols are also known as on demand routing protocols since the routes are discovered only when a demand is raised. By maintaining information for active routes only, these protocols reduce the overhead, which occurs in proactive protocols, and hence former are preferred over later. This paper presents an overview along with a comparative analysis of reactive routing protocols namely DSR, AODV, DYMO, and TORA to identify which protocol is best suited under which circumstances.

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2Professor, Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India ***

1.1 Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

Review and Analysis of Reactive Routing Protocols: AODV, DSR, TORA and DYMO in MANETS

AODVprotocolfollowsdifferentprocessessequentiallylike pathdiscovery,routetablemanagement,pathmaintenance, andlocalconnectivitymanagement[3].Alongwithsequence numbers,somemorefieldsareusedbyAODVlikeflexible loop free,self starting,andscalestolargenumbersofmobile nodes.ThetargetofAODVistoreducetheneedforsystem discoverymechanismcompleteusesDynamicwidebroadcasts.ThemaindifferencebetweentheAODVandSourceRouting(DSR)stemsfromthefactthatDSRsourceroutinginwhichadatapacketcarriesthepathtobetraversed.AsimplerequestreplyisutilizedbytheAODVprotocolforroutes[4].AODVgrantsthecreationofroutestospecific

Neetu Kumari1 , Dr. Anita Ganpati2

MANETsare becomingmore and more popular due tothe heavyuseofwirelesscommunicationworldwide.MANETis anautonomoussystemthatconsistsofanumberofmobile nodes that communicate wirelessly to each other and a networkisformedspontaneously.Itisaninfrastructure less routingInhowreactiveTheandonThererandomincomsearchtotemporaryroadsidewirelessnetworkandtopologyisnotfixed.e.g.VANETwhichprovidescommunicationamongvehiclesandvehicletoequipment.SpontaneousformationofthenetworkfeatureofMANETsmakesthemfeasibleuseinapplicationareassuchasdefenseapplications,andrescueoperations,emergencyanddisasterreliefmunication,educationvirtualclassrooms,etc.ThenodesMANETcanmovefreelyorjointhenetworkarbitrarilyinawayhencechangingthetopologyofthenetwork.aremainlythreecategoriesofroutingprotocolsbasedroutediscoverymechanismssuchasproactive,reactive,hybridprotocols.differencebetweentheproactive(tabledriven)and(demanddriven)protocolsarebasedonwhenandtheroutesareestablishedandstoringtheirinformation.proactiveprotocols,allnodesinthenetworkkeeptheinformationstoredinoneormoreroutingtablesof

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Key Words: Reactive Routing Protocols, DynamicSource Routing, Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector

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each and every other node, and updating the routing informationisperformedasandwhentopologychanges[1]. Whereasinreactiveprotocolsastheroutesarediscovered suchreactiveTheremaintenancetopologysourcereplicatedlink.whichdiscoverotherwisedirectlytherediscoveryaboutdatarouteReactiveprotocolscombinationshenceandestablishedonlywhendemandisraisedbyanynodeandthesearealsoknownasdemanddrivenprotocols.Theofthefeaturesofproactiveandreactiveareincludedinhybridprotocols.routingprotocolsmakeuseoftwomechanismsasdiscoveryandroutemaintenance.Bytheseprotocols,istransferredtothatnodethathasimmediatedemandthatmessagecurrently[2].Byusingtheroutemechanismthesourcenodediscoverswhetherexistsanyroutetoadestinationornot,ifyesthensendsthepacketusinganalreadyavailablepathutilizesthefloodingroutingmechanismtoanewpath.FloodingisasimpleroutingtechniqueinasendernodebroadcastspacketsoneveryavailableAfterdiscoveringallpathstheirroutinginformationisintheroutingtableaboutthepathchosenbythenode.Onthecontrary,asourcenodeidentifiesthechangeinthenetworkbyutilizingtheroutemechanism.aremanyprotocolsthatfallunderthecategoryofroutingInthispaper,fourmostpreferredprotocolsasDSR,AODV,DYMO,andTORAwerestudied

AODVisknownassource drivenroutingprotocolwhichis an extended version of DSDV(Destination Sequenced Distance Vector, a proactive routing protocol) as it makes use of sequence numbers as used by DSDV to identify the staleentriesforthedestinationnodes.

