Insitu Magazine April 2015 Edition

CARIBBEAN ARCHITECTURE APRIL - JUNE, 2015

Also Inside...

Cornerstone Design Ltd showcases contemporary design in Jamaica Pamela Burnside talks about the Spirit of Doongalik

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CARIBBEAN ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENTS Executive Team chief executive officer

magazine director chief financial officer

legal consultant architectural consultant

Marcus Laing Maelynn Seymour-Major Michael Wilson Thamara Saunders T. J. Thompson

Editorial Team

web designer

content editors

photography

sales & marketing

Valentiger Creative Patrice Laing Andrea Major Lana Munnings-Basalyga Gilbert Bennet Maelynn Seymour-Major Vanessa Clarke Insitu Staff Marcus Laing • T. J. Thompson

Editorial Office (advertising, submissions, e-mails & inquiries) 1.242.376.4600 insitu.magazine@gmail.com www.insitumag.com

Associations

The Institute of Bahamian Architects The United States Green Building Council The American Institute of Architects The National Organization of Minority Architects The Federation of Caribbean Associations of Architects The Bahamas National Trust The Association of Commonwealth Societies of Architects in the Caribbean

Publisher

Insitu Arch Ltd.

P. O. Box SP-60785

Nassau, N. P., The Bahamas

To Subscribe within The Bahamas $30.00 USD per year, all other countries $45.00 USD. Requests can be e-mailed to insitu.magazine@gmail.com or phoned in at 1.242.376.4600 The articles and opinions in this magazine are those of the contributors and not that of the magazine staff and stakeholders. We are not responsible for any errors or omissions within the publication.

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CARIBBEAN ARCHITECTURE

APRIL - JUNE, 2015

ON THE COVER:

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EDITORIAL

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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

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ARCH NEWS

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ARCH PLUS

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TMG: MAKING NASSAU A CREATIVE CITY

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THE SPIRIT OF DOONGALIK

ENVIROSHAKE: TAKING THE CARIBBEAN

BY STORM

DESIGN EXTRA

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WHAT DEFINES A GOOD, BETTER OR BEST COATING SYSTEM?

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APRIL - JUNE, 2015

FEATURES 26 BAHAMAR:

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WELCOME TO THE NEW RIVIERA

CORNERSTONE DESIGN: CARIBBEAN CONTEMPORARY

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CONTINUING EDUCATION 61

GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNING LOW-SLOP MEMBRANE ROOFING SYSTEMS

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EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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THE BASICS AND BENEFITS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT ARCH ADS

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(Editor’s Note) 04.15 the power of collaboration

Marcus Laing, B.Arch, Assoc. AIA, Assoc. IBA

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ts been sometime since I have had the opportunity to speak to you about whats been on my mind. Insitu Arch Magazine has enjoyed a hiatus since our last issue allowing team members to explore differing opportunities and projects. The beauty of our team is that we are all industry professionals and because of that will forever be tied to the core values of this publication.

This month we shed some light on the project that has taken The Bahamas and soon the region by storm. BahaMar. A prime example of collaboration of different parties to being a gigantic dream to life. Yet overtime I see such visions being realised I think of the thousands of others based right in our region that go unrealised for one simple reason.

We fail to collaborate. We fail to connect the dots to make

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(CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER)

the dream a reality. Yes there are other obstacles in our way that put us at a disadvantage such as access to inexpensive capital or funding outside of our market. But where there is a will there is a way. The brainchild of BahaMar even with his financial background hit a few brick walls on his way to whats happening today. His go around was the key collaborations to tie it all together.

We cannot be shy to share our dreams and cannot sit on our hands in hopes that we will get lucky. We must take what we want and always do whatever is in our power to get it done.

Never retreat, never surrender. Just do it.

Marcus Laing

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(Letters & E-mail) 04.15 Architects as Professionals You know I just found out today that architects are not classified as professionals when banks go through their rating for banking services and lending. Apparently there is some point system that determines the amount of borrowing power and entitlement to services that an individual should get or age limit on loans or interest rates. Accountants, doctors, lawyers even engineers (who have only recently received registration to be legally licensed in The Bahamas) are in the “Professionals Bracket”, but Architects are not.

Profesionals get preferred treatment and services based on their knowledge and since this is not dependent on physical ability most times borrowing is indefinite and terms much longer than regular. Like these other professions in every other country in the World Architects are recognized as top tier professionals in most cases receiving more training than some medical surgeons. And after years of design, building and consultation an architects knowledge does not become obsolete until death. I then come back to The Bahamas and hear limits on loans to age 65, interest rates the same as a store clerk and no special amenities when it comes to any type of financial services.

Is Bahamas banking still in the middle ages? The people responsible for the health, safety and welfare of the entire country can’t get a loan for their own house? I used to think most architects were bad business persons but now I see they are just operating from a position well below the business average. It looks like until the Architects demand their respect again we will never be fully recognized as the professionals that we are. This to me also shows the incompetence of the commercial banks (and yes I am extremely frustrated).

After years of academic and financial investment, training, internships, examinations, qualifying credentials, further testing, interviews and finally licensure, it is a slap in the face to tell that person they are entitled to nothing. This will not be the end of this I promise you that.

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Dear Editor, It baffles me that in such a prosperous vibrant country like the Bahamas the office the represents the architects seems to be that of a shanty town shack. How can internationally trained world class designers and planners sit for years and allow this to represent them. It is shameful. No wonder foreigners continue to come in and take design work from local professionals. I just had to use this medium to write in to vent. *************************** Dear Editor, I wonder if this publication can inform me who designed that dock structure just west of the Paradise Island bridge [in Nassau, The Bahamas]. The building is really well built and designed appropriately for its use. Would be nice to see it featured in your magazine. *************************** Dear Editor, Is there a master plan for our country? I keep hearing talk about a National Development Plan but never anything about a development planning map. Are any planners or architects doing this. If not what are they waiting on? *************************** Dear Editor, I am extremely upset about the state of the public water and sewer situation in the country especially on the out islands where it’s non existent. What can be done to lobby the government to at least begin the process of fixing this vexing issue? Are there any professional groups that can be contacted about this?

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dubai

ANNOUNCES ANOTHER MEGA WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT,

aladdin city

The Municipality of Dubai has confirmed that construction of a mixed-use complex Aladdin City will begin next year.

Renderings that have circulated online show bulbous, glass towers in the Dubai Creek area, off the shore of the Persian Gulf. The towers are covered in gold lattice and are connected to each other air-conditioned bridges. What the developers aim to do with the project is evoke the semi-mythical urban landscape found in the popular Arab folklores of Aladdin, Sinbad, and Ali Baba.

“[We want] to develop towers to be the icons of legends of the past - It comes in the prime location of Dubai Creek, maintaining the activities of the port heritage,” DirectorGeneral Hussain Nasser Lootah announced in a statement.

For some time, the UAE has been pushing the site to become a UNESCO Wolrd Heritage site. The whole complex will be 4,000 acres, and the tallest tower will be 34 stories. The project was first announced in April 2014. The costs are yet to be announced.

Dominican Republic • October 19-21 EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION NOW OPEN

The 7th Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF 2015), the largest annual gathering of the regional energy market, will take place at the Barceló Bávaro Hotel & Convention Center in Punta Cana from October 19th-21st.

After a record-breaking event in Miami in 2014, CREF is back into the region and into a market with real scale and

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opportunity. Working closely with CREF to showcase this opportunity will be this year’s co-host, the Ministry of Energy & Mines of the Dominican Republic. The first 50 delegates to sign up to attend will receive a 20% discount on the registration fee. Register today and provide discount code CREF2015EB50 on the last page of the registration process.

new telsa battery

COULD TAKE YOUR HOME OFF THE GRID Tesla is working on a house battery that could help you break up with your expensive utility company, essentially turning any home into an off-grid abode. Like many of Tesla’s projects, this one is coming up fast. Mastermind electric power guy Elon Musk announced in an investor call that the designs for the home battery are complete. The public could get a glimpse of the design within the next month or two, with production beginning this year.

Tesla’s new stationary battery could be the gateway that finally links renewable energy to everyday consumers in a way that makes sense. The challenge of storing clean energy from solar or wind is one of the reasons people are sticking with grid power. Although Musk hasn’t commented on the cost of Tesla’s newest energy offering, chances are good that it will still represent a savings versus grid electricity over the course of its lifetime.

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making nassau a creative city

BY ROYANN DEAN

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he Bahamas is a country where innovation, creativity

and entrepreneurism are rooted in our history. The very basis of our main economic driver, the tourism industry, came about because Sir Stafford Sands thought of a way to sell The Bahamas as a tourist destination, beating the other countries in the region to the punch and creating a competitive advantage. It was innovative, it was bold and importantly, it was successful.

In his book Rise of the Creative Class (2004) Richard Florida defines the creative class as people who “engage in complex problem solving” and “favour hard work, challenge and stimulation.” They also have a sense of self-identity and value openness and collaboration.

In a March 2011 article in The Atlantic magazine, Florida postulates that the creative class in the Middle East, “spanning science, technology and engineering professionals, management and business executives, doctors, health care professionals and lawyers, as well as arts, culture and media workers” played a big role in bringing about the Arab Spring.

These are the qualities shared by people who, regardless of their chosen profession, see their surroundings a little differently and want to make an impact, want to do something better. One pertinent example of local people who fit the definition of Florida’s creative class are the people who are on the board and attend sessions held by the Downtown Nassau Partnership. The Partnership is attempting to merge design, community and economic value to improve the city of Nassau.

In ‘A Living Tradition’, Stephen Mouzon’s book about

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“innovation, creativity and

entrepreneurism are rooted in our history.”

Bahamian architecture, the author describes ‘Most-Loved Places’ as those in which people are touched and moved by the architecture. He noted that the best buildings and public spaces around the world share a common vernacular.

