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Development of system to control speed and door unlocking of vehicle in fire hazard

Hardik D. Marathe

Prof. Dr. Matsagar Vilas Karbhari, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Abstract - The safety of driver and passenger is very important in a vehicle. more than 2,000 vehicles are damaged by fires every day, On a global scale. Main factor is the lack of fire safety system in automobiles. Due to unexpectedfire driver and passenger get panic and they unable to rescue their self. If fire burn electronic and electrical system of door, then driver and passenger unable to unlock the door and driver loose control over the car that causes major injury to driver and passenger. So, we have designed the vehicle control system in case of fire hazard to turn on buzzer, control the speed of vehicle and unlock the doors to escape the driver and passenger. The project aim is to control the vehicle for saving the life or avoid major injury of driver and passenger by using various fire/smoke sensors at high-risk zone and by designing secondary control system for door lock and car speed. Developed system result in safety of driver and passenger.

Key Words: Fire sensor, Smoke sensor, Door lock

1.INTRODUCTION

Therapidgrowthofelectricvehicles(EVs)inrecentyears has highlighted safety concerns, with EV fires becoming a significantissue.Chargingsafetyiscrucialduetopotential hazards like overloads and poor heat dissipation. These safetychallengesposeobstaclestothewidespreadadoption of new energy vehicles. Recognizing the importance of standards and testing facilities, the Government of India establishedtheAutomotiveIndustryStandardsCommittee (AISC)todevelopandapprovesafetystandardsforvehicles. Additionally,internationalefforts,suchastheFFI-program inSweden,aimtoenhancefiredetectionsystemsinheavy vehiclestomitigatefirerisksinenginecompartments.

1.1 Background

Inthepast,firealarmsreliedoncommunitymembersto spot fires and alert others using whistles or bells, but as townsgrew,thismethodbecameimpractical.Inthe1850s,an improved system with wooden rattles for waking people duringfireswasintroducedinAustralia.MosesFarmerand WilliamF.Channingfurtheradvancedfirealarmtechnology bycreatingtelegraphickeyfirealarmboxesin1852,enabling swifttransmissionoffirelocationstocentralalarmstations forfasterfiredepartmentresponse.

1.2 Problem Statement

The safety of vehicle occupants is paramount, as over 2,000vehiclesaredamagedbyfiresgloballyeachdaydueto the lack of adequate fire safety systems. Fires can lead to panic and immobilize occupants, particularly if electronic systemsfail,posinggraverisks.Incidentslikeabusaccident inNashikandataxifireinGhanaunderscoretheurgencyof addressing this issue. Prompt response is crucial, as fire incidentsonmovingvehiclescanescalaterapidly,especially at night or in remote areas. Implementing early fire detectionsystemsalongsidefireextinguisherscanmitigate risks and aid emergency responders, ensuring timely assistancetopassengersandprotectionofproperty.

1.3 Objective

The main objective of the project is to develop a fire detectiontechniqueinrealtime.

Themainpointsoftheprojectobjectivesaregivenbelow:

•Toreducethepanicattacksofdriverandpassengers.

•Todetectfirewhiletheyarestillsmallandhavenotgrown toolarge.

•Todevelopalow-costfiredetectionsysteminrealtime.

• To develop a system that detects fire earlier than conventionalfiredetectorsandmoreaccurate.

•Toreducethepanicattacksofdriverandpassengers.

•Tomakesafervehicle.

•Tounlockdoorsofvehiclefasterincaseoffirehazard.

•Toreducespeedofvehicleincaseoffirehazard.

•Tooffersecuritytopeopleinsidethevehicle.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Fire detection systems employ various types of detectors, includingheatdetectors,smokedetectors,flamedetectors, andfire-gasdetectors,eachwithdistinctworkingprinciples. Heatdetectors,categorizedintofixedtemperatureandrateof-risetypes,activateupondetectingsignificanttemperature increases, making them reliable and cost-effective. Smoke detectors, utilizing photoelectric or ionization technology, detect smoke particles, with photoelectric detectors being effectiveforsmoulderingfires.Ionizationdetectors,although efficient for sudden flare-ups, pose safety risks due to radioactiveelementsandarediscouragedinsomeregions. Flamedetectors,suchasinfraredandultraviolettypes,detect

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flames based on light wavelengths, with varying response timesfordifferenttypes,andrequireunobstructedviewsfor optimalperformance.