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1MTech student, Computer Science and Engineering, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India

1. Creatingtheroutesfromsourcetodestination.

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1.Itdoesnotperformwellwithlowmobility[8].

TheDynamicMANETOn demand(DYMO)isa simpleand fast reactive routing protocol for multi hop wireless communicationinad hocnetworks,currentlystandardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). DYMO significantly reduces the routing overhead using the path accumulation function, simplifying the protocol implementation [5]. DYMO is built based upon the AODV reactive routing protocol with some extra features embeddedinit[6].DYMOperformstwooperationsnamed RouteDiscoveryandRouteMaintenance.

This process is done to avoid the already available routes fromtheroutingtableandtominimizepacketlosswhilelink failureoccurs.Whenalinktoanyothernodebreaksthena nodegeneratesaRERRpacketandforwardsittonodesthat areconcernedwiththelinkfailure.Anodethatreceivesthe RERR packet, updates the routing table and deletes entry withthebrokenlink.

3. Asaresult,littleroutinginformationisexchanged,which reducesnetworktrafficoverheadandthussavesbandwidth andpower.

2.Thecontrolmessageoverheadishighandundesired.

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3. Erasinginvalidroutes.

DSR protocol is a reactive routing protocol that has a few similarmechanismstoAODV.DSRisanespeciallyproposed efficient routing protocol that is to be used in multi hop mobile Ad hoc networks. It has two phases, one is Route Discovery and another one is Route Maintenance. These phasesarehelpfultolocateandmaintainthecorrectsource routes to the destinations. Source Routing is a loop free routing in which the intermediate nodes do not need any routinginformationandallowsnodestocachetherouting informationforfurtheruse.InDSR,eachnodecontrolseach packet for source route information and later forwards it based on this routing information. When the routing information is not found in the packet, it will provide the sourceroutingbyknowingtheroute.Whenthedestination isnotknown,inthatcase,thenodecachesthepacketand findstheroutinginformationtothedestinationbysending routequeriestoallnearbynodes.Lastly,itsendstheRoute acknowledgmentbacktothesource.

Route Maintenance

1.3 Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)

Itisasource initiatedon demandRoutingProtocol.Itnot only finds the best route from source to destination but locates all available routes. In TORA the control messages are exchanged to only the neighbor nodes near the topologicalchangeoccurrence.Forthis,routinginformation ismaintainedaboutadjoiningnodes.Theprotocolperforms functions such as Route creation, Route maintenance, and Route erasure. TORA reduces the control messages in the networkbyhavingthenodesqueryforapathonlywhenit needstosendapackettoadestination.TORAfollowedthree stepsfornetworkestablishment.

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1.4 Dynamic MANET On demand (DYMO)

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Advantages

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destinations and does not require that nodes keep these routes when they are not in active communication. Using infinity”AODVdestinationsequencenumbersavoidsthe“countingtoproblem.Thispropertyresultsintheloop free natureofAODV.

DYMO'sroutefindingprocessresemblestheAODVrouting protocolbesidesthepathbuildupfeature.Thediscoveryof routes operation is performed when a need arises by the source node in order to communicate with a destination nodethatisnotpresentinitsroutingtable.Asourcenode generatesanRREQpacketandsendsittoitsneighbors.Ifa neighborhasanentrytothedestinationnodethenitreplies with an RREP packet to the discovered and accumulated path. But if the source node does not receive the RREP packetwithinthegivenTTLvaluethenitrebroadcaststhe RREQ packet. DYMO is popular as an energy efficient protocol.Asnodewithlowenergyhasachoicetonottake partintheprocessofroutediscovery.