For example, these loved places tend to speak “the regional dialect”, reflecting the things and characteristics that are important to the place.

Generations ago, our city had a discernible architectural style and the Downtown area was the place to be. Now, as we drive hurriedly past houses shaped like boxes with windows and we try to get in and out of Downtown as quickly as possibly one must wonder about the concept of a Most-Loved Place.

Having attended two Placemaking sessions held by the Downtown Nassau Partnership and the Project for Public Spaces (PPS), it became apparent that we need to have a public space and a revisit to architecture that speaks the regional dialect. When one considers the current use, or lack thereof, of the Long Wharf waterfront and draws a comparison to other waterfront cities the differences become obvious. Cities such as Miami Beach, USA, Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden use the waterfront as an area for sitting, eating and drinking. In addition to creating a sense of place, areas like this help to support service industry businesses, support creative industries and provide a place for the crosspollination of ideas. These attributes are not only tangible characteristics of creative cities but also serve to preserve local creativity and identity. The right planning and support can and should extend these benefits to areas that lay beyond Downtown and in the heart of Nassau.

I have a sense of enthusiasm about what can happen in this city and it is a great thing to witness these members of the creative class trying to embrace the creativity, spirit and economic potential of The Bahamas.

The creative class makes creative cities because they question

the status quo and are looking for new or better ways to do things. These cities then exude character and a sense of place which reinforces creativity. Creativity becomes a part of the culture and innovation increases, subsequently leading to direct and indirect forms of economic development. These are the cities in which people want to live, work and visit.

These are the cities that are successful.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->> Royann Dean is a branding specialist and the principal of tmg*, a strategy and design firm in Nassau, Bahamas. Royann is passionate about branding, design and the development of the creative economy. Find out more at www. tmginnovates.com or follow on Twitter @tmginnovates. piece written in 2012 by Royann Dean

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PHOTO COURTESY OF GUILDEN GILBERT

the spirit of doongalik

BY PAMELA BURNSIDE

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oongalik Studios (www.doongalik.com) is a Bahamian entity that has been in existence since the 1970s. Almost as old as Bahamian independence, which was achieved in 1973, the company was formed by the late Jackson L. Burnside III - architect, artist, junkanoo and cultural icon - and his wife, Pam for the purpose of ‘showing off ’ Bahamian Art, Culture and Heritage. The word ‘Doongalik’ was created by the couple to denote the sound of the junkanoo goat skin drum (‘doong’) and the sound of the junkanoo cowbells (‘kalik’) as an affirmation of the essential spirit of the Bahamian people. Doongalik’s vision statement - By the year 2020, more persons will travel

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to The Bahamas for its Bahamian Art, Culture and Heritage, rather than merely for its sun, sand and sea -- is exemplified by the Company’s physical environs as well as throughout the scope of its varied activities.

The stately two-storey Bahamian structure at #20 Village Road is a heritage building, just over 70 years old, which is nestled amongst a lush garden of mature trees, including the largest West Indian lignum vitae tree on the island. It is a striking example of traditional Bahamian architecture with its wraparound porch, Abaco pine wooden floors and mahogany staircase balustrades, French doors, a fireplace, sash windows and wooden window shutters.

PHOTO COURTESY OF GUILDEN GILBERT

One of the property’s most striking features is its colourful creative environment. Burnside and artist, John Beadle, Doongalik’s former artistic director, are responsible for the impressive concrete sculptures that can be found throughout the grounds.

Since Doongalik’s relocation from Marina Village in 2011 the compound has expanded to include the Art Gallery and Studio in the main building, which houses an impressive array of local art

in all media, and hosts a variety of creative activities including art shows, book launches, art lectures and demonstrations, as well as a weekly Farmer’s Market. The clapboard house is now the home of the Craft Cottage – a vibrant and fun filled environment that features unique items for sale designed by local artisans. The Annex now houses The Place For Art, a fine art framing establishment which is also home to hyperrealist

PHOTO COURTESY OF GUILDEN GILBERT

The building was originally the home of the Brown Family.

The British High Commission purchased the property in 1972 naming it “Knollwood House” and added an annex building to the property. Knollwood House remained occupied by five successive officers of the British Royal Navy and their wives until 1987 when the property became the subject of several newspaper articles following the death of the last occupant’s wife who was found drowned in the pool. On the return of the officer to the UK to attend the inquest into his wife’s death, the building was abandoned for a period of time until it was bought by The Architect’s Partnership, of which Burnside was a partner. It was painstakingly restored to its former glory and in 1999 Burnside designed and constructed a traditional Bahamian clapboard house to the north of the main building that is raised off the ground on corner cement blocks and features a front porch and push out shuttered windows. The architectural firm of Jackson Burnside Limited operated in the main building from 1996 until the company closed in 2015.

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In 2008, Burnside, ever the cultural visionary, formed a community organization called ‘Creative Nassau’ (www. creativenassau.com) along with his wife and a group of committed Bahamians including Patricia Glinton-Meicholas, Dr Davidson Hepburn, John Cox, Vaughn Roberts, Dr Nicolette Bethel, Paulette Mortimer, Sonia Farmer, Royann Dean - and later joined by Rosemary Hanna, Quinton and Maureen Woodside, Yvette Rolle - who believe passionately in Bahamian creativity with a mission to promote and celebrate Bahamian Art, Culture and Heritage from the Inside Out. The group met consistently for six years, and in May of 2014 submitted their application to UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) to have the City of Nassau designated as a Creative City of Crafts and Folk Arts based on the country’s rich Straw Industry and its vibrant Junkanoo traditions.

On December 1, 2014 the group was successful in their bid, one of the first cities of the region to do so, and the City of Nassau is now a member of the prestigious UNESCO Creative Cities Network, along with 68 other cities worldwide. The Network’s goal is to develop international cooperation among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor of sustainable development through the sharing

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PHOTO COURTESY OF GUILDEN GILBERT

of experiences, knowledge and resources in the framework of partnerships including the public and private sectors, professional organizations, communities, civil society and cultural institutions.

Formed four decades ago out of the firm and unwavering belief in the genius of the Bahamian people and the power of their creativity, the spirit of Doongalik - this small spark of commitment to the development of the ‘true true’1 Bahamian experience – has ignited the Creative Nassau flame which is slowly but surely spreading from person to person, community to community, island to island, and from The Bahamas to the world.

We invite you to join us on this journey!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->> The phrase ‘true true’ was coined by Bahamian writer, researcher and cultural icon, Patricia Glinton-Meicholas, and denotes the description of a genuine Bahamian person, place or thing.

PHOTO COURTESY OF GUILDEN GILBERT

coloured pencil artist Kim Smith, who teaches art classes to children and adults. By 2016 the Jackson Burnside Library and Resource Centre will be operational in the main building.

This project is being financed from in memoriam donations collected after Burnside’s passing in May 2011, and it will house his vast collection of books, speeches and memorabilia for the purpose of public research and information gathering.

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®

TAKING THE CARIBBEAN BY STORM

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uring hurricane season roofs tend to be the part of a building or home that incurs the most damage; Enviroshake® inc. is out to change that. Enviroshake® is a composite roofing product that replicates the size and appearance of a natural aged wood shake. In fact, this specially engineered product lightens to a grey colour within 3-9 months of installation, matching the antique look of a conventional wood roof. But while Enviroshake® creates an aged façade, the product can absolutely stand the tests of demanding coastal climates and time.

All Enviroshake® inc. products are made from 95% recycled post-industrial material making them an environmentally friendly product, as well as ones with exceptional durability, and performance. In tropical climates wood or cedar’s lifespan

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can be as short as 5-10 years. It becomes susceptible to mold, mildew, insects, and water absorption makes the shakes warp, crack, and discolor. Unlike natural wood shakes, Enviroshake® Inc. products do not face these problems. Enviroshake® has less than 2% moisture absorption, meaning mold, mildew, and cracking are non-issues even in high humidity climates.

Unlike wood shakes, Enviroshake® has UV-stabilizers and anti-fungicides in its composition so it will not discolor and will not be susceptible to insects or critters. Enviroshake® Inc. has also conducted water run off samples tested through the province of Ontario labs for drinking water standards, and the results showed no evidence of bacterial contamination.

This means the run off water from an Enviroshake® roof is fit for potable water usage. Lastly, Enviroshake® inc. products are not damaged by salt-spray due to the unique formulation.

PHOTO CREDITS: WWW.ENVIRONSHAKE.COM 2011

enviroshake

most importantly however, is Enviroshake®’s wind resistance and durability.

Enviroshake® is to be installed at a 9-inch exposure, with either stainless steel nails or screws. Enviroshake® inc. products have exceptional wind resistance, and at a 9-inch exposure Enviroshake® can withstand level 5 hurricane winds of speeds up to 180 MPH/ 290 km/h. “Following the passage of hurricane Irene it was apparent that the winds, some of which were gusting up to 120mph had resulted in some considerable damage to numerous roofs. I am happy to say that the Enviroshake® roof we installed on Bay Street was not one. The product maintained its integrity throughout the storm, both resisting the force of the wind and effective barrier against almost pressurized wind borne rain. In no small part can the success of this property to resist the elements throughout the hurricane attributed to the consistent quality performance of the product.” Stated Pete Worboys, Project Manager at John F. Dunns & Associates in Nassau Bahamas.

Enviroshake® inc. products also have minimal heat transfer.

Due to Enviroshake®’s unique special air pocket design on the backside of the Enviroshake®, it offers limited heat transfer. An Enviroshake®, when installed on a ½” wood deck, will only transfer 31.66% of the surface heat to the lower deck, Enviroshake® with Rfoil will transfer 31.58%, and Enviroshake® with Rfoil on slats will transfer only 20% (see figure 2). Compared to a natural cedar shake that will transfer 39.03% of the heat imposed on it, Enviroshake® permits significantly less heat transfer.

