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Insight News

November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021

Vol. 48 No. 45• The Journal For Community News, Business & The Arts • insightnews.com

Elliott Payne - Ward 1

Robin Wonsley Worlobah - Ward 2

LaTrisha Vetaw - Ward 4

Jeremiah Ellison - Ward 5

The Majority STORY ON PAGE 3

Jamal Osman - Ward 6

Andrea Jenkins - Ward 8

Jason Chavez - Ward 9

Aisha Chughtai - Ward 10

Photo by Paul Okelo of Mshale

Page 2 •November November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Insight News

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Insight News • November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Page 3 WINNER: 2020 T YPOGRAPHY & DESIGN, 1ST PLACE, PHOTOGRAPHY (PORTRAIT & PERSONALIT Y), 1ST PLACE, WEBSITE, 3RD PLACE

Insight News November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021

Vol. 48 No. 45• The Journal For Community News, Business & The Arts • insightnews.com

The next Minneapolis City Council set to be majority people of color

By Tom Gitaa and Al McFarlane The nation’s eyes were on Tuesday’s Minneapolis municipal elections for a ballot measure that sought to create a new department of public safety and place the Minneapolis Police Department under it.

That ballot measure failed with only 43% of voters supporting it.

However, people of color who have borne the brunt of the city’s police brutality are smiling as they are set to be the majority in the 13-member city council. Eight of the 13 members that prevailed last night are people of color and six are Black.

New faces in the council that are people of color include Elliott Payne, a Black man, in Ward 1 who defeated incumbent Kevin Reich, a white man.

In Ward 2, Robin Wonsley Worlobah, a Black woman who ran as a Democratic Socialist and is married to a Liberian, defeated four-term incumbent Cam Gordon of the Green Party.

Aisha Chughtai whose parents are from Pakistan won an open seat in Ward 10 previously held by City Council President Lisa Bender.

Chughtai, Payne and Worlobah are the three pickups for people of color in yesterday’s historic election. The three will join Andrea Jenkins, Jeremiah Ellison, LaTrisha Vetaw, Jamal Osman and Jason Chavez to round up the people of color caucus. Vetaw and Chavez are newcomers to the council with Vetaw defeating another person of color, incumbent

minneapolishistorical..org

Ward 4 Councilman Phillipe Cunningham. Chavez, whose parents are from Mexico ran in an open seat to represent Ward 9 replacing another Latino, Councilwoman Alondra Cano who did not seek reelection.

The newcomers are also decidedly young and were propelled to office by the likes of University of Minnesota student Shana Wanjohi.

“Young people are the future. Youth involvement in the electoral process is important because we need to be knowledgeable about the people governing us, and that we receive the resources we need to live safe and peaceful lives here in Minneapolis,” said Wanjohi.

The new Council will be sworn-in in January.

The opportunity for transformative change this Council represents is immeasurable.

In some ways, the seating of this band of visionary pragmatists and no-limits intersectional activists, looks like the era-shifting leadership that erupted on the Minneapolis political landscape in the early to mid1970’s.

Back then, the Foshay Tower, defined Minneapolis’ physical profile. The Phone Book cover cemented this image in our public mind.

Every home and business had a phone book. Every Phone Book displayed the brilliant commercial photography of the era, the expansive and flat cityscape anchored by the phallic

Foshay, that you could see from anywhere in the city. It gave you bearings, a sense of knowing where you were.

Then the world changed.

Young Turks – some known as the DeLaSalle mafia – swept into power like the Doors “Riders On The Storm” or Bob Dylan’s “Rolling Thunder Revue” while Ozzie & Harriet neighborhoods still fixated nightly on “Leave It To Beaver” and “Father Knows Best.”

Mayor Al Hofstede, Northside Council members Lou DeMars, John Derus, Dick Miller and others who had been groomed for power, unleashed pent-up development, deploying then novel financial tools, like tax-increment financing, relegating the Foshay and all it stood for, to the shadows of the IDS and banking towers that disrupted and reconfigured the image of the idea of Minneapolis.

Looks like we are at that place again, some 50 years later. Most of today’s players, the reelected and newly elected, were not even born in the 1970’s. But this group is fueled by a propellant of expectation, transparency and accountability never before seen. What lies ahead may be immeasurable at this moment, but it is not unimaginable. In fact, even more that the DeLaSalle Mafia half a century ago, this group inherits the wings of imagination and the challenge of an era: To leap into equity and equality, into justice and fairness, into yet to discovered solutions that free us all because they are solutions that recognize us and beckon us to co-create a future in which everyone wins.

Panashe MatembaMutasa contributed to this story.

Young People’s Task Force:

Demanding accountibility Columnist

By Brenda Lyle-Gray “What’s wrong with our children?

Adults telling children to be honest while lying and cheating. Adults telling children to not be violent while marketing and glorifying violence. I believe that adult hypocrisy is the biggest problem children face in America.”.

The Young Peoples’ Task Force (YPTF) was formed in October of 2020 with the mission of holding policing and community safety accountable.

The organization is an offspring of the Unity Community Mediation Team (UCMT), a nonprofit community organization that’s been around since the early 2000s.

YTF’s work centers around the memorandum of agreement between the Minneapolis Police Department

and the UCMT. One of the police leaders was then Lieutenant Arradondo, now the Police Chief, who both organizations support. YPTF co-chairs Al Flowers, Jr., Nicolas Martens, Lazaya Smith, and Miles Wilson grew up with role models in their own homes, neighborhoods, communities, and schools. They had been taught about heroes such as Dr. King, John Lewis, and Malcolm X, human and civil rights warriors who started advocating for justice for descendants of slavery and the poor.

The Youth Task Force is supported by Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey and Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arrandondo.

