IRJET- Remaining Service Life Assessment of Existing Concrete Road Bridge Subjected to Corrosion

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net

e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

REMAINING SERVICE LIFE ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGE SUBJECTED TO CORROSION Ashish1, Sidharth Jain2 1M.TECH

(RADHA GOVIND GROUP OF INSTITUTION, MEERUT UTTAR PRADESH) KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GHAZIABD --------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------2(KIET)

ABSTRACT: An expansion in the quantity of distressed bridges and the restricted financial assets underline the requirement for efficient the bridge management system (BMS) for India. Evaluation of the remaining life of bridges turns into a fundamental advance in BMS, which includes displaying of complex crumbling systems in concrete because of substance assaults, for example, carbonation, chloride, sulphate, etc. Absence of data on material properties utilized in connect construction, construction procedures, introduction condition, and support quality embraced make the remaining life evaluation of bridges progressively confounded. Hence, a parametric report has been done to comprehend the crumbling of concrete bridges because of carbonation. Impact of carbonation on the commencement and engendering time of Corrosion was additionally remembered for the examination.

Keywords: Cements; Concrete, reinforced; Corrosion; Deterioration; Service life; Bridge.

Solidness is the capacity of keeping up the usefulness of an item, segment, gathering, or construction over a predefined time. Usefulness is seen as the limit of the above to play out the function(s) for which they are structured and developed.

INTRODUCTION India has an all out road system of over 3_106 km with huge and little concrete bridges. The street framework organize assumes an indispensable job in the regular day to day existence of individuals, and all things considered, it ought to be kept up at full usefulness with little bother to clients. Bridges manufactured years back were intended for lesser traffic volume and littler vehicles with lower speeds and lighter burdens than are by and by experienced on the National and State Highways.

Some current bridges give indications of misery because of auxiliary insufficiencies, natural impacts, absence of support, and increased traffic volumes and pivot loads.

With developing traffic volume, absence of requirement measures to forestall over-burdening, diminished accessibility of assets, and absence of present day arranging and the board instruments and suitable upkeep gear, the assignment of the support of bridges is complex.

Administration life (Road Bridge or material) is the timeframe after establishment (or on account of concrete, arrangement) during which all the properties surpass the base adequate qualities when routinely kept up. Three sorts of administration life have been characterized (Sommerville 1986). Specialized help life is the time in administration until a characterized unsuitable state is reached, for example, spalling of concrete, security level underneath adequate, or disappointment of components. Utilitarian help life is the time in administration until the structure no longer satisfies the useful prerequisites or gets outdated because of progress in useful necessities, for example, the requirements for increased leeway, higher hub and wheel burdens, or street extending. Financial assistance life is the time in administration until substitution of the structure (or some portion of it) is monetarily more invaluable than keeping it in administration.

Administration life ideas for Road Bridge go back to when early manufacturers found that specific materials and plans kept going longer than others (Davey 1961).

From the beginning of time, administration life expectations of structures, hardware, and different segments were commonly subjective and observational.

The comprehension of the instruments and energy of numerous corruption procedures of concrete has framed a reason for making quantitative forecasts of the administration life of structures and parts made of concrete. Notwithstanding genuine or expected auxiliary breakdown, numerous different elements can administer the administration life of a concrete structure. For instance, unnecessary working expenses can prompt a structure's substitution. This archive provides details regarding these administration life factors, for both new and existing concrete structures and segments. The expressions "solidness" and "administration life" are frequently incorrectly exchanged.

