Role Of Infrastructure Planning On Industrial Presence In A Region: A Case Of Durgapur by IRJET Journal

Role Of Infrastructure Planning On Industrial Presence In A Region: A Case Of Durgapur

Rounak Biswas1, Ananya Tripathi2

1Student, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Uttar Pradesh, India

2Research Scholar, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract - A designated infrastructure design, planning and implementation is mandatory for any region to be ready to host industries and industrial activities. The various infrastructure sectors like land based transportation services, water supply, waste management, power services management need to be planned in an efficient way to support an industrial setup in the region. These services act as basic pillars on which the functioning of the industries and the town/city as a whole largely depends, and thus need to be emphasized upon when the future of the industries are concerned because it directly affects the economy of the state and eventually the country. In case of industrial towns where the basic functioning and economy of the town is driven by one or more dominant industries, it is mostly seen that a pilot industrial development takes place in the region, which boosts the infrastructure development and thus a capacity building takes place which means that the particular town or region becomes competent enough to accommodate more industries, thus leading to the development of the region as an industrial town. Further with the drive to keep on supporting the industrial functions and as the economy generated from the industries is circulated in the town, the town experiences growth. To have a better understanding of this phenomenon, the case of Durgapur is being studied. This research paper, thus attempts to study the various factors with respect to infrastructure planning and management that enabled Durgapur to become a successful industrial hub in its inception. The study of these factors will ultimately lead to the findings which suggest the role of infrastructure planning in determining the growth and success of an industrial region. The paper deals with the key decisions, developments and guiding forces with respect to planning and allotment of necessary services and implementations regarding infrastructure development of the region.

Key Words: Industrialization, Infrastructure, Industrial planning, Hydroelectricity, Thermal power, Road networks, opportunities, Raw materials, Transportation, Utilization, Production, Generation

1. INTRODUCTION

Aregionmarkedbythepresenceofseveralmedium-scaleorlargescaleindustriespointstowardscertainpre-determined requisiteswhichhavebeenfulfilledinthefirstplacetomaketheregionsuitableforsettinguptheindustries–thebasicand advancedservicesthatareessentialfortheirfunctioning(Hauff,2016).Studyofdifferentsuchindustrialtownsandregions enablesabetterunderstandingoftheinfrastructuresinplace. DurgapurisaplannedintegratedindustrialcityinWestBengal, India;plannedbyarchitectsJosephAllenSteinandBenjaminPolkin1955.IthasproveditselfasamajorindustrialhubinWest BengalbybecomingthefourthlargesturbanagglomerationafterKolkata,AsansolandSiliguriinthestate(Chakroborty,2014) In the second five-year plan, an investment of 1000 crore rupees was planned for Durgapur as a part of the large scale investments being made in the heavy industries sector (Jagannathan, 1987). There were few primary objectives for this decision,oneofwhichwastoefficientlyusetherichmineralresourcesavailablenearby.Accordinglythetransportnetworks andconnectionroutestomajormarketswereplannedfortransportation.TheDurgapurBarrageprojectbyDamodarValley Corporation(DVC),completedin1955wasoneoftheforerunnersamongthemajordevelopmentprojectswereundertakenin theregionpost-independence.Asaresultofthis,variousindustriesstartedtobesetupintheregionwhichledtheregiontobe establishedasanindustrialstrongholdandaprimepoleoftheDurgapur-AsansolindustrialbeltwiththelikesofKolkatabeing amajorexportandimportmarketfortheproduceandmaterials.Agriculturalproductionwaspredominantlylowintheregion andtheregionaleconomymostlycomprisedofminingactivitiesintheRaniganj-Jamuriacoalbelt(CityDevelopmentPlan, 2006).Thevariousaspects ofplanning Durgapurasan industrial cityincludesholisticallydevelopingtheinfrastructures requiredandtakingcareofeachsectorforasustainedindustrialdevelopment.

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Fig-1:MapshowingtheDurgapurintegratedindustrialtownship(OpenStreetMap,2023)

2. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN POST-INDEPENDENT INDIA

2.1. The Second Five Year Plan

ThePlanningCommissionwassetupin1950forthe“balancedandmosteffectiveutilizationofthecountry’sresources”.Even beforetheFirstFiveYearPlanwasimplemented,theblueprintsofvariousmajorprojectslikemultipurposeschemesandsteel plants,wereunderstudy,andsomeimportantprojectshadalreadybeencommenced.Forindustryandmining,theoutlay proposedundertheSecondPlanwasapproximatelyninetimestheactualoutlayoftheFirstPlan.Thedevelopmentofcoal resourceswasassignedasahighpriority.Thetargetforcoaloutputin1960wasfixedat60milliontons,anincreaseof22 milliontonsover1955,ofwhich12milliontonswastobeextractedfromcollieriesundertheholdingsofthepublicsector (Mohan&Aggarwal,1990).