& CEO of London Enterprises Ltd. stated, “We own and operate one of North America’s finest high end lodge resorts known as Sonora Resort, a member of the Relais & Chateaux group, and were rated #1 luxury resort in Canada for 2011.

When we purchased the resort we decided we wanted to maintain the elegance and traditional look and feel of cedar shakes while having the best fire resistant product possible.

We chose Enviroshake®. During a severe windstorm one of our new 12,500 square foot lodge additions suffered a

Unlike cedar, Enviroshake® is extremely fire retardant. Tested in accordance with ASTM E 108, Enviroshake® inc. products have a Class A system fire rating when installed with a Class A underlayment. A true testament to this is the Senora Resort in British Columbia Canada, where an Enviroshake® roof prevented the spread of a resort fire. G.W. Powell, President

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PHOTO CREDITS: WWW.ENVIRONSHAKE.COM 2011

construction fire, equivalent to a two-alarm city event. Our fire suppression system combined with the fire resistant properties of Enviroshake® helped contain the fire to the new construction area...two of the original lodge building still had cedar shakes caught fire unlike the roofs with Enviroshake®...”

Enviroshake® truly is a roofing product that has the durability and performance demanded from affluent homeowners and property managers alike.

caps for each roof. Enviroshake® also has significantly less waste than wood shakes, which traditionally run in the range of 15 – 20%. Given the labor savings and waste savings, Enviroshake® has an installed cost equivalent to that of wood

Notable Caribbean projects Enviroshake® has the privilege of re-roofing include: • The Sandy Lane Resort, Barbados • Zemi Beach Resort, Anguilla • The Body Holiday by LeSport Resport, St. Lucia • Jumby Bay Resort, Antigua • Beaches Boscobel, Ochos Rios, Jamaica • Azul Sensatori, Negril, Jamaica • Bahamar, Nassau, Bahamas For a complete list visit www.enviroshake.com/Caribbean

shakes.

When you add the labour savings to the fact that Enviroshake® is virtually maintenance free, and comes with a 25 warranty, the lifetime savings and the value of putting an Enviroshake® roof on over wood shakes is significant.

Overall, it is Enviroshake®’s premium aesthetics, performance, longevity, and value proposition over natural wood shakes that are making it the roofing product of choice for many property managers, architects, and homeowners in the Caribbean. Enviroshake® Inc. hopes to continue to grow their market share in the Caribbean roofing market, and continues to focus on research & design, and continuous testing, that will ensure Enviroshake® continues to achieve the highest standards set out for roofing materials.

PHOTO CREDITS: WWW.ENVIRONSHAKE.COM 2011

On top of being a durable roofing material with proven performance, Enviroshake® inc. products are also easy to install. Unlike wood shakes, Enviroshake® can be installed much more efficiently, attributing to labour savings of 30% or greater compared to a traditional wood roof installation.

The significant labour savings come from the fact that Enviroshake® does not require hand splitting or sorting, can be installed with a nail gun, does not need to be installed on a breather or wooden slats, and has custom made ridge

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About Enviroshake® Inc. Founded in 1998 in Ontario Canada, Enviroshake® Inc. develops superior composite blends and formulations that are used to create durable, attractive and premium-quality roofing products. The company’s signature product, Enviroshake®, is a long-lasting and sustainable alternative to natural wood shakes and other roofing materials. Even the manufacturing process at Enviroshake® Inc. is environmentally responsible – all scrap materials are recycled back into the system, and the finished product itself is recyclable. Enviroshake® currently has been installed on thousands of roofs worldwide.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->> For more information on Enviroshake® visit www.Enviroshake.com/caribbean, or call us at 1-519-380-9265.

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what defines a good, better or best coating system?

R

esins, the base ingredient in any coating, vary in performance qualities from good to better to best.

Selecting the right coating for the specific application and desired effect is key.

•

• •

A polyester coating is a good generic polymer system with limited weather performance and can achieve a wide variety of colors.

A silicone polyester is better and acts to improve the gloss retention and weather resistance.

A fluoropolymer coating is the best, providing the strongest carbon-fluorine chemical bond known with a slippery finish that enables pollutants to wash away.

Environmental conditions will influence the recommended coating system, including primer, color coat and clear topcoat.

Each system must be selected carefully, considering the substrate, coil coater, chemical conversion/pretreatment, primer and finish coat. Testing procedures will assure high performance of coatings technology and may include ASTM; AAMA 2605, 2604, 2603; online coating quality checks/visual inspection; and natural exposure sites for atmospheric environmental testing.

Accelerated lab testing occurs in special environmental cabinets that are utilized to speed up the weathering process to measure under extreme conditions; tests may include corrosion (salt spray), humidity, UV exposure, dew cycle and abrasion resistance. Accelerated lab testing does not replace real world natural exposure, but it can be used to help test and evaluate a coating’s performance.

Whether coating an architectural wall requiring a pearlescent or intense sparkle effect, or coating a product for a corrosive, heavy industrial environment, selecting the strongest coating option for the application is critical. No matter how well a coating is made, if the wrong ingredients are selected for the application, it has the potential to fail.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>>Piece courtesy of Building Design + Construction authored by Jeff Alexander of Valspar.

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WELCOME TO THE NEW RIVIERA

Texture

Hidden Elements

Materiality

T

he mystique of the Caribbean has entranced visitors for generations. Drum beat rhythms, deep emotion and colourful excitement; sensations that create feelings as vivid as the beautiful turquoise seas The Bahamas has become legendary for. At a time when there was a void of luxury and entertainment, businessman Sarkis Izmirlian dreamed up the exquisite Bahamian playground called BahaMar.

“

BahaMar combines four distinct hotel brands on an interconnected campus of gaming, retail restaurants, convention center, spas, pools and canals on a stunning natural site.

- MHA ARCHITECTS

�

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This mega resort seeks to become establishment powerhouse in tourism and carry several titles including: largest inventory of guestrooms, largest casino in the Caribbean, largest water wall in the world at its main entry, top golf course in the region and one of the best in the world.

COURTESY OF AZALETA ISHMAEL-NEWRY

COURTESY OF AZALETA ISHMAEL-NEWRY

Ground broke on the 3.5 billion dollar mega resort February 21st 2011 after years of investment, design, development and negotiations.

The project employed hundreds of professionals from around the world and The Bahamas, including dozens of consulting companies and thousands of construction workers local and international.

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THE EXPERIENCE AND ARCHITECTURE

& Bungalows, Veer and City Center Las Vegas and Caesars Cairo.

Michael Hong Architects developed the overall design concept for BahaMar. Lead Architect Michael Hong is responsible for major works of similar scope and budget leading projects, such as the world famous Bellagio, Wynn and Encore hotels in Las Vegas and numerous other ventures in the past and on the drawing boards.

In addition myriad local firms contributed to the overall design development of the project including Monarch Architects, Bruce LaFluer & Associates and TDG Architects Ltd. These firms contributed through commercial plaza developments, construction administration and many retail shops and restaurants.

Dianna Wong Architecture + Interior Design developed most of the interiors inclusive of the casino, casino hotel and other elements and spaces across the resort. Her team is responsible for projects such as The Beverley Hills Hotel

On a macro scale the project primary features are the surrounding commercial centre, the 18-hole Jack Nicklaus golf course named Royal Blue, the iconic Convention Center and the Hotels and Casino.

A SPECIAL HOLE AT THE TPC GOLF COURSE

Insitu Arch COURSE Magazine TPC GOLF

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TPC CLUBHOUSE COURTYARD

On a micro scale the four hotel properties, The Grand Hyatt, The BahaMar Casino hotel, The SLS Lux and The Rosewood connect at the gem of the property – the 100,000 square foot BahaMar casino. Each element has been designed to be different yet harmonious, creating a beautiful symphony of design.

The experience begins on entry, as you move across the main gateway bridge under which rests the enormous show lake with a choreographed play with music, light and water, reminiscent of the Bellagio’s world famous fountain.

MAIN PORT COCHERE AT ENTRY WITH WATER-WALL SURROUND

SOUTH VIEW OF THE CASINO HOTEL OVER THE SHOW LAKE

NORTH VIEW OF THE CASINO HOTEL OVER THE POOL AREAS

NORTH VIEW OF THE ROSEWOOD PRIVATE GREENSPACE

BRIDGE ENTRY TO THE ROSEWOOD PRIVATE PORT COCHERE

As you arrive, you are surrounded by the world’s largest waterwall, decadent design details at the driveway, and a gigantic canopy reflecting the level of detail exhibited at every turn.

You are greeted with options. To the left a beautiful lobby leading to the Grand Hyatt. To your right a breathtaking lobby taking you to the BahaMar Casino hotel. All roads lead to the BahaMar Casino with the most cutting edge gaming, sports book and high roller areas available anywhere.

“

Be inspired by the mesmerizing show lake, where majestic water fountains dance in dynamic choreography to unforgettable, original music.

- BAHAMAR

”

SOUTH VIEW OF THE GRAND HYATT OVER THE SHOW LAKE

NORTH VIEW OF THE GRAND HYATT OVER THE POOL AREAS

An unusual treat is the breathtaking view over the reflecting pool and beyond to the turquoise northern coast of Cable Beach. Almost every casino in the world conceals the outdoors while the BahaMar casino welcomes it in and celebrates it. There is outdoor gaming, as well, in one of the most beautiful places on the planet.

Special attention is paid to the SLS Lux and the Rosewood Hotel with private bridges leading to private port cocheres.

Each entry is custom designed having similar macro design strokes, but celebrating individual details that set them apart and tie them to each hotels’ individual design.

