THE WIND EFFECT ON G+3 BUILDING ROOF MOUNT WITH SINGLE AXIS TRACKER AND GROUND MOUNT SINGLE AXIS TRA

Fig. 1: Development of renewable energy generation capacity in previous (2002 16)

Astheworld'sthirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasemissions,therenewableenergysectoriscrucialtoIndia'seffortsto fightagainstclimatechangeandminimizeitsdependenceonfossilfuels.AsIndiastrugglestomeetthe175GWtarget,Prime MinisterNarendraModihasalreadyfocusedonincreasinginstalledrenewableenergycapacityto450GWby2030,morethan doublethecurrentcapacity.Butitwastheintroductionofanationalmedium termobjectiveintheEU's2015budgetstatement thatreceivedthemostattention.India'sambitioustargetof175GWofrenewableenergyhasnowbeenofficiallyadoptedby thecountry'sgovernment. Thesolarindustryhasstudiedthe worstloadcombinationongroundmounted singleaxis trackersandground mounted structureswitha fixedslope.Someresearchalsofocusesonfixed sloperoofmountingstructures. However,thereareno comparativestudiesforgroundandroofmountedsolartrackers. Thus,inthispaper,ourobjectiveistosafelyallowsolar

As one of the most ambitious renewable energy targets, India has made significant progress in recent years (Fig. 1), but industryanalystssaythecountryisontracktofailingtomeetthegoalofbuilding175gigawatts(GW)ofrenewableenergy capacityby2022.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page139

Solar energy plays an important role in renewable energy resources and is an extraordinary source of energy. Thanks to photovoltaic cells, solar energy can be used to generate electricity. Non polluting photovoltaic cells; profitability of the solar industry; minimal maintenance costs; a reliable source; and no moving parts.

THE WIND EFFECT ON G+3 BUILDING ROOF MOUNT WITH SINGLE AXIS TRACKER AND GROUND MOUNT SINGLE AXIS TRACKER

In the release document, we analyze the ground mounted single axis tracker and the roof mounted with single axis tracker for the worst wind load and other load combinations. We are investigating the effect of wind on ground and roof mounted single axis trackers. The analysis depends on various factors such as angles of inclination, surrounding structures, building shape, height of surrounding structures and distance of steps, etc. This research will help future generation to understand the wind effect on the ground mount and roof mount single axis trackers.

Mahesh R Thakare1, Dr. Atul B Pujari2

Abstract - Daily life is heavily dependent on electricity. To generate electricity, fossil fuels must be used in different ways. In the modern world, fossil fuels are running out. This requires consideration of an alternative supply and sustainable energy resources are the best option available. Hydro, wind, solar and other renewable energy sources are all examples of sustainable energy resources. The use of solar energy to generate electricity can be considered a major source of energy because it is a renewable energy source and can contribute to large scale energy production.

2Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, KJCOEMR, Pune, India

1M.E Student, Civil Engineering Department, KJCOEMR, Pune, India

***

Key Words: SolarEnergy;Windanalysis;Cost effective;StaadProetc. 1. INTRODUCTION

Hassan Irtaza as well as Ashish Agarwal have investigated "CFD implementation of Turbulent Wind effecton aGround MountedSolarPhotovoltaicPanelsarray”.[5]

Sun2Car”ProjectofMahindraRevaLtdisdesignedfortheworstwindAnalysiscase.TheimpactofwindforcesonsolarPanel Supporting Structure and stability for a different location and same structure shall be used all over India. It is easy for installation,dismantalation,andtransportation.ThestudyofthispaperiscarriedbyAlexMathew,B.Biju,NeelMathewsand VamsiPathapadu“[4].

Theobjectiveofthispresentresearchistostudytheefficiencyofthesolartrackingsystemofthesolarpanelwithrespectto differentaspectssuchasthemeasurementofthedeflection,themeasurementofthebendingstress,themeasurementofthe stressshearstrength,stabilityagainstoverturning,etc.Theprojectcontainstwocasestudies,whichareasfollows.

b) Analysis&designof0 degree&45 degreerooftopmounttypesolar(G+3)withsingleaxistrackersystem. AnalysisanddesignareaidedbycomputedsoftwarebasedontheSTAADPro.

