International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
NON-PROLIFERATION OF WATER HYACINTH AND WATER PURIFICATION
Arya M1, Chandana K S2, Lipujaa S3 , Rahul K Das4 ,I P Malavika5
1,2,3,4Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal College of Engineering and Technology, Ottapalam, Kerala, India
5Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal College of Engineering and Technology, Ottapalam, Kerala, India
Abstract - Water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes] is an obtrusive oceanic weed that has spread in tropical districts, attacking freshwater streams, lessening biodiversity and disintegrating water quality. Its fast expansion causes waterborne infections, consumption of oxygen levels, rearing of mosquitoes andchoking of local species. Different physical, chemical and natural strategies are being utilized to control water hyacinth. Anyway cost, length, poisonousness, resurgence and water contamination stay a bottle neck. Integratedcontrolsareaccountedfortobethebestdecisionto kill of water hyacinth. Eutrophication and other ecological elementsadvancetheexpansionoftheplant Thisundertaking centers by consolidating the planning of Floating tile and spraying arrangement. Floating tiles are made utilizing natural parts like rice husk, guar gum powder, Azadirachtin, Neem leaf powder and Mexican mint powder. Spraying arrangement is done utilizing parts like citrus extract from lemon and acetic acid from white vinegar. Water hyacinth remnants serve as organic fertilizer for agriculture. This outcomes in long haul concealment and detoxification. The second period of undertaking centers around removal of turbidity of water utilizing Moringa oleifera seed kernel powder.
Key Words: Azadirachtin, Eutrophication, Guar gum powder, Mexican mint powder, Water hyacinth
1.INTRODUCTION
One of the serious issues in water collections of the junglesandsub-junglesisthedriftingsea-goingweed'water hyacinth' or Eichhornia crassipes, which is considered to have started from the Amazon and has spread rapidly in differenttropicalandsub-tropicalnationsofLatinAmerica and the Caribbean, Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Thisinfamousmacrophytehasspreadfreshwaterstreams likelakes,streams,streams,lakesandwetlands,dislodging local species,diminishing biodiversityand breakingdown waterquality.Asfarasitsimmediateeffectonhumankind,it upsetshumanexercises,goesaboutasafavorableplacefor illness vectors and keeps being a vermin in the oceanic climate Amongthemomentarycontrolestimatesthereare physical (mechanical and manual) removal and chemical control
Thismultitudeoftechniqueshavespecificrequirements,and conditions,includinglevelofpervasion,andtheattributesof plaguedlocalesoughttobeknownpriortoexecutingthem.
1.1 Physical Control
Manual removal requires an enormous workforce, and Governmentofthedevelopingworlddon'tnecessarilyinall cases possess the ability to pay for this activity. Manual removalmaylikewisebeofhelpinmildregionswherethe weedstandislow.Forthissituationexpulsionoftheweed turnsintoa significantpreventivemeasure.Inanycase,in exceptionallypervadedregions,manualevacuationdoesn't appear to be an in fact powerful or monetarily practical technique. Mechanical removal is more powerful in exceptionally pervaded regions,yet herecertaincollectors wouldberequiredinadditiontofuelandsupportexpensesof thehardware.Withoutpowerfulmonetaryhelpingtoallow the acquisition of the apparatus and supply of fuel it is dubious whether mechanical removal will be broadly executedinmanyemergingnations.
1.2 Chemical Control
Chemicalcontrolistheotherchoice.Generalassessment allaroundtheworldisagainsttheutilizationofherbicidesin water bodies, as it will dirty water bodies and may bioconcentrate, bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the oceanicfoodweb,possiblywipingoutnon-targetlifeforms however the utilization of herbicides is by all accounts undeniableinspecificconditionsand,intheeventthatthey areutilizedappropriatelyandwithalert,naturalissuescan bestayedawayfrom.Notwithstandingthenaturalworries, anotherrequirementistheneedtobuybasicshoweringgear tobemountedinaboattoapplytheherbicide.Amongthe herbicidesglyphosateisthemostsecureforuseinwater,yet costofutilizationwouldberestrictiveincertainnations.The herbicide 2,4-D is by all accounts ok for fish, is quickly degradable in the climate and a lot less expensive than glyphosate.Usesofanyoftheseherbicidesoughttobemade in unambiguous swarmed locales, yet never in generally speakingapplicationtotheentirepervadedregiontostay awayfromaconsumptionofwateroxygenbecauseofquick fuseintothewateroftheobliteratedwaterhyacinthmass.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
1.3 Biological Control
It is notable that natural control is one of the best strategies to control water hyacinth. The most famous bioagentshavebeenthe weevils Neochetina spp.,yetlittle hasbeenfinishedwith Sameodes albiguttalis.Inmanycases wherethebioagentsweretobeintroduceddifficultieswere faced because not every institution working with these bioagentsisabletoprovidesufficientnumberoftheinsects andsometimesthedistanceistoogreattobringtheinsects intothecountry