3. METHODOLOGY

If,PincreasethenFincreases Design of Pneumatic Cylinder:

Clavarino’sequationforclosedendcylinderatboth ends.Forductilematerialtodeterminethethicknessof cylinder.

Let,

4. CONCEPT DESIGN

MaterialofthecylinderisAluminium.

Sut=Ultimatetensilestrength=200N/mm2µ= Poisson’sRatioforthecylindermaterial=0.29(std-)di =Innerdiameterofcylinder=25mm

Consider,

DoubleactingcylinderØ25X100(DiameterX Stroke)ri=12.5mm

Byassumingpressureinworkingcylinderis,P=3bar =0.3N/mm2

SoaccordingtoClavarino’sequation, Forclosedendcylinderatbothendstodetermine thethicknessofcylinder.

Assume,p=3bar=0.3N/mm2

4.1 Block Diagram Fig 4.1 ExperimentalSetup.

5 DETAILED DESIGN

5.1 Design Consideration

5.1.1. Cylinder

Ifweincreasethepressureofairasperformulapressureis directlyproportionaltotheforce.

ByconsideringFactorofsafetyFOS=1.5

µ=0.29 ri=12.5mm.

��

t=0.0390mmFOS=1.5

t=1.5x0.0390mm=0.0580mm.

Availablethickness,t=1mm Pistondiameter(D2)=25mm Pistonroddiameter(d2)=10mm.

Let,

A=Forceareaofcross-sectionofpiston.

A=π/4*(D2)2 A=π/4*(25)2

A=490.87mm2

APR=Forceareaofcross-sectionofpistononrod side.

APR=π/4*(D2–d2)2mm2

APR=π/4*(252–102)mm2

APR=412.33mm2

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Pistonforceactingduringforwardstroke.

Fa=P*A

=P*π/4(D2)2

=0.3X490.87

Fa=147.261N.

Pistonforceactingduringreturnstroke.

Fr=P*π/4*(D2–d2)2mm2 =0.3X412.33

Fr=123.7N

5.2 PIC Microcontroller

ThePICmicrocontrollerisalowcost‘computersonachip’ manufacturedbyMicrochip.Theyallowelectronicdesigners andhobbyistsimpartintelligenceandlogictoasinglechipfor special purpose applications and products. The PIC microcontroller programming is done using the popular software‘MicroC’.Thispowerfulyeteasytoprogramintoa 40-pinpackageisupwardscompatiblewiththePIC16C5X, PIC12CXXXandPIC16C7Xdevices.(Shoewu,2015)

5.2.1 Why PIC is used

• Highspeed

• High performance RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)CPU

• InstructionSetsimplicity

• Integrationofoperationfeatures

• Programmabletimeroptions

• Interruptcontrol

• EPROM/OTP/ROMoptions

• Inbuiltmodules

• Lowpowerconsumption

• Wideoperationvoltagerange:2.5to6volt

• Programmablecodeprotectionmode

• Powersavingsleepmode

5.2.2 PIC Components

1. Powersupply

2. PIC16F877Amicrocontroller

3. Resistors¼watt(1kΩx2)

4. Capacitors(22pFx2)

5. Electrolyticcapacitor(1µF)

6. Pushbuttonswitch(forresettingthePIC)

7. Crystal(4MHz)

8. LED

5.2.3 Basic connection of PIC Microcontroller

Tostartamicrocontrollerprojectyouneedtoconfigurethe PICasfollows(Basicrequirements)

5.1 PICmicrocontroller

5.2.4 Core Architecture of PIC 16F877A

PICcontrollerarchitectureissimple.singlecycleexecution(4 clockcycles),TheRAMlocationofPICcontrollerfunctionas registers.ThedataspacemappedCPU,port,andperipheral registersinPIC16F877Amicrocontrollerandtheprogram counterismapped.(Limited,n.d.)

5.2.5 Performance of PIC 16F877A

Theclockspeedis20MHz.TheTACQoracquisitiontimeis 19.2 μs. The architectural decisions are directed at the maximizationoftop-endspeed,ormorepreciselyofspeedto costratio.PICarchitecturewasamongthefirstscalarCPU designs, and is still among the simplest and cheapest. The Harvard architecture in which instructions and data come conveniently from separate sources simplifies timing and microcircuitdesigngreatly.(Limited,n.d.)

