Latest Trends in Fiber Optics Communication

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Latest Trends in Fiber Optics Communication Kavita Bhatnagar1 1

Assistant professor (ECE) in Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------transmission of light. With optical fiber, the fatalities Abstract– Conformably of mechanisms and loosely because of coaxial cable are condensed. But precision rises in the interest of the previously optical fiber had fatalities around technology wavering. Furthermore the advantages of hundred dB/km. This result marks the unfeasible for fiber optic device, the worth is diminishes and communication purpose[5].The high and swiftly analysis are surge gradually. Fiber optic sensor is growing consumer and commercial demand for used in conjunction with optoelectronics devices and increased internet services and telecommunication it is used in lieu of electrical sensor. capacity is the main reason behind the extensive use Fiber perception systems are essential telecom sub el of fiber optics communication. It is adept of giving ement structure for broadband networks across the the essential info capacity (larger than both copper globe. Today applications broad bandwidth signal cable wireless connections). Advancement in transferring with less suspension is a vital necessity. technology has allowed additional information to be It offers immense and incomparable transmission sent to long distances using single fiber only. The information measure within important dormancy, transference capability in fiber optics and presently the medium of transmission of communication networks are immensely increased selection for high data rate transmission and exploitation wavelength division multiplexing [5]. elongated distance in telecommunication networks.

A desired characteristic for forthcoming optical fiber Proposed survey provides an outline of fiber optic networks is that the talent to method facts fully communication systems similarly as their within the optical domain with the aim of elementary technologies, together with its next augmentation, multiplexing, de-multiplexing, generation technological trend and also the interchanging, sifting, and correlation, since optical definition of various types of sensors in fiber optic signal process is additional effectives compare to and their application. electrical signal process. Some sure new modules of Keywords: fiber optic gyroscope, micro band sensor, optical communication networks are presently fiber Bragg grating, wave sensor, Michelson sensor, evolving [6]. Such as, Code Division Multiple Access Telecommunication, Latency networks exploitation optical signal process techniques have simply being orientated [7].

I. INTRODUCTION notwithstanding the allied edges of intense fiber for communication (for example its nice consistent Scholar attains pioneering ideas to develop an optical performance over long ranges, low reduction, low system for data transference after the development intrusion, high safety, terribly high facts capability, of laser in 1960’s. As liken to microware, laser may elongated life expectancy and ease of conservation), possibly send more data and other electrical systems. investigation continues to be continued to further To transfer laser beams in air deprived of any wired recover on this fiber optics communication system, connection was the 1st experiment with laser. and conjointly to resolve many of the tasks fronting Scholars also showed research by transferring laser it. Forthcoming optical communication systems ar beam through different kind of waveguides. Firstly supposed to be a lot of stronger and consistent as their preference was plastic fiber as a waveguide. compared with the current system.

Afterwards it becomes optical fiber for information Š 2016, IRJET

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PRINCIPLES OF FIBER OPTICS:

lightweight ways, modal diffusion happens thanks to this.

It is a communication technology that uses lightweight beats for the transference of data from one purpose associate degree other to a different by a fiber. The very fact pass away is largely digital information created by cellular phone systems, cable TV firms, and laptop systems. Associate degree fiber may be a nonconductor cylinder-shaped conductor ready from low-loss things, usually silica. the most of the wave guide includes a refractive directory somewhat advanced than that of the outer medium, so light-weight beats are directed along with the axis of the fiber by entire inner reflection [8]. Optical fiber communication systems includes of associate degree optical transmitter to rework associate degree electrical signal to associate degree optical signal for transference by the fiber, a cable holding various packets of optical fibers, optical amps to extend the ascendances of the optical signal, associate degreed an optical receiver to convert the expected optical signal back to the distinctive conducted electrical signal. A basic rationalization of an easy fiber optic communication system is given in Fig.1.

