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Insight News

June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020

Vol. 47 No. 25• The Journal For Community News, Business & The Arts • insightnews.com

MORE ON PAGE 2

Uche Iroegbu

Page 2 • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Insight News

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For Floyd: A conversation with Insight News photographer Uche Iroegbu Batala-Ra McFarlane, Publisher Part

One: “Just like Gordon Parks, I learned how to document.

Social documentary for me is number one,” said Uche Iroegbu.

Insight News photographer Uche Iroegbu has been documenting community for decades. Most recently, he covered the protests that have been in response to the death of George Floyd. On Memorial Day, Floyd was killed by now terminated Minneapolis Police officers.

As I am looking through the photos he took between May 26 and June 4, I am filled with emotion and awe. Each photo tells a piece of a tragic, too familiar story.

We’ve published some of the photos, but there are so many eye-catching images that they need to be shared.

I spoke with Iroegbu this weeked. I wanted to hear his words. To hear what he thought about the moment. I asked him if he had any hesitation about covering this story during a pandemic. He said: “No.” “We were all going stir crazy with the lock down because of the coronavirus,” said Iroegbu. “The idea of being in the midst of whole lot of people was, of course, something to think about. But, a lot of people had masks on.”

Iroegbu said the Tuesday, May 26, rally was different than previous demonstrations.

“The outpouring of people was huge. It was a no brainier --the police screwed up.”

Floyd’s death, he said, was “murder in broad day light.”

“The community involvement was amazing and inspiring. I felt in that moment that it was going to be big;

Photos by Uche Iroegbu

Tuesday evening May 26 was the first night of what has become almost three weeks of protest and outcry in cities across the US and the world over the killing of George Floyd by former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin.

in the following days look what happened,” said Iroegbu.

The first rally and march for Floyd was peaceful.

But that evening, things got a bit more intense when the Target store on Lake Street was ransacked and set on

fire. Other businesses saw the same fate as Target, AutoZone burned to the ground as did several gas stations and small family-owned businesses not only in South Minneapolis but also in North Minneapolis on West Broadway and in St.

Paul on University Avenue.

But unlike times before, the officers involved in the death of Floyd –the officers who killed Floyd—were quickly fired. And, listening to the demands of protestors, the case was moved from the office of Hennepin County Attorney Mike

Freeman to Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison’s office.

Minneapolis and Saint Paul burned for several days, even after the officers were terminated and the case went to the AG’s office. The fuel: anger, disappointment, isolation, weariness, sick and tired, fed-

up, perhaps. Or, outside actors with bad intentions: probably.

Iroegbu said the energy behind his lens was determination.

“My determination overrides my feelings. At that moment, while shooting, the only feeling is to tell the story as authentically as possible –to capture the things that pull at my heartstrings.

Get as close as I possibly can.

“It’s always an emotional situation for me. I am a Black man and I am not immune to what George Floyd went through. I am always aware of my Blackness --that could have been me or anyone who looks like me. So that was emotional on its own,” said Iroegbu.

He said photographing the many people who showedup in support of justice for Floyd was powerful. “Listening to the speakers --from the Rev. Jesse Jackson to local leaders and speakers-- voice their opinions and disgust for what happened was powerful. Listening to Floyd’s daughter saying, ‘Daddy saved the world’ was very emotional for me,” Iroegbu said.

“As photographers, we have an emotional response to how and what we shoot,” Iroegbu added.

“Who I’m shooting for? Why I’m there? To record history. To participate with the one weapon that I have. I could be holding a sign, but who’s going to document the moment. My job is to document,” proclaimed Iroegbu.

I will post his photos in small batches throughout the week. I will also share the rest of our conversation.

However, Iroegbu will talk more about documenting justice for Floyd tomorrow afternoon, 1pm, on “Conversations with Al McFarlane.” Catch the conversation by turning in to the Insight Facebook page.