5.3. Disc Brake:

Brakes are very crucial for stopping a vehicle. Without brakes,itisimpossibletodriveacaroranyvehicle.Brakes areofdifferenttypesandaccordingtotherequirement,the typesofbrakesarechosenfortheapplication.Sowechoose discbrakeaccordingtotorqueandspeed.

1. Brakepad:Itmakescontactwiththerotordiscand duetothefrictionbetweenthebrakepadandrotor discthevehiclespeedreducesanditstops.

2. Caliperbracket:supporttoassembly

3. Caliperframe:supporttopads

Fig.

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4. Piston:Itappliesthebrakeforceonthebrakepads whenbrakeleverispressed.

5. Slider pin: It is the sliding pin which slides in the holewhenbrakeisapplied.

6. Dust boots: It prevents the entry of dust into the caliperpinorsliderpinhole.

5.3.1 Working

Fig. 5.2 DiscBrake

TheworkingofadiscbrakeisbasedonPascallaw:

1. The high pressure fluid from the master cylinder forcesthepistonoutwardwhenthebrakepedalis depressed.

2. Thepistonpushesthebrakepadagainsttherotating disc.

3. Thecallipertravelsinwardanddragstheoutward brakepadtowardstherotatingdiscuntilitreaches thediscasthefluidpressureexertsmoreforceas theinnerbrakepadmakescontactwiththerotor.

4. Now both the brake pads are pushes the rotating disc, a large amount of friction is generated in betweenthepadsandrotatingdiscandslowsdown thevehicleandfinallyletitstop.

5. Whenthebrakepadisreleased,thepistonmoves inward,thebrakepadmovesawayfromtherotating disc.Andthevehicleagainstartstomove.

5.4 Flame Sensor

A flame sensor is a type of sensor that responds most stronglytoambientlight.Thissensormoduleisutilisedin flame alarms as a result. When the light source's wavelength is between 760 and 1100 nano meters, this sensor can detect flames. High temperatures have the potentialtoeasilyharmthissensor.So,aspecificdistance fromtheflamecanbechosenforthissensor'splacement. Theflamemaybedetectedfromadistanceof100cm,and thedetectionangleis600.

5.4.1 Working Principle

Thissensor/detectorcanbebuiltwithanelectroniccircuit usingareceiverlikeelectromagneticradiation.Thissensor uses the infrared flame flash method, which allows the sensortoworkthroughacoatingofoil,dust,watervapor, otherwiseice.

5.4.2

Flame Sensor Module

The pin configuration of this sensor is shown below. It includesfourpinswhichincludethefollowing.Whenthis moduleworkswitha microcontrollerunitthenthepins are

Pin1(VCCpin):Voltagesupplyragesfrom3.3Vto5.3V

Pin2(GND):Thisisagroundpin

Pin3(AOUT):Thisisananalogoutputpin(MCU.IO)

Pin4(DOUT):Thisisadigitaloutputpin(MCU.IO)

5.4.3 Features & Specifications

Thefeaturesofthissensorincludethefollowing.

• Photosensitivityishigh

• Responsetimeisfast

• Simpletouse

• Sensitivityisadjustable

• Detectionangleis600,

• Itisresponsivetotheflamerange.

• Accuracycanbeadjustable

• Operatingvoltageofthissensoris3.3Vto5V

• Analogvoltageo/psanddigitalswitcho/ps

• ThePCBsizeis3cmX1.6cm

• Powerindicator&digitalswitcho/pindicator Iftheflameintensityislighterwithin0.8mthentheflametest can be activated, if the flame intensity is high, then the detectionofdistancewillbeimproved.

5.5 Relay

Weknowthatmostofthehighendindustrialapplication deviceshaverelaysfortheireffectiveworking.Relaysare simpleswitcheswhichareoperatedbothelectricallyand

Fig 5.3 FlameSensor [4]

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mechanically.Relaysconsistofanelectromagnetandalso asetofcontacts.Theswitchingmechanismiscarriedout withthehelpoftheelectromagnet.Therearealsoother operating principles for its working. But they differ accordingtotheirapplications.Mostofthedeviceshave theapplicationofrelays.