2. Hierarchal Index Optical Fiber: they need their main ratio of refractive index more and more cut back on the far side from the Centre of the core, this increase in deflection at the core Centre decelerates the lightweight rays speed to some extent, therefore allowing the light rays to achieve the receiver at nearly constant time, therefore decreasing diffusion.

Various optical fiber modes are explained in fig 2.

Fig.2. Methods of Optical Fiber [10]

III.

In 1970, optical fiber was 1st urban by Corning Glass Works. at the same time, GaAs semiconductor lasers were conjointly established for transferring lightweight by fiber optic cables. In 1975 the 1st information fiber optic system was established. It used GaAs semiconductor lasers, functioned at a wavelength of .8 μm and bit rate of approx.

45MB/sec with regarding 10km of repeater spacing.

Fig.1. Optical Communication system Basics [9] Optical fibers drop inside two main classes: 1. Step index Optical Fiber: It contains solo mode fiber and multi mode fiber. Solo mode step index Optical fiber incorporates a main diameter but lower than 10 micrometers and just permits one lightweight path. Multimode step index fiber incorporates a main diameter bigger than or adequate fifty micrometers and permits varied

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EVOLUTION OF FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION :

The IInd information of fiber optic communication was established within the 1980’s. It utilizes InGaAsP semiconductor lasers and functioned at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. These Optical fiber systems were engaging |

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at bit rates of up to approx. 1.7 GB/sec on single mode fiber with regarding 50kilometer repeater area length by 1987.

IV.

FIBER OPTICS BASICS

Optical fiber contains of principally 3 parts: Core, Buffer or Coatings and Cladding cover. Figure 4 shows the fundamental structure of fiber.

Approximately about in 1990, the third generation of optical fiber communication operational and engaging for about at a wavelength of 1.55μm was developed. These third gen systems were operational about a little rate of up to 2.5 Gb/sec a solo longitudinal mode fiber with 100Kilometer repeater area length.

The 4th generation of optical fiber systems established the utilization of optical amps as a standby for consumed WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) and repeaters to surge information rates. Approximately by 1996, transference of approx over eleven, 300kilometer at an information rate of 5GB/sec had been well-tried exploitation submarine cables [11].

Fig.4. Optical Fiber Basic Structure 1. Core: The core is that the cylindrical portion of the fiber. It’s created from material things, and commonly created from glass. The light propagates through primarily core.

The 5th gen optical fiber communication utilizes (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing) DWDM to boot raise information rates. Moreover, thought of optical solutions, that area unit beats that may sanctuary their figure by countering the undesirable belongings of diffusion, is additionally being investigated. The event of fiber optic communication shown in fig3.

2. Cladding: The cladding or the protective cover is that the external layer of the core, which is additionally created from dielectric material things with numerous refractive directories. The refractive directory of the cladding or protective cover is a smaller amount than the refractive directory of core material. This portion is often created from glass or plastic material. It reduces the loss of light from core in to close air. It additionally reduces the scattering loss at the surface of the core, and protects the fiber from interesting surface impurities and adds up the strength to the fiber.[1]

3. Buffer or Coatings: The outer coating or jacket is outside layer to protect a fiber from any kind of physical harms. This portion is developed from plastic material. This material is versatile in surroundings to preclude scratches.[1]

Fig.3. Fiber Optics Communication Generations [12]

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optical fiber. These sensors square measure abundant harder to involved, however they have the nice performance.

SENSORS OF FIBER OPTICS

A. EXTRNAL AND INTERNAL SENSOR These sensors device square measure supported sensing position. The intrinsic detector is that during which modulator used as a module. During this fiber several physical properties of fiber get varies.

Perturbations performance on the optical fiber and fiber successively alter few options of the light within the fiber. [9]

An alteration in temperature, pressure, curvature then on can alter such possessions of the fiber propagating lightweight as its section, amplitude, polarization. Intrinsic fiber optic detects or is often used as a detector for alteration for these physical parameters. [2]

B. FIBER OPTIC SENSOR WITH MODULATED WAVELENGTH fiber optic sensors related to modulated wavelength use variations within the wavelength of light for detection. Black body sensors, light sensors, and therefore the Braxton Bragg grating device are the samples of wavelength-modulated sensors.