The YTF leadership team met with leaders of the Police Federation following the execution of George Floyd and the upsurge in youth violence.

On May 25, 2020, the world saw what Black Americans have always known: racist fear of the loss of power and the browning of America.

Co-Chair, Nicolas Martens, sees the YTF as a

gateway for a lot of young people who seldom feel safe or comfortable in meeting and trusting new people. “We continue connecting with young people of different ethnicities, genders, ages, and neighborhoods throughout the Twin Cities. On Saturdays, 12 to 2 P.M., we hold forums with youth from the Native American, Somali, and African American communities. Chief Arradondo and Mayor Frey came to North Minneapolis where young people talked to them about their traumatic experiences with the police and their need for resources.”

The young people see tangible change as possible and

News

American Cancer Society and Four Historically Black Colleges and Universities announce groundbreaking in cancer research program

PAGE 5

necessary in their communities.

The Young Peoples’ Task Force says it would like to change public safety officers’ job description from police officer to peace officer. Task force representatives explained to the Federation that there has been a historically negative and traumatic connotation with the word ‘police’. With the concept of peacekeeping, residents of color can have a little bit more faith or trust that the police are coming to help instead of coming to patrol or control, they said.

“We need them to come into our communities to keep the peace but also just

YPTF 4

Hennepin County Sheriff, David P. “Hutch” Hutchinson

Hennepin Sheriff Dave Hutchinson: Bring diversity to law enforcement

By Brenda Lyle-Gray Columnist Not one of us can rest, be happy, be at home, be at peace with ourselves, until we end hatred and division.

Congressman John R. Lewis “The voters in Minneapolis have spoken and the time is now to move forward as a community to evolve policing. We must work together to attract more diverse deputies and officers to the profession; we must develop, deliver, and fund more relevant training focused on the sanctity of life, and we must gather more impact from citizens to better serve every member of

they looked like,” he said.

Jerry Hutchinson would often take his young son to school in his police car after an all-night shift. By the age of 10, he knew his bigger and more progressive ideas for policing just might work. He believed law enforcement needed to be more inclusive, diverse, and respectful in all communities.

At the time, Hutch would be the first LGBTQ sheriff in the Midwest. (source? Brenda.)

Hutchinson began his career as a police officer in Bayport, Minnesota and joined the Metro Transit Police Department in 2006. Prior to winning election as sheriff, he served as a sergeant working on the north side of Minneapolis

We must develop, deliver, and fund more relevant training focused on the sanctity of life, and we must gather more impact from citizens to better serve every member of our communities with empathy, equity, and compassion. our communities with empathy, equity, and compassion. As sheriff, I have been and I’m still committed to working with the leadership of the Minneapolis Police Department to combat crime in the city and enhance delivery of public safety services to its residents. But in the end, it will take all of us working together to restore trust in communities where it has eroded.” Hennepin County Sheriff, David P. “Hutch” Hutchinson, November 2, 2021D AV I D P. David Hutchinson was elected Hennepin County Sheriff in November of 2018.

He was sworn in as the 28th Sheriff of Hennepin County on January 7, 2019. He was told he could not beat the incumbent, but the 15-year public safety professional as a transit officer, and the son of a retired K-9 officer of the Burnsville police force, he was adamant that change had to come sooner rather than later.

“The incumbent sheriff had been in office for 12 years and continued to rely on outdated 1990’s model of policing that ignored transparency and responsiveness to community needs.

Transparency, responsiveness, and flexibility are some of my core values. It was time we elected a sheriff that would respond to everyone, all neighbors, no matter where they came from or what

and surrounding suburbs. He also supervised the Peer Support Program, Crisis Intervention Training (CIT), and Community Engagement Teams.

Hutchinson served in the poorest and most disenfranchised neighborhoods of Hennepin County. He worked with diverse communities, from recent immigrants and refugees to long-established residents.

This experience allowed him to engage in community problem solving and partner with businesses and agencies across the county to improve the safety and health of the city’s communities, he said.

“This is a team effort and as a leader, I would succeed only if I were honest and transparent, and all about bringing people together. I also believed that if we introduced young students from underserved and low-income communities to dedicated police officers -- if we gave them a voice and listened to their concerns, and held stakeholders accountable for their actions, then perhaps we could offer opportunities for the sheriff’s office to promote good paying jobs and benefits from within the ranks.”

The sheriff has been nationally recognized for establishing an overall environment of wellness and healing for the officers and staff,

HUTCHINSON 4

I2H

Why vaccine doses differ for babies, kids, teens and adults

PAGE 6

Page 4 •November November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Insight News

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Conceived by American Bridge 21st Century Co-Chair Gov. Deval Patrick, BridgeTogether will invest in local community groups that are doing critical work to build and sustain a lasting grassroots infrastructure in their states and regions.

‘BridgeTogether’ to Build on 2020 Election Successes, Ensure Key States Can Maintain Grassroots Infrastructure Year-Round by Partnering With Local Groups Mobilizing Voters in GA, AZ, PA

American Bridge and Gov. Deval Patrick announce multi-million-dollar investment in grassroots organizing American Bridge 21st Century Foundation announced the launch of BridgeTogether, a new c(3) and c(4) fund established to support year-round local grassroots organizing.

Conceived by American Bridge 21st Century Co-Chair Gov. Deval Patrick, BridgeTogether will invest in local community groups that are doing critical work to build and sustain a lasting grassroots infrastructure in their states and regions — beginning with Georgia, Arizona, and Pennsylvania.

YPTF From 3 come in and get to know the residents like they do in other wards. All our streets are not dangerous,” said Wilson.