5.5.1

Why is a relay used:

Themainoperationofarelaycomesinplaceswhereonlya low-powersignalcanbeusedtocontrolacircuit.Itisalso usedinplaceswhereonlyonesignalcanbeusedtocontrol alotofcircuits.Theapplicationofrelaysstartedduringthe inventionoftelephones.Theyplayedanimportantrolein switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also usedinlongdistancetelegraphy.Theywereusedtoswitch thesignalcomingfromonesourcetoanotherdestination. Aftertheinventionofcomputerstheywerealsousedto perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high endapplicationsofrelaysrequirehighpowertobedriven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

5.4 Relay

Thediagramshowsaninnersectiondiagramofarelay.An iron core is surrounded bya control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contactscausingashortcircuitforthepowertotheload. On the other hand, if the relay was already deenergized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositelyandmakeanopencircuit.

5.5.2

Relay Selection

You must note some factors while selecting a particular relay.Theyare

• Protection – Different protections like contact protection and coil protection must be noted. Contact protection helps in reducing arcing in

circuits using inductors. Coil protection helps in reducingsurgevoltageproducedduringswitching.

• Look for a standard relay with all regulatory approvals.

• Switchingtime–Askforhighspeedswitchingrelays ifyouwantone.

• Ratings – There are current as well as voltage ratings.Thecurrentratingsvaryfromafewamperes toabout3000amperes. Incaseofvoltageratings, theyvaryfrom300VoltACto600VoltAC.Thereare alsohighvoltagerelaysofabout15,000Volts.

• Typeofcontactused–WhetheritisaNCorNOor closedcontact.

• Select Make before Break or Break before Make contactswisely.

• Isolationbetweencoilcircuitandcontacts.

5.5.3 Specification of relay

• RELAY,5A,SPDT,12V

• ProductRange:OMRON-G5SBSeries

• CoilVoltage:12VDC

• ContactCurrent:5A

• ContactConfiguration:SPDT

• CoilResistance:360ohm

• CoilCurrent:33.3mA

• CoilType:DC

• CoilVoltageVDCNom:12V

• ContactCurrentMax:5A

• ContactVoltageACNom:250V

• ContactVoltageDCNom:30V

• ExternalDepth:20.3mm

• ExternalHeight:15.8mm

• ExternalWidth:10.3mm

• RelayType:Powerrelay.

5.6 5/2 Solenoid Valve

5/2-waypneumaticvalvehasfiveconnectionportsandtwo states. It has one pressure port (P,1), two ports (A,2) and (B,4)thatconnecttothedevicethatneedstobecontrolled, andtwoexhaustports(EA,3)and(EB,5).Thetwostatesof thevalveare:

• Pressure port (P,1) connects to port (A,2), while port (B,4)ventsthroughexhaustport(EB,5)

• Pressure port (P,1) connects to port (B,4), while port (A,2)ventsthroughport(EA,3).(TAMESON,2022)

Fig

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5.4 Design system modelling

Software used: Creo Parametric Student Version 3.0

6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Fabrication

6.1.1 Mounting Frame :

Weight=5kg

PartSize=(550X750)mm

PartMaterial=MSSquareBar

PartQuantity=1

Framematerial:Mildsteel

Framedimension:30*24inch

Heightofframe:6inch

Table 6.1: FrameOperation

6.2. Fabricated Model

Weight=20kg

PartSize=(550X750)mm

PartMaterial=MSSquareBar

PartQuantity=1assembledmodel

Framematerial:Mildsteel

Frame dimension: 30*24 inch

Fig 5.5 5/2solenoidvalve

Fig: 5.6 PrototypeModel

Fig 6.1 Frame

Fig no. 6.2 Fabricatedmodel

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Table 6.2: Operations

1. Firesensor:Todetectthefire

2. Electronic control unit: Microchip (PIC16F877A) Take signal from fire sensor and transfers to solenoidvalveandpump

3. Solenoid DCV: Control direction of air to actuate pneumaticcylinder.

4. Double acting cylinder: Lash unlash and actuate brakelever.

5. Discbrake:Tocontrolspeedofvehicle.

6. Battery:12Vbatteryforpowersupply

7. Watertank:Tostorewater

8. Pump:Pumpsthewater

9. Chaindrive:Transferpowermotortowheel

10. Chainsprocket:Carrythechain

11. Doorlash:Operatebypneumaticcylinder.

12. Cardoor:Asshoneinfig.

13. Pipes:Passestheairtoactuator.

Operation

• Cuttingthematerial

• Welding

• Fastening

• Drilling

• Circuitbuilding

• Wiring

• Assembly Machine

• PowerHacksaw

• Welding

• Drillm/c

• Soldergun

• Welding,Fastening

Tool

• HacksawBlade

• ArcWelding

• Spanner

• Drillbit’s

• Leadwire

• Splitter,Plier

Technology

• FEAsoftware.