Fig.5 Extrinsic and sensor [1] Extrinsic fiber optic detector, the fiber simply uses to bring lightweight to and from the outside device wherever the sensing takes place. During this instance the fiber is merely the module that that transfers lightweight. [1] In external fiber, the electrical device that isn't associate in optical fiber, is modulating the light, employing a physics phenomenon: for instance a vibration, and this modulated lightweight is then directed within the fiber wherever it travels to a object translating, at the result of the fiber is that the modification of the light into a electronic signal.[2]

Fig.6. Fluorescence wave sensor Fig6. shows the light wave fiber optic device. It’s created of fluorescent material. The last tip device, light-weight travels down the fiber to a high of fluorescent material. The final resultant signal is non inheritable by exact same fiber associated traveled back to an output detector [1].

Extrinsic sensors square measure commonly not meant for top level measuring, however wherever low resolution and low rate square measure requested they're appropriate for those applications.

Fiber sensors that are supported fluorescent are largely used for various application in the field of medical and for the measurement of physical parameters like temperature, wetness and body [1].

Intrinsic Fiber optic detector is numerous from others. The variation within the modulation any physics parameter is completed by a vicinity of an Š 2016, IRJET

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Figure 8 showing the fiber Braxton Bragg grating device. Fiber Braxton Bragg Gratings unit of measurement created by laterally presenting the core of a single-mode fiber to a timely dynamical pattern of intense UV light. The exposure produces a permanent increase at intervals the quantitative relation of the fiber's core, creating a hard and fast index modulation in line with the exposure pattern.

This mounted index modulation is termed as grating.

[3]

At each periodic refraction modification somewhat quantity of light is mirrored. All the mirrored signals of light are combined along coherently to a large reflection at a selected wavelength once the grating quantity is half the input light's wavelength. This is often acknowledged to because the Braxton Bragg condition. The wavelength at that reflection happens is termed because the Braxton Bragg wavelength.

Light-weight signals at wavelengths except for the Braxton Bragg wavelength, that don't seem to be part matched are sometimes clear. As shown in fig.8. [3]

Fig 7.Black-body sensor

Another wavelength primarily based easy device black body device as displayed in Fig7. Black body cavity is fixed at the top of associate fiber optics.

Once the black body cavity temperature rises it begins to glow and act as a supply of light. Detectors along with slim band filters unit of measurement then accustomed make sure the profile of the black body. This sort of device monitors temperature to at intervals a couple of degrees centigrade below intense RF fields.

A fiber grating (FBG) may be a distributed Braxton Bragg reflector created during a short section of optical fiber that reflects specific wavelengths of light and remainder of others are transmitted. Usually this can be} often achieved by creating a periodic variation at intervals the ratio of the optical fiber core that generates a material mirror of specific wavelength. A fiber Braxton Bragg grating can thus be used as associate inline optical filter

C. POLARIZATION MODULATED FIBER OPTIC SENSOR Polarization state of associate radiation traveling in step with a coordinate axis will be tagged by the sting of the electrical field vector E within the xoy plane. It displays solely electrical field.

Fig.8. Fiber Bragg grating device sensor [1]

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Fig.10.Polarimetric sensor [4]

Fig.9 Polarization patterns [4]

Polar metric sensors use a linearly polarized foundation that is inserted at a forty five degree angle from the core axes of the refraction fiber so the 2 propagating ways ought to be likewise impelled.

There are 3 varieties of polarization: 1.circular 2.linear 3.elliptical.[4]

At the resultant of the bi-refringent fiber, a polarizer is placed at the front of the detector to exactly know the state of polarization. The measure and makes the polarization in rotation, so the intensity experienced by the detector will may vary. This arrangements drawback is its sensitiveness to the variation of the intensity of the source or of the injection. [4]

The path of the electrical field portion of the field of light is outlined because the polarized state of the light field. For the linear polarization state, the trail of the electrical field invariably retains within the actual similar means throughout the propagation of the light. Elliptical polarization state, the trail of the electrical field changes throughout the propagation of light. The top of the electrical field vector makes associate elliptical shape; thus, it's titled as elliptical polarized light-weight.[1]

VI.