Wilson described an incident downtown where a Black man was being arrested. Thinking about what happened to George Floyd, he stood across the street and monitored the arrest. There were cameras held by witnesses and then there were 8 or 9 police cars approaching with two officers in each car. “When I got there, the apprehended man was sitting down, handcuffed. I could only imagine how scared he was with 14 or 15 police

“Organizing has to go deeper than getting out the vote on the eve of an election cycle,” said Governor Deval Patrick. “It has to be about forming relationships of trust and support year-round and about listening to and learning from local communities. Civic engagement is the foundation for lasting change and real political power. I want donors who support progressive politics to value and invest in that.”

“Our research has made it clear: women are key

to winning elections, and they are exhausted after four years of Donald Trump and a global pandemic. And, we know Democrats wouldn’t have won in 2020 without numerous grassroots organizations led by women and people of color. Grassroots outreach and community building is only more important than last year— not less—and it’s needed now,” said American Bridge 21st Century President Jessica Floyd. “Whether it’s people who don’t have voting booths in their

neighborhoods or those who have never had someone knock on their door, BridgeTogether will invest in grassroots organizations that organize and mobilize their communities to ensure that people from every corner of America are represented.”

The first group of organizations to receive grants will include:  Vote Riders, which Howard University Professor Carol Anderson called “[an organization that] makes the

difference in whether thousands of people get to vote or are disenfranchised”  1K Women Strong, who contacted nearly 40,000 households through canvassing and phone banking in Georgia for the 2020 election  Fair Count, a group founded by Stacey Abrams, which ensures that historically overlooked communities are counted accurately in the U.S. Census  Unity in the Community, who recently

helped thousands of people in South Philadelphia on Election Day by registering people to vote, giving rides to the polls, educating the community on candidates, and much more.  VetsForward, a voting advocacy group based in Arizona that equips and mobilizes veterans to defend the ideals of our democracy.

officers surrounding him. All that show of force wasn’t necessary. And still they wonder why residents have resented their tactics.”

Flowers said, “if you think the millennium revolutionary generation is making demands and letting the city know ‘they will not be moved’, wait until you meet the younger middle and high school generation. Their voices will not be silenced.”

“And if we can talk truthfully and fearlessly, we can speak about creating a future that supports our existence, our families, and our right to be at the table of decision. We have to begin to present to ourselves this idea that we are co-authors of tomorrow, that tomorrow cannot be created without our voice

and our hand. And if we believe that, it means there is a certain responsibility and accountability that equates and translates into power. We must all be unafraid of exercising power in our own right and on behalf of our people,” he said.

For further information: YoungPeoplesTaskForceMN@ gmail.com Flowers, Jr. has had critics regarding how he looks at the impending legalization of marijuana. He believes people of color are going to purchase and smoke the products, so they should be thinking about owning a few dispensaries. It’s a way of bringing a kind of economic sustainability to the community.

We don’t want just the dispensaries any more.

We want the farms and y’all can give us that. We’re Black farmers at less than 2% of Black farms in the United States right now. So we don’t have no form of survival without them. We have to find ways to survive within ourselves. And trust me, I’m never here advocating for alcohol or tobacco or us to eat more fried chicken. But the fact is, we are drinking, we do smoke cigarettes and we do eat fried chicken as people. My thing is, when are we as people going to be the beneficiaries of it and not just the negative people that’s always been a negative impact, going to jail for marijuana charges.

“I believe marijuana is the first form of economic package that they owe back to African American descendants some space.” And the way we use that is we’re saying that, “Hey, we know that y’all going to try

to get the dispensaries [inaudible 00:49:07] and everything. Why don’t y’all teach us Black men?

Why don’t y’all use some of that money and give us the agriculture skills to help grow this marijuana, actually be a part of the distributing process because that’s direct economics back into our community.”

We talk about generational wealth. As AfricanAmericans, we don’t come from generational wealth. We’re firsttime generation school. When I was going to college, I was in a sea of student debt and it’s because I just didn’t come from a situation of generational wealth and have funds put away from me to attend college. So this is what we’re trying to do. This is the cycles that we’re trying to break for African-American young people so that we can get them in a place of being ahead of the curve, being ahead of that eight ball as they go through life.

Miles Wilson: I just want to say one more thing is, we both talked about being charged. As a race, as an African-American, we’re typically overcharged on these charges. So that’s another issue, but let me just give everybody an example, just so that they understand what we mean by the disparities here between the African-American community being involved in markets like this when they’re especially booming. So in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, January 1st, 2020, they mentioned that they did an article about their dispensary. Marijuana industry did a billion dollars in sales over the last year. They have 16 dispensaries in the city of

Chicago. Two are owned by Black owners. Only two of the 16. Now, we’re talking about a city that again, has 30% is African-American. So again, that’s where we’re standing at and that’s why again, we’re trying to get to the forefront of these issues now and put people in a position to understand what they can do, get the licenses that they need and help them get that advancement that we’ve never had before. 16 dispensaries - 2 owned by African Americans. We’re not going to get another opportunity to gain millions in revenue.

Really quick, Al. Could I mention something?

Al “AJ” Flowers Jr.: Al “AJ” Flowers Jr.: And we have to realize that, hey, as messed up as it may sound sometimes, we have to make sure we find a way to get some economics and we’ve got to get wealth back in our community. We know marijuana is going to come and if we take the message and I must stand strong on this, even though people done got mad at me. If we take the type of status and messages with marijuana coming and try to be a fighter against it, knowing that it’s going to be legalized, like we did with tobacco and alcohol, and be the ones that’s left behind again, while our people is going to be going to them dispensaries, going to them stores, buying the marijuana and smoking the marijuana, and we have no type of economic value from that, then that’s going to be a major setback that I don’t know if we’re going to ever be able to ...