3. METHODOLOGY

a) Determine the capacity of the current roof framing. Checking of Load redistribution, Adding new elements, and Reinforcingexistingindividualfloormembers.

Two columnmountstructurewithrigidbaseisstudiedindetailwithstructuralanalysis.Also,optimizationoffixedPVmount isstudiedByWenFeng.ChinaInternationalConferenceonElectricityDistribution,2016[7].

b) Selecttheracking&connectionframeworkforamountingcomponentlikeballasted,fullyattached,orhybrid,etc.

Dr.G.GencCelikandO.Celikhavedonethecasestudyofthestructuralcollapseofsolarpanelmountingsystemsinsouth easternTurkey.Researchontheeffectsofextremeweatherconditionsondesignparameterslikethelocalandsite specific investigationisstudied[3].

Inthisproject,weareworkingtoinstallthesingleaxistrackerontheroofandastheheightincreasethenitwillbelargely influencedbywindloads.Themajorconstraintinthedesignofasingleaxisroofmounttrackertohaveenoughstabilityisto resistvarioustypesofloadssuchaslateralforces,buckling,upliftpressure,tocontrollateraldriftanddisplacementof the structure.ThepurposeofthedampingsysteminSolarModuleMountingStructureshasbeenwidelyusedtodecreaseseismic

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

trackingmovementofthestructureatdesignedwindloadsandtoachieveoptimumdesignsolutionsforgroundmounting structuresandmountingmodulesontheroofbothat0degreesandat45degreesofinclination.Modelalldifferenttypesof structurecombinationsinSTAADProAnalyzerandalsounderstandthebehaviourofreactiveforcesdevelopedinthestructure undervariousloadcombinations.Next,designthestructureforstrengthandstabilityagainstvariousforces.Iterateastructural modeltoprovideabestpracticesolution.

ThewindloadanalysisofsolarfarmsusingcomputationalfluiddynamicshasbeencarriedoutbyP.SurendraReddy,G.Kiran Kumar,andA.Venkataravindra&K.P.V.KrishnaVarma[1].OvidiuBOGDANandDanCREŢUhaveinvestigatedthewindload effectonthepowerplantsbycomparingthedesigncodesaswellastunneltests[2].

a) Analysis&designisof0 degree&45 degreegroundmountsingleaxistrackersystem.

Thestudyofmountingrailspacersforthesolarpanelisexaminedandtheycanbe usedreartothemoduleandoverthe mountingstructure.Itmaybeusedfortheinstallationofnewstructuresandretrofitstructurestoexistingsystems.Andrew Anselmo,AndrewM.Gabor,aswellasRobJanochSolarPanelMountingRailSpacersforLongerLife"IEEE'sannualmeeting willbeheldin2019.[6].

Forcivildesignengineers,itisachallengingjobtodeterminethestructuralfeasibilityofrooftop mountedsolar.Thereare threestagestochoosetheunderlyingattainabilityoftheexistingstructure:

2. LITERATURE

c) CheckthepracticabilityoftherooftopfloortoaccommodatethePVsolarsystem.

Dead load comprises of the dead weight of solar PV module & the structures self weight will be determined using the followingunitweights:Deadloadsincludetheweightofallstructuralandarchitecturalcomponentsandplushungloads,other permanentlyappliedexternalloads&equipmentdeadload.

Where,k1 =ProbabilityFactor,k2 =TerrainFactor,k3 =TopographyFactorandk4 =ImportanceFactor

Pressurecoefficientsequivalenttoroofangle0shallbeused.

3.1. Load Calculation for the structure:

Thebuilding's"liveloads"arethoseloadsthataregeneratedbythebuilding'sintendedusageandoccupants.

Airinmotioninrelationtotheearth'ssurfaceiswhatwerefertoas"wind."Becauseoftheearth'srotationandvariationsin terrestrialradiation,thewindismostlycausedbytheairpassingovertheplanet.Theconvectioncurrentsareprimarilydriven byradiationeffects,whichcanmoveeitherupwardsordownwards.