Fiber Optics is totally the information communication future. The event of optical fiber communication has been obsessed by enlargement in technology and demand increment and demand for optical fiber communication. It’s anticipated to on get in the long run, with the evolution of innovative and a lot of progressive communication technology.

Additional down are some of the intended forthcoming trends in optical fiber communication.

Refractive index of optical fiber changes once it undergoes strain or stress. Therefore, there's an apparent part distinction between numerous totally different polarization directions. This idea is termed as icon elastic result. Moreover, the ratio of a fiber enduring a specific strain or stress is termed as iatrogenic ratio. Therefore, there's associate iatrogenic part distinction between numerous totally different polarization directions. Or we are able to say, below the external perturbation, like strain or stress, the optical fiber works sort of a linear retarder. Hence, by noticing the variation within the resultant polarization state, the outside perturbation will be recognized.

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FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION FUTURE TRENDS

A. Networks of Optical Communication All optical fiber communication is meant which can be wholly within the visual area, providing upsurge to associate all fiber optics communication network.

In these networks, all signals are going to be managed within the optical domain, with none style of electrical manipulation. Currently, process and interchanging of signals occur within the electrical |

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domain, optical signals basically be modified to electrical signal before they'll be optical signals that are transferred over elongated distances to their terminus. This optical to electrical translation, and contrariwise, output in extra dormancy on the network and so may be a restraint to accomplishing terribly high knowledge rates.

C. Optical Multi-Terabit Networks

DWDM paves the strategy for multi-terabit transmission. The whole world requirement for the improved information measure accessibility has directed to the priority in rising multi-terabit optical networks. Currently, four terabit networks mistreatment 40Gb/s rate collective with one hundred DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing) channels exists. Students try to realize even bigger information measure with 100 Gb/s. By the regular reduction within the rates of fiber optic modules, the accessibility of a lot of superior information measure within the forthcoming is surmisable.

One more advantage of all optical networks is that there'll not be any necessity to change the natural philosophy once rate rises, meantime all signals process and steering happens within the optical space [13]. On the opposite hand, formerly this may grow into realism, issues in optical steering, and wavelength interchanging has got to be resolved. To catch associate actual results of these problems investigation is constant.

B. Optical Broadcast Intelligence

Network

D. Ultra – high Haul Optical broadcast

In this radical – end of the day Optical transmission, the restrictions forced due to imperfectness within the transmission medium are numerous topics for analysis. Dispersion outcome cancellation has prompted investigators to research the potential blessings of soliton wave dissemination. a lot of understanding of the contacts among the magnetic attraction light-weight wave and therefore the transmission medium is actually to hold towards the direction of associate infrastructure with the optimum circumstances for a lightweight pulse to propagate [15].

with

Presently, Earlier optical networks don't seem to be capable to adapt to the quick growth of future facilities as a result of the randomness of dynamic allocation of information measure. These networks primarily rely on manual configuration of network property is extremely time overwhelming, and incapable to utterly become familiar with the strain of the up-to- date network. smart as a whip optical network may be a forthcoming trending optical network institution [5], and can have the applications like: active provide direction allocation, traffic engineering, distinctive management procedures for network supervising, information measure on demand, scalable communication talents, wavelength wholesale, wavelength rental, discriminated facilities for a multiplicity of Excellence of Service levels, and so on. This will take sure time beforehand the smart as a whip optical network will be applied to all or any network stages.

It’ll first be applied in long-haul networks, and bit by bit be applied to the network edge [14].

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E.