© 2020, IRJET

|

Impact Factor value: 7.529

To anticipate the administration life of concrete structures or components, end-of-life ought to be characterized. For instance, end-of life can be characterized as: • •

• •

|

Structural security is unsuitable because of material corruption or surpassing the plan loadconveying limit; Severe material degradation, for example, consumption of steel fortification started while diffusing chloride particles achieve the limit Corrosion focus at the support profundity; Maintenance prerequisites surpass accessible asset limits; Aesthetics become inadmissible; or

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

|

Page 4021

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net •

Functional limit of the structure is not, at this point adequate for an interest, for example, a football arena with an inadequate seating limit

bridge decks in corrosive environments, less models have been proposed and countless them are deterministic models that don't consider the vulnerability and variability related with the key boundaries administering the inception of Corrosion and consumption incited harm forms. The proposed approach comprises of the monitoring of basic solidness boundaries that administer the proposed robotic models for the administration life of RC bridge decks presented to chlorides. The monitoring project could be directed over a couple of years or during the entire help life, contingent upon the significance of the structure, the accessible monitoring spending plan, and different components. For the instance of RC bridge decks presented to chlorides from deicing salts or seawater, four variables identified with concrete and steel properties have solid effects on administration life, to be specific

Basically all choices concerning the meaning of end oflife are joined with human security and financial contemplations. As a rule, the condition, appearance, or limit of a structure can be moved up to a satisfactory level; nonetheless, costs related with the redesign can be restrictive. Direction on settling on such choices is remembered for this report Corrosion Induced Problems in Reinforced Concrete Structures The basic state of concrete prompts the development of a defensive dainty film on the outside of the reinforcement. The defensive dainty film is thick and invulnerable, which forestalls further Corrosion of the reinforcement if completely created and kept up. Be that as it may, if the alkalinity condition is diminished by the infiltration of acidic gases, for example, carbon dioxide, or if chloride particles are available at the reinforcement surface, the defensive meager film might be obliterated, prompting Corrosion of the reinforcement. Rust, the results of consumption, will ingest water and increment its volume. The powers produced by this far reaching procedure can far surpass the rigidity of the concrete, bringing about breaking and spalling of the concrete spread. Subsequently, the Corrosion instigated splits permit more dampness, carbon dioxide or potentially chloride getting into concrete effectively, quickening the consumption pace of reinforcement.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

Corrosion of steel reinforcement causes structure trouble in light of the loss of both concrete and reinforcement segment zones and the resulting loss of burden limit. Consumption harm is regularly in structures where dampness is all the more promptly kept up and at the base of the scaffold section in contact with the dirt where there is a more prominent propensity to amass salts because of slim activity.

Consumption prompts harm through delamination, concrete spalling, and presentation of reinforcement.

This further lessens the cross-area of reinforcement, which may turn into a wellbeing risk. Such harms can be very basic for spans situated at waterfront territories and marine structures.

Figure 1 presents the different corrosion-induced damage mechanisms developing in a typical RC bridge deck exposed to chlorides, which identifies two distinct stages: a corrosion-initiation stage and a propagation stage. This is a modified version of Tuutti’s simplified model (1982), which did not consider the effect of earlyage cracking on chloride penetration during the corrosion-initiation stage. With time, each stage develops into higher levels of damage, which include: (i) early-age cracking of concrete due to restrained shrinkage (if any); (ii) initiation of reinforcement corrosion after a relatively long period of chloride diffusion through concrete; (iii) internal cracking around the reinforcing bars due to the build-up of corrosion products; (iv) surface cracking due to further progression of corrosion induced cracks; (v) spalling or delamination of the concrete cover; and finally (vi) rehabilitation or replacement of the concrete deck, depending on the amount of concrete damage to the deck that can be tolerated by the bridge owner. Note that other conceptual service life models do exist, such as that proposed by Li et al. (2007), based on crack width and sectional strength, as opposed to Tuutti’s model which is

Corrosion of reinforcing and prestressing steel is a significant issue for bridges in India. The deterioration actuated by Corrosion represents an enormous segment of the support consumptions of a few bridge proprietor.

For the basic execution and wellbeing evaluation of bridges, a few models have been created previously, (which are just subjective), deterministic robotic models, and probabilistic unthinking models. In any case, for the toughness evaluation and administration life forecast of

|

Impact Factor value: 7.529

surface chloride substance of concrete, which may increase after some time and fluctuate in space because of the constant utilization of deicing salts on streets, precipitation, and seepage; chloride dispersion coefficient of concrete, which may diminish after some time because of the proceeding with concrete hydration, diminishing concrete porosity, which may likewise differ in space; Chloride threshold of the reinforcement, which may shift in time and space. It is additionally exceptionally unsure as it relies upon ecological conditions and properties of concrete and steel; Corrosion rate of the reinforcement and rate of deterioration of the concrete structure, which are both profoundly variable.