1.2 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

1. DYMOdoesnotsupportunnecessaryHELLOpacketsand itsoperationisbasedonthesequencenumberassignedto eachpacketwhichisusedforloop freerouting.

2. Maintainingtheroutes

Disadvantages

TORAisareactiveroutingprotocol,whichisbasedonthe link reversal algorithm [3]. It is effective in solving the existing limitations of MANETs[4]. TORA consists of four chieffunctionssimilartocreating,optimizing,removing,and upholding routes[2]. TORA locates the number of routes fromasourcemobilenodetoaparticulardestinationnode. As a result, there often exist multiple routes to a given destination but none of them is necessarily the shortest route.Insteadofusingtheshortestpathforfindingroutes, the TORA algorithm maintains the direction of the next destinationtoforwardthepackets.

Route Discovery

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2. Asareactiveprotocol,DYMOdoesnotexplicitlystorethe networktopology.Instead,nodescomputeaunicastroute towardsthedesireddestinationonlywhenneeded[7].

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Basu Dev Shivahare et al. [14] comparedthereactiveand proactive routing protocols and experienced that performance of AODV is the best in terms of its ability to preferredwhichmaintainconnectionbyexchanginginformationperiodically,isnecessaryforTCP,basedtraffic.HenceAODVisoverDSRandDSDVinrealtimetrafficapplications.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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ReactiveroutingprotocolsinmobileAdhocnetworksarea fieldofresearchthatattractedmanyresearchersinthelast decades.Inthissection,therelatedworkdoneinthedomain byotherresearchersisrepresented.

Geethu Mohandas et al. [1] conductedasurveyonrouting protocols in MANET. They divided routing protocols into three different categories like basic routing protocols, location based protocols, and security based protocols. Further, they compared these protocols to find out the efficientprotocol.Thusthestudyofpapersconcludedthat researchintheprivateareasislimited.Basicprotocolslike AODV are concentrating only on identity based routing. Thoseprotocolsneitherfocusonlocationnoro2nsecurity forrouting.

Mohammad Ali Mostafavi et al. [9] analyzed the performanceofADOV,DSR,andOLSRroutingprotocolsby performingsimulationonOPNET14.5Modelerwiththree proposedscenariosthatare:networkdelay,networkload, andnetworkthroughput.TheyfoundthattheDSRprotocol hasamoderateaveragenetworkloadbutithasthelargest average network delay compared to OLSR, and AODV. Whereas in terms of average network delay and network throughputAODVperformsbetterthanDSR.

Daxesh N. Patel et al. [13] have performed a survey on reactiveroutingprotocolsinMANET.TheyexplainedAODV, ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol,dynamicsourceroutingprotocol,dynamicMANET on demandroutingprotocolwiththeirworkingmechanism indetail.Latertheycomparedthereactiveroutingprotocols andconcludedthateachoftheprotocolsstudiedperforms wellinsomecasesandhascertainlimitationsinothers.

C. E. Perkins et al. [12] have simulatedAODVby usinga simulator called PARSEC. The main objective of their simulationswastoshowthatwithAODV,on demandroute networking.conferencing,areasroutefloodedexcellenthocthatestablishmentisbothimmediateandcorrect.TheyconcludedAODVisabetterchoicefortheestablishmentoftheadnetworkbecausetheoverallperformanceofAODVwasasitofferedlessnetworkoverhead,ithadnotthenetworkwithunnecessarybroadcasts,itsquickmaintenancefeature,etc.Theystatedtheapplicationswhereitwillbeusefulare:battlefieldcommunications,emergencyservices,andcommunitybased

Anuj K. Gupta et al. [8] implemented DYMO routing protocoltodothisFedora10astheOperatingSystemhas used. For simulations, Ns2.34 has been installed on the platformwithadd onsoftwaresuchasTracegraph,etc.The simulationhasbeenconductedbyvaryingpausetimes.They observedthatDYMObeingthesuccessorofAODVperforms betterinallcases.