We need to eat

healthier. We don’t need our people opening up fast food chicken spot.” Everything I could say, I know you can attest for, and I’m only speaking on Minneapolis. We say, “We don’t need our people open up fast food chicken spots all down West Broadway. We need more healthy living styles. We need more healthy ways to eat.” The go down West Broadway and there’s chicken spots on every single corner, literally. (Al Mac Al “AJ” Flowers Jr.: And go down West Broadway and it’s chicken spots on every single corner. Literally so much chicken spots that it’s two across the street from each other and they both make money. But we did not get any of them business. We only say, “Hey, we don’t need to just get into doing our nails and stuff like that.” We need to be smarter and have more doctors and them. You always have to have doctors and lawyers, but guess what? You look at all the people doing our nails and doing our hair. That’s not us. Hey, y’all, we need to stay away from tobacco.

Tobacco is very horrible for us. Got to get away from the menthols. You look at all the tobacco shops and tobacco stores. Not us again. Guess who buy the most menthol tobacco? Us again. Then we go into the alcohol, where we say, “Hey, y’all, we need to leave on alcohol so we need more [inaudible 00:48:39],” which we do. But guess what? The alcohol stores are still there. Guess who don’t own none of them? Us.

community residents and youth, and especially for incarcerated inmates suffering opioid addiction.

Within the first year of his administration, he established an internal wellness unit called Tri-Wellness in an effort to promote mental, physical, and spiritual health so officers could be better stewards in the communities they served.

He formed two new divisions, The Community Outreach Division and the Criminal Intelligence Division which focuses on data-driven policing.

The team analyzes information to identify crime patterns and emerging trends, generating investigative leads of suspects involved in criminal activity.

Hutchinson says he values his partnerships with community agencies and other local law enforcement offices, and currently serves as Technology Chair for the Major County Sheriff’s Association and is a

member of the Minnesota Post Board and a board member of Youth Link, a non-profit in downtown Minneapolis that helps young people escape homelessness and find hope through community resources.

A former client, Michelle Basham, was recently named interim executive director.

Hutchinson says jail could be a place for reform, an opportunity to break the cycle of poverty and inequities. He launched a program called H.O.P.E. (Helping Others by Providing Education) to bring that vision into reality. With education and skill development opportunities, adult enrichment classes such as financial literacy, employment preparation, and voter education, many inmates can create their second chance.

Upon their release, they are connected to community support services that keeps them on track for being productive

citizens, and thereby, decreasing recidivism. “Our office continues to partner with government agencies, non-profits, private partners and philanthropic organizations to help ensure that those who join our program remain on a path towards a better future,” Hutchinson said.

Hutchinson says he fights for respect and support for his officers who are doing good. “Often I feel we’re being painted with this broad brush and that’s not very fair. Many get depressed and some have left the profession. When we began to concentrate on mind, body, and spirit, the inmates knew there were those of us who acknowledged their humanity.

Now, a chaplain, fitness trainers, and mental health therapists are available for the inmates upon request. If we help people on the front line, we won’t have as many criminals,” he said.

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Hutchinson From 3

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Insight News • November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Page 5

American Cancer Society and Four Historically Black Colleges and Universities announce groundbreaking diversity in cancer research program to improve Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion The American Cancer Society (ACS), along with four historically black medical schools including Charles Drew Medical School, Howard University, Meharry Medical College, and Morehouse School of Medicine, announced a groundbreaking Diversity in Cancer Research (DICR) Program to help improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in the cancer research field.

The inaugural initiatives of the overarching program include DICR Institutional Development Grants. The four HBCUs have received DICR grants in a pilot program for 2021-2022.

The awards provided through the DICR program are unique in cancer research.

They provide a large amount of salary support for the four colleges to select clinical faculty who need more dedicated time for their cancer research and scholarly activities.

They also fund other student and postdoctoral programs and underpin the awards with career development funds and mentorship by established American Cancer Society Professors.

The grants will build sustainability for both clinical and scientific cancerfocused careers, launching or sustaining the careers of 104 individuals by 2025.

The impactful program will create a more inclusive research environment to address health disparities more effectively and could lead to targeted recruitment efforts focused on bringing people of color into clinical research protocols.

Establishing a research community that is made up of a diverse group of people is vital to ensuring scientific excellence.

“The American Cancer Society is committed to launching the brightest minds into cancer research and to reducing health disparities,” said Dr. William Cance, American Cancer Society Chief Medical and Scientific Officer.

“To accomplish this, we believe it is essential to invest in the minority workforce and their dedicated efforts to solve disparities and establish equity in cancer care.”

“There are many reasons the Black community continues to experience disparities in cancer care outcomes. But one of the most critical factors behind the imbalance, and one of the most promising paths to closing the gap, is diversity in cancer care research. We must improve diversity and representation in our laboratories if we expect different outcomes in our hospitals,” said Dr. Wayne A. I. Frederick, president of Howard University.

“As a cancer surgeon and as the president of an HBCU, I believe the Diversity in Cancer Research Program will prove to be pivotal in altering the field of cancer care research and improving cancer care outcomes for Black Americans.

I am deeply appreciative of the American Cancer Society’s efforts behind this initiative.”

Photo: iStockphoto / NNPA

These grants are designed to build capacity and enhance the competitiveness of faculty at MSIs when applying for nationally competitive grant support and aid in faculty development and retention.

Data show that African Americans and Black people, Hispanics and Latinos, indigenous people and native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are underrepresented in grant funding.

Fewer than 2% of applicants for the National Institute of Health’s principal grant program come from Black/African Americans, and fewer than 4% from Hispanic/Latino populations.

“We are incredibly excited about this new program with the American Cancer Society,” said Dr. James E.K. Hildreth, Ph.D., MD, President and CEO of Meharry Medical College.