“

BahaMar’s shops and restaurants along the promenades and waterways are exuberantly detailed in hot Bahamian colors evoking the energy and spirit of the local island culture.

- MHA ARCHITECTS

”

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The canals at the bridge base areas to the south of the towers, showcase beautiful hardscapes and softscapes along with a human view of the wonderful show fountains.

At the north of the towers are the pools, water features and the pristine beach and ocean reef that is the playground for all guests. An exclusive lush, green croquet field at the Rosewood, and private adult wet areas at the SLS Lux, provide a special treat. The underwater sanctuary at BahaMar with natural and artificial reef areas, safe snorkeling with sharks, stingrays and turtles at the Sanctuary pools, myriad exotic bird varieties in the aviary and relaxed walks amidst flamingos and iguanas, all help to make the BahaMar experience an exclusive one The overarching design theme stems from the environment BahaMar is set in. The name Bahamas loosely translates into shallow sea; BahaMar in its design celebrates that same concept – water. Elegant curves dominate everything. The major towers create a large receiving arc with the Casino at its center. Canopies all around are curved and or arched. Bridges carry visitors over bodies of water and features of water can be seen everywhere even in the smallest details.

“

…I saw this incredible water I mean the color was so vivid, so penetrating all of the stress that I had and was feeling it almost seemed to melt away. And that was my ‘ah ha’ moment and that’s when I really truly realized it’s really about the water.

- MICHAEL HONG

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”

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NORTH VIEW OF THE SLS LUX OVER THE POOL AREAS

Following the opulent luxurious design direction of Izmirlian, interior designer Dianna Wong crafted concepts unique to the location, creating what has been coined in the Casino Hotel as a ‘Riviera Rococo’ with the addition of some ‘Junkanoo Deco’. With over-the-top grand flourishes using white plaster, precious metals and materials, she has successfully defined a feeling typically only tied to the local cultural festival. Spaces feel well thought out, ample; this grandness of scale has never been done in ‘Bahamian’.

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The Convention Centre, in itself a feature, holds the largest convention and meeting spaces in the region. With interior and designed exterior meeting spaces, it also features massive ballrooms and connects directly to the main spine running through the Grand Hyatt, BahaMar Casino and the Casino Hotel. This building has been declared the sexiest structure on the entire site with its organic and colorful canopies and combinations of natural stone portals and glass facades.

The Art Collection at BahaMar driven by Bahamian artist John Cox delves into the multifaceted Bahamian culture at three resort galleries. At The Glass Window, located near the Convention Center, explore the depth of Bahamian visual creativity and history in exhibitions from the Dawn Davies and D’Aguilar Art Foundation collections. At The Glass Bridge, in the Meliá, see exciting contemporary exhibitions by local artists. Try a workshop, attend a lecture or purchase local art at The Current Art Studio and Gallery, which displays ongoing exhibitions. The Art collection to be displayed will include hundreds of coveted Bahamian pieces from private collections, as well as commissioned work by Bahamian artists both well known and obscure.

2015 will be a great year to see new things. Those not lucky enough to be a part of the development of this massive multi-billion dollar development will be pleasantly surprised by what they experience at BahaMar, the Bahamian Riviera.

SOUTH VIEW OF THE ULTRA VILLAS WITH THE ROSEWOOD IN THE BACKGROUND

“

…Junkanoo Deco brings along the vibrancy, the color, the shapes the forms and the energy behind Junkanoo and trying to translate that into an aesthetic language.

- DIANNA WONG

”

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A BALCONY VIEW

CASINO HOTEL STANDARD GUEST ROOM

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GRAND HYATT STANDARD GUEST ROOM

Credit to photographer for in-room artwork: Keisha Oliver, “The Forgotten Se

ROSEWOOD STANDARD GUEST ROOM

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ALL IMAGES UNLESS OTHER WISE NOTED HAVE BEEN PROVIDED BY BAHAMAR.

EXPANSIVE NORTH PROPERTY VIEW ON HISTORIC CABLE BEACH

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cornerstone design:

CARIBBEAN CONTEMPORARY

(Jamaica)

T

he designs of Cornerstone Design Limited in Jamaica has consistently been admired by professionals throughout the region and this project is no different. Embracing that perfect blend between passive sustainable, traditional vernacular and the contemporary style is quite evident in this feature

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project. This home in St. Andrews, Jamaica exhibits a jealous view of a most wonderful skyline while really inviting the beautiful outdoors inside. In true Jamaican fashion orientation, long overhangs as needed by function and perfect use of the hillside terrain this project pays respect to its placement.

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LOW-SLOPE MEMBRANE ROOF SYSTEMS

COURTESY CARLISLE SYNTEC SYSTEMS

CONTINUING EDUCATION

guidelines for designing

BY JASON WILEN, AIA, CDT, RRO Architect Jason Wilen is Director of Technical Services with the National Roofing Contractors Association. He is a Construction Documents Technologist and Registered Roof Observer.

C

ritical aspects of roof system designs are often left unaddressed, resulting in incomplete contract documents. This course identifies the information roofing contractors generally need from roof system designers to provide complete and building code-compliant low-slope roof systems. While generally written from the perspective of new construction, the information presented here can also be applied to roof replacements in most situations.

Manual and practices compliant with the roofing-related provisions of the 2012 edition of the International Building Code (IBC 2012). Even in jurisdictions that have not adopted IBC, its provisions are often considered an indication of the standard of care for roof system design. Part 1 of this course covers guidelines applicable to all types of roof membranes. Part 2 (available at www.BDCnetwork.com/NRCAroof, along with the 10-question exam), discusses guidelines for specific roof membranes and roof system cover boards.

Guidelines in this article are based on The NRCA Roofing

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required roof covering classification based on building construction type as defined in IBC 2012 Chapter 6 - Types of Construction.

CONTINUING EDUCATION

PART 1. DESIGN GUIDELINES APPLICABLE TO ALL LOW-SLOPE MEMBRANE TYPES No matter the type of roof system selected, roof system designers should include certain fundamental information in contract documents, notably the roof system’s: • Fire-resistance classification • Uplift resistance • Roof slope and drainage attributes

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DETERMINE THE CORRECT FIRE-RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATION FOR YOUR PROJECT The building code contains provisions requiring roof assemblies to have specific fire-resistance properties. IBC 2012 contains provisions for external and internal fireresistance classifications of roof assemblies. Typically, only provisions for roof assembly performance against external fire exposure are within the roofing contractor’s scope of work and thus should be included in roof system-related specification sections in project documents.

An important - and often misunderstood - aspect of ASTM E108 and UL 790 is that roof membrane materials (called “roof coverings” in IBC 2012) are always tested and classified as part of complete roof assemblies. The class designation thus obtained applies to whole roof assemblies and not roof coverings by themselves. Roof system designers should coordinate with roof membrane manufacturers to ensure specified roof assembly components - the roof deck, vapor retarder (if used), substrate or thermal barrier, insulation, and roof covering - have been tested together per ASTM E108 or UL 790 and that the resulting fire classification (A, B, or C) meets or exceeds the minimum fire classification required in IBC 2012 Table 1505.1.

Note: In most instances, the minimum fire classification required by building codes is Class B or C, although building owners may desire Class A for certain projects. Certification of ASTM E108 or UL 790 roof assembly fire classification from roof membrane manufactures is sometimes specified as a required construction submittal.

UL 790 are separate and independently maintained documents that provide the same test protocols and classification criteria. ASTM E108 or UL 790 testing results determine a Class A (most severe fire exposure), Class B (less severe fire exposure), or Class C (lowest level of fire exposure) classification. Roof covering material type and deck type determine the required number of duplicate test assemblies for tested roof coverings.

TEST AND MEASURE UPLIFT RESISTANCE Construction specifications that address wind design for low-slope membrane roof systems are often inadequate.

Roof system designers should not place the responsibility for determining roof system or individual component design wind loads on manufacturers, component suppliers, installers, or roofing contractors. Nor should roof system designers rely on specifying wind speed warranties as a substitute for building-code–required wind design data. Such warranties typically do not address such factors as ultimate and nominal design wind speeds, building height, risk category, wind exposure, and internal pressure coefficients as applied to a specific building - all of which are necessary for properly determining a roof system’s design wind loads for building code compliance.

The assemblies are subject to evaluation during and after testing. When the required minimum number of test assemblies meets the evaluation criteria, assemblies are classified according to the level of fire exposure used. IBC 2012 Table 1505.1 indicates the minimum

Building code provisions for uplift resistance for roof assembly components are located in IBC 2012 Chapter 15 - Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures. General wind resistance provisions for roofs are in IBC 2012 Section 1504.1 Wind resistance of roofs. The section states: “1504.1

IBC 2012 Section 1505 - Fire Classification contains provisions for roof assemblies to be tested in accordance with ASTM International E108, or Underwriters Laboratories 790, both titled “Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings.” ASTM E108 and

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IBC 2012 Chapter 16 - Structural Design prescribes the minimum structural loading requirements for use in the design and construction of buildings and other structures.

The referenced Chapter 15 sections provide categoryspecific requirements for resisting design wind loads in roof assemblies, as determined in accordance with Chapter 16.

For low-slope membrane roof systems, provisions in IBC 2012 Sections 1504.3 and 1504.4 are relevant.

Section 1504.3 contains the following relevant provisions: “1504.3 Wind resistance of nonballasted roofs. Roof coverings installed on roofs in accordance with Section 1507 that are mechanically attached or adhered to the roof deck shall be designed to resist the design wind load pressures for components and cladding in accordance with Section 1609.

Section 1504.3 applies to roof systems that do not use ballast to resist wind-uplift loads, such as adhered and mechanically attached roof systems. Roof system designers are required to demonstrate that the proposed fastening schedules will resist the wind uplift loads.