3.1.1. Dead Loads (DL)

3.1.4. Earthquake load (EL)

3.1.2. Live load (LL)

Calculationsofwindcoefficientsontheroof: 6ofIS 875PartIIIisusedtoestimatewindloadontheroof.

V=AW (1) Where,

DesignWindSpeedVz =Vb xk1 xk2 xk3 xk4

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Thestructuralcapacity,aswellasintegrityofstructures,mustbesufficienttosafelyandefficientlyresistallloadsbutalso effectsofloadcombinationsthatmaybereasonablyexpected.Loadsutilizedinthedesignofthebuildings,structures,aswell asfoundationsmustmeettherequirementsofthegoverningISrulesandspecifications.Windload,liveload,Deadloadaswell asseismicloadmustallbeincludedinthedesignloadsataminimum.SIunitswillbeemployedfordesignaswellasdrawing purposes.

aswellaswindloadconsequencescausingmajordamagetotheMMS.Besidessuntrackingsystemisinstalledtoobtaingreater Inefficiency.spiteofthefactthatGroundmountandrooftopmountframeworksareutilizedforcomparativereasons,theirimpactshows inconsistentvarietiesandconduct.Thismovingparthasitsownvibrations,thusmakingthestructuremoresusceptible.Thus morematerialanditsarrangementarerequired.Thisincreasedmaterialputsadirecteconomicimpact.Iftheproductionof electricityincreases,considerablywiththeinstallationofatrackingsystemthenonlythisinstallationisreasonable.Thus,to carryouttheextramaterialrequiredforitsoverallsafetyanalysisanddesignareperformed.Bothsystemshavesignificancein structural performance. Therefore,there isa needto do a comparativestudy of analysisbetweengroundsolar androof mountedtracker.

3.1.3. Wind load (WL)

Foreaseofcalculationsmaxsuctionof 0.8isconsideredforthecalculationofwindload.

High velocitywindusuallyblowshorizontallytotheground.Horizontalwindsareusuallyalwayscalled'winds'andvertical windsarealwayscalled'winds'becausetheverticalcomponentsofatmosphericmotionarequitemodest.Inmeteorological observatories,anemometersoranemographsareoftenmountedatheightsrangingfrom10to30metersabovetheground,are usedtomeasurewindspeeds.BasicwindspeedisfoundoutVbwhichisprovidedinIS875partthree.

Classificationsofthecountry'sfourseismiczonesareusedtomeasureseismicforces.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page142 A=thehorizontalseismiccoefficientcanbedesignedforastructure W=Abuilding'sseismicweight Astructure'sdesignhorizontalseismiccoefficientisAisgivenby A=(ZISa)/2Rg ZisthezonefactorinTable2ofIS1893:2016(part1)andIistheimportancefactor 4. MODELING & ANALYSIS 4.1. Analysis of Ground Mount Single axis Tracker ToanalyzethegroundmountSingleaxisTrackerweconsiderthefollowingtechnicaldetailsinTable3. StrengthcombinationsforGroundMountSingleaxisTrackershallbeasperIS:800 1984. 1.0*DL+1.0*LLand1.0*DL+1.0*(WLorEQ) Table 3. InputandLoadCalculationforGroundMountSingleaxisTracker StructureSize: 43.8mx5m PurlinCantileverLength: 0.4m No.ofPanel: 2x40 Gradeofconcrete: M25 ThegapbetweenTwoPanels: 20mm Gradeofsteel: Fe 500&Fe 415 WindSpeed: 47&20m/s ConcreteDensity: 25kN/m3 Orientation: Portrait Thedensityofmasonryinfill: 20kN/m3 PanelSize: 992mmx1956mm ClearDistanceFromGroundLevel: 500mm PanelLoad: 22.5kg/m3 Moduledeadloadinrunningmeter: 0.23kN/m