Lubdha M. Bendale1 et al. [15] havenotonlydiscussedthe classification of routing protocols but also carried out the mobility.dueloadaveragepacketnetworks.comparativeanalysisofroutingprotocolsforwirelessadhocTheystatedthatAODVperformswellinthecaseofdeliveryratiobutitsperformanceispoorintermsofEndtoEnddelayandthroughputwhenthenetworkislow.Overall,DSRperformswellascomparedtoAODVtoitslessroutingoverheadwhennodeshavehigh

Dilip Singh Sisodia et al. [10] presented a review on performance analysis of Intra and Inter Group MANET RoutingProtocols.Theyfoundthatallthereactiveprotocols ofwhichcomparativestudywasdoneincludeAODV,DSR, and AOMDV; AODV is better in terms of throughput, PDR. Theend to enddelayandroutingoverheadwasfoundless inAODVthanDSRandAOMDV.Thesimulatedexperiments wererecordedwithvaryingspeedsofnodes.Thesearefour performancemetrics:PDR,throughput,anend to enddelay, androutingoverhead,againstwhichperformanceofrouting protocolswasevaluated.Theyfoundthattheperformanceis variedtothesmallextentofallroutingprotocols.

Suresh Kumar and J. Kumar [17] did simulations on QualNet5.0.2simulatoranddecidedtheparametersforthe performance evaluation of DSR, AODV, DYMO, etc routing protocols under different pause times using Random WaypointMobilityModel.Theyexaminedtheperformance differencesoftheseprotocolsandfoundDSRisthebestone in terms of total bytes received. In some cases, AODV

Walid AbushibaandP.Johnson[16] performedsimulation usingNS2ofthetworoutingprotocolsviz.DSRandAODV employed within an Ad hoc Network consisting of mobile eshouldscenariosperformancenetworkperformanceisnodes,iscarriedout.Randompositioningofthesensornodesadoptedinthisexperiment.Also,theevaluationoftheofthenetworkisdoneunderthemobilescenario.TheyconcludedthattheoverallofAODVwasfoundbetterovermostofthethanDSRincaseofenergyconsumption.AODVbethepreferredprotocolforapplicationswherenergyconservationisvital.

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Naveen Garg et al. [11] reviewed various reactive and hybridroutingprotocols(FSR,DSDV, AODV,DSR,etc).They comparedthecategoriesofeachprotocolseparatelywhich beenflexiblekeepsandThemeansunderreactiveprotocolscategory:DSRandAODVetc.surveyindicatesthatforalargenumberofmobilenodesatfasterspeedstheperformanceoftheAODVprotocolonupgrading.TheyexperiencedthatAODVismoreandcontainslessroutingoverheadthanDSR.IthasfoundthatoverallAODVperformswellthanDSR.

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outperformedDSRsuchasend to enddelay,throughput,and average jitter but in the case of First Packet Receive, Last PacketReceive,TotalBytesReceive.

S. Kaur and A. K. Gupta [18] chose Network Simulation2(NS2.34) as the simulator for evaluating the performance of DSR, AODV, DSDV, and DYMO routing packetthanperformedconstantandDYMO.onTheydeliveryprotocolsbyusingthreeperformancemetricssuchaspacketratio,endtoenddelay,andcontrolpacketratio.installedtheDymoum0.3versionoftheDYMOprotocolNS2.34andconsideredtwoscenariosforevaluatingInthefirstscenariovaryingno.ofnodesisconsideredinthesecondscenariono.ofnodesarevariedbytakingbitratetraffic.Fromtheirsimulationresults,DYMObetterthanAODV.IthasalsolessendtoenddelayDSRinbothscenarios.ButDYMOhasaslightlylowerdeliveryratiothantheothertwoprotocols.