Conceptual two-stage service life model

SERVICE LIFE OF RC BRIDGE DECKS SUBJECT TO CHLORIDE ATTACK

© 2020, IRJET

e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

|

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

|

Page 4022

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net based on the degree of corrosion and damage accumulation.

deterioration instrument: condition record just as execution limit states. A contextual investigation is given to show the utilization of the proposed presentation based, life-cycle management model. The outcomes show that the proposed model is helpful and material to infrastructure offices management. As the model depends on the likelihood, the genuine examination with field test requires many field execution information during the life range of an infrastructure that is exceptionally hard to get. In any case, the Corrosion deterioration models utilized in this paper have been all around confirmed by research centers and field exploratory outcomes. Despite the fact that it is notable that the fundamental driver for deterioration of fortified concrete structures is because of corrosion of reinforcement, we ought to know that the deterioration of concrete structures may likewise be influenced by numerous different elements notwithstanding consumption, for instance, material property, burden, and recurrence of utilization. These variables are not considered in this paper. Be that as it may, it could be effectively remembered for the life-cycle management model, whenever required.

Radhakrishna Pillai (2011): Investigated and introduced "Corrosion and service life expectation of reinforced concrete structures". India has a long waterfront zone and numerous urban areas have chloride-polluted soil.

Accordingly, numerous infrastructure frameworks in India are encountering chloride-initiated Corrosion. This paper examines the components of chloride-instigated Corrosion and the basic parameters affecting consumption commencement in fortified concrete structures. This article likewise presents some current approachs or apparatuses to foresee the service life of fortified concrete structures.

Service life expectation devices can be utilized to decide the remaining service life and properly plan the fix methodology/plans/procedures. Such devices can be utilized by rehearsing specialists, creators, and proprietors, to assess the impact of different construction materials on sturdiness of the structure and settle on basic choices. The excellence is that these choices can be made during the plan period of new structures with the end goal that the life-cycle cost can be improved.

Fig. 1 .Schematic description of the service life model.

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this article are twofold: (i)

(ii)

(iii)

To present a probabilistic unthinking displaying approach dependent on Remaining assistance life monitoring to survey the existence cycle execution of concrete bridge decks in corrosive environments; and To show the viable utilization of chose information acquired from field monitoring to refresh and improve the precision of service life assessment models.

A contextual analysis of the monitoring of a concrete road bridge obstruction divider is introduced and used to represent the approach and its advantages.

REVIEW LITERATURE

y. zhou; b. gencturk, a.m.asce; k. willam, f.asce; and a. attar (2014): completed trial examination on "Carbonation-Induced and Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures". Consumption is one of the most basic issues that disable the strength of RC structures. Both carbonation-prompted and chloride initiated Corrosion broadly win in civil infrastructure around the world. Far reaching items are framed because of consumption at the interface among concrete and reinforcing bar (rebar). The breaking and spalling in concrete due to growing consumption items and the decrease in the cross-sectional zone of rebar endanger the security and serviceability of RC structures. From an

Moe M. S. Cheung and Kevin K. L. (2015): has study "Service Life Prediction and Management of Concrete Bridge Structures Due to Corrosion". The expanding supplies of public infrastructure and genuine deterioration of infrastructure frameworks because of Corrosionpresent incredible financial, security, technical and operational difficulties to government associations responsible for public infrastructure advancement and management. To address those difficulties, a presentation based life-cycle management model for fortified concrete structures was proposed in this paper.

This model predicts the life-cycle execution of infrastructure dependent on the consumption instigated

Š 2020, IRJET

|

Impact Factor value: 7.529

e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

|

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

|

Page 4023

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net untouchable point of view, this writing survey sums up the cutting edge on the components of the two sorts of Corrosion, mechanical debasement in RC structures because of these instruments, the scientific strategies to foresee the essential parameters generally identified with consumption, and the accessible research centre and field consumption estimation methods.