Table-1:DistributionofIndia’splanoutlayintheindustryandminingsectorduringtheFirstandSecondFiveYearPlans (Commission,1956)

TheindustrialprioritieslaiddownintheSecondPlan(forbothpublicandprivatesectors)wereincreasedproductionofiron andsteelandheavychemicals,developmentofheavyengineeringandmachine-buildingindustries,expansionofcapacityin respectofotherproducergoods,modernizationandre-equipmentofexistinglarge-scaleindustries,suchascottonandjute textilesandsugar,betterutilizationofexistingcapacity,expansionofcapacityforconsumergoods.Theexpansionofthesteel industrywasgiventhehighestpriority,andheavyengineeringindustries(includingstructuralfabricationandmachinetools)

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hadaprioritysecondonlytosteel.Threenewmajorsteelplants,eachwithafinishedsteelcapacityofabout0.7–0.8million tons and costing in all Rs. 3.5 billion (since revised to Rs. 5 billion), were proposed to be set up in the public sector; simultaneously,theexistingsteelmillsintheprivatesectorwereplannedtobeexpanded(Sharma,1958)

2.2. The inception of the industrial towns

Thus,withthebudgetallocationandthedrivetoboostindustrialdevelopmentandproductioninthenation,actionswere takentosetuptheselargescaleindustriesandforsupportingtheseindustries,arosetheneedtosetupplannedindustrial townstogenerateandsustainthehumanresourcesrequiredforrunningtheindustries.Forafunctionalplanninganddesignto takeplace,somekeyissuesareaddressed.

Followingtheaddressal,thefoundationforawellplannedindustrialareaislaid.Thevariousissuesidentifiedwere:

-Asitesuitabilityassessment.

-Thepollutionpotentialoftheproposedindustrieswerestudiedandaccordinglycategorizationandzoningwasdonebasedon theprevalentrestrictionsondegreeofpollutioncontributedbytheindustries.

-Thenecessarywidthsoftheinfrastructurecorridorsaccordingtoindustrialdevelopmentnormsandtheenvironmental regulationsweretakenintoconsideration.Thesealsoincludedaspectslikegreencorridorsforseamlesstransportationof goodsandservicesforindustrialactivities.

-Planningofthevariousmandatoryinfrastructureswhichincludelogisticsandtransportation,watersupplyandwastewater, energy,wastemanagement,blue-greeninfrastructure,security,disastermanagement,etc.

-Climaticconditionsandaccordinglyefficiencyoftheunits.

3. INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING IN DURGAPUR

WiththesettingupoftheDurgapurBarragebyDVC,differentpublicsectorunitsstartedshowinginterestinestablishing industrialunitsintheregionlookingatthepotentialandlocationaladvantagesofDurgapur.Themassivefollowupconsistedof DurgapurSteelPlant(1960),AlloySteelsPlant(1965),DurgapurProjectsLimited(1961),DurgapurChemicalsLimited(1963). Thedriveforindustrializationwasaccompaniedbytheestablishmentofancillaryanddownstreamunits(Basu,2018).Thus cateringtotheneedsoftheupcomingindustrialcorporations,theinfrastructureplanningoftheregionwastakenuptoprovide qualityfacilitiesforsmoothoperationoftheindustries.

Table-2:Majorforerunnersofindustrialcorporationsandtheiryearsofcommission/incorporation(Basu,2018)

Name of industrial corporation

DurgapurSteelPlantLtd.

DurgapurProjectsLtd.

DurgapurChemicalsLtd.

AlloySteelsPlant

Year of commission/incorporation

1960(commissioned)

1961(incorporated)

1963(incorporated)

1965(commissioned)

3.1. Water

Post-independence,thecountrysawanurgencyfortheindustrialsectortobelookedafterandcontributetotheeconomic upliftmentofthenation.TheDamodarValleyCorporation(DVC)wassetupin1948withtheprimaryaimoffloodcontrol, irrigation,powergenerationandnavigationintheDamodarriver.ThelongtermplansofoperatingindustriesinDurgapurgave risetotheneedforwaterandpowergenerationinthefactories.ThustheDurgapurBarragewasopenedin1955.Itredirected andsuppliedwatertotheindustriesandtheresidencesalongwiththeotherprimaryaimsofkeepingthefloodundercheck andsubsequentlygenerationofhydroelectricity,currentlycappedat1000MW.Therefore,themajorrequirementofwaterin theindustrialactivitieswassolvedandalongchannelizingthewaterforuse,cametheopportunityofgeneratingelectricity, whichwassuccessfullyexploredaswell.

