6-E-17 αρχαια ελληνικη τεχνολογια_contents

¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞ ¶PO§O°O™ .....................................................................................................................................5

1. ∆¤¯ÓË Î·È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÃÚfiÓÔ˘˜ .................................13 ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰ÔÈ Ù˘ ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚ›·˜ .................................................................................................................13 ¶ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ EÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ¡Â¿ÓÙÂÚÓÙ·Ï (950000 - 80000 .Ã.).............................................15 √ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡Â¿ÓÙÂÚÓÙ·Ï (·fi ÙÔ 80000 - 30000 .Ã.) ....................................................15 ∏ ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Homo-Sapiens (ÕÓıÚˆÔ˜-™ÔÊfi˜) (·fi ÙÔ 33000 - 10000 .Ã.) ..................16 √ ÕÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡Â¿ÓÙÂÚÓÙ·Ï ................................................................................................16 √ ÕÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÚÔ-ª·ÓÈfiÓ (Cro-Magnon).......................................................................16 ªÂÙ··ÁÂÙˆÓÈ΋ ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ (·fi ÙÔ 10000 - 4000 .Ã.).............................................................18 ¡ÂÔÏÈıÈÎÔ› ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› (4000 - 2500 .Ã.).....................................................................................18 °ÂˆÏÔÁÈΤ˜ EÔ¯¤˜ Ù˘ °Ë˜ ...............................................................................................................19 ∏ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· K·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ HÏÈΛ·˜ Ù˘ ¶¤ÙÚ·˜ (¶·Ï·ÈÔÏÈıÈ΋ EÔ¯‹)...................22 ∆· EÚÁ·Ï›· Ù˘ ¶ÂÏÂÎË̤Ó˘ ¶¤ÙÚ·˜ (ÙÔ˘ §·ÍÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ §›ıÔ˘) .............................................22 ∏ XÚ‹ÛË ÙˆÓ EÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ................................................................................................................22 ∏ EÚÁ·Û›· Â› ÙˆÓ KÔÎοψÓ: (Ë K·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ BÂÏÔÓÈÔ‡ ‹ ¢È¿ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ BÂÏÔÓfiÙÚ˘·˜) ............................................23 ∆Ô K˘Ó‹ÁÈ Î·È ÙÔ æ¿ÚÂÌ·.........................................................................................................23 ∏ ¶·Ú·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ºˆÙÈ¿˜ ........................................................................................................24 ∏ K·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ™ÈÙÈÒÓ........................................................................................................24 ∞ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ EÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ AÓıÚÒÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ŒÚÁ· T¤¯Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ (ÕÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ KÚÔ-M·ÓÈfiÓ)............................................................................................................25 H B·ÛÈÏ›· ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÓÔÛ·‡ÚˆÓ...........................................................................................................38

2. OÈ ¶ÚÒÙÔÈ K·ÏÏÈÙ¤¯Ó˜....................................................................................39 TÔ ™‹Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ §·ÛÎÒ (Lascaux) ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›· ................................................................................39 OÈ ¶ÚÒÙÔÈ K·ÏÏÈÙ¤¯Ó˜ ÕÏÏˆÓ ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ™ËÏ·›ˆÓ Î·È XˆÚÒÓ (IÛ·Ó›·˜, AÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘, MÂÛÔÔÙ·Ì›·˜) ..............................................................................................42 ¶·Ï·ÈÔÏÈıÈ΋ Î·È NÂÔÏÈıÈ΋ ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰· ....................................................................50 ¶·Ï·ÈÔÏÈıÈ΋ ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ (T‡Ô˘) ......................................................................................................61 MÂÛÔÏÈıÈ΋ Î·È NÂÔÏÈıÈ΋ ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ (T‡Ô˘) ...............................................................................61 T· T¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο EÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ AÓıÚÒÔ˘ .......................................................65 °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·...........................................................................................................................................65 ZˆÔÏÔÁ›·..........................................................................................................................................65 H BÔÙ·ÓÈ΋ Î·È Ë °ÂˆÚÁ›·.............................................................................................................66 H I·ÙÚÈ΋ Î·È Ë XÂÈÚÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ........................................................................................................66 T· M·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ..............................................................................................................................67 H AÛÙÚÔÓÔÌ›·..................................................................................................................................67