Section 1504.3.1 contains additional provisions for nonballasted low-slope roof systems (roof systems with slopes less than 2:12). Membrane roof systems are required to demonstrate building code–required uplift load resistance, using one of three referenced testing methods.

FM Approvals (FM) 4474, “American National Standard for Evaluating the Simulated Wind Uplift Resistance of Roof Assemblies Using Static Positive and/or Negative Differential Pressures,” provides three test methods for evaluating roof assemblies’ resistance

COURTESY SIKA SARNAFIL

“1504.3.1 Other roof systems. Roof systems with built-up, modified bitumen, fully adhered or mechanically attached singleply through fastened metal panel roof systems, and other types of membrane roof coverings shall also be tested

in accordance with FM 4474, UL 580 or UL 1897.”

CONTINUING EDUCATION

Wind resistance of roofs. Roof decks and roof coverings shall be designed for wind loads in accordance with Chapter 16 and Sections 1504.2, 1504.3 and 1504.4.”

Roof membrane manufacturers recommend that a roof assembly have a positive slope for drainage and should allow for short durations of ponding water. IBC 2012 Section 1507 - Requirements for Roof Coverings stipulates that low-slope membrane roof systems like this one have a minimum design slope of one-fourth unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2% slope) for drainage.

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IBC 2012 also contains provisions addressing wind uplift design of ballasted low-slope membrane roof systems.

Section

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to simulated uplift loads. Tested assemblies are assigned a simulated wind-uplift resistance - for example, FM 1-60, FM 1-75, FM 1-90, and so on - in increments of 15. (Note: The leading “1” indicates the tested assembly meets FM 4450’s Class 1 fire-resistance requirements and is not relevant to wind uplift.) An FM 4474 rating applies to an assembly characterized by the specific set of components and attachments used in testing.

The rated uplift resistance indicates the assembly’s maximum design uplift load multiplied by a safety factor of 2. For inst ance, an assembly rated FM 1-90 is appr opriate for installation in r oof areas with a maximum design uplift load of 45 psf in the field of the roof.

Design uplift load in perimeter and corner roof areas is required to have higher wind uplift ratings.

UL 580, “Standard for Tests for Uplift Resistance of Roof Assemblies,” provides a test method for evaluating a roof assembly’s resistance to negative and positive pressures. Tested assemblies are classified UL Class 15, UL Class 30, UL Class 60, or UL Class 90. A UL 580 classification applies to an assembly characterized by the specific set of components and attachments used in the testing. The rating scheme indicates the assembly’s maximum design uplift load. Thus, a UL Class 90 assembly is appropriate for installation in roof areas with a maximum design uplift load of 90 psf, with no safety factor included.

UL 1897, “Standard for Uplift Tests for Roof Covering Systems,” provides a test method for evaluating roof systems’ attachment to roof decks using static differential pressures. Tested roof systems are rated according to the maximum static pressure difference uplift load recorded sustained for one minute without failure in increments of 15 psf. Ratings are assigned without a safety factor. A UL 1897 classification applies to a r oof system characterized by the specific set of components and attachments used in testing.

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1504.4 states: “1504.4 Ballasted low-slope roof systems.

Ballasted low-slope (roof slope <2:12) single-ply roof system coverings installed in accordance with Sections 1507.12 and 1507.13 shall be designed in accordance with Sections 1504.8 and ANSI/SPRI RP-4.”

Sections 1507.12 and 1507.13 provide prescriptive installation requirements for thermoset and thermoplastic single-ply low-slope membrane roof systems. Section 1504.8 addresses the use of aggregate on roofs; it disallows the use of rooftop aggregate in hurricane-prone regions and restricts aggregate use based on wind speed and roof height criteria.

ANSI/SPRI RP-4, “Wind Design Standard for Ballasted Single-ply Roofing Systems,” developed by the Single-ply Roofing Industry (SPRI), provides a method of designing wind-uplift resistance of ballasted single-ply roof systems.

Central to the design method is the idea that the ballast will not blow off roofs at design wind speeds.

ANSI/SPRI RP-4 provides generic design options for applications categorized as conventional ballasted roof systems and protected membrane roof systems. An appropriate system design may be determined based upon the design wind speed, building height, importance factor, exposure category, and parapet height.

IBC 2012 also contains provisions addressing wind uplift resistance of perimeter-edge flashing for membrane roof systems. Section 1504.5 states: “1504.5 Edge securement for low-slope roofs. Low-slope built-up, modified bitumen, and single ply-roof system metal edge securement, except gutters, shall be designed and installed for wind loads in accordance with Chapter 16 and tested for resistance in accordance with Test Methods RE1, RE-2, and RE-3 of ANSI/SPRI ES-1, except Vult wind speed shall be determined from Figure 1609A, 1609B or 1609C as applicable.”

Section 1505.4 requires roof system designers to specify the

Responsibility for determining and clearly identifying wind design data, including design wind loads for roof systems, is required by building codes. Therefore, roof system designers should note design wind loads for subject buildings in contract documents. Roof systems designers may retain structural engineers or other qualified consultants to help them fulfill their design responsibilities.

KEEP ROOF DRAINAGE POSITIVE NRCA recommends low-slope membrane roof systems be designed to provide positive drainage. The criterion for judging proper slope for drainage is that there be no ponding water on the roof 48 hours after a rain during conditions conducive to drying. Roof membrane manufacturers also generally recommend that a roof assembly have a positive slope to drain and should allow for short durations of ponding water.

IBC 2012 Section 1507 - Requirements for Roof Coverings requires that low-slope membrane roof covering systems have a design slope of a minimum of one-fourth unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2% slope) for drainage, and one-eighth unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (1% slope) for coal-tar built-up roofs.

While IBC 2012 requires that the materials and method of application used for recovering or replacing an existing roof covering shall meet the same requirements as for new construction, there is an exception. Section 1510 Reroofing states that reroofing shall not be required to meet the minimum design slope requirement of onequarter unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2% slope) in Sect ion 1507 for roofs that provide positive roof drainage.

Secondary or emergency drainage is also a requirement in IBC 2012. Section 1503.4 - Roof Drainage requires that secondary drainage be provided via roof drains or scuppers where the roof perimeter construction extends above the roof in such a manner that water will be entrapped if the primary drains allow buildup for any reason. The section also states that the roof drainage systems shall comply with the International Plumbing Code (IPC 2012). IPC 2012 Section 1108—Secondary (Emergency) Roof Drains requires that secondary roof drain systems have the end point of discharge separate from the primary system.

In general, slope is incorporated into roof assembly design by: • Sloping the structural framing or deck. This method is more complex than for non-sloped structures and requires coordination during the design process to ensure proper placement of roof drains, scuppers, and other drainage components.

• Designing a tapered insulation system. This method is appropriate for both new construction and reroofing projects, as well as in cases where a roof deck will not provide adequate slope to drain. The tapered insulation also can contribute thermal resistance as part of meeting the code requirement for minimum insulation value.

• Using an insulating fill that can be sloped to drain. Lightweight insulating concrete, thermosetting insulating fill, and spray polyurethane foam (SPF) are examples of systems that can be installed over level or irregular roof assembly surfaces to achieve positive slope. Geographical location, structural considerations, compatibility with other components, and the geometry of the area to be sloped must be considered in determining the feasibility of this option.

• Proper location of roof drains, scuppers, and gutters. The roof system designer should determine the location of drainage elements. For reroofing, modifications to existing drainage elements, such as raising or lowering

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design and fastening of roof system perimeter metal (coping, fascia, and gravel stop) used with membrane roof systems, except gutters, to withstand design wind loads at roof edges.

Testing according to the test methods provided in ANSI/ SPRI ES-1, “Wind Design Standard for Edge Systems Used with Low Slope Roofing Systems,” is required to demonstrate the edge metal design’s performance. Design wind loads are required to be determined using the ultimate design wind speed and IBC 2012’s Chapter 16, which is based on ASCE 7-10, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.”

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a drain or scupper, may be necessary to provide proper drainage. Adding drains or scuppers can lead to conflict with existing building elements, and the additional drainage elements have to be integrated with existing building systems. There’s also added cost to consider.

CONTINUING EDUCATION

Most often, a combination of methods will be used to create adequate roof slope and drainage.

The following common roof membrane types, including usage guidelines and relevant U.S. product standards, are addressed in this part: • Built-up roof (BUR) • Polymer-modified bitumen • Single-ply roof membranes: thermoset and thermoplastic

Contract documents should clearly indicate the slope and drainage method for roof systems. At a minimum, the following roof slope and drainage-related information should be included by roof system designers in contract documents: • Roof slope and drainage elements, such as roof drains, scuppers, and gutters, should be clearly and completely shown.

• Mechanical documents should indicate placement of rooftop equipment. The equipment and associated support elements should not interfere with anticipated drainage paths.

• Structural documents should indicate the type of roof deck and may include sloping elements and mechanical equipment supports.

• Roof-related drawings should be coordinated. Details should be appropriate for the type of roof system being specified.

• Roof-related specifications should include anticipated roof system elements and be consistent with information shown on construction drawings.

Roof system designers should work with roof membrane manufacturers to ensure specified roof systems types are appropriate for the intended building types and uses.

This concludes Part 1 of this course. Part 2, which discusses guidelines for specific roof membranes, along with the 10-question exam, can be found at www.

BDCnetwork.com/NRCAroof.

Base sheets serve several functions: separating a roof system from a substrate; providing support for a roof system over slightly rough or irregular substrates; serving as an attachment or base layer for adhering rigid insulation board on nailable roof decks; serving as a strengthening first layer in builtup roof membranes, temporary roof systems, and built-up vapor retarders; and serving as a singlelayer vapor retarder.

> EDITOR’S NOTE

Additional reading is required for this course. To earn 1.0 AIA CES HSW learning units, read the full article carefully and take the exam posted at: www.BDCnetwork.com/NRCAroof.