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3.2. Thermal Power

Withtheestimationofthetotalpowerrequirementoftheindustriesin1950-60,theDamodarValleyCorporationsetupthe DurgapurThermalPowerStation(DTPS),initiallywithtwounitsof75MWandoneunitof140MWintheFirstStage.Inthe SecondStage,anew210MWunitwasinstalledinSeptember1982tocatertotherisingpowerdemandsoftheexpanding industries(Carmen,2021).Thispowergeneratedinthethermalpowerstationwasfedtotheindustriestopowertheindustrial operations.Easyavailabilityofnon-cokingcoalisprimaryforproductionofthermalpowerintheplant.

Table-3:CapacityofinstalledunitsunderDTPS(Corporation,2008)

3.3. Raw material: Coal

TheRaniganjcoalfieldswerethesiteoffirstcommercialcoal-mininginIndiaandhasbeenyieldingcoalsince1820.Itisspread acrossanareaof443.50squarekilometresandcontainstotalcoalreservesofaround49.17billiontonnes.Itisthesecond largestcoalfieldinthecountryintermsofreserve.Thecokingandnon-cokingcoalmineswerenationalizedin1972and1973 respectively; and Coal India Limited was formed in 1975 of which, The Eastern Coalfields Limited was a subsidiary that managedthecoalextractionandproductionintheRaniganjcoalfields(MSME-DevelopmentInstitute,2017-18).Coalbeingone ofthemajoringredientsoftheplantsinDurgapur,thelocationofDurgapurwithrespecttothecoalreservesisextremely important.Non-cokingcoalfromthereservesareusedmajorlyintheDurgapurThermalPowerStationassteamcoalforpower generation,whereascokingcoalisusedtoproducecokewhichinturnisanessentialfuelandreactantintheblastfurnaceused inindustrialsteel-making.Someamountofprimecokingcoalwithlowashcontentisimported(Limited,2022).

Fig-2:MapshowingthelocationofDurgapurwithrespecttotheRaniganjcoalfieldsand theirlinkage(OpenStreetMap,2023)

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3.4. Raw material: Iron ore

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) operates 8 iron ore mines and 2 flux mines spread across Jharkhand, Odisha and MadhyaPradeshtosupplyironoretoitsplants(SAIL,2022).TheDurgapurSteelPlantgetsitsshareofironoremajorlyfrom theBolaniironoreminesofOdisha(bharatonline.com,2018).ItistransportedmainlythroughroadwaysnamelytheDurgapurRaghunathpurRoadwhichlatermergesintotheNationalHighway19andreachesthesteelplant.Theplantconsumesabout 2.9milliontonnesofironorelumpsandfines.

Table-4:Consumptionofironore,2016-17&2017-18(in000’tonnes)(Mines,2018)

3.5. Transportation network: Road and rail

DurgapurisalinearlyplannedcityalongtheNationalHighway19alsoknownastheGrandTrunkRoadwhichconnectsKolkata andDelhi.TheGrandTrunkRoadisoneofAsia’soldestandlongestroadspassingthroughcitieslikeDhaka,Kolkata,Allahabad, Delhi,KabulconnectingvastpartsofSouthernAsiaforalmost2500years.Itisanimportanttraderouteprovidingcommercial opportunitiestothevariouscitiesandperi-urbanareasitpassesthrough.Thusplanningofanintegratedindustrialcityonit seemsreasonableconsidering,logisticsandtransportation.

Theindustrialcityhadtobeatanoptimumdistancefromthesupplyregionoftherawmaterialandresources,andfromthe majormarketswheretheproducecanbesoldandexportedfrom.Thus,thetransportationcorridorwasdesignedtakinginto considerationtwomajoraspects:

-Thetransportationofnon-cokingcoalfromRaniganjcoalfieldsforthermalpowergenerationtopowertheindustries.

-Thetransportationofsteel-theprimaryproductfromtheindustriestoKolkata,whichisthebiggestimport-exportmarketin EasternIndia.AlsoofferingconnectivitytoothermajormarketsofthecountrylikeDelhi,Varanasi,Kanpur.Allahabad.