2. MATERIALS
FollowingmaterialswereusedinthemakingofFloatingTiles
1. Mexican mint powder –hasallelopathicproperties thatinhibitwaterhyacinthgrowth
2. Guar gum powder –usedasabinder
3. Neem leaf powder-has Anti-fungal and antibacterialproperties
4. Coconut husk -Enhancing structural integrity , waterresistanceandcontributetoslowingdownof decomposition
5. Rice husk-Providebuoyancyandstructuretotiles.
6. Azadirachtin - Extract of neem seed kernal , Effectiveinkillingwaterhyacinth
FollowingmaterialswereusedinthemakingofSpray that retardthegrowthofleavesbycausingdehydration
1. Synthetic Vinegar (Acetic acid)
2. Lemon (Citrus Extract)
Followingmaterialswereusedforturbidityremoval
1. Moringa olifera seed powder-Act as natural coagulant&alsohaveantimicrobialproperties
2. Alum-Auniversalcoagulantandflocculant
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1
A reasonable area was picked for putting of water tank. Adequatedaylightandappropriateventilationisexpected forthedevelopmentofwaterhyacinth.Tankwasloadedup with water and the plants were gradually put on water equitablydisseminatedacrossthewaterasshowninFig1. Subsequenttosettingupthetank,appropriateconsideration must be taken to forestall different bugs and reptiles enteringthetank.Thewaterhyacinthisthenpermittedto fillinitsnewlivingspace
3.2 Making of Floating Tiles
ThemostcommonwayofmakingFloatingtilesincludeda fewstagesfortrialanderrorandenhancement.Atfirst,guar gumwasblendedinwithwatertoframeathickarrangement, filling in as the base. Mexican mint powder and rice husk werethenintegratedintothisblendmanually,guaranteeing evendispersion.Intheprincipalsetoftiletests,fluctuating proportionsofMexicanmint(20g,30g,40g)wereblendedin with the composite and manipulated completely to accomplishhomogeneity.Thepointwastodecidetheideal amountofMexicanmintthatcausedmostextremewithering ofleaveswhensubmergedinwater.Thecompositewasthen formed into tiles utilizinga 200mmx100mmx50mmshape andlefttodryindaylightfor48hours.
In the second set of tiles, different ratios of Azadirachtin (10ml, 20ml, 30ml) were added while maintaining the optimalMexicanmintratiofromthefirstsetasshowninFig 2. The aim was decide the quantity of Azadirachtin that causedcompletedeadofroots.Thenumberofdaysrequired for the most significant root extermination was noted for eachratioandthetilewasmadeassaidinthepreviouscase.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024 www.irjet.net
3.3 Preparation of Spraying solution
Additionally, experiments were conducted to explore the effectsofvaryingratiosofaceticacidfromsyntheticvinegar tocitrusextractfromlemon(1:1,1:2,2:1)asshowninFig4. onleafbrowning.Thisinvolvedsprayingthemixtureonthe leavestwiceadayduringbrightsunnydaysandrecording the days until browning occurred. The objective was to identifytheratiothatinducedsuddenbrowningofleaves
Fig -4:Sprayingsolution
Throughouttheexperiments,weightanalysiswasperformed toassesstheimpactofdifferentcomponentsandratioson thefinalpropertiesofthecompositetiles.Bysystematically adjustingvariablesandobservingoutcomes,thestudyaimed to optimize the formulation for both wilting and root extermination,aswellastounderstandtheeffectsofacetic acid and citrus extract on leaf browning Based on the findings,afinaltilewascraftedwiththeoptimalamountsof Azadirachtin and Mexican mint powder, alongside the determined optimum ratio of acetic acid to citrus extract. This meticulous process aimed at achieving the most effectivecompositetileformulationfordesiredproperties Water hyacinth remnants serve as organic fertilizer for agriculture.
3.4 Removal of Turbidity of water
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Alum and Moringa seed powder were separately added in consecutiveincrementsto500mlwatersamples.Foralum, 0.5-2.5mlamountswereadded,stirredat40rpmfor1min, then20rpmfor30min,followedby30minsettlinginJarTest Apparatus. Moringa seed powder (0.5-2.5ml) was added, stirredvigorouslyfor1minat40rpm,then20rpmfor30min, withsubsequentsedimentation.Afteranhour,supernatant water was filtered through mesh cloth, and turbidity measuredusingaturbidimeter
3.5 Laboratory tests
Following waterqualitytests werecarriedout beforeand afterplacingoftile:
1. pH
2. BiologicalOxygenDemand(BOD)
3. ChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)
4. Nitrate
5. Nitrite
6. Phosphate
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Analysis of Fresh weights and dry weights of water hyacinth
1. BychangingthequantityofMexicanmintpowderin the tile, the following weight analysis were analyzed.
Table -1: QuantityofMexicanmint
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3
Quantity of Mexican mintpowder(ing) 20 30 40
No.ofdaysforwilting ofleaves 16 13 11
Chart -1:Weightanalysisofwaterhyacinthusingtile havingMexicanmint
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
From the above results from sample 3, it is clear that 40g Mexican mint proved to be effective in reducing the fresh weight oftheplantby29.11%.