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PART 2. MEMBRANE-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR LOW-SLOPE ROOF SYSTEMS In addition to general guidelines applicable to all lowslope membrane roof systems, roof system designers should provide important product-specific roof membrane information in contract documents.

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BUILT-UP ROOF (BUR)—MULTIPLE-PLY ROOFING SYSTEMS BUR systems consist of multiple layers of saturated felts, coated felts, fabrics, or mats assembled in place shingle fashion with alternate layers of bitumen and surfaced with mineral aggregate, bituminous materials, a liquid-applied coating, or a granule-surfaced cap sheet.

BUR reinforcement felts and sheets. Roll-roofing materials described here serve as reinforcing layers in BUR membranes.

Fire and wind-uplift test reports for BUR roof systems for mopped (generally hot- or cold-applied bitumen-based products), mechanically attached, or ballasted systems typically are published by the manufacturers.

Roll-roofing materials used as reinforcement in built-up roof membrane construction fall into three categories: base sheets, ply sheets, and mineral-surfaced cap sheets.

Heavyweight base sheets can help smooth out some substrates

Common varieties of base sheets used in BUR roof systems are:

Ply sheets are installed directly over base sheets or over rigid board insulation as interply sheets in BUR membranes. The most common ply sheets in use today are various types of fiberglass-mat ply sheets. Organic-mat reinforced ply sheets have largely disappeared from the U.S. market. Common varieties of ply sheets used in BUR roof systems are:

Mineral-surfaced cap sheets are sometimes used as components of built-up membrane systems as the topmost layer of BUR membranes. The U.S. product standard for mineral-surfaced sheets is ASTM D3909, “Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt) Surfaced With Mineral Granules.”

Other membrane surfacing options include liquid-applied coatings or a flood coat of hot bitumen and aggregate.

POLY MER-MODIFIED BITUMEN: ‘PLASTICIZED’ OR ‘RUBBERIZED’ IN NATURE Polymer-modified roof membranes are composed of reinforcing fabrics, usually polyester, fiberglass, or both, that serve as carriers for polymer-modified bitumen as it is manufactured into a roll material. Reinforcements in polymer-modified bitumen sheets help keep bitumen in place within sheets, provide tensile strength, and allow for varying degrees of sheet elongation.

There are two general types of polymer-modified asphalts: 1) those with asphalt that is modified with atactic polypropylene (APP) polymer and 2) those with asphalt that is modified with styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) polymer. These two general types of polymer modifiers give rise to materials that differ in physical characteristics as well as chemical composition. Generally, APP polymers modify the asphalt to give the resultant material a “plasticized” nature. SBS polymers modify the asphalt to give the resultant material a “rubberized” nature.

Most polymer-modified bitumen roof membrane specifications employ multiple-layer configurations consisting of a base layer or plies and a polymermodified bitumen membrane cap sheet. APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen products can be used over a

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that have slightly irregular surfaces, such as cold joints in concrete decks, and provide acceptable surfaces onto which the remainder of built-up roof membranes can be adhered.

On wood and other nailable roof decks, base sheets works well to help cover roof deck joints and assist in preventing bitumen drippage into buildings. When mechanically fastened to decks, base sheets can provide an acceptable surface onto which the remainder of BUR systems cans be assembled.

multiple-ply fiberglass-reinforced BUR membrane.

Note: NRCA does not recommend the use of polymermodified bitumen roof membranes where only one layer of roofing material is installed. Hotor cold-applied bitumen is used as an adhesive to adhere the polymermodified bitumen sheets together or to a substrate.

Base sheets. The base layer of APP and SBS polymermodified bitumen membranes roof systems functions similar to that of BUR base sheets. Common varieties of ply sheets used in polymer-modified roof systems are:

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Cap sheets. Granule-surfaced and metal foil laminate sheets generally serve as polymer-modified cap sheets; a large variety of reflective cap sheets have recently become available. Products in this category include granule-surfaced sheets with additional factory-applied coating, smooth sheets with factory applied coating, and sheets with factory-applied thermoplastic film surfacing.

Common varieties of cap sheets used in polymer-modified roof systems are:

Interply sheets are sometimes used in place of singlelayer base sheets in multiple layers beneath APP or SBS polymermodified bitumen cap sheets. Common varieties of interply sheets used in polymer-modified roof systems are:

THERMOSET SINGLE-PLY - ONE LAYER OF MEMBRANE WITH ADHERED SEAMS Single-ply roof membranes are a category of roof membranes that are field-applied using just one layer of membrane material, either homogeneous or composite, rather than multiple layers. The only thermoset materials commonly used in construction of single-ply roof membranes in North American are ethylene propylene

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diene terpolymer or ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber (EPDM) sheets.

Thermoset roof membranes are manufactured as cured or vulcanized sheets, or partially cured sheets that are intended to fully cure on the roof. Unlike thermoplastic materials, thermoset polymers, once fully cured, can only be bonded to like materials with a liquid-applied adhesive (glue) or

The most common thicknesses of EPDM single-ply roof sheet materials are 45 mils and 60 mils. EPDM roof membrane sheets are typically reinforced with a polyester scrim or fabric that is positioned during manufacturing near the middle of the finished thickness of the EPDM sheet.

Some EPDM sheets are also manufactured with nonwoven polyester fleece backing adhered to the underside of a (typically) unreinforced sheet. Fabric-backed EPDM may facilitate adhesion to a substrate, serve as a separator from the substrate, or perform both functions.

The U.S. product standard applicable to nonvulcanized (uncured) EPDM used for flashing applications is ASTM D4637, “Standard Specification for EPDM Sheet Used in Single-ply Roof Membrane” (Type I - unreinforced; Type II - reinforced; Type III - fabric-backed).

THERMOPLASTIC SINGLE-PLY - ONE LAYER OF MEMBRANE WITH WELDED SEAMS With thermoplastic single-ply roof membranes, the chemical and physical characteristics of the component materials allow them to repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled. Typically, there is no chemical cross-linking in the molecular composition of a thermoplastic membrane’s compound. Due to the chemical nature of thermoplastic materials, thermoplastic sheets typically are seamed by heat welding with hot air.

The three common subcategories of thermoplastic membranes are: 1) polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 2) thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), and 3) ketone ethylene ester (KEE).

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is produced by the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, a gaseous substance resulting from the reaction of ethylene with oxygen and hydrochloric acid. The basic chemical resin is a relatively hard material that requires the addition of plasticizers to make it supple and pliable for use as a flexible membrane roofing material.

Chemical stabilizers and proprietary ingredients are added to PVC membrane materials by manufacturers.

of PVC is necessary for the PVC roof membranes to achieve the desired physical properties. NRCA recommends designers specify PVC membranes with a minimum thickness of 45 mils for use in conventional single-ply roof systems.

The U.S. product standard applicable to PVC membrane is ASTM D4434, “Standard Specification for Poly (V inyl Chloride) Sheet Roofing.

“Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) sheets are compounded from a blend of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) polymers.

Flame retardants, pigments, UV absorbers, and other proprietary ingredients may be included in TPO sheet formulations. TPO membranes are typically reinforced with a polyester scrim or fabric that is positioned during manufacturing near the middle of the finished thickness of the TPO membrane. NRCA recommends that roof system designers specify a thickness of at least 60 mils for TPO membranes.

The U.S. product standard for TPO membranes used as singleply roof membranes is ASTM D6878, “Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing.”

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adhesive seam tape because new molecular linkages may not be formed.

Ketone ethylene ester (KEE) was introduced by DuPont (under the Elvaloy brand) in 1973 as a solidphase plasticizer for single-ply PVC sheet membranes.

KEE - sometimes r eferred to as ethylene interpolymer (EIP) - is a thermoplastic copolymer of ethylene containing carbon monoxide and either vinyl acetate or acrylate monomer, which provides softness and flexibility. Carbon monoxide groups provide polarity, which promotes compounding with PVC. Elvaloybrand KEE does not leach out of the membrane over time, which enables the KEE sheets to remain flexible and workable.

As with other thermoplastic materials, accurate compounding

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KEE membranes are reinforced with fabric. Some KEE membranes are manufactured with a polyester fabric backer adhered to the underside of the sheet. Fabricbacked KEE membranes may facilitate adhesion to a substrate, serve as a separator from the substrate, or perform both functions.

The U.S. product standard applicable to KEE membranes used as single-ply roof membranes is ASTM D6754, “Standard Specification for Ketone Ethylene Ester Based Sheet Roofing.” This material specification requires that KEE polymer constitute a minimum 50% by weight of the polymer content of the sheet. Some manufacturers market PVC alloy single-ply sheets (also referred to as EIP sheets) with KEE additive that makes up less than the minimum 50% polymer content that distinguishes D6754-compliant sheets.

SPECIFYING LOW-SLOPE ROOF MEMBRANES Roof system designers should coordinate with roof membrane product manufacturers to ensure associated products such as bitumen, fasteners, adhesive, flashings, surfacings, and accessories are appropriately specified and included in contract documents. Selected roof assemblies should also have test reports showing compliance with building code–mandated performance criteria. Relevant product standards should be referenced in specifications for each roll-roofing products, as well as types, grades, classes, or other defining characteristics used in some product standards. Additional guidance is provided in The NRCA Roofing Manual - Membrane Roof Systems (shop.nrca.net).

COVER BOARDS - NOW STANDARD PRACTICE Cover boards are flat or tapered stock materials ranging in size from 2X4 feet to 4X12 feet, in thicknesses from one-eighth of an inch to one inch, depending on material composition. Generally, using appropriate cover boards with roof systems, regardless of roof membrane type, should be considered. NRCA has long advocated cover

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board use as an important roof system design element in low-slope membrane roof systems to enhance overall roof system performance. Originally used as a method to prevent blistering incidents with built-up roof membranes, Cover boards are now recognized as good roofing practice for all low-slope roof system types.

