International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Design of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Stacked Configuration
Nidhi Dessai 1 , Sangam Borkar 2
1Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Goa College of Engineering, Farmagudi, Goa, India
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication and Engineering, Goa College of Engineering, Farmagudi, Goa, India ***
Abstract - Inthisresearchpaper,anoveldesignofcircular patchantennawithalow weightand low-profilestructure is introduced. The antenna incorporates a stacked-patch configuration,acoupledannularring,andconductiveviasto increase the impedance bandwidth. The circular stacked microstrippatchantennaisdesignedusingHFSSSoftware. The measurement results demonstrate that the antenna achieves impressive impedance bandwidths of 2.35–2.43 GHzMoreover,theantennaboastsacompactstructurewith aheightofonly0.24311024inch(equivalenttoafree-space wavelength). This design is particularly well-suited for applications such as wireless local area networks as the resultsindicatedbyHFSSSoftware.Theantennaisperfect toimprovethegainperformance.
Key Words: Low profile, circular patch, wireless local area network (WLAN), conductive vias
1. INTRODUCTION
Wirelesscommunicationsystemsuseelectromagneticwaves totransmitandreceivedata,revolutionizingcommunication by enabling mobility, flexibility, and connectivity across various applications. Wireless communication systems involve a transmitter, receiver, channel, antennas, modulation, and multiplexing. The transmitter converts informationintoelectromagneticsignals,modulatesthem, andamplifiesthemfortransmission.Thereceivercaptures and demodulates the transmitted signals, extracting the originalinformation.
Channel characteristics, such as attenuation, noise, and interference,influencethesystem'sperformance.Antennas facilitate transmission and reception, and modulation techniqueslikeAM,FM,andPMareemployed.Multiplexing techniques enable efficient sharing of the same communication channel. Protocols and standards ensure interoperability, reliability, and security. Wireless communicationsystemsareusedinvariousfields,including mobile communication, IoT devices, wireless sensor networks,satellitecommunication,andwirelessLANs.
Wirelesscommunicationisessentialintoday'sworldforits ubiquitousconnectivity,mobility,IoTapplications,remote access, digital transformation, emergency communication, smartcities,economicgrowth,educationandhealthcare,and environmental impact. It enables constant internet connectivity, allowing people to stay connected, work,
communicate, and access information on the go. Wireless technologiesdrivedigitaltransformationbyenablingcloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence, improving operational efficiency and competitiveness categorize
Wireless communication systems use various types of antennas,eachdesignedforspecificapplications,frequency bands, and performance requirements. Common types includedipoleantennas,Yagi-Udaantennas,patchantennas, parabolicreflectorantennas,helical antennas,patcharray antennas,log-periodicantennas,hornantennas,andomnidirectional antennas. Dipole antennas are used in Wi-Fi routers,RFIDsystems,andamateurradio.
Yagi-Udaantennasprovidehighgainanddirectivityforlongdistancecommunication.Patchantennasare compactand lightweight, ideal for limited space integration. Parabolic reflector antennas focus radio waves onto a smaller feed antenna, while helical antennas provide circular polarization. Patch array antennas offer high gain, beam steering capabilities, and polarization diversity. Antenna designplaysacriticalroleintheperformanceandefficiency ofwirelesscommunicationsystems.
1.1 Objectives
The objective behind developing a low-profile low weight microstrip patch antenna for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) communications stems from the increasing demand for efficient and reliable wireless communication systemsinbothindoorandoutdoorenvironments.Withthe proliferationofwirelessdevicesandthegrowingneed for high-speedinternetaccess,WLANtechnologiessuchasWi-Fi havebecomeubiquitousinvarioussettingsincludinghomes, offices, and public spaces. A this antenna is desirable for WLAN applicationsasitcan operateat 2.4GHzfrequency band,providingflexibilityandbettercoveragefordifferent typesofdevicesandenvironments.