• Caliper

• Creo Parametric

• Ansys

8. CONCLUSION

The importance of prioritizing the safety of vehicle occupantshasledtothevirtualdesignofavehiclecontrol systemcapableofrespondingtofirehazards.Thissystem includes features such as activating a buzzer, controlling vehiclespeed,andunlockingdoorstofacilitatetherescueof drivers and passengers. Through extensive research, the projectteamhasgainedacomprehensiveunderstandingof the challenges and requirements involved. Utilizing a 3D model,variousparametershavebeencalculatedtoinform themanufacturingprocesseffectively.Additionally,analysis conducted using Creo analysis software has enabled the determination of permissible loads on the model's frame,

7. COST ESTIMATION (IN RUPEE)

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ensuring robustness and effectiveness in

9. FUTURE SCOPE

• Electricvehiclespresentasignificantareaforfuture scope in enhancing safety systems due to their heightenedriskoffirehazards.

• Thereisagrowinginterestinvehiclesafetydesign, indicatingpotentialadvancementsandinnovations inthisfield.

• The adaptable nature of the system allows for modificationsbasedonvehicletypeandpassenger safetyrequirements,emphasizingitsimportance.

• Futuredevelopmentsmayinvolvetheapplicationof hybridtechnologyandsolar-poweredrechargeable batteriestoenhancesystemcapabilities.

• Expansion beyond vehicles to include residential andworkplacesettingspronetofireriskspresents anopportunityforbroaderimplementation.

• Consideration of scenarios where the vehicle batteryisimplicatedinthefirehighlightstheneed forseparatepowersourcestoensurefunctionality ofsafetymechanisms.

REFERENCES

[1] 12killed,4.i.(2022,October8).THEHINDU.Retrieved fromTHEHINDU.COM:

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/otherstates/bus-hits-truck-catches-fire-innashikmaharashtra-oct-82022/article65983606.ece?homepage=true

[2] Asante, B., Twum, B. O., & Osei, P. (October 2019). VehicleFireOutbreakDetectionCommunicationSystem. Ghana:IOSRJournalofElectronicsandCommunication Engineering(IOSR-JECE).

[3] AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY STANDARDS COMMITTEE. (2016). Fire Detection and Alarm System. PUNE: THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA. K. Elissa,“Titleofpaperifknown,”unpublished.

[4] FlameSensorWorkingandItsApplications2013–2022 ElprocusElprocus.com

[5] Olawilstrand,p.k.(2015).Firedetection&firealarm systems in heavy duty vehicles. Sweden: SP Technical ResearchInstituteofSweden.

[6] PROTECT&DETECT.(2022).TheHistoryofFireAlarms and Smoke Detectors. Retrieved from PROTECT & DETECT:https://protectanddetect.co.uk/blog/historyfire-alarmssmoke-

detectors/#:~:text=In%201852%2C%20Moses%20Far mer%20and,to%20a%20central%20alarm%20station.

[7] Shoewu, E. D. (2015). Design and Development of a Microcontroller Based Stadiometer. ResearchGate.

BIOGRAPHY

Hardik Dattatraya Marathe,askilled mechanical engineer, currently serves asaGraduateEngineerTraineeinCAE at Thyssenkrupp Rothe Erde India Pvt Ltd. He achieved first-class distinction withhonorsinelectricvehiclesfromK. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research, Nashik, in 2023,followingadiplomainmechanical engineering in 2020 from K. K. Wagh PolytechnicNashik.Hardik'sproficiency includesAnsysMechanical,AnsysAPDL, StaticAnalysis,PTCCreo,andAutocad, showcasinghisexpertiseinengineering design and analysis. With his comprehensiveeducationalbackground and practical skills, he contributes significantly to advancing projects in mechanicalengineering.