IRC: 21 _2000_ in order to improve the service life of bridges.

Kefei LI, Roberto Torrent (2016): explored the "Analytical and Experimental Service Life Assessment of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Link". The Hong Kong-ZhuhaiMacau (HZM) Sea Link is one of the most significant undertakings under-taken by the People's Republic of China. The primary factors that decide the service life of these marine structures, presented to chloride-initiated Corrosion, are the "vulnerability" and thickness of the concrete spread that ensures the steel reinforcement. In an underlying structure stage, these components are characterized by demonstrating the entrance of chlorides with analytical apparatuses (in view of the Duracrete approach). In the development stage, information are gathered from the in-site research facility for concrete chloride diffusivity, and from nondangerous tests for the concrete spread thickness and air penetrability for the pre-assembled portions of the inundated cylinder burrow. Based on these information, two model-based methodologies are utilized to anticipated the service life of the cylinder burrow drenched in ocean water. The principal model is an analytical one of Fick's model for chloride entrance into concrete utilizing the consumption commencement as sturdiness limit state. The subsequent model uses an "Exp-Ref" model, utilizing the concrete spread thickness and air penetrability as information boundaries and aligned by the Euro Code details on basic concretes in marine situations. The two methodologies use MonteCarlo recreations and think about the statistical properties of the information boundaries. An examination of the analytical and experimental expectations is made, indicating similarity with 120 years of service life. The accommodation of confirming the analytical expectations with those acquired from site experimental information is examined.

Mukunda Madhab Borah, Abhijeet Dey, Arjun Sil(2019) : talked about "Service life assessment of chloride influenced bridge situated in waterfront locale of India thinking about variety in the innate auxiliary parameters,". Deterioration of RC bridges because of chloride actuated consumption is a grave concern worldwide. It happens basically, when the support implanted in concrete is presented to marine or forceful environments. In the course of recent decades, numerous examinations planned for deciding the parameters impacting the service life of structures influenced by fortification Corrosion. The point of the current work is to advance a dependable and straightforward service life model for foreseeing the valuable life or time of RC bridges influenced by chloride entrance and to approve the yield of the model with the deterioration of a current RC bridge structure. The use of the service life model has been done in an Indian bridge with regards to waterfront condition. Parametric investigations have been directed in the model for looking at the impact of different parameters, for example, water-concrete proportion, support measurement, spread thickness, kind of folio and Corrosion rate on the variety of service life of the RC bridge structure. The after effects of the parametric examination clarified in a nitty gritty way in order to get a genuine knowledge of the basic corruption instrument for structures presented to artificially forceful environments.

Lakshmy Parameswaran; Ram Kumar; and G. K. Sahu(2008): completed exploratory examination on "Impact of Carbonation on Concrete Bridge Service Life".

An increase in the quantity of bothered bridges and the restricted financial assets stress the requirement for a productive bridge management framework _BMS_ for India. Assessment of the remaining life of bridges turns into a basic advance in BMS, which includes displaying of complex deterioration systems in concrete because of synthetic assaults, for example, carbonation, chloride, sulphate, etc. Absence of data on material properties utilized in bridge construction, construction procedures, presentation condition, and upkeep quality embraced make the remaining life assessment of bridges progressively muddled. In this manner, a parametric report has been done to comprehend the deterioration of concrete bridges because of carbonation. Impact of carbonation on the inception and engendering time of Corrosionwas likewise remembered for the examination.

In view of the examination, changes are recommended in the statements of Indian concrete bridge plan standard

Š 2020, IRJET

|

Impact Factor value: 7.529

e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

kfli, q.wli, and q.m. zhang, z.h.fan,. h..yang (2014): led experimental "Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures in HZM Sea Link Project for Design Life of 120 Years", This article presents the Durability assessment of the concrete structures in the continuous Hong Kong– Zhuhai–Macao (HZM) ocean connect venture for a plan service life of 120 years. During the fundamental examination stage, the Durability plan of concrete structures has been performed by a model-based strategy with a halfway factor conspire for chlorideincited Corrosion process. Based on the real plan alternatives embraced in the nitty gritty structure stage, the sturdiness assessment of concrete structures is performed for the accomplished strength and reliability levels. For this reason, the solidness assessment holds a similar model for chloride-incited Corrosion as in the fundamental plan stage, and considers the real structure alternatives for concrete components, for example, concrete surface covering, epoxy-covered steel bars, and treated steel bars. The probabilistic methodology is embraced for the sturdiness assessment to assess the

|

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

|

Page 4024

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net reliability levels for the structure life of 120 years.