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3. O ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ EÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ KfiÛÌÔ˘ ........................................................69 OÈ ¶ÚÔÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ º˘Ï¤˜......................................................................................................................69 OÈ AÚ¯·›ÔÈ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› .......................................................................................................................69 OÈ IÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ EÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ º˘Ï¤˜ ..........................................................................................................69 EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹..............................................................................................................................................70 IÛÙÔÚÈ΋ AÓ·ÛÎfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÕÓıÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ EÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ °ÂÈÙfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ..........................................................................................................................72 OÈ ¶ÚÔÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ KÏËÚÔÓÔÌȤ˜..........................................................................................................76 O PfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ AÓ·Ù‡ÍÂÒ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ .............................................................76 TÔ Kϛ̷...........................................................................................................................................76 TÔ Œ‰·ÊÔ˜.......................................................................................................................................76 H £¿Ï·ÛÛ· ......................................................................................................................................77 O M‡ıÔ˜ Ù˘ °¤ÓÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ŒÚˆÙ· ...............................................................................................78 H ¢ÈÏ‹ ¶ÚԤϢÛË ÙÔ˘ ŒÚˆÙ· EÂÍËÁ› ÙË º‡ÛË A˘ÙÔ‡........................................................78 OÈ ¶ÚÔÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ º˘Ï¤˜......................................................................................................................81 OÈ ¶ÚÒÙÔÈ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ›.....................................................................................................................81 OÈ AÓ·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ› §·Ô›.........................................................................................................................81 ™ÙËÓ EÏÏËÓÈ΋ XÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ..............................................................................................................82 OÈ ¶ÂÏ·ÛÁÔ› .....................................................................................................................................82 OÈ AÈÔÏ›˜.........................................................................................................................................88 OÈ A¯·ÈÔ›..........................................................................................................................................89 OÈ ¢·Ó·Ô› - OÈ AÚÁ›ÔÈ ...................................................................................................................90 OÈ ¢ˆÚÈ›˜........................................................................................................................................92 OÈ ÿˆÓ˜ ...........................................................................................................................................93 OÈ ¢È¿ÛËÌÔÈ MÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔÈ AÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÔ› P˘ıÌÔ› (7Ô˜ ·È. .X.)...........................................94

4. AÓ·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ› ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ›....................................................................................103 ¶ÚÔÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ™ËÌ›ˆÛË................................................................................................................103 O ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ §·ÒÓ Ù˘ MÂÛÔÔÙ·Ì›·˜ .................................................................................103 OÈ XÒÚ˜ ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÙ·ÌÒÓ T›ÁÚË Î·È E˘ÊÚ¿ÙË .............................................................................103 O AÈÁ˘ÙÈ·Îfi˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜...............................................................................................................110 A›Á˘ÙÔ˜, Ë XÒÚ· ÙÔ˘ N›ÏÔ˘......................................................................................................110 O §·fi˜ Ù˘ B›‚ÏÔ˘: OÈ E‚Ú·›ÔÈ......................................................................................................117 OÈ X¿ÙÙÈ Î·È XÂÙÙ·›ÔÈ .......................................................................................................................120 OÈ ºÔ›ÓÈΘ ........................................................................................................................................121 OÈ M‹‰ÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¶¤ÚÛ˜...................................................................................................................122

5. OÈ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ E˘ÚÒË ..............................................................123 O ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ EÙÚÔ‡ÛÎˆÓ (700 .X.).......................................................................................125 O ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ PˆÌ·›ˆÓ (754 .X.)...........................................................................................131 O £Ú›·Ì‚Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ XÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ......................................................................................................137

6. OÈ AÚ¯·›ÔÈ EÏÏËÓÈÎÔ› ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› .................................................................141 O K˘ÎÏ·‰ÈÎfi˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜................................................................................................................141 O MÈÓˆÈÎfi˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ...................................................................................................................146

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M˘ÎËÓ·˚Îfi˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ...................................................................................................................155 T›Ú˘Ó˜ ‹ T›Ú˘ÓıÔ˜ .........................................................................................................................161 O ¢ˆ‰ˆÓ·›Ô˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ................................................................................................................166 H ŒÓÓÔÈ· Î·È Ë ™ËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ §¤ÍÂˆÓ EÏÏ¿˜, ŒÏÏ·Ó˜ ‹ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Î·È °Ú·ÈÎÔ› ......................167 £Ô˘Î˘‰›‰Ô˘ ¶·Ú·Ô›ËÛË ............................................................................................................186 O ¢ˆ‰ˆÓ·›Ô˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜.............................................................................................................200 H ™‡ÏÏË„Ë Ù˘ ŒÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ £ÂÔًوÓ......................................................................................200 H E˘Û¤‚ÂÈ· ....................................................................................................................................200 A¯ÈÏϤˆ˜ E˘Û¤‚ÂÈ·........................................................................................................................203 O OÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÕÚÈÛÙÔ˘ B›Ô˘.......................................................................................................204