Common cover board types used with low-slope roof assemblies are: • Wood fiberboard • Perlite • Glass-mat-faced gypsum • Fiber-reinforced gypsum • Mineral fiber • High-density polyisocyanurate • Cement • Asphalt core Cover boards are used as part of roof assemblies to achieve the following benefits: 1. To separate membranes from polyisocyanurate insulation, reducing the possible effects of facersheet delamination, edge cavitation, cupping or bowing, shrinkage and crushing, or powdering of the polyisocyanurate insulation.

2. To allow for the installation of insulation board layers with staggered board joints, a practice known to reduce stress on membranes and improve a roof assembly’s overall thermal performance.

3. To achieve a fire-resistance classification, as required for certain roof assemblies.

4. To provide increased roof membrane impact and puncture resistance.

5. To enhance compatibility when membrane and primary insulation incompatibility is possible, such as PVC membrane and polystyrene insulation.

6. To offer protection when ballasting operations or construction traffic may damage low-density primary insulations.

7. To form a thermal break when installed between roof membranes and primary insulation installed with fasteners.

8. To create a separation layer between existing roof systems and a new roof systems in re-cover situations.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PREPARING COMPLETE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS Contract documents should include relevant building-coderelated performance criteria values and appropriate U.S. product standard references. Contract documents should be coordinated with specified roof product manufacturers’ technical and installation literature in order to provide roofing contractors with the information they need to produce complete and thorough bidding documents.

Properly evaluating, selecting, and specifying roof system attachment method, accessories, flashings, terminations, installation instructions, insulation, and vapor retarders is also important for achieving quality low-slope roof membranes. Roof system designers should coordinate with the technical staffs of roof membrane manufacturer, specialty consultants (when appropriate), and local building code officials to ensure specified roof systems are in compliance with building code requirements and the owner’s design goals.

For additional technical guidance, see The NRCA Roofing Manual and NRCA’s other technical and coderelated publications (www.nrca.net).

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Roof system designers should review the roof membrane manufacturer’s literature or consult with the manufacturer’s technical staff when determining the type of cover board to use for a specific roof system. Roof membrane manufacturers test roof assemblies for wind uplift and fire classification based on the entirety of the components within the assembly, including cover boards.

Additional guidance is provided in The NRCA Roofing Manual - Membrane Roof Systems (shop.nrca.net).

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evaluation of climate change USING STATISTICAL METHODS & THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ASPHALT ROADS IN NEW PROVIDENCE INTRODUCTION Global warming has become a major concern for many sectors globally. Climate change has the potential to impact the amount of overland flow consequently impacting the amount of runoff to and from roadways (Kalantari, 2011). Increase drainage then becomes an issue. In addition, both temperature and rainfall increases

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can act in parallel to cause cracking of the paved surface (Norwell, 2004). Higher temperature can affect the durability of seal binders and consequently impact maintenance costs.

AASTO 1993 indicates that bitumen behavior is impacted by the temperature and Taha et al., (2013) finds that increased temperature decreases the modulus of elasticity and therefore roadways will be more susceptible to deformation. This study

Kenya A. Rolle MSc., PhD (Candidate) Caribbean Civil Group Ltd, #19 9th Terrace & West Court P. O. Box N-8511, Nassau, Bahamas.

Phone: 242-325-6357. KARolle@caribbeancivilgroup.com

FRANCIS S. CLARK MSE, MICE, C. ENG., P.E. Caribbean Civil Group Ltd, #19 9th Terrace & West Court P. O. Box N-8511, Nassau, Bahamas FSClarke@caribbeancivilgroup.com

RAY R. MCKENZIE CPM, CL, IRPE, MITE, P.E. Caribbean Civil Group Ltd, #19 9th Terrace & West Court P. O. Box N-8511, Nassau, Bahamas RRMcKenzie@caribbeancivilgroup.com

RICARDO L. BONABY AASC., BSC. Caribbean Civil Group Ltd, #19 9th Terrace & West Court P. O. Box N-8511, Nassau, Bahamas RLBonaby@caribbeancivilgroup.com

assesses temperature changes based on historical data with the intent to review potential impacts of climate change on asphalt roadways in New Providence. Climate data for this study was monitored by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from the Nassau Airport station in New Providence, Bahamas.

New Providence Island (Figure 1) is located at latitude 25o 02â&#x20AC;&#x2122; N and longitude 77o 21â&#x20AC;&#x2122; W. The island is approximately 21 miles in length and 7 miles wide with a population of 246,329 (Bahamas Census, 2010). Temperature observations for this study were collected at the Nassau Airport station in New Providence, Bahamas and monitored by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The average daytime temperature of approximately 30oC (86oF) during the summer months (June-August) and 25oC (75oF) during winter months (December-February).

METHODOLOGY Average daily temperatures were observed at the Nassau Airport station in New Providence, Bahamas and were used to calculate the monthly averages for this region. This study will assess changes in average monthly temperatures

evaluating the time blocks. The blocks were selected with the intent to focus on more recent years, and to include the time period of the recent road works but also giving sufficient years for proper analysis. The three time blocks will consists of average monthly temperatures for 1998-2002 (T1), 2003-2007 (T2) and 2008-2012 (T3). A comparison of the data will be made to determine if there is a significant difference between temperatures during each time period using the statistical methods. A two sample t-test will be used to determine if there is a difference and how much of a difference there is. Daily and monthly averages of temperature to be compared will cover each case: T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3; T2 vs. T3.

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Figure 1: New Providence Island. Average surface temperatures for the island based on satellite remote sensing for the period 1996-2005. NOAA GIS shapefile.

Trend Testing & Statistical Analysis Mann Kendall test is used in this study to identify trends of temperature changes over the time period as did previous studies (Karmeshu, 2012; Deka et al.; Kahya & Kalayc, 2004). To assess changes, two evaluations will be made using Man Kendall: 1) for the T1 to T2 period; 2) for the T1 to T3 period. Mann Kendall statistic (Mann, 1945) is found by calculating the

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incremental difference between the data values to find S, calculating the variance of S and then determining the Z test statistic. For negative Z values less than zero with probability greater than 95% (for this study), the trend is said to be decreasing. For Z values greater than zero with probability less that 95% the trend is said to be increasing. In this study, automated results of the Mann Kendall test were obtained through the Microsoft excel add-in 2012 XLSTAT. Statistical methods is also used to determine any differences between the data. TTest for the means determines if any of the data shows significant differences between each other. Any P-value less than 0.05 imply that the difference between the two data is not significantly different with a 95% confidence.

An overall view of the difference in monthly averages for the temperature will be used to illustrate any changes over the period to show increases or decreases.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION Trend Testing & Statistical Analysis For the average monthly temperature difference, in the case of T1-T2, an increase of 0.67oC (1.2oF) was observed for this 10 year period. Yearly averages show annual temperature increases of 0.6oC (1.1oF) between T1-T2 and 0.12oC (0.21oF) between T2-T3. A similar trend for Alaska is observed with yearly expected increases of more than 0.6oC (1.1oF) per decade (TRB, 2008). Deka et al. found a 1oC per 100 years increase in average and maximum temperature to be significant changes and it has been found that a 1-2oF global change can have a dramatic effect on the earth according to NASA. Moreover, an average monthly temperature difference of 0.05oC was observed for the T2-T3 period indicating very little change over this period. The overall trend tends to fluctuate during the period for this study.

It appears that there is a significant increase in overall temperature from T1-T2, conversely there is no major increase in temperature during the T2-T3 period.

The significance testing shows a similar relationship.

P-values for T1-T2 period illustrate a significant difference between the data, while no such relationship is indicated between T2-T3 with p-values of 0.63. This is suggestive of the significant changes in temperature occurring during the T2 period as compared to T1.

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Greater temperature increases is observed during summer months (Figure 4). There is a 1.1oC temperature increase in the average summer temperature from 1998 to 2012.

Analysis of Possible Impacts on New Providence Roadways Typical roadways have a design life of approximately 20 years in the Bahamas. As early as three years after road construction, maintenance to repair cracks and potholes will be necessary (Salt et. al., 2012). Standards for road construction in the Bahamas is based on Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT, 1999) standard specifications for road and bridge construction. The bitumen type is AC-30 and Type S-I or S-III is used for pavement. (MOW&U, 2004).

Aschuri et al. (2003) determine that the modulus of elasticity for asphalt varies with the cumulative effects of temperature increases and loading, the authors also illustrated the reduction in design life based on incremental increases in temperature and loading as also concluded by several authors (TFHRC, 2003; Hamed, 2010) .

TFHRC (2003) suggests that there is a need for methods to incorporate the asphalt and other pavement response to temperature in road design. An increase in temperature from 25-37.5oC decreased the asphalt stiffness by 71% as found in Aschuri et al. (2003). Temperature also affects the life of bitumen surface treatments (Norwell, 2004). For areas with higher temperatures, like New Providence, heavy loading coupled with high temperatures increases potential for deformations over time consequently reducing the hysteresis effect.

In an effort to adapt to the changing climates Nemry & Demiral (2012) estimate that changing asphalt binder can reduce pavement cracking to maintain a typical maintenance life cycle of 7-10 years. Cracking of the bitumen binder can lead to water seeping below causing damage to the structure of the roads, Salt et al. (2012), suggest that proper maintenance and timely treatment be implemented to avoid costly remediation of the structure. Thicker binders (TFHRC, 2003) or introducing additives to the mix (Hamed, 2010) may be used to avoid deformations as a result of heat and heavy loading design.

inspections and road worthiness. This research intended to provide some insight to the changing temperature in the Bahamas and how it may impact roadways. The significant temperature increasing trend which was observed for the 10 year span should be considered.