2. Related Work
DesignofDual-BandOmnidirectionalCylindricalDielectric ResonatorAntenna [1], Thisletterlooksatthedesignofa dual-band omnidirectional cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna(DRA)employingandmodes.Thefrequencyratio limitis discovered,andmethodsforcalculatingtheDRA's dimensionsfromtwospecifiedfrequenciesarepresented.A
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
dual-bandomnidirectional cylindrical DRAworkinginthe 5.8-GHz WLAN and 3.5-GHz WiMAX bands is constructed andtestedinordertovalidatetheidea.Adecentdegreeof agreementbetweenmeasurementandtheoryisnotedasthe reflectioncoefficient,radiationpattern,andantennagainare examined(DRA).
Dual-Band and Dual-Sense Omnidirectional Circularly Polarized Antenna [2], In this letter, for dual-band applications,acircularlypolarized(CP)dielectricresonator antenna (DRA) loaded with a modified circular patch is suggested. A probe feeds the antenna in the center, producing omnidirectional patterns with two bands of distinctcircularpolarizationsensitivities.Itisfoundthatthe dielectricresonator(DR)andpatch,respectively, regulate theupperandlowerbands,whichmakesdual-bandantenna design quite simple. A prototype has been created, manufactured,andmeasuredfordemonstrationpurposes. The antenna has three-dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths of 3.16% and 18.03%, and 10-dB impedance bandwidths of 2.64%and18.03%.
Dual Band Stacked Annular Slot/Patch Antenna for Omnidirectional Radiation [3], This letter provides the designforanovelomnidirectionalantennathatoperatesin two bands, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, and is made up of an annularpatchandannularslotstackedtogether.Simulations areusedtoshowhowtheantennacharacteristicsaffectdual band functioning. For demonstration purposes, a FR4 substrate wasusedtocreatea prototypeofthesuggested antenna.Dual band functioningis evidentintheobserved reflectioncoefficient.
A Dual-Frequency Broad-Band Design of Coupled-Fed Stacked Microstrip Monopolar Patch Antenna for WLAN Applications [4], For WLAN applications, a unique dualfrequency broad-band design of a stacked microstrip monopolarpatchantennaissuggested.Theantennaconsists ofacircularpatchonthetoplayerandavia-loadedringon thebottomlayer,bothofwhicharecoupled-fedbyacircular coupler.ConvergingtheTM01andTM02modesofthevialoaded ring produces a broad bottom band and a broad upperband.
Omnidirectional Dual-Band Dual Circularly Polarized MicrostripAntennaUsingandModes[5],Aninvestigationis conductedonanomnidirectionaldual-banddualcircularly polarized(CP)antennathatusesandmodestoproducewide beamradiationpatterns.Thesuggestedantennaconsistsofa disk-loaded coaxial probe and a circular patch with eight curved slots. The currents flowing on the patch and the coaxialprobe,respectively,yieldthehorizontalandvertical polarizations.Atbothresonantmodes,omnidirectionalCP fields can be produced when the two orthogonally polarizations have similar amplitudes and diverge by 90 degreesinphase.Thesuggestedantennahasabroadbeam widthof100intheelevationwithalowpro-fileof0.017.
3. Antenna Design
3.1. Antenna Geometry
The Proposed antenna consists primarily of the following components Substrate1,Substrate2,Annularring,,Setof conductive vias, Ground plane, Coaxial probe ,Rp0 upper circularpatch,Rp1lowercircularpatch,Theuppercircular patch with radius of Rp0 and is placed on top of the substrate (substrate 1). The lower circular patch (Rp1) is placed on top of the substrate (substrate 2). The ground plane (RG) is placed on bottom of substrate 2. Two substratesusedare :TaconicR-30substratewitharelative permittivity(RP3.0)Rogers5870substratewitharelative RP2.33.ThethicknessofthetwosubstratesisH1andH2.