7. O ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ EÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ŒıÓÔ˘˜ ......................................................207 H EÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ EÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ŒıÓÔ˘˜ .............................................................................................207 O ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ MÂÁ¿Ï˘ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ ...........................................................................................207 EÏÏËÓÈ΋ AÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›· ..................................................................................................................208 O ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ MÂÁ¿Ï˘ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ .......................................................................................208 H ¶Ô›ËÛË Â›Ó·È Y„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘ B·ıÌÔ‡ ·fi ÙËÓ IÛÙÔÚ›· .............................................................208 ø‰‹ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ Î·È MÂÁ¿Ï˘ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ ..........................................................................................209 H AÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·...............................................................................................................................211 Aã EÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜ AÔÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ (1200 - 800 .X. ÂÚ›Ô˘)...............................................................211 OÈ ÌÂÙ¿ Ù· TÚˆ˚ο MÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ‡ÛÂȘ ..............................................................................................212 Bã EÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜ AÔÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ (ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 800 .X. ÂÚ›Ô˘) (NfiÙÈÔ˜ IÙ·Ï›· - M·ÛÛ·Ï›·) ...........213 H ¢È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Î·È Ù· A›ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘ Bã AÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡......................................................................236 H AÓ·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ TÚÈ‹ÚÂˆÓ ÂÚ› ÙÔ 750 .X. .........................................................................237 T· YÏÈο K·Ù·Û΢‹˜ ÙˆÓ TÚÈ‹ÚÂˆÓ .........................................................................................243 TÔ ™¯‹Ì· ÙˆÓ TÚÈ‹ÚÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ KˆËÏ·ÙÒÓ ......................................................245 TÔ ¶Ï‹ÚˆÌ· Ù˘ TÚÈ‹ÚÂÔ˜ ...........................................................................................................247 H T·¯‡Ù˘ Ù˘ TÚÈ‹ÚÂÔ˜...............................................................................................................248 AÓ¿ÎÏËÛȘ Ù˘ AÔÊ¿Ûˆ˜ ÂÚ› £·Ó·ÙÒÛˆ˜ ÙˆÓ M˘ÙÈÏËÓ·›ˆÓ ...........................................249 OÈ T·ÎÙÈΤ˜ EÈı¤Ûˆ˜ ÙˆÓ TÚÈ‹ÚÂˆÓ .......................................................................................250 N·˘‹ÁËÛȘ ™˘Á¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ TÚÈ‹ÚÂÔ˜ ...............................................................................................251 TÔ EÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁÈÎfiÓ Ù˘ §¤Íˆ˜ TÚÈ‹Ú˘........................................................................................252 T· OÓfiÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ TÚÈ‹ÚÂˆÓ ..........................................................................................................252

8. H EÏÏËÓÈ΋ T¤¯ÓË...........................................................................................259 YԉȷÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ A˘Ù‹˜ ........................................................................................................................259 °ÂˆÌÂÙÚÈ΋ T¤¯ÓË .............................................................................................................................261 AÓ·ÙÔÏ›˙Ô˘Û· EÏÏËÓÈ΋ T¤¯ÓË........................................................................................................263 AÚ¯·˚΋ EÏÏËÓÈ΋ °Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ............................................................................................................265 T‡ÔÈ EÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ AÌÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ...........................................................................................................269 ¶ÚˆÙÔÎÏ·ÛÛÈ΋ AÚ¯·›· EÏÏËÓÈ΋ T¤¯ÓË......................................................................................270 AÚ¯·›· EÏÏËÓÈ΋ KÏ·ÛÛÈ΋ T¤¯ÓË (X·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ˘¤ÚÏ·ÌÚˆÓ Ó·ÒÓ)..............................................277 T· EÏÁ›ÓÂÈ· M¿ÚÌ·Ú· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÚıÂÓÒÓ· Ù˘ AÚ¯·›·˜ EÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ KÏ·ÛÛÈ΋˜ T¤¯Ó˘..............280 H NfiÌÈÌË Î·È ¢›Î·ÈË ¢ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË (H ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ MÂϛӷ˜ MÂÚÎÔ‡ÚË)...........................280