Following the equivalent probabilistic examination, the upkeep plan of concrete components is researched with determined reliability levels for various support systems.

completely probabilistic methodology. The security edge for auxiliary strength is spoken to regarding disappointment likelihood and reliability list. In light of the toughness assessment in development stage, a starter upkeep arranging is given considering the unplanned working instance of ocean water penetration.

RatnaWidyawatia, JunTakahashib, HisaoEmotoc, Ayaho iyamotoc(2014) : Investigated a contextual analysis of "Remaining life prediction of anagedbridge basedon concrete center test" .This paper depicts a strategy for the rest of the life expectation of a matured RC-T brace connect dependent on the concrete center test outcomes. The rest of the life expectation of the scaffold can likewise be quantitatively evaluated by applying the J-BMS with the field review information. It should be checked through the concrete center example tests removed from certain parts on principle supports, deck pieces, and scaffold wharfs, for example, compressive quality, carbonation profundity, chloride particle fixation, etc. This investigation is centered around the presentation and approval of the weakening assessment utilized on concrete centers, which was gathered from the objective extension. In this examination, information acquired from gathered concrete center examples were inspected by chloride particle and carbonation tests.

Subsequently, carbonation is more prevailing than the chloride particle on the weakening procedure in spite of the fact that the scaffold is situated inside 1 km upstream from the mouth of the stream filling the Seto Inland Sea. The carbonation rate coefficient and the clear dissemination coefficient of chloride particles were resolved, and the rest of the life forecast where the fundamental factor of crumbling is carbonation has been found from the concrete center test outcomes. On the assessed aggregate sum steel consumption (Q) of 75 mg/cm2, the rest of the life of the scaffold is anticipated to be around 7 years. Likewise, the limited concrete center test outcomes can be utilized for a whole range assessment by pictured conveyance results utilizing an approximating capacity.

CONCLUSIONS The corrosion-induced deterioration of Road Bridge can have genuine results as far as decreased security, serviceability, and durability. This article proposed a probabilistic demonstrating approach dependent on durability monitoring for improving the life cycle execution forecasts of maturing concrete bridge decks worked in corrosive conditions. Its application and advantages were exhibited on a contextual analysis of modified RC barrier dividers on road bridge in India .Since, in India, dominant part of chlorides are presented to the structures through groundwater, in this manner an intensive report on the convergence of chloride present in groundwater of territory India and oceans encompassing beach front piece of India is completed. A spatial appropriation of chlorides all through India is readied which encourages us to recognize the chlorideinfluenced zones, where uncommon plan contemplations ought to be made, for example, giving adequate spread thickness to forestall Corrosion and early debasement of structures. Despite the fact that it is notable that the main cause for deterioration of reinforced concrete structures is because of corrosion of reinforcement, we ought to know that the decay of concrete structures may likewise be influenced by numerous different variables notwithstanding corrosion, for instance, material property, load, and recurrence of use.

REFERENCE [1].

Kefei Li1 , Quanwang Li , Pianpian Wang and Zhihong Fan(2015): considered the "studied the “Durabilityassessment of concrete immersed tube tunnelin Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau ocean interface venture" .The concrete submerged cylinder burrow in the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau (HZM) ocean connect venture was intended for a service life of 120 years. The concrete passage is presented remotely to the ocean water and inside to traffic and marine air. This paper surveys the solidness plan of this concrete ocean burrow and the key toughness boundaries held for the basic concrete. During the development, the concrete properties were tried in the research facility and nondangerous tests were performed on the pre-assembled sections of concrete cylinder. The nature of auxiliary concrete is assessed based on these in-situ information and their statistical properties. Further the accomplished sturdiness of the inundated cylinder burrow is evaluated however Fick's law for chloride entrance by means of a

© 2020, IRJET

|

Impact Factor value: 7.529

e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[2].