“There is a significant imbalance in the representation of minority populations in clinical research which has led to poorer outcomes for specific racial and ethnic minority groups. To eradicate the varying health disparities that affect these populations, we must prioritize diversifying clinical trials and those who conduct trials to ensure treatment is safe and effective.”

This is a fantastic step to ensuring minority populations receive effective treatment and provides great opportunities for our students and faculty to engage in cancer research,” Dr. Hildreth stated.

“The development of diverse, highly competitive, and independent research faculty has been a goal at CDU since its inception 55 years

Nov 10 – Dec 27 612.377.2224 / guthrietheater.org

ago,” shared Dr. David M. Carlisle, President and CEO of Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, located in South Los Angeles.

“This generous grant from the American Cancer Society will directly support a range of programs towards that goal, including the Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities as well as our Clinical Research and Career Development Program, which provides training and mentoring in health disparities and community-partnered participatory research to minority scholars and junior faculty at CDU. This funding will undeniably help CDU in forming a solid foundation in social justice for future cancer research leaders.”

With the DICR program, ACS has committed to a $12 million investment to support four HBCU medical schools with DICR institutional development grants to fund a four-year program that aims to increase the pool of minority cancer researchers by identifying talented students and faculty from HBCUs. This program will inform efforts to develop a national program to boost cancer research and career development at minorityserving institutions (MSIs).

These grants are designed to build capacity and enhance the competitiveness of faculty at MSIs when applying for nationally competitive

CHARLES DICKENS adapted by LAVINA JADHWANI directed by JOSEPH HAJ by

grant support and aid in faculty development and retention.

“Here in Georgia, cancer health disparities exist by age, gender, race, income, education, and access to care, among other factors, with Georgia residents in rural communities experiencing worse cancer health outcomes

than their urban counterparts,” said Valerie Montgomery Rice, MD, president and CEO at Morehouse School of Medicine.

“The DICR program will be a much-needed and welcome contribution to our work at the Morehouse School of Medicine Cancer Health Equity Institute, forever

changing the field of cancer research. The program will not only ensure diversity and inclusion in research, but address health disparities in diverse communities, and assist in our mission in leading the creation and advancement of health equity.”

Page 6 •November November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Insight News

Insight 2 Health

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Why vaccine doses differ for babies, kids, teens and adults

By Brian Peppers Assistant Professor of Pediatric and Adult Allergy/Immunology, West Virginia University Human beings are born pretty helpless, with a lot of developing to do. And just as you must learn such skills as how to walk, so must your immune system learn to defend against infections. As time passes, your immune system matures through different stages, much the way you advanced from crawling to standing, walking and running.

This process is one of the reasons scientists study the immune response to a vaccine in different age groups, and why, for example, the COVID-19 vaccines need to be tested separately in children ages 5-11 and those 12-16. Doctors want to use the vaccine dose that provides the best protection with the fewest side effects. And that’s going to depend on how the immune system is working based on how developed it is – something you can’t really tell from the outside.

I’m an immunologist, and here’s the way I explain to my pediatric and adult patients how vaccines work in people of all different ages.

Two halves of the immune system The immune maturing process starts shortly after birth.

When you’re born, your main immune protection comes via antibodies your mother shared through the placenta and breast milk. They provide what’s called passive immunity. Newborns’ adaptive immune system – the part of your immune system that will make your own antibodies – isn’t really up and running

Mario Tama via Getty Images

Many vaccine formulations are tweaked for patients of different ages. yet. The process gets started right away, but it can take years for the adaptive immune system to reach full maturity.

Luckily you’re also born with what’s called the innate immune system – and it lasts throughout your life. It doesn’t need to learn in order to fight off infections and promote health as the adaptive immune system does. Without the innate immune system people would get sick a lot faster and more often.

The innate immune system starts with your skin and mucous membranes. Should any germs get past those physical barriers, it has enzymes just waiting to break down foreign organisms. Beyond that there are specialized cells looking for anything that is not you

in order to kill intruders, while other cells called phagocytes gobble up invaders.

So the innate immune system is your body’s first responder. It buys you a bit of time. Then your adaptive immune system comes in and joins the fight.

When you become immunized via a vaccine or infection, your adaptive immune system starts actively making antibodies of your own. They’re proteins that act like suction cups and stick to viruses or bacteria to help the body get rid of the germs faster and prevent the infection from spreading. Antibodies are specialized to recognize and take down a particular intruder.

The adaptive immune system can learn a new infection

or recall one that it has not seen in a long time.

Vaccines account for immune development In the same way an infant will learn to walk even if you don’t secure the stairways and pool areas for them, your immune system can learn to squelch an invading virus without a vaccine – but the chance of injury is much greater.

Vaccines work by triggering the creation of antibodies that will recognize a specific germ and work to fight it off in a safer manner than getting the infection for the first time without it. How well a vaccine works is a combination of how many antibodies you produce in response to it, how effective they

are and the safety of the vaccine.

When researchers work to fine-tune the dosage of a vaccine for different age groups, they need to be aware of what parts of the immune system are online and what parts aren’t fully active in people at each developmental stage. This is part of the reason some vaccines – such as for COVID-19 – get tested and approved on different schedules for adults, teens, kids and babies.

A number of vaccines for infants are given as a series – meaning they get the same kind of shot several times over the course of a few months. A baby’s adaptive immune system is prone to being forgetful or not listening at this age – the same way a baby falters as it

tries to stand and walk. With each exposure, every aspect of the immune system gets stronger and better at defending against the would-be infection.

After 4 years of age and through younger adult life, your immune system tends to be more responsive and less prone to forgetting. It’s not a coincidence that this is when people tend to gain most of their allergies. For the COVID-19 Pfizer vaccine, researchers found that kids ages 5 to 11 had a similar immune and safety response at one-third the dose used for those ages 12 and up.