Polymer Optic Fibers

It offers numerous assistances once associated to alternative electronic communication answer like wireless communication systems, copper cables, and optical fiber. Chemical compound optical fibers provide a relaxed and fewer exclusive processes of optical signals as compare to glass optical fibers and are further elastic for plug interconnections [17]. Due to its paybacks the usage of chemical compound optical fibers because the transmission media for aircrafts is presently into analysis through various R & D teams. chemical compound Optical Fibers transmission fibers usage appears to be potential for future craft applications [18] determined by The German part Center. Also, at some purpose, chemical compound optical fibers can probably relocate |

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copper cables for the past mile linking from the telecommunication list of corporation’s last distribution box and therefore the attended finish shopper [19]. The forthcoming Gigabit chemical compound optical fiber traditional are going to be obsessed on Tomlinson-Harashima Pre coding, construction PAM Modulation, and construction Co set committal to writing Modulation.

H. Platforms for High–Altitude Currently, optical lay satellite contacts and orbit-toground contacts exists [20], the latter is plagued by negative climate [21]. Gift investigation explores the optical communication to and from high altitude platforms. High altitude platforms ar airships gift higher than the clouds at height of concerning 25km, wherever the unfavorable region result on a light beam is a smaller amount severe than straight higher than the bottom [22]. As shown in figure four, Optical links among high satellites, altitude platforms, and ground stations are anticipated to figure as broadband back-haul communication networks, if high-altitude platform functions as an information relay position.

F. Improved Laser Technology One more future trend will be the addition of current semiconductor lasers to an intensive vary of lasing wavelengths [16]. Shorter wavelength lasers with terribly nice productivity commands are of interest in some nice density optical applications. Currently, a number of the optical laser sources that are spectrally formed through chirp managing to recoup for chromatic dispersion are gift. Here the chirp managing means that the optical maser is controlled in such some way that it undergoes a swift modification in its wavelength whereas firing a pulse, such the chromatic dispersion get by the heartbeat is reduced. There’s demand to develop instruments to be accustomed characterize this sort of lasers. And also, the only mode tunable lasers are of excellent importance for the future coherent optical systems.

These tunable lasers lase will be changed to vary frequencies during a single longitudinal manner.

Fig.11. Scenarios of Laser Communication from HAPs [8] G. Neural Network Nodes with Laser

I.

Neural network with optical maser is that the naturally an honest choice for the improvement of fiber optics network nodes. a selected hardware configuration used within the optical field and therefore the usage of ultra-fast photonic segments is anticipated to increase or enhance the capability and telecommunication networks speed [16]. Within the forthcoming optical networks grow into a lot of complicated manner; the employment of optical maser neural nodes will be a great answer.

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Optical Transmitter/ Receiver Technology Improvement

It is essential to realize top quality transmission in fiber optics communication, even for optical signals with inaccurate undulation and low signal to noise quantitative relation throughout transmission.

Investigation is constant to cultivate optical transceivers espousing innovative and progressive intonation technology, with outstanding chromatic diffusion and Optical Signal to Noise quantitative relation (OSNR) tolerance, which can be applicable for ultra-long tow communication systems.

Moreover, improved fault rectification codes, which |

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are a lot of competent than this BCH concatenated codes are supposed to be accessible within the nearby forthcoming.

J.

Optical Improved

Amplification

evolution, post-seismic damage evaluation and concrete-steel interaction.

APPLICATION OF FIBER OPTICS

Measurement of physical possessions such as pressure, dislodgment, fever, stress, acceleration and speed inside framework of some mass.



Watching of the real-time health of the structures in real life.



Buildings and Bridges: watching of Concrete during setting, long-term deformation (creep and shrinkage) monitoring, crack monitoring, spatial displacement measurement, neutral axis

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Dams: support watching, distributed temperature monitoring, joint expansion monitoring, spatial displacement measurement, and leakage monitoring.