Fig-3:MapshowingthelocationofDurgapurwithrespecttothemajorcitiesin theregion(OpenStreetMap,2023)

ThecityisdividedintotwodistinctregionsbytheNationalHighway19passingthroughtheheartofthecity.TheNorthernpart consistingoftheresidentialsectorofthecitybasedongridironplanningpattern.AndtheSouthernpartwhichhaslandparcels exclusivelyconsistingofindustrialpropertiesandunits.Themainroad(NH19)actsasthespineofthecityandfacilitatesboth theindustrialsectoraswellastheothersectors.Thelocationoftheroadinthecityplaysamajorroleinthetransportationof

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industrialgoodsandlogisticalsolutionsasitactsasanarterialroadintheurbanlevelandalsobeingaNationalHighway,it allowsthehighspeedaccessofindustrialvehiclesmakingitthemostimportantpartoftheindustrialcorridor.

Durgapurwasconceivedtobeatadistanceofapproximately40kilometersfromtherichcoalproducingregionofRaniganj. Therailwaytrackpresentsince1855intheRaniganjregionwereworkedonandallowedforeasytransportationofextracted coal fromthemines totheindustries(Wikipedia,n.d.). AstheindustriesinDurgapurweresetup,therailwaylineswere extended with regular stations in the name of the industrial units like Durgapur Coke Oven Plant. Thus, a direct linkage betweenthesourceofrawmaterialsandtheindustrieswasachieved.Theprospectiveindustriesbegantofunctionwiththe assuranceofaregularsupplyofcokingandnon-cokingcoal,primaryingredientsforthesteelmakingindustriesinDurgapur.

4. CONCLUSION

Thispaperexploresthedifferentsectorsandtheconcernedinfrastructuredevelopmentthattookplaceduringtheinceptionof DurgapurasoneofthefirstmajorindustrialtownsinindependentIndiawiththeaimofmakingthenationamanufacturing superpower.Thesteelplantandthemajorpublicsectorprojectsweresetupinthecitywiththehelpofextensiveresearchand planninginthesectorslikewater,transportationcorridors,power,rawmaterials,etc.However,therearemoreaspectsto exploreinthenearfutureastheregionfacesstuntedindustrialgrowthpostthe1990s.

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Variousreasonscanbeheldaccountableforthefateofthisintegratedindustrialtownship,majoronebeingtheoveralldecline ofindustrialactivityinBengalduetothecontinuouspoliticalturmoilduringthe1970sand80sextendingintothe2000s (Bagchi,1998).Withloweredproductioncapacitiesandshuttingdownofunits,thecityfacestheriskofoutmigrationofthe youngpopulaceinsearchofbetteropportunities.

Thus,theseconditionsdefinitelydemandactionsfromthepublicandtheprivatesectorstodrawupsolutionstorestoreand upgradetheindustrialoperationsinDurgapur.Theexistinginfrastructurehasexperienceddeclineoverthecourseofthe lifetimeofthecity,thusadvancedplanningcanbeimplementedinlinewiththeglobalstandardstoimprovetheconcerned sectors.Besidesthis,pollutionlevelsinthecityshouldalsobebroughtundercheckasaccordingtotherecentrecordedlevels, thelevelofpollutioninthecitycontributedmajorlybytheindustrialactivities,isquitehigh(Basu,2018).

Somepositiveactionstakenbythegovernmentsandthepublicsectorundertakingstorevitalizetheindustrialpresenceinthe region should be noted. The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation (MAMC) set up in 1964 with the help of Soviet cooperationusedtosupplyequipmentsforminingindustriesintheWest.However,withtheendoftheCivilWar,theindustry beganseeingitsdownfallandin1992,itstartedincurringlosses,ultimatelybeingshutdownintheearly2000s.In2019,a consortiumconsistingofCoalIndia,DamodarValleyCorporationandBharatEarthMoversacquiredtheMAMC.Theacquisition willhelpbothDVCandCoalIndiaingettinghighqualityequipmentsfortheirthermalpowerplantsandundergroundmining operations respectively (report, 2010). Further an improved line of mining machinery production with the help of technologicalinputsfromthenationalandinternationalinstitutionscanenabletheunittoexportmachineriestodifferent mininggiantsintheworldbesidesproducingfordomesticuse.