Scientists tend to start with patients between ages 18 and 55 years old when studying vaccines. Their adult immune systems have matured and they can be counted on to reliably report any adverse reactions. Seeing what happens in the adult age group also helps physicians predict what might occur when a vaccine is administered to others and be on the lookout for these side effects in the younger age groups.

Around age 55 or so, the adaptive immune system starts to become weaker again and forgetful, in some ways more like the infant’s developing system. Luckily vaccine boosters can provide a quick refresher for these older patients – like helping protect them from accidental falls after a lifetime having mastered walking and running.

In the end, vaccines provide the safest environment for the immune system to learn, and tweaking the dosages for different age groups helps ensure that each patient gets just what’s necessary to get the job done.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.

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Insight News • November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Page 7

Newspapers printed hate, leading to racist terror lynchings and massacres of Black Americans

By DeNeen L. Brown | The Howard Center for Investigative Journalism For decades, hundreds of whiteowned newspapers across the country incited the racist terror lynchings and massacres of thousands of Black Americans.

In their headlines, these newspapers often promoted the brutality of white lynch mobs and chronicled the gruesome details of the lynchings. Many white reporters stood on the sidelines of Jim Crow lynchings as Black men, women, teenagers and children were hanged from trees and burned alive.

White mobs often posed on courthouse lawns, grinning for photos that ran on front pages of mainstream newspapers.

These racist terror lynchings — defined as extrajudicial killings carried out by lawless mobs intending to terrorize Black communities — evoked horror as victims were often castrated, dismembered, tortured and riddled with bullets before being hanged from trees, light poles and bridges.

Lynchings took different forms. Some Black people were bombed, as four little girls were in a church in Birmingham, Alabama. Black men were whipped by mobs to silence them. Emmett Till was kidnapped, tortured, beaten and thrown into the Tallahatchie River with a cotton-gin fan tied around his neck with barbed wire.

“Printing Hate,” a yearlong investigation by students working with the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism at the University of Maryland, examines the scope, depth and breadth of newspaper coverage of hundreds of those public-spectacle lynchings and massacres.

The investigation was inspired by DeNeen L. Brown’s reporting on the Red Summer of 1919 and the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, which was sparked by the sensational coverage of The Tulsa Tribune, specifically a May 31, 1921, front-page story: “Nab Negro for Attacking Girl In an Elevator.” The Tulsa Race Massacre was one of the deadliest acts of racist violence against

Black people in U.S. history.

This project investigates the cumulative effect of how newspaper headlines and editorials incited racist terror and falsely accused Black people of crimes. The series uncovers the widespread practice of publishing headlines that accelerated lynchings and massacres. That included newspapers announcing “Negro uprisings,” publishing uncorroborated stories of Black men accused of “assaulting” white women, and printing false allegations of arson and vagrancy — all in an attempt to justify racist terror inflicted on Black people.

Many of the newspapers examined in this project ran racist headlines, calling Black people “brutes,” “fiends” and “bad Negroes.”

Newspapers across the South greeted readers with “Hambone’s Meditations,” a racist caricature created by The Commercial Appeal in Memphis, Tennessee.

(The Commercial Appeal was owned by Scripps-Howard from 1936 to 2015, when the company spun off its newspapers. The Scripps Howard Foundation supports the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism at the University of Maryland.)

Some of the newspapers advertised upcoming lynchings, often printing the time, date and place where mobs would gather.

Some white reporters watched, took notes and wrote riveting accounts of the barbarity of mobs, documenting the horror of the wounds inflicted, with blow-by-blow descriptions of the attacks, as though they were writing about a sporting event.

But those reporters, as skilled as they were as writers, often failed to practice good journalism, by undertaking the basic job of reporters — pursue and tell the truth. Many of those reporters failed to identify white people in the mob. They also failed to hold government officials accountable by asking hard questions of the sheriffs, judges and other local law enforcement officials who stepped aside while white mobs attacked Black people.

This series found that the collective impact of those accounts was devastating.

Triggered by front-page headlines, Black people were often dragged from their homes, ridiculed, tormented and whipped with straps so sharp their flesh was shredded.

Sparked by reports, a white mob of more than 2,000 people in Salisbury, Maryland, pulled 23-year-old Matthew Williams from the “Negro ward” of the hospital, on Dec. 4, 1931, threw him out the window, stabbed him with an ice pick, and dragged him to the courthouse lawn. Before dousing him with gasoline, they cut off his fingers and toes, then drove to the Black side of town, where they tossed his body parts onto porches of Black people, while shouting for them to make “N—– sandwiches.”

The project reveals how the scope of the news of the day for some Americans was often ghastly, shaping the American landscape and psyche.

The front pages included pictures of people being killed in the most horrible ways. The lynchings were covered as an everyday occurrence, often reported side by side with who graduated from college that day and stock prices. A reader could open the newspaper in the morning and casually scan the headlines reporting baseball scores, finalists in beauty contests, reports on tariff negotiations and a news story advocating lynchings.

The fact that lynchings took place is generally known, and the fact that some newspapers incited lynchings is generally known. But the Howard Center’s reporting shows how widespread this incendiary coverage was. It was not a question of this coverage just happening in places like Wilmington, North Carolina; Montgomery, Alabama; or Atlanta, but it happened in small towns across America.

Not all white-owned newspapers were guilty, and there were degrees of guilt.

In some instances, editors looked the other way. In other instances, they not only covered the fire; they lit the fuse.