Heritage: Post-seismic damage evaluation, displacement monitoring, crack opening analysis.[1]

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CONCLUSION

Industry of optical communications is fast growing and an emerging one, the growth expansion skilled by the trade has been terribly immense this past decade. There’s yet lot of analysis and research work to be done to help the necessity for higher information rates, advanced switch techniques and a lot of architectures that area unit equipped with intelligence that may mechanically modification in response to traffic patterns and at a similar time the answer must be price effective. The trend is anticipated to continue within the future yet as new modifications and results have already earned within the laboratory are going to be extended to sensible implementation and deployments thereby resulting in a brand new generation in fiber optics communications.

Investigation is constant on the way to prolong the wavelength array over that wave partition multiplexing structures will work. Currently, the wavelength window (C band) ranges from one.53- 1.57μm. Dry fiber that incorporates a low loss window guarantees a leeway of the vary to one.30 – 1.65 μm. Also, progresses in optical filtering technology for wave partition multiplexing are supposed within the forthcoming.

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

VIII.

K. WDM Technology Improvements



Tunnels: optical extensometers with multipoint, junction monitoring, and meeting watching.

Technology

One of the intense technologies utilized in optical fiber communication systems is EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). Someday, superior technologies to boost EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) act are going to be established. thus as to surge the gain information measure of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier), healthier gain leveling technology for great exactness optical amplification are going to be established. Also, with the aim of achieving a complicated output power, and a lesser noise figures, high power pumping lasers that have brilliant optical amplification options with results of on the far side +20dBm, and really very little noise numeral are supposed to occur within the close to forthcoming.

VII.



IX.

References

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[4]http://www.optique ingenieur.org/en/courses/OPI_ang_M06_C04/co/Grain_O PI_ang_M06_C04_4.htm

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[17] U.H.P. Fischer, M.Haupt and M.Janoic, “Optical Transmission Systems Using Polymeric Fibers”, In Tech, available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books, 2011.

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[18] Cherian, S., Spangenberg, H. and Caspary, R., “Vistas and Challenges for Polymer Optical Fiber in Commercial Aircraft”, Proceedings of the 19th POF Conference, 2010.

[19] Koonen, A.M.J. et al, “POF Application in Home Systems and Local System”, Proceedings of the 14th POF Conference, pp. 165-168, 2005.

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[20] T. Jono, Y. Takayama, K. Shiratama, I. Mase, B. Demelenne, Z. Sodnik,A. Bird, M. Toyoshima, H. Kunimori, D. Giggenbach, N.Perlot,M. Knapek, and K. Arai, Overview of the inter-orbit and the orbit to-ground laser communication demonstration by OICETS, SPIE,vol. 6457, pp. 645702-1–645702-10, 2007.

[7] T. H. Shake, "Confident performance of encoded optical CDMA", IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.

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[21] COST297. HAPCOS, “High Altitude Platforms for Communications and Other Services”, Available Online at: http://www.hapcos.org, 2010.

[9] G. Keiser, op cit, p 51

[22] L. C. Andrews and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, 2nd ed. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2005.

[10] Franz Fidler, Markus Knapek, Joachim Horwath, and Walter R.Leeb, “Optical Communications for High-Altitude Platforms”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 16, no. 5, September/October 2010.

[11] T. Otani, K. Goto, H. Abe, M. Tanaka, H. Yamamoto, and H.Wakabayashi, Electron. Lett.31, 380, 1995.

[12] Ogata Takaaki, “Recent Status and Trends in Optical Submarine Cable Systems”, NEC Technical Journal, Vol. 5 (1), pp. 4-7, 2010.

[13] Colin Yao, “The Future of Fiber Optic Communication”, available at: www.streetdirectory.com, 2013.

[14] “Status of Optical Communication Technology and Future Trends”, available at: www.qqread.net, 2013.

[15] Djan Kloe, Henrie Van Den Boom, “Trends in Electrooptical Communication Systems, Perspectives on Radio Astronomy:Technologies for Large Antenna Arrays”, Proceedings of the Conference held at the ASTRON Institute in Dwingeloo on 12-14 April 1999. Edited by A. B.

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