Fig. 2: 3Dviewofground mountsingleaxissolarstructure

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

AsperIS:456 2000theServiceloadcombinationsforbuildingsare: 1.0*DL+1.0*LL 1.0*DL+1.0*(WLorEQ) 1.0*DL+1.0*LL+0.8*(WLorEQ)

Columnsize: (500mmX500mm,750mmX900mmand750 mmX1000mm) LOADCALCULATION Beamsize: (300mm X 600mm, 300mm X 750mm and 500mmX1200mm) DeadLoad: Self weight Slabthickness: 200mm WallLoad: 19.44kN/m

AnalysisofRoofMountsingleaxisTrackeronG+3storeybuilding.Weconsiderthefollowingtechnicaldetailsgiveninthe Table4.

Fig. 3: Loadingarrangement Fig. 4:Momentsactingonthemember 4.2. Analysis of Roof Mount single axis Tracker

AsperIS:456 2000theStrengthloadcombinationsforbuildingsare: 1.5*DL+1.5*LL 1.5*DL+1.5*(WLorEQ) 1.5*DL 1.5*(WLorEQ) 0.9*DL+1.5*(WLorEQ) 0.9*DL 1.5*(WLorEQ) 1.2*DL+1.2*LL+1.2*(WLorEQ) 1.2*DL+1.2*LL 1.2*(WLorEQ)

LoadingofstructureshowninFig.6isas: DeadLoadwithoutroofsolartracker(SlabLoad+ FloorFinish=5+1.5=6.5kN/m2) Parapetload=0.27*1*20=5.4kN/m2 Table 4. InputandLoadCalculationforRoofMountsingleaxisTracker(G+3)

Case2: GroundMountSingleaxisTrackerStructure @45Deg.Operationalposition(20m/sec)

Case1: GroundMountSingleaxisTrackerStructure @0Deg.Stowingposition(47m/sec)

Case3: RoofMountSingleaxisTrackerStructure@0Deg.stowingposition(47m/sec)

Case4: RoofMountSingleaxisTrackerStructure@45Deg.Operationalposition(20m/sec)

Fig..

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page144 Clear cover of Column: 40mm Parapet Wall Load: 5.4kN/m Clear cover of beam: 30mm FloorLiveLoad: 7.5kN/m Clearcoverofslab: 25mm Roofliveload: 1.5kN/m 5. ANALYTICAL RESULTS

5.1. Structural design of the Single axis tracker

5.2. study between case 1 & case 3: Fig 7: Deflectioncomparisongraphbetweencase1andcase3 5: 3DviewofRooftopmountssolarstructure Fig. 6: Loadingofstructure

Comparative

Structuralpartsmustbedesignedtobearthewindloadatthetargetlocationbasedonappropriatewindspeedestimations. Cycliccircumstancesaretakenintoaccountwhendesigningthestructuralpart.Thewindloadonparticularstructuresmustbe calculatedinordertoprovideanaccurateapproximationoftheimpact.Individualstructuralelementsaresubjectedtowind loadsFinadirectionorthogonaltothewinddirection.FollowingcasesarepreparedinStaad proanalysis.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page145

Fig 10: StructureDeflectioncomparisongraphbetweencase2andcase4

Fig 8: Frequencycomparisongraphbetweencase1andcase3

Fig 9: Structureweightcomparisongraphbetweencase1andcase3 5.3. Comparative study between case 2 & case 4:

Incities,itissuitablefornewconstruction,butitiscostlierbecausethereissurroundingstructure.Thisshadowwillaffect thegenerationofsolarpower.

CONCLUSIONSGroundMount

Roof Mount single axis Tracker

Analyzingtheobservations,itmaybeconcludedthat,astiltangleincreasestheforcesactingonitexertsmorestressesand causethestructuretodeflectconsiderably.Soprovidingasingleaxistrackersystemismorebeneficialtoinstall.Asitcan detectwindspeedandchangetiltanglesothatthestructureislesssusceptibletowindforce.Aswehaveobserved,ifthe modulemountingstructureisoffixedtypethenmemberswithmorestrengtharerequiredwhichisacostlyalternativeandcan significantlyincreasetheoverallcostoftheproject.