“Printing Hate” examines white-owned newspaper coverage of lynchings and massacres from

the end of the Civil War in 1865 to the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965. During those 100 years, thousands of Black people were murdered in massacres and lynchings. In that same period, nearly 5,000 racial terror lynchings of Black people occurred, according to a Howard Center analysis of the BeckTolnay inventory of Southern Lynch Victims and the SeguinRigby National Data Set of Lynchings in the United States.

Lynchings were often public-spectacle executions “carried out by lawless mobs, though police officers did participate, under the pretext of justice,” according to the NAACP, which in 1919 published “Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1919,” to promote awareness of the scope of lynching.

A MULTIFACETED INVESTIGATION The series of stories in “Printing Hate” resulted from a multifaceted investigation by 58 student journalists from the University of Maryland, the University of Arkansas and five historically Black colleges and universities: Hampton University, Howard University, Morehouse College, Morgan State University and North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University.

The students spent months examining hundreds of newspapers to detail the complicity of many white newspaper owners, publishers and journalists who used headlines, articles and editorials to incite racist mob violence and terror, in the form of lynchings, massacres and pogroms. In the course of this investigation, student journalists examined hundreds of headlines and news reports that were collected in an original database designed by the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.

“We found lots of examples of sensationalized coverage and trumped-up charges,” said Sean Mussenden, data editor at the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism, who worked with student journalists who built a database to allow many papers

Flag announcing another lynching. “A MAN WAS LYNCHED YESTERDAY,” is flown from the window of the NAACP headquarters on 69 Fifth Ave., New York City in 1936.

Everett Collection/Shutterstock

The series showcases compelling narratives of those impacted by newspaper accounts, including the 1908 case of Annie Walker, who begged “night riders” for mercy before she was killed, according to a report in the Public Ledger newspaper in Kentucky. to examine their past lynching coverage. “As someone who has worked in the industry for a long time, I understood newspapers to be imperfect institutions that nonetheless served as guardians of truth who righted wrongs and exposed corrupt officials. I was shocked by the role so many papers played in promoting a culture of racial terror.”

The students were not the first to uncover the white newspaper coverage, which was often countered by the Black press. However, they were able to investigate as reporters of a new generation bringing a 21st-century perspective to the project.

This investigation of newspaper coverage of lynchings comes at a time of “racial reckoning” in newsrooms. The stories dive into the country’s racist history, at a time when states are passing laws to prevent that truth from being told, under the guise of banning the teaching of critical race theory — designed to be taught in law schools. The series begins at a time when several major newspapers have issued statements, acknowledging and apologizing for racist coverage.

“Printing Hate” attempts to add to this discourse by providing a more comprehensive review of that racist historical newspaper coverage that incited the deaths of thousands of Black people.

Newsrooms “Printing Hate” contains interviews with current newspaper editors who have issued apologies and with those who have not. The project examines how the U.S. government failed to enact antilynching legislation to prevent the murder of Black people.

Readers will find interviews with descendants of lynching victims, including an account of the lynching of William Henderson Foote, who was killed by a mob in Yazoo City, Mississippi, in 1883. He was the first Black federal officer to die in the line of duty, “defending the rule of law in protection of a citizen’s

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Over the course of these months, the project seeks to tell the story of the Black Americans who were betrayed

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Page 8 •November November 8, 2021 - November 14, 2021 • Insight News

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Temptations: Legendary group always has been greater than the sum of its parts

By Stacy M. Brown, NNPA Newswire Senior National Correspondent @StacyBrownMedia On Monday, November 1 at 7:30PM EDT, the City College Center for the Arts will honor Williams and other members of the Temptations. The ceremony will feature a conversation with Williams and special guests, including longstanding members Ron Tyson and Terry Weeks. Distinguished musician, composer, and entertainment entrepreneur K. Sparks will serve as emcee the event and fans can view the simulcast broadcast from the Aaron Davis Hall’s renowned Marian Anderson Theatre on BlackPressUSA.com as well as NNPA’s Facebook and YouTube platforms and at https:// citycollegecenterforthearts.org.

To hear him tell his story, Otis Williams is just a southern boy from Texarkana, Texas, who, while growing

Newspaper From 7 basic civil right,” the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives determined.

The series showcases compelling narratives of those impacted by newspaper accounts, including the 1908 case of Annie Walker, who begged “night riders” for mercy before she was killed, according to a report in the Public Ledger newspaper in Kentucky.

The project features a timeline, written by a visiting professional, which connects the dots between racial terror massacres and lynchings, and failed attempts by Congress to pass anti-lynching legislation.

“Printing Hate” includes a story explaining how white-owned newspapers conspired to destroy a political party in Danville, Virginia, coverage of the lynching of Sank Majors and the inhumanity of Waco, Texas, where massive public lynchings of Black men were nurtured by the city’s newspapers. The

up, loved the “Devil’s music.”

His two grandmothers took care of him when his mother moved to Detroit in search of better employment and living conditions for the musically inclined troublemaker.

Williams had recently become a teenager when he happened upon The Fox Theater in the Motor City, where his family group, The Cadillacs, performed.

“Oh, how I wanted to have my own group,” he told NNPA Newswire in a discussion at the Imperial Theater on Broadway where a sold-out crowd sang, danced, laughed, cried, and cheered the fantastic musical, “Ain’t Too Proud: The Life and Times of The Temptations.”

As in the musical, Williams revealed an everlasting fondness for the Classic Five, Paul Williams, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, and David Ruffin.

There’s also the seldom mentioned Lamont, not a Temptation, but Williams’ son.

“People often ask me, if I could bring back to life one member of The Temptations, which one would I choose,” Nik Walker, who portrays Williams in the musical, says during a spotlighted scene near the close of the electrifying performance. “Lamont. My son. That’s who,” he said.

project includes a story about The Columbus Dispatch, which condoned the lynching of John Gibson, published under the headline, “NEGRO FIEND MEETS HIS FATE.” Readers will discover a report from a student journalist who dove into history and emerged with a story about the managing editor of The Atlanta Constitution and publisher of The Atlanta Journal, who ran for governor on platforms championing the fallacy of white supremacy.