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O AÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ EÏÁÈÓ›ˆÓ M·ÚÌ¿ÚˆÓ ........................................................................................282 MÂÙ·ÎÏ·ÛÛÈ΋ AÚ¯·›· EÏÏËÓÈ΋ T¤¯ÓË ........................................................................................292

9. T· MÂÁ¿Ï· √ÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·Ù· ............................................................................295 £ÚËÛ΢ÙÈο K¤ÓÙÚ· Ù˘ MËÙÚÔÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ ....................................................................296 ¢ˆ‰ÒÓË ..........................................................................................................................................296 ¢ÂÏÊÔ› ............................................................................................................................................305 AÚ¯·›· OÏ˘Ì›·............................................................................................................................311 H AÚ¯·›· OÏ˘Ì›· ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· KÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ .............................................................................311 T· EÙ¿ £·‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ AÚ¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ..........................................................................................322 ¢‹ÏÔ˜ ..............................................................................................................................................330 ™¿ÌÔ˜..............................................................................................................................................333 EÏÂ˘Û›Ó·.........................................................................................................................................335 E›‰·˘ÚÔ˜......................................................................................................................................337 TÔ £¤·ÙÚÔ ................................................................................................................................337 TÔ AÛÎÏËÈ›Ô..........................................................................................................................338 £ÚËÛ΢ÙÈο K¤ÓÙÚ· Ù˘ MÂÁ¿Ï˘ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ (™ÈÎÂÏ›· - NfiÙÈÔ˜ IÙ·Ï›· - M·ÛÛ·Ï›· - I‚ËÚÈ΋ XÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ˜) ...................................................341 £ÚËÛ΢ÙÈο K¤ÓÙÚ· ÙˆÓ AÏÂÍ·Ó‰ÚÈÓÒÓ XÚfiÓˆÓ (¶¤ÏÏ·, ÚˆÙÂ‡Ô˘Û· Ù˘ M·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜)..........................................................................................349 £ÚËÛ΢ÙÈο K¤ÓÙÚ· Ù˘ EÏÏËÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ .......................................................................358 H AÊÚÔ‰›ÙË Ù˘ M‹ÏÔ˘ ....................................................................................................................360 TÔ ÕÁ·ÏÌ· Ù˘ N›Î˘ Ù˘ ™·ÌÔıÚ¿Î˘ ..........................................................................................362 O EÚÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶Ú·ÍÈÙ¤ÏË....................................................................................................................364

10. ∏ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙËÓ √ÌËÚÈ΋ ∂Ô¯‹...........................................................377 EÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁÈÎfi .......................................................................................................................................378 ¶ÂÚ› Ù˘ Zˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ (T˘ÊÏfi˜ ‹ fi¯È;)..................................................................................381 T· T¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο EÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· ηٿ ÙÔ˘˜ OÌËÚÈÎÔ‡˜ XÚfiÓÔ˘˜...................................................385 ¶·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Â› ÙÔ˘ MÂÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ T·Ï¿ÓÙÔ˘ Î·È ™Ù·ıÌÔ‡.....................................387 H OÌËÚÈ΋ I·ÙÚÈ΋............................................................................................................................399 TÔ ÕÏ˘ÙÔ ¶Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ AÏÊ·‚ËÙÈ΋˜ °Ú·Ê‹˜ ............................................................................402 T· ¶ÚÒÙ· °Ú·ÊÈο ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ..................................................................................................402 H MÈÓˆÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌÈ΋ B °Ú·Ê‹ ...................................................................................................403 H MÈÓˆÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌÈ΋ A °Ú·Ê‹ (AÚ¯·ÈfiÙÂÚË Ù˘ °Ú·ÌÌÈ΋˜ B).............................................412 H °Ú·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢›ÛÎÔ˘ Ù˘ º·ÈÛÙÔ‡ ..............................................................................................417 H AÏÊ·‚ËÙÈ΋ °Ú·Ê‹ ...................................................................................................................418