Although the current temperature increase does not warrant immediate changes to the current mix design regimen, it is important to predict future outcomes in order to employ preventative measures that will save cost and, in some instances, lives in the long run. The decision to be made is whether adaptation to climate changes should be managed as a gradual incremental process or in preparation for what is to come in the long term.

REFERENCES

AASHTO, 1993. AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. Anfosso-Ledee, F. & Y. Pichaud (2007). Temperature effect on tyre–road noise. Applied Acoustics. 68(1): 1-16 Aschuri, I., R.A. Yamin, D. Haryanto (2003). Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.4, October, 2003 Barrett, M.E., J.F. Malina, and R.J. Charbeneau (1995). Effects of Highway Construction and Operation on Water Quality and Quantity in an Ephemeral Stream. In The Austin, Texas Area, Center for Research in Water Resources, Austin, TX. Beschta, R.L (1978). Long-Term Patterns of Sediment Production Following Road Construction and Logging in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research, 14(6): 6.

Bolstad, P.V., and W.T. Swank (1997). Cumulative Impacts of Landuse on Water Quality in a Southern Appalachian Watershed. American Water Resources Association, 33(3):5.

Bueno, R., C. Herzfeld, E.A. Stanton, F. Ackerman (2008). The Caribbean and Climate Change the Costs of Inaction. Stockholm Environment Institute—US Center Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University.

CARIBSAVE (2012). CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Profile for The Bahamas.

Deka, R.L., C. Mahanta, K.K. Nath (2009). Trends and Fluctuations of Temperature Regime of North East India. ISPRS Archives XXXVIII-8/W3 Workshop Proceedings: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Kalantari, Z. (2011). Adaptation of Road Drainage Structures to Climate Change. TRITA LWR LIC 2061.

Karaburum, A., A. Demirci, F. Kara (2011). Analysis of Spatially Distributed Annual, Seasonal and Monthly Temperatures in Istanbul from 1975 to 2006. World Applied Sciences Journal 12 (10): 1662-1675 Mann H.B. (1945). Non-parametric test against trend. Econometrica 13, 245–259.

Ministry of Works & Utilities (MOW&U) (2004). Design and Construction Guidelines and Plan Preparation Manual for Subdivisions in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. Department of Public Works Civil Design Section John F. Kennedy Drive.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Earth Observatory. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/decadaltemp.php Retrieved June 26, 2013.

Nemry, F., H. Demiral (2012). Impacts of Climate Change: A focus on road and rail transport infrastructures. Joint Research Centre Scientific and Policy Reports.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. ISBN 978-92-79-27037-6 (pdf) Norwell, G. (2004). Impact of Climate Change on Road Infrastructure Sydney. Published by Austroads Incorporated, Austroads Publication No. AP–R243/04 Pareek, A., T. Gupta, R.K. Sharma (2012). Performance of Polymer Modified Bitumen for Flexible Pavements. Int. J. Struct. & Civil Engg. Res. 1(1).

Salt, P.E., P. Malla, R.R. McKenzie, J. John. 2012. A Road Maintenance Management System for New Providence Island. Jamaica Institute of Engineers.

Taha, M.R., S. Hardwiyono, N.I.M. Yusoff, M.R. Hainin, J. Wu, K.A.M. Nayan (2013). Study of the Effect of Temperature Changes on the Elastic Modulus of Flexible Pavement Layers. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5(5): 1661-1667 The Federal Highway Administration Research Technology (TFHART) (2003). LTPP Temperature Prediction and Correction Guide. http://www.ltpp.org/fwd_temp/gendis.htm. Retrieved June 27, 2013.

Transportation Research Board (TRB) (2008). Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation. Transportation Research Board Special Report 290.

USEPA (2010). Vocabulary Catalog List Detail - Aquatic Biodiversity Glossary. http://ofmpub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/ glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&glossaryName=Aquatic%20Biodiversity%20Glossary. Retrieved June 25, 2013 The author can be contacted for content reference as needed.

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CONCLUSION This study looks specifically at temperature changes excluding all other climatic conditions. Trends of storm patterns and precipitation have not been included in this study. Work for this study is limited because there is no account for vehicular impacts due to mechanical issues (oil leaks etc.). The vehicular impacts due to mechanical issues are very problematic as it relates to premature roadway deterioration in the Bahamas.

It has been observed over the past decade that relatively newly constructed roadways are starting to ravel considerably and potholes appear as quickly as 5 years after construction.

Coupled with temperature changes and storm patterns vehicle mechanical problems has become a major issue that requires further studies to direct policies governing vehicle

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the basics and benefits OF AN ENERGY AUDIT

BY IRA L. SMITH PE, CIPM

A

s a practicing electrical engineer, I have conducted a number of energy audits. In a country like the Bahamas with prohibitively high energy costs it comes with the territory. However, at this high point in just the fortieth year of our nation’s history, it is quite encouraging to know that more Bahamians are actively taking steps to reduce their energy footprint. But what precisely constitutes an energy audit? Are there different types of energy audits? Should you consider having your home or business audited? Who should you hire? Who’s qualified?

I’ll attempt to answer these questions and define a few things as we look at some of the basics and benefits of energy audits.

Energy is the ability to do work. Energy is wasted when no meaningful work is done. An example of this could be leaving a refrigerator door open, leaving windows open in an air conditioned room, or leaving the lights on in an unoccupied room. How do you determine how much energy is being used? How much is being wasted? You begin with an energy audit. An energy audit is simply an investigation of exactly how much energy

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is routinely consumed in a facility and in what manner.

The audit also recommends products or practices that can reduce a facility’s energy consumption and provide a cost – benefit analysis for the undertaking. Although efficiency is the central focus of the energy audit, safe operation of the system must be ensured if it is to operate at peak efficiency.

The process starts with a look at the facility’s power bills over the past few years and a visit to the site for a preliminary walk through audit. During the walk- through, the auditor will make notes of the general condition of the facility, type of occupancy, type(s) of lighting, square footage, and other areas of concern or of special interest. Depending on the type and size of the facility this may take less than an hour, or as much as an entire day.

Once the initial assessment is completed, specialized software programs and tools are then brought in to facilitate the detailed energy audit. During this stage the actual energy usage is monitored for a suitable period of time, equipment is scanned with an infrared camera, and inspected for proper operation. Air filters, windows, doors, and insulation are inspected, equipment conditions are verified, and usage patterns are noted among other things. The depth of the audit will depend largely on the facility, i.e., office spaces, retail shops, hotels, banks, and large grocery stores all operate differently and use energy in vastly varied amounts. Water

usage may also be studied as a part of the audit and the client will dictate the scope of the energy audit. The audit can therefore be confined to any subset of the building’s systems such as lighting, or air conditioning, or it can encompass all of them. A simple example of an energy conservation measure might be replacing incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs with more efficient light emitting diode (LED) bulbs. Other examples might be replacing insulation on air conditioning refrigerant lines, replacing broken windows and ceiling tiles, or adding insulation to ceilings.

“

A properly conducted, thorough energy audit is a valuable tool in the hands of any home or business owner.

”

It can illustrate the importance of proper operation and maintenance (O&M) measures and also uncover hidden dangers such as electrical hot spots caused by loose electrical connections. In addition it can definitively quantify the total amount of energy being used in the building and the energy usage of any particular load such as information technology (IT) equipment, exterior lighting, or water heaters for example. Upon completion the audit should present a list of detailed findings and a graphical breakdown of the building’s energy usage. An example energy use distribution is illustrated at right. Any safety concerns should be clearly outlined and potential energy conservation measures should be rank ordered in terms of their ROI (return on investment).

I recommend energy audits particularly for large commercial buildings that run air conditioning, lighting, and other systems for more than 12 hours per day.

The potential energy auditor’s qualifications should be evaluated on an individual basis as there are currently no published regulatory standards with which they must comply. If interviewing or vetting energy auditor, a home

There are a number of firms currently engaged in the design and installation of alternative energy systems and the sale of related products. Some firms will provide a no cost energy audit to potential customers as an introductory offer or as part of a proposal.

Social media may be a good place to begin your search because customers (particularly dissatisfied) will freely comment on their experience with a company. Beware of individuals that make unsubstantiated claims as to their abilities or qualifications. While there are a number of qualified and competent energy managers offering their services to the public there are many more snake oil salesmen in the marketplace. The key here for the perspective client is research. Taking action to conserve energy is easier and more affordable than most people realize. Free resources are just a few clicks away.

So now that you know what an energy audit is, you should get one, and here’s how to get started. BEC’s online Energy Depot is a great place for home and business owners to get started. It features an energy calculator, an energy advisor, a library containing answers to common questions, and best of all, it’s free. The link is posted below or you can go to BEC’s homepage and navigate to the energy depot. For more detailed information or for a professional consultation contact Applied Consultants & Engineering at 242-677-4582 or send an email to ismith@acebahamas.com.

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or business owner may request work samples, letters of recommendation, professional qualifications, and general business compliance data such as a valid business license, proof of insurance, and a letter of good standing from the National Insurance Board.

Suitably qualified energy auditors may be persons such as licensed electricians, Professional Engineers (typically electrical or mechanical), and building contractors.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->> Ira L. Smith is a US (Florida) and Bahamas Licensed Professional Engineer and Certified International Project Manager with over 10 years of experience in the field of electrical engineering. He is an Electrical Engineer at Applied Consultants & Engineering (ACE), a registered Bahamian company. ACE is an engineering firm with over 30 years of combined expertise in the fields of electrical engineering design, material procurement, project management, and construction. The firm’s Principal is Mr. Dennis Nairn. Mr. Nairn is also a Licensed Professional Engineer and Certified Project Manager.

BEC: http://www.energydepot.com/BECRes/index.asp

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