The Atlanta Journal wrote an editorial in 1906 in support of “the legal disenfranchisement of 223,000 male negroes of voting age in Georgia.” The Journal claimed to support the disenfranchisement of Black men because “we are the superior race and do not intend to be ruled by our semi barbaric inferiors.”

The “Printing Hate” package of stories sweeps west to the blood-soaked cotton fields of Elaine, Arkansas, where newspapers inaccurately reported in 1919 that Black people in Elaine were engaged in an “uprising” against white people. Those headlines were

essentially dog-whistle calls to white people in Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee and surrounding states to descend on Elaine and literally hunt and kill Black people.

In “Printing Hate,” students write how the press covered jazz great Billie Holiday when she sang about “Strange Fruit”; how lynching photos and postcards were used by the media to foment terror; and about the courage of many journalists in the Black press who — often despite threats to their lives — pursued the truth about lynchings. This includes fearless anti-lynching crusader Ida B. Wells-Barnett; Walter White, who investigated lynchings for the NAACP; Robert S. Abbott, founder of The Chicago Defender, whose masthead promised “We Print THE TRUTH No Matter Whom IT HURTS;” Simeon S. Booker Jr., the first Black reporter for The Washington Post, and an awardwinning journalist who covered the civil rights movement for Jet and Ebony magazines; Moses Newson, a reporter for the TriState Defender in Memphis and the Baltimore Afro-American, who covered the 1955 trial of

Even behind the dark shades and the baseball cap with the “Aint To Proud” logo, one could see Williams’ genuine expressions.

“The music lives forever,” Williams deadpanned. “Life isn’t like a record that you can rewind.”

With the tragic deaths of each of the original members,

Williams at 80 remains in a familiar spot. Sixty years ago, his motivation centered on not only making The Temptations the biggest group in R&B history but protecting the brand.

With the reopening of the Broadway show and a touring version hitting the road, Williams said he can now concentrate on getting back on the road with the latest incarnation of the supergroup.

Williams reminds everyone that he’s been fortunate to have been with the “most singing-Esque brothers ever.” In all, the group has made 24 changes in its 60-year history and, as they embark on their anniversary tour, Williams confides that he’s about to make another personnel change.

“But every single member has always, at some point, asked if they could come back,” Williams insisted.

With the opening of “Ain’t Too Proud,” Williams and the group will launch a concert tour that could span the globe.

“For more than four

decades, Aaron Davis Hall has been Harlem’s performing arts center,” stated City College of New York President Dr. Vincent Boudreau. “World scholars, artistic giants, and academic geniuses like Nelson Mandela, Alicia Keys, President Barack Obama, and Ella Fitzgerald have blessed these stages. The City College of New York is so proud of the contributions The Temptations have made and continue to make to the American cultural landscape, and we are honored to add their name to that distinguished list.”

Williams recalled his roots.

“It was always about the collective,” he asserted.

“Sure, having talent is good, but I’ve always looked at the head and the heart over talent. That’s why we’ve been so successful and have become the number one R&B group ever because we were always operating under the realistic model that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

the white men who lynched Emmett Till in Mississippi.

Roscoe Dunjee, the founder and publisher of The Black Dispatch newspaper in Oklahoma City and a fearless crusader for justice, wrote in a 1919 editorial that white editors across the country — including at The New York Times and The Washington Post — should cease printing inflammatory headlines and false reports about Black people, which Dunjee wrote incited racist violence.

As evidence, he cited a July 1919 Washington Post headline that provided the precise time, date and location where white mobs would “mobilize” near the White House to continue attacks on Black people during the D.C. Massacre of 1919, which left as many as 39 people dead.

“As long as editors encourage lawlessness as cynically as the editor of The Washington Post, there can be no hope of averting mob violence anywhere,” Dunjee said.

C.R. Gibbs, a historian and author of “Black, Copper, & Bright: The District of Columbia’s Black Civil War Regiment,” said newspapers often amplified community

attitudes about race and racism.

“They provided the oil to throw on the fire of racial intolerance,” Gibbs said.

“They essentially abandoned the cardinal rule of the press to report fairly and accurately.

When we look at the vitriol splashed across newspapers across the country, when it came to race, they should still be liable for some sort of justice.

These headlines had the real effect of taking people’s lives, of making people’s situations that much worse time and time again. They were not fighters for truth and justice. They were propagators of violence, oppression and bloodshed.”

Victoria A. Ifatusin, a graduate student at the University of Maryland Philip Merrill College of Journalism, said working on the project was a profound experience.

“We talk about social injustices today and how Black people were treated back then quite often,” Ifatusin said. “But I don’t think that people, including me before this project, really understood how Black people were horrifically mistreated, to the point that their lives were taken just for their skin color.

And newspapers, a medium of truth, aided in that mistreatment.

As a young reporter, it deeply hurts to know that reporters of this time who were meant to seek truth, deliberately printed false information that harmed Black people. This only contributes to the passion I have for journalism in efforts to tell stories truthfully without creating harm to anyone.”

The stories, headlines, photos, editorials and cartoons detailed in the “Printing Hate” series may hit readers in the gut because of the cumulative effect of the resulting racist terror lynchings and massacres.

The package of stories is unflinching. But it is required reading because the role some white-owned newspapers played in inciting racist terror lynchings and massacres against Black people in America is undeniable.

Vanessa Sanchez and Brittany Gaddy contributed to this report.

DeNeen L. Brown is an associate professor of journalism at the University of Maryland.

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