A. M. Shantaf et al. [25] presented the performance evaluation of three MANET Routing Protocols in Different Environments. In their research, they evaluated the performance for three protocols by using the different performance metrics like Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average, Throughput, and Average End to End Delay. To comparethemtheyconsideredtwodifferentscenarios for three protocols AODV, DSR, and DSDV. One scenario in a differentdensityofnodesandotherscenariosinadifferent areawiththesamedensityofnodes(100).Theyexperienced thatDSRperformedwell inthePDRsoDSRisbetterthan AODVandDSDVintwoscenarios(differentareaswiththe same density of nodes (100)). However, AODV protocol’s result was good but DSR was best choice because of the featuretoavoidtheloopinthenetwork.

Sampoornam and G. R. Darshini [22] evaluated the performanceanalysisofroutingprotocolssuchasBellman Ford, AODV, DSR, ZRP, and DYMO in MANET using the EXATA5.1simulator.Theparametersthatwereevaluatedin theirresearcharethroughput,averagedelay,averagejitter, thetotalnumberofpacketsenqueued,thetotalnumberof packetsdequeued,andthetotalnumberofpacketsdropped.

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Theykeenlyobservedtheperformanceofroutingprotocols withfaultnodesandwithoutfaultnodesinMANET.From thesimulationresultsthattheyobtained,theZRPprotocol performedwellforallthementionedparametersevenwith thepresenceofafaultnode.

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Wanpracha Nuansoi andS.Khamkleang[20] analyzedthe performanceofAODV,DSR&TORAroutingprotocols.They considered two parameters: throughput and end to end delayandperformedsimulationbyusingNS 2.Theyfound that AODV performed well in all circumstances. DSR is a goodchoiceformoderatemobilityratenetworksbyvirtueof its low overhead. On the other hand, TORA is suitable for largemobilenetworksbecauseitoffersexcellentsupportfor multipleroutesandmulticasting.

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M. K. Reddy et al. [21] comparedtheproactiveandreactive routingprotocolsagainstthroughputanddelayinMANET. The protocols they compared in their research paper are DSDV, AODV, DSR, DYMO, and TORA protocols against throughput and delay. They presented the comparison of theseprotocolsintwodifferenttables.Inthefirsttable,they compared the parameters and in the second table, the propertiesoftheseprotocolsarecompared.Theyfoundthat reactive topology based protocols perform well than proactivetopology basedroutingprotocols.AODVprotocol securedthefirstpositionamongallduetoitslesserend to end delay and stable throughput. DSR comes after while DSDV,DYMO,TORAperformedworseunderdefinedcriteria.

Vishal Sharma et al. [23] evaluated the performance of reactiveroutingprotocolsinMANETwithdifferentmobile nodestransmittingGSMvoicetrafficdata.Theyperformed simulationbyusingOPNET14.5simulator.Theyfoundthat AODVpossessesmaximumaveragethroughputandtraffic with lower network load and has the lowest end to end contrasttoDSR.Ontheotherhand,DSRdoesnotperform wellinadensenetwork.Fromsimulationresults,theyalso concluded that ADOV is an excellent choice for the dense numberofnodesinMANETwhereas,DSRperformancewas dullQoSinthedenserMANETwithGSMvoicetrafficdata.

Padmalaya Nayak [24] analyzed two models named the random waypoint and random walk mobility model for reactiveroutingprotocolsinMANET.TheyusedtheNetSim simulatorforconductingtheresearch.Fortymobilenodes wereconsideredtoanalyzetheperformanceofAODVand DSRunderagridareaof1000*1000m.Theyhaveshownthe simulation results of these protocols in graph form for differentparameters.Itisclearfromtheirsimulationresults thatDSRperformedwellthanAODVintermsofthroughput andpacketdeliveryratiobutincaseoflessaverageend to enddelay,AODVisagoodchoicethanDSR.