[3].

[4].

[5].

|

Indian Roads Congress (IRC). (2000) “Standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges, Section III, cement concrete (plain and reinforced).” IRC: 21, New Delhi, India.

Indian Roads Congress (IRC). (2002). “An approach document for assessment of remaining life of concrete bridges.” IRC: SP-60, New Delhi, India.

IS 3812 (2003) Part 1, Pulverized fuel ashSpecification, Bureau of Indian standards, NewDelhi, India.

IS 383 (2002) Specification for fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete, Bureauof Indian standards, New Delhi, India.

Moe M. S. Cheung and Kevin K. L.Tsing Yi, Hong Kong, (2015) “Service Life Prediction and Management of Concrete Bridge Structures Due to Corrosion”, Western China Earthquake and Hazards Mitigation Research Centre, Sichuan University, ChinaJournal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 9 (2015) 1153-1166 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2015.10.003

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

|

Page 4025

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net [6].

LakshmyParameswaran; Ram Kumar; and G. K. Sahu(2008) “Effect of Carbonation on Concrete Bridge Service Life” journal of bridge engineering © asce / january/february 2008 / 75 J. Bridge Eng., 2008, 13(1): 75-82 [7]. Mukunda Madhab Borah, AbhijeetDey, Arjun Sil(2019) :"Service life assessment of chloride affected bridge located in coastal region of India considering variation in the inherent structural parameters,” Dept of Civil Engineering, NIT Silchar, Assam 788010, India Structures 23 (2020) 191–203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.09.020 [8]. y. zhou; b. gencturk, a.m.asce; k. willam, f.asce; and a. attar (2014)“Carbonation-Induced and Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures”. University of Houston Article in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering · November 2014 DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001209. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268 924426 [9]. Radhakrishna Pillai (2011) “Corrosion and service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures”, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Assistant Professor, Building Technology & Construction Materials Division, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai – 36 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324 361102 [10]. Kefei LI, Roberto Torrent (2016) “Analytical and Experimental Service Life Assessment of Hong Kong- Zhuhai-Macau Link” Civil Engng. Dept., Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.Materials Advanced Services SRL, C1425ABV Buenos Aires, Argentina at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303 702229 [11]. RatnaWidyawatia*, Jun Takahashib, HisaoEmotoc, AyahoMiyamotoc(2014) “Remaining life prediction of an aged bridge based on concrete core test” Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwa-dai, Ube 755-8611, 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials 2014 (SCESCM 2014) Procedia Engineering 95 ( 2014 ) 88 – 99 [12]. Kefei Li1 , Quanwang Li , Pianpian Wang and Zhihong Fan(2015) “Durability assessment of concrete immersed tube tunnel in Hong KongZhuhai-Macau sea link project” Professor of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China , Beijing, China ,Master in Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 4Senior engineer, CCCC 4th Harbor Research Institute, Guangzhou, China at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274 084563

© 2020, IRJET

|

Impact Factor value: 7.529

e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[13]. K. F. Li, Q. W. Li, and Q. M. Zhang, Z. H. Fan, L. H. Yang (2014) “Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures in HZM Sea Link Project for Design Life of 120 Years”, Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 4th International Conference on the Durability of Concrete Structures 24–26 July 2014 Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA [14]. Malami, C., Kaloidas, V., Batis, G., and Kouloubi, N. (1994). “Carbonation and porosits of mortar specimens with hydraulic cement admixtures.”

Cem. Concr. Res., 24(8), 1444–1454.

[15]. Sarja, A. and Vesikari, E. (1996). “Durability design of concrete structures.” RILEM Rep. No. 14, E & FN Spon, London.

[16]. Thomas, M. D. A., and Mathews, J. D. (1992).

“Carbonation of fly ash concrete.” Mag. Concrete Res., 44(160), 217–228.

|

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

|

Page 4026