It is suitable for new construction, which has no buildings surrounding area or having low height buildings in the surroundingarea.

Solarpanelsupportstructuresaresubjectedtoawindloadduringtheirservicelives.Thepresenceorabsenceofaparapet hasalsohadanimpactontheeffectivenessofsolarpanelsonflatrooftops.Asolarpanelsupportstructure'sperformance mightbeaffectedbytheplacementofthestructureitself Roof mountedsingleaxistrackersarenotsuitableforanexistingresidentialstructure.Itisonlysuitableforthestructure, whichhasaprovisionforextrastoryloadinthebuilding.

Inrecentyears,thedevelopmentofvarioussolarthermal,aswellasphotovoltaicsystemsforawiderangeofapplications, hasbeenfacilitatedbybreakthroughdesignsinsun trackingsystems.Trackingthesun'spathoverthecourseofadayallows solarsystemstocollectsubstantiallymoresolarenergy,resultinginmuchhigheroutputpower.Thequantityanddiversityof sun trackingsystemshavegrownsignificantlyoverthepasttwodecades.Thesesun trackingdeviceshavebeencategorizedas eithersingleaxisordualaxisbasedonthedirectioninwhichtheyrotate.Inaddition,itcanbecharacterizedaseitheranactive orpassivetrackerbasedontheactuatorthatisused.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page146 0 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 Series1 Series2 Fig 11: Frequencycomparisongraphbetweencase2andcase4 0 1000000 1 2 3 4 5 6 Model Weight Series1 Series2 Fig 12: Modelweightcomparisongraphbetweencase2andcase4 6.

Single axis Tracker

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 02 | Feb 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Ithasbeendiscussedindetailthesub divisionaswellasthefundamentalconceptsofeachapproachindetail.Itisclearthat theazimuth,aswellasadual axistrackingsystemforaltitude,ismoreefficientthanothertrackingmethodsbasedonthis review'sfindings.However,intermsofcostandversatility,asingle axistrackingdeviceoutperformsadual axistracking systemintermsofaccuracyandreliability.Theinformationinthisarticlewillbehelpfulinthefuturewhenpickingaprecise andspecifictrackerbasedonlocation,availablespace,aswellasanestimatedcost.Solartrackingsystemsmaybenefitfrom thisresearch,whichaimstoimprovetheirdesignqualities.

Accordingtotheresultsoftheaforementionedstudy,solartrackerscanimprovetheefficiencyofSPVsystems,buttheymust beinstalledwithcare.Whileinstallingsolartrackers,issuessuchastrackerfailuremustbegivenequalconsideration.There's alsotheissueofwhetherornottousetrackersonthegroundortheroof.Inaddition,theresearchersinthisstudyattemptedto examineallofthecriticalelementsrequiredforsolartrackeroptimization.

a) CostofCapitalSubsidy b) basedontheagegroupIncentive Asameansofincreasingthecountry'ssupplyofrenewableenergy,thegovernmentshouldoffersomesortofincentiveto encouragetheuseofsolarpowerincities.Asabonus,thiscampaignwillhelpcutemissionsofgreenhousegases.

Currently,theexpenseofinstallingasolarrooftopsystemisprohibitivefortheaveragefamily.Onlyiftheyareprovidedwith certainbenefitswillafamilydecidetoinstallsolarpanelsontheirroof.

[1] P.Surendrareddy,G.KiranKumar,A.Venkataravindra&K.P.V.KrishnaVarma,“Windloadanalysisofsolarfarmusing computationalfluiddynamics”InternationalJournalofMechanicalandProductionEngineeringResearchandDevelopment (IJMPERD),ISSN(P):2249 6890;ISSN(E):2249 8001Vol.9,Issue6,Dec2019,485 498©TJPRCPvt.Ltd.

[3] Dr.G.GencCelik,O.Celik“ACaseStudyofStructuralFailureofMountingSystemsforSolarPanelsfromSouth Eastern Turkey: AnInvestigationof Design Parameters under Extreme Weather Events” International Journal of Engineering ScienceInvention(IJESI),ISSN(Online):2319 6734,ISSN(Print):2319 672.