S. Mahajan and V. Chopra [26] evaluatedthePerformance of (AODV, OLSR, and TORA with Scalability using QoS Metrics of VOIP Applications in terms of network throughput,delayandnetworkload,jitter,andMOS(Mean Opinion Score). The simulation was carried out on Opnet Simulator.Finally,itisconcludedbythemthatbyandlarge performanceofOLSRisbetterforsmallandlargenetworks. InthecaseofTORA,theperformanceaswellwithmediumto fullydensenetworkascomparedtoAODV.

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Prasad Patel et al. [27] evaluated the performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols in MANET. The

Priyanka Sarkar and H. Paul [19] evaluatedAODV,DSR, DYMO, and TORA routing protocols in MANET by doing a performance comparison. Initially, they provided a brief descriptionandoverviewofreactiveroutingprotocols,after that, they simulated them under different network conditionssuchasthepacketdeliveryratio,throughput,and end to end delay. They concluded that AOMDV performs betterinalldifferentnetworkscenarios.

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ApproachesRouting DynamicReactive adhocReactive Reactive Reactive

SelectionRoute [21] pathupdatedpathShortestand pathupdatedpathShortestand reversalLink hmultipatUnicastroute

message3.RERRionPropagat2.RREPtbroadcas1.RREQ message3.RERRionPropagat2.RREPtbroadcas1.RREQ erasure3.ancemainten2.Routecreation1.RouteRoute message3.RERRionPropagat2.RREPtbroadcas1.RREQ

Dhananjay Bisen et al. [28] examinedtheeffectofpause timeonDSR,AODV,andDYMORoutingProtocolsinMANET by using QualNet wireless network simulator version 4.0. Theparametersagainstwhichperformancewasexamined are: Throughput (bits/s), Total Packets Received, Drop Packet Ratio, End To End Delay and Average Jitter Effect. From the deep analysis of simulations results, it can be concludedthattheperformanceofDSRwasexcellentthan DYMOandAODVunderdifferentsituationswithvariations in pause time. Even though DYMO is a refined version of AODV,thustheperformanceofDYMOisfoundsometimes betterthanAODV,DSRinsomesituations.

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Parameters DSR AODV TORA DYMO UtilizationTableRouting

Less Highest Same as DSR Lowest putThrough [19]

ondestinatitheroutestorecachesMaintainroutetofullto addressnextstoreswhichnodeeachedmaintaintableRoutingbyhop

structureFlat structureFlat structureFlat structureFlat Route [21] RouteMultiple RouteMultiple RouteSingle hMultipat Loop Free [21] Yes Yes Yes Yes

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3. CONCLUSIONS

MANETisadvantageousasthenetworkcanbesetupatany time and at any place, and is efficient where a fixed infrastructure can’t be formed. Due to its dynamic nature

ofOperationsprotocols

Table 1: ComparisonofDSR,AODV,TORAandDYMO protocols

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Lowest Highest AODVthanLower Low

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End to end delay [19]

[29]

SupportalUnidirectionLink

p

StructureRouting [21]

Parameters DSR AODV TORA DYMO

[21] Yes No Yes Yes Multicast [21] No Yes No Yes

Distributed[ 21] Yes Yes Yes Yes

experimental toolssetupandparametersusedbythem in thesimulationare:Ubuntu11(OS)andNetworkSimulation 2 (NS2.35). Parameters used by them are: Sending time, Accesstime,Transmissiontime,Propagationtime,Reception time, etc to measure their performance. Finally, they observedthatDSRprotocolturnedouttobethebestincase ofefficiencyforlessthan700bytespacketsize.