GasAuthorityofIndiaLimited(GAIL)in2021,completeda348kilometerpipelineprojectfromDobhiinBihartoDurgapurin WestBengalatacostof2433crorerupeesaspartofthePradhanMantriUrjaGangaproject.Itbringsenvironment-friendy naturalgastotheeasternregionofIndiabenefittingthestatesofBihar,Jharkhand,WestBengalandOdisha.Besidesproviding cheapercookingfuelconnectivitypointsintheregion,italsobringsfuelforproductionofurea,anecessityofthefertiliser industry.Thusthisprojectopensupanopportunityforarangeofactivitiesforgasbasedeconomyintheregion.Withthe projectedproductionofureaandusageofnaturalgas,thedemandforcostlynaphthaandpollutingcoalisexpectedtogodown (PTI,2021).

OnemajorindustrialestablishmenttakingadvantageofthisnewlyconstructednaturalgaspipelineextensionistheMatix FertilisersandChemicalsLimited.Itconsistsofa1.27MTPAfullyintegrated,gasbasedureaplant,locatedatPanagarh,near Durgapur.ItisamongIndia’slargestsingle-streamfertilizerfacilities(Chemicals,2022).TheHindustanFertiliserCorporation (HFC)plantwhichgotcloseddownattractedsomeattentionfromRashtriyaChemicalsandFertilisers(RCF),whoexpressed interestinrevivingtheplantin2007(Chakraborty,2007).Withtheavailibiltyofasteadysupplyofnaturalgasintheregion, therightinitiativescanrevivetheunit.

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TheDeucha Pachamicoal block saidtobethelargestcoal reserveinIndia,isata distanceofaround 75kilometersfrom Durgapur.Ithasfourcoalseamsoflowestgradethermalcoalbuttheviabilityoftheentireprojectisquestionableduetothe difficultyofextractionandtheuncertainconditionofusablecoalinside.Althoughtherehabilitationandresettlementpolicies arelinedup,itwillbeadifficultgambletoefficientlyextractthecoalanduseitthankstotherenewabletechnologiesandthe shiftofpolicyfocustorenewableoptionsofenergy(Bose,2022).However,itcontainsnearly2102milliontonnesofcoal reserves,andcanprovetobeamajorsourceofrawmaterialforthesteelandthermalenergyplantsinDurgapur,boostingup thesteelproductionandpowergeneration.Also,thecoalblockisownedbytheGovernmentofWestBengalthusmakingthe pathwayofextractedcoaltotheindustriessmooth,withoutanythirdpartyinterference.

AccordingtotheDigitalEmploymentOutlookReport2022byTeamLease,Durgapurisamongthe20emergingdestinationsfor ITinIndia.TheITcompanieswouldlooktoestablishtheirofficesintheseemerginglocations,takingthejobstothepeopleas these20citiesareprojectedtocontributemorethan85%oftheworkforcefromemerginglocationsacrossIndia(Sethi,2022). TheSoftwareTechnologyParkofIndia(STPI),Durgapurestablishedin2004wassetuptopromote,encourageandboost softwareexportfromtheregion.ThestategovernmenthasfacilitatedthesettingupofsomeprivateITparksacrossthecity post2011,attemptingtocreateanecosystemforthegrowthoftheITindustry,howeveralotstillneedstobedoneintermsof facilitation of ease of business to the interested corporations and provision and service with respect to the required infrastructure,formakingitamajorIThubinIndia.

TheKaziNazrulIslamAirportlocatedatAndalintheoutskirtsofDurgapurwaspartofthefirstprivatesectorairportcity projectinIndiain2012tore-invigorateeconomicdevelopmentintheregion.Itprovidesairconnectivitytodifferentpartsof thecountryandwasenvisagedtodivertthecongestedairtrafficflowfromtheNetajiSubhashChandraBoseInternational AirportinKolkata.However,thisairportandtheentireprojecthasbeenfarfrombeingasuccess.Theconditionoftheallied industriesandtheoverallindustrialeconomicactivityandemploymentgenerationintheregionwillbecrucialindecidingthe fateofthismegaproject.

ItisimportantforthecityofDurgapurtoevolveanddevelopaccordingtotherecenttrendsintermsofindustry,infrastructure andeconomics.Thisevolutionshouldbeguidedbythepoliciesandstrategiesofthestateandthecentralgovernmentsinline withthemoderntrendsofdemandandsupply.Durgapurhasthepotentialofbeingatorch-bearerinindustrialdevelopmentin EasternIndiaandsubsequentlyIndia,asitwasenvisionedtobeduringitsinception,thusbringingamajorpositivechangein theeconomicstateofWestBengal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomyguideswhohelpedmeinwritingthisresearchpaper.

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