[2] OvidiuBOGDAN;DanCREŢU“Windloaddesignofphotovoltaicpowerplantsbycomparisonofdesigncodesandwind tunneltests”,MathematicalModellinginCivilEngineeringVol.15‐No.3:13‐27‐2019Doi:10.2478/mmce‐2019‐0008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

[7] Wen Feng “structural analysis and optimization of fixed PV mount”, China International Conference on Electricity Distribution,2016.

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the support and facilities given by Dr. Atul B Pujari University of engineeringforprovidingtechnicalguidelinesandsoftwareskillsthroughoutthisresearch

[4] AlexMathew,B. Biju andNeel Mathews & VamsiPathapadu“Design and Stability AnalysisofSolar Panel Supporting StructureSubjectedtoWindForce”InternationalJournalofEngineeringResearch&Technology(IJERT)Vol.2Issue12, December 2013.

REFERENCES

Thegovernmentmustgivefinancialassistancetocustomersinordertoencouragetheadoptionofsolarrooftopsystemsfor domesticusage.TheIndiangovernmentcanpromotesolarrooftopsintwoways:

[6] AndrewM.Gabor1,RobJanoch&AndrewAnselmo“MountingRailSpacersforImprovedSolarPanelDurability”IEEE 2019.

[8] LutfuS.Suaa ,TenBalob, “Single junction photovoltaic cell and sub modules in optimization of solar farms”, 158, 466 473.DoI:10.1016/jprocs.2019.09.077,2019.

[5] Hassan Irtaza & Ashish Agarwal “CFD Simulation of Turbulent Wind Effect on an Array of Ground Mounted Solar PV Panels”J.Inst.Eng.IndiaSer.June2018

[16] IS 1893 (Part 1):2016, Indian Standard, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures”, PART 1 GENERAL PROVISIONSANDBUILDINGS.(FifthRevision). [17] IS800:2007,“Codeofpracticeforgeneralconstructioninsteel”,BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS,NEWDELHI.

[12] CharlyMassaad“Experimentalandnumericalinvestigationsofwind inducedeffectsonground mountedsolarpanelsat theWDSfacility”Ottawa,Canada,2019.

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[9] DrewA.Ignizio. “Suitability modelingandthe locationofUtility scalesolarpower plants”THESIS.Universityof New MexicoUNMDigitalRepository,2010.

[13] PranitaIppar,ShubhamKhedkar“OptimizationofDesignofSolarPanelGroundMountingStructure”,MuktShabdJournal VolumeIX,IssueVI,JUNE/2020.

[15] K.SrinivasaRao&V.BaddeNaik(2015)“DesignAndAnalysisOfSolarPanelSupportingStructureInWindEffect”Nalanda InstituteofEngineering&Technology(NIET),SiddharthNagar,Guntur,A.P.,(India)

[10] AshwinGambhir,RohilJethmalani,JatinSarode,NikitaDas&ShantanuDixi“India'sJourneytowards175GWRenewables by2022”,October2016.

[14] A.Mihailidis,K.Panagiotidis,K.Agouridas(2009)“AnalysisOfSolarPanelSupportStructure”1Lab.ofMachineElements &MachineDesign,Dep.ofMechanicalengineering,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece

[18] IS875:Part1:1987“Codeofpracticefordesignloads(otherthanearthquakes)forbuildings&structures”,Part1 Dead loads [19] IS875:Part2:1987“Codeofpracticefordesignloads(otherthan earthquakes)forbuildings&structures”,PartII Imposedloads [20] IS875:2015,”DesignLoads(OtherThanEarthquake)forBuildingsandStructures CodePractice”Part3WindLoads [21] IS456 2000 “CodeofpracticeforplainandReinforcedconcrete

[11] AlyMousaadAly&GirmaBitsuamlak“AerodynamicsofGroundMountedSolarPanels:TestModelScaleEffects”The2012 WorldCongressonAdvancesinCivil,Environmental,andMaterialsResearch(ACEM’12)Seoul,Korea,August26 30,2012.

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