[21]

Manyresearchershavecomparedreactiveroutingprotocols witheitherproactiveor/andhybridprotocolsdependingon differentcriteria.Inthisworkadifferenttypeofcomparison ofreactiveroutingprotocolssuchasDSR,AODV,DYMOand TORA is done by taking into consideration several parameters.

e

RoutingSource routingvectordistancedemandon

RatioDeliveryPacket[19]

Rutvij H. Jhaveri et al. [29] studied routing protocols in MANETandanalyzedtheWormholeAttackagainstAODV. Theyhavedepictedseveral categoriesofattacksonAODV such as Attacks using Modification, Attacks using Impersonation, Attacks using Fabrication, etc, and their furthersubcategories.Further,theyexplainedtheoperation of Wormhole Attacks in AODV protocol and procedure to secure AODV protocol in their research. Finally, they concluded that AODV is susceptible to attacks like modification of hop count, cache poisoning, tunneling of source route, spoofing, and fabrication of error messages. AlthoughAODVisnotaffectedbycachepoisoninglikeDSRis susceptible to it. They are concerned about the AODV protocolispronetoWormholeattacksinMANET.

GraphAcyclicofMakeuseDirect okenRoute.Br,rwardingRoute.Foerface,xtHopIntRoute.Nedress,xtHopAdRoute.NeqNum,Route.efix,Route.Prdress,Route.AdSe

[29]

Lowest Highest High Low

[6] E.Spaho,G.Mino,L.Barolli,andF.Xhafa,“Goodput and PDR analysis of AODV, OLSR and DYMO protocolsforvehicularnetworksusingCAVENET,” Int. J.GridUtil.Comput.,vol.2,no. 2,pp.130 138, 2011,doi:10.1504/IJGUC.2011.040600.

[4] F.T.Al Dhief,N.Sabri,M.S.Salim,S.Fouad,andS.A. Aljunid, “MANET Routing Protocols Evaluation: AODV, DSR and DSDV Perspective,” MATEC Web Conf., vol. 150, pp. 1 6, 2018, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815006024.

[2] R. Thiagarajan and M. Moorthi, “Efficient routing protocolsformobileadhocnetwork,”Proc.3rdIEEE Int. Conf. Adv. Electr. Electron. Information, Commun. Bio Informatics, AEEICB 2017, pp. 427 431,2017,doi:10.1109/AEEICB.2017.7972346.

[7] Q. X. Miao and L. Xu, “DYMO routing protocol research and simulation based on NS2,” ICCASM 2010 2010 Int. Conf. Comput. Appl. Syst. Model.

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[8] H.S.andA.K.V.AnujK.Gupta1,“IMplementationof DymoROuting,”vol.1,no.2,pp.49 57,2013.

[13] D.N.Patel,S.B.Patel,H.R.Kothadiya,P.D.Jethwa, and R. H. Jhaveri, “A survey of reactive routing protocolsinMANET,”2014Int.Conf.Inf.Commun. Embed.Syst.ICICES2014,no.February,2015,doi: 10.1109/ICICES.2014.7033833.

[14] B. D. Shivahare, C. Wahi, and S. Shivhare, “Comparison Of Proactive And Reactive Routing Protocols In Mobile Adhoc Network Using Routing ProtocolProperty :,”Int.J.Emerg.Technol.Adv.Eng., vol.2,no.3,pp.356 359,2012.

[17] S.KumarandJ.Kumar,“ComparativePerformance Analysis of Routing Protocols in MANET using VaryingPauseTime,”Int.J.Comput.Appl.,vol.47,no. 12,pp.22 27,2012,doi:10.5120/7241 0202.

[16] W. Abushiba and P. Johnson, “Performance comparisonofreactiveroutingprotocolsforAdHoc network,” 2015 4th Int. Conf. e Technologies Networks Dev. ICeND 2015, pp. 1 5, 2015, doi: 10.1109/ICeND.2015.7328529.

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REFERENCES

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routingbecomesachallengingtask.Thisworkisanattempt towards a comprehensive performance evaluation of four commonlyused flat routing protocolsnamelyDSR,AODV, TORA,andDYMOinMANET.Theseroutingprotocolswere analyzedtoassesstheirrelativestrengthandweaknesses.It wasexaminedthatchoosinganefficientprotocoloutofthese is very difficult. Each protocol studied performed well in somecasesandhascertaindrawbacksinothers.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net

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