2. By changing the quantity of Azadirachtin in the tile,thefollowingweightanalysiswereanalyzed
Table -2: QuantityofAzadirachtin
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3
Quantity of Azadirachtin(inml) 10 20 30
No. of days for exterminationofroots 11 8 6
Chart -2:Weightanalysisofwaterhyacinthusingtile havingAzadirachtin
Fromtheaboveresults,itwasevidentthatfromsample3, 30ml of Azadirachtin was effective in reducing the fresh weightby53.94%.
3. Bychanging the quantityofAcetic acidandCitrus Extract (A:C) in spray and weight analysis were done:
Table-3: RatioofAceticacidandCitrusextract
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3
RatioofAceticacid& Citrusextract(A:C) 1:2 1:1 2:1
No. of days for browningofleaves 4 3 2
Chart -3:WeightanalysisusingSprayingsolution
From the above results, it was noted that sample 3 having 2:1 (A:C) gave better results in reducing the freshweightby38.36%.
4. Weightanalysisofwaterhyacinthplantusing FloatingtileandSpraying
Table-4: No.ofdaysfordegradationofplant
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 No. of days for completedegradation 3 3 4
Chart -4:Weightanalysisusingtileandspray
International Research Journal of Engineering and
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Fromtheaboveresults,itwasnotedthatallthreesamples showedgreaterreductioninfreshweightbyusingtileand spray.Theaveragepercentagereductionis88.53%atabout3 days.
4.2 Water Quality Test Results
1. BeforeplacingofFloatingtile:
Table -8: Waterqualityparameters
2. AfterplacingofFloatingtile:
Table -9: Waterqualityparameters
S
FromtheaboveresultswecanconcludethatpHhasslightly increased from 7.3 to 6.5. This can be due to spraying of solutioncontainingcitrusextractandvinegar.However,the pH of water is still within the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5. BODandCODhasdrasticallydecreasedfrom6.4to0.6and 69to11respectively.PermissiblelimitofBODislessthan 5mg/LandCODislessthan250mg/L.WhenBODislow,the dissolved oxygen present in the water body is high. This indicatesthatthewaterislesspollutedbyorganicmatter. LowCODindicatesthatlesseramountsofpollutants present inthewaterandincreasedavailabilityofDissolvedOxygen. Nitrate reduced is also within the permissible limits of maximumof50mg/LasperWHO(2017).Permissiblelimit ofNitriteis3mg/Landthevaluesobtainedisalsolessthan the threshold according to WHO. Maximum value of phosphateis1mg/L.Slightincreaseinvalueofphosphate canbeduetodecompositionoforganicmatterinthefloating tile.
4.3 Analysis Of Flocculation And Coagulation Process
Table 10:ComparisonofturbidityusingAlum andMoringaseedpowder
Chart -5:OptimumcoagulantgraphofAlumvsMoringa seedpowder
Turbidityremoval efficiencyofalumwasaround75%and Moringa seeds was around 68%. Alum showed greater reductioninturbidityascomparedtoMoringaseedpowder. Alumhasitsownsideeffectstohealthinhumanbeingsas comparedtomoringawhichisanaturalcoagulant.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Waterhyacinthisstillthemajorfloatingwaterweed intheworlddespitenearly100yearsofattemptsto controlit.
Water hyacinth negatively effects ecosystem services and the ecological conditions of aquatic environmentsandresultinwaterpollution.
Our work shows the implementation of the integrated approach towards water hyacinth to prevent proliferation and purification of contaminatedwatertofreshwater.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
By creating floating tile and spraying solution, growth of water hyacinth has been reduced to 88.53% within 3days
Alumisauniversalcoagulantanditshowsgreater turbidityremovalefficiencybutithasitsownside effects in human health. Thus we used natural coagulantMoringaseedpowder.
Water hyacinth remnants serve as an organic fertilizerforagriculture
REFERENCES
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[2] Adekitan Aa,Oyewumi Jo, Dada Vo, Layi-Adigun Bo,Raheem I, (2023) Use of Neem Leaf, Pawpaw Seed and Moringa Seed as Natural Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment, Journal for Applied Science and EnvironmentalManagementVol.27(7)1347-1352
[3] Fadoua Karouach, Amine Ezzarial, Mulugeta Kibret, (2021) A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Existing Approaches for Controlling and Managing the ProliferationofWaterHyacinth(Eichhorniacrassipes), FrontiersEnvironmentalScienceVol.9
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