Thetwosubstrateareholdtogetherby10plasticscrewwith radiusof2.5mmwhicharesymmetricallyloadedaroundthe z-axiswithanangleof36˚fromthecenter.Theantennaisfed by a coaxial probe with a 50 ohm impedance and has a clearanceholeofradius2.0125mmforimpedancematching. The upper circular patch is surrounded by, a coupled annularring,whilethelowercircularpatch,isinsertedby19 conductive vias to achieve a wide bandwidth. The lower circular patch is shorted by 19 vias symmetrically loaded aroundthezaxis.
3.2 Operating Principle
Thestacked-patchstructureconnectstheinnerconductorof acoaxialprobetotheuppercircularpatch,whilethelower circular patch is fed through coupling with the clearance hole. The approach achieves dual-band performance by weakcouplingbetweencircularpatchresonances.Addinga coupledannularringbroadenstheantennabandwidthinthe highband,asbothpatchescanbeexcitedsimultaneously.By adjustingthecircularpatch,annularringsize,anddistance,a widebandwidthcanbeachieved.
Fig -1:Geometryoftheproposedantenna
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Theeffectiveradius ofcircularpatch (Reff) and resonant frequency f oftheantennaiscalculatedby
Where R istheradiusofcircularpatchχnmisthemthzero of J’ n (χnm) =0,kandcarethewavenumberandvelocityin thefreespace,separately.
4 Antenna Analysis
4.1 Annular ring
AsDiscussedbyaddingtheangularringaroundtheupper circularpatchitwasobservedthatthebandwidthincreased. This occurs as a result of the circular patch When activated, the annular ring may also be stimulated concurrently. via coupling of energy. Because of the variationsinsizebetweenthetheresonancefrequenciesof theannularringandthecircularpatcharedistinctfromone another.Byadjustingthecircularpatch'ssize,theannular ring'ssizeandthespacebetweenthem,Itispossibletoshift theirresonancefrequenciesclosetooneanotherother,then alargebandwidthisachievable.
Fig -2: Sideviewofproposedantenna
Fig -3: Simulatedreflectioncoefficientswiththeannular ring
Fig -4: Simulatedreflectioncoefficientswithoutannular ring
Fig -5 : Simulatedradiationpatternwithoutannularring
Fig -6 : Simulatedradiationpatternwithannularring
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
4.1 Conductive vias
The antenna bandwidthsignificantlyimproved byadding conductivevias shortenthe lowercircularpatchwiththe ground plane. The total of 19 conductive vias are shorted symmetricallyloadedaroundthezaxis. Theviasholewas made up of 0.6 mm radius. The figure 7 and the figure 8 Showsthedifferenceintheradiationpatternwhenthereare no vias and with vias respectively. The figure 9 and 10 showsthedifferenceofreflectioncoefficientwithdifferent numberofconductiveviasandwithdifferentradiussize.
18viasof radius0.9mm
4. Results
The circular microstrip patch antenna with stacked configurationwassimulatedbyAnsys HFSSsoftware.The reflectioncoefficients(S11),theantennagains,theradiation patterns were measured. The number of conductive vias with the desired size of the radius shorted on the lower circularpatchwiththegroundplane playsaimportantrole in increasing the bandwidth by the lower circular patch .The annular ring placed around the upper circular patch which creates the coupling effect and increase the bandwidth also plays the important role. The Frequency achieved by this design of antenna is 2.4 GHz which is appropriateforWLANapplication.
5. Conclusion
A novel stacked circular microstrip patch antenna has beendesignedfor2.4GHzfrequency andanalyzedinAnsys HFSSsoftware.This antennadesignhasalowprofileand lowweightstructure. Theantenna isa goodcandidatefor broad-band WLAN applications Forfuturework antenna can be designed for wideband application. The number of stacksandshapeofradiatingpatchescanalsobemodified
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Fig -7: Simulatedradiationpatternwithnovias
Fig -8: Simulatedradiationpatternwithvias
Fig -9: Simulatedreflectioncoefficientwith23viasof radius1.5mm
Fig -10: Simulatedreflectioncoefficientwith
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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