11. ∏ ÃÚ‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ªÂÙ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÙËÓ ∂Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘ HÛÈfi‰Ô˘...................................423 HÛ›Ô‰Ô˜: ¶ÂÚ› ÙÔ 750 .X. O ¶ÚÒÙÔ˜ E˘Úˆ·›Ô˜ ¶ÔÈËÙ‹˜ ........................................................423 T· HÛÈԉȷο EÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù·.............................................................................................................425 TÔ HÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ...............................................................................................................................425 H °ÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË XÚ‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ™È‰‹ÚÔ˘.............................................................................................429 KÔÛÌÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È º˘ÛÈ΋ (H ŒÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ X¿Ô˘˜)..........................................................................434 T· M¤Ù·ÏÏ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶ÚˆÙÔ·Ú¯·˚Îfi XÒÚÔ (4Ë XÈÏÈÂÙ›· .X. ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔÓ HÛ›Ô‰Ô)........................435

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O XÚ˘Ûfi˜........................................................................................................................................435 O ÕÚÁ˘ÚÔ˜......................................................................................................................................438 O X·ÏÎfi˜ .......................................................................................................................................440 O MÚÔ‡Ù˙Ô˜.................................................................................................................................440 O ™›‰ËÚÔ˜.......................................................................................................................................442

12. H EÒÓ˘ÌË AÚ¯·›· EÏÏËÓÈ΋ T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·.................................................453 OÈ ¶ÚÒÙÔÈ IÛÙÔÚÈο °ÓˆÛÙÔ› ŒÏÏËÓ˜ T¯ÓÈÎÔ› Î·È M˯·ÓÈÎÔ› (6Ô˜ Î·È 7Ô˜ .X. ·È.) .........453 1. °Ï·‡ÎÔ˜ ·fi ÙË X›Ô (ÂÚ› ÙÔ 630 .X., X·ÏÎÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ - ™È‰ËÚÔÎÔÏÏËÙ‹˜) ............................460 2. AÓ¿¯·ÚÛȘ (ÂÚ› ÙÔ 620 .X.)....................................................................................................461 3. PÔ›ÎÔ˜ Î·È £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ ·fi ÙË ™¿ÌÔ (ÂÚ› ÙÔ 590 .X.)..........................................................464 4. XÂÚÛ›ÊÚˆÓ ·fi ÙË KÚ‹ÙË (570 .X.)........................................................................................467 5. AÚÈÛÙÔÎÏ‹˜ (570 .X.) ................................................................................................................473 6. AÓÙÈÌ·¯›‰Ë˜, AÓÙÈÛÈ¿Ù˘, K¿Ï·ÈÛ¯ÚÔ˜ Î·È ¶fiÚÌÔ˜ ‹ ¶ˆÚ›ÓÔ˜ (560 .X.)..........................474 7. E˘·Ï›ÓÔ˜ ·fi Ù· M¤Á·Ú· (M˯·ÓÈÎfi˜, 535 .X.)................................................................477 8. M·Ó‰ÚÔÎÏ‹˜ (535 .X.) ..............................................................................................................479 9. K¿ÏˆÓ ‹ K¿ÏÏˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ A›ÁÈÓ· (520 .X.)...........................................................................481 10. K¿Ó·¯Ô˜ ·fi ÙË ™È΢ÒÓ· (550 .X.) ........................................................................................481 11. AÁÂÏ¿‰·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÕÚÁÔ˜ (510 .X.) ..........................................................................................482 12. OÓ¿Ù·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ A›ÁÈÓ·...............................................................................................................483 ∏ ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì˯·Ó‹ - Ì˯·ÓÈÎfi˜..............................................................................483

13. OÈ ¢È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ™¯ÔϤ˜ ÙˆÓ EÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Ù˘ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ .........................................................485 IÛÙÔÚÈο ¶Ï·›ÛÈ· - °ÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ......................................................................................................485 H I·ÙÚÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ N‹ÛÔ˘ Kˆ ‹ H IÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹ ......................................................490 IÔÎÚ¿Ù˘....................................................................................................................................490 OÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜............................................................................493

14. OÈ £ÂÙÈΤ˜ EÈÛً̘ Î·È Ë T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ·fi ÙÔÓ 5Ô - 1Ô ·ÈÒÓ· .X. ..........................................................................507 H °Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ........................................................................................................................................508 O ºÂȉ›·˜ ......................................................................................................................................508 H T¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ· ÙˆÓ TËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈˆÓ ÛÙËÓ AÚ¯·ÈÔÙËÙ·.............................................................518 H Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¶˘ÚÛ›ˆÓ ........................................................................................................520 H ¶ÔÏÈÔÚÎËÙÈ΋ T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·........................................................................................................528 H T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ MÔ˘ÛÈÎÒÓ OÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ......................................................................................543 OÈ M·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ............................................................................................................................558 E˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ......................................................................................................................................558 ŒÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ E˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ................................................................................................................280 EΉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘ E˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ......................................................................................564 √È ¶ÚÒÙ˜ T˘ˆÌ¤Ó˜ EΉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ŒÚÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë .............................................566 E˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈ· °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·............................................................................................................571

12

∞ƒÃ∞π∞ ∂§§∏¡π∫∏ ∆∂á√§√°π∞

AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë˜ ....................................................................................................................................571 BÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ AÓ·ÊÔÚ¤˜..........................................................................................................571 T· ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë ........................................................................................................574 TÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ Ù·‡ÚˆÓ (‚Ô‰ÈÒÓ)......................................................................................575 H AÚ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë ............................................................................................................580 H ™›ڷ ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë - AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰ÂÈ· ¶Ôχ‰ڷ ..............................................................581 T· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë ....................................................................582 T· η˘ÛÙÈο οÙÔÙÚ· ..........................................................................................................586 TÂÙÚ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘....................................................................................................588 OÈ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ŒÚÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë................................................................................589

15. OÈ M˯·ÓÔÔÈÔ› ‹ M˯·ÓÈÎÔ› B ¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ 5Ô˜ - 1Ô˜ .X. ·È. ................598 AÚ¯‡Ù·˜ ............................................................................................................................................598 OÈ M˯·ÓÔÔÈÔ› ‹ M˯·ÓÈÎÔ› Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ AÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ·˜................................................602 °ÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ..................................................................................................................................602 KÙËÛ›‚ÈÔ˜ ..........................................................................................................................................603 H Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙÏ›· ÙÔ˘ KÙËÛÈ‚›Ô˘..........................................................................................605 H ⁄‰Ú·˘ÏȘ (ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎfi fiÚÁ·ÓÔ) ÙÔ˘ KÙËÛÈ‚›Ô˘ ηٿ ÙÔÓ BÈÙÚÔ‡‚ÈÔ ..................................607 AÓ··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Y‰Ú·‡ÏÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ EÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ MÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ OÚÁ¿ÓÔ˘......................611 º›ÏˆÓ Ô B˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi˜..........................................................................................................................618 B›ÙˆÓ ..................................................................................................................................................625 ◊ÚˆÓ Ô AÏÂÍ·Ó‰Ú‡˜ ....................................................................................................................528 O Aı‹Ó·ÈÔ˜ ......................................................................................................................................554 O AÔÏÏfi‰ˆÚÔ˜................................................................................................................................556 OÈ M˯·ÓÔÔÈÔ› Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ Pfi‰Ô˘ ....................................................................................558 ™˘ÁÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÛË ............................................................................................................................558 °ÂÓÈÎfi˜ K·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ AÚ¯·›ˆÓ EÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ M˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ (7Ô˜-1Ô˜ .X. ·È.) ..........................661 ¢È¿ÊÔÚ· ¿ÏÏ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙ· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ AÚ¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·............................662 M·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌfi˜ ................................................................................................................................663 HÏÂÎÙÚÈÛÌfi˜ ................................................................................................................................666 TÔ øÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÙÔ˘ K˘ÚÚ‹ÛÙÔ˘ (¶‡ÚÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ AӤ̈Ó)................................................................667 H ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ øÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ K˘ÚÚ‹ÛÙÔ˘............................................................................670 OÈ ÚÒÙÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ øÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ K˘ÚÚ‹ÛÙË ....................................................677 O AÛÙÚÔÓÔÌÈÎfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ AÓÙÈ΢ı‹ÚˆÓ ......................................................................681 H ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ M˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ AÓÙÈ΢ı‹ÚˆÓ ....................................................................683 BÈÙÚÔ‡‚ÈÔ˜ ........................................................................................................................................685

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· ..........................................................................................................689 ™˘ÓÔÙÈÎfi˜ K·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ºÈÏÔÛfiÊˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ¶fiÏÂȘ ............................................................689 ™˘ÓÔÙÈÎfi˜ XÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ AÚ¯·›ˆÓ EÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ™˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ÙˆÓ °Ú·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ EÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (9Ô˜-1Ô˜ .X. ·È.) ...........................................................693

µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ......................................................................................................695 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ŸÚˆÓ ................................................................................................709