Unicorn Riot’s protest coverage recalls long history of grassroots video production

By Errol Salamon, Postdoctoral Teaching Associate in Journalism, University of Minnesota On-the-ground views of the protests sweeping the country are vital for understanding who is protesting and why. Mainstream news media coverage and individuals’ social media posts only go so far – and can focus on violence and disruption.

There’s a grassroots media tradition in the U.S., too, which I’ve studied in my work on media and social movements.

The livestreamed, unfiltered video coverage provided by the small staff of the nonprofit media collective Unicorn Riot is the modern heir to a history of on-the-street grassroots video documentary filming of protests and social movements that started in the late 1960s, including unstructured interviews with protesters.

Those groups wanted to include diverse voices, stories and perspectives that mainstream media typically don’t cover. But they likely didn’t imagine that their successors, like Unicorn Riot, would have the tools to instantly broadcast their videos to the general public to help shape how they learn about social issues.

Early video collectives Long before mobile phones and YouTube turned amateurs into video producers, documentary video production was expensive and timeconsuming and required lots of heavy equipment. In 1967, Sony introduced the Portapak. The Portapak was a video camera with the first battery-operated, portable videotape recorder.

The Portapak made it easier for community members to produce videos. It was lightweight, easy to use and relatively inexpensive.

People could initially record up to 20 minutes on a halfinch reel-to-reel videotape. They could interview community members or document events on the street and play back recordings instantly on other Sony videotape recorders.

Grassroots video, by stressing the participation

of community members in making their own electronic information, was less concerned with ‘polished’ products than with animating the ‘process’ of social change,” writes historian Deirdre Boyle in the book “Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited.”

The Videofreex and other underground media collectives quickly emerged across the U.S. New York became a hub for the underground video scene. The scene mainly attracted leftwing activists, filmmakers and artists who were interested in using media as a tool for social change.

These collectives made videos about their involvement in the counterculture movement.

They documented antiwar demonstrations, campus rallies and the hippie lifestyle. They exhibited their recordings at underground theaters, art galleries and university campuses in TV-equipped vans.

At the time, CBS, NBC and ABC dominated mainstream TV. Their media coverage generally consisted of highly structured interviews and documented prearranged events, such as conventions and inaugurations. The networks weren’t showing stories from the perspectives of the youth who were at the center of the vibrant counterculture movement.

In 1969, CBS turned to the underground video scene. The network wanted to counter mainstream media’s conventional focus and detached storytelling approach. CBS also wanted to be relevant to a younger, liberal audience.

CBS hired the Videofreex and spent thousands of dollars on the TV pilot for “Subject to Change,” a weekly magazine-style series. A CBS employee had met the Videofreex with their video cameras in hand at the Woodstock music festival earlier that year. “Subject to Change” was supposed to replace “The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour,” a series popular with youth.

The Videofreex traveled around the country as part of “Subject to Change” to show Americans an insider’s view of youth counterculture.

CBS sent the Videofreex to

A late 1960s Sony Portapak made it easier to produce grassroots videos.

Chicago in October 1969 to interview youth activist Abbie Hoffman. Hoffman was one of the “Chicago 7” who was accused of conspiring to riot at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

The Videofreex also recorded an interview with Fred Hampton, the deputy chairperson of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party, on Oct. 19, 1969. They interviewed Hampton six weeks before the police killed him in a raid that left another Black Panther member dead, too.

CBS taped the 90-minute “Subject to Change” TV pilot with a live studio audience and network executives on Dec. 17, 1969.

The pilot consisted of clips from Videofreex tapes that were interspersed with live rock music performed for the studio audience.

In the end, however, network executives didn’t release the program to the general public because they thought it was too radical and ahead of its time. As a result, the Videofreex and CBS parted ways.

In 1972, the Videofreex started Lanesville TV, the first TV station in the country to operate without a license from the Federal

Communications Commission.

Based just north of New York City, the station broadcast local community reports, live studio interviews, sketch comedy and experimental video art. The Videofreex ran Lanesville TV until the collective disbanded in 1978.

The station was the model for the Low Power Television system, which the FCC established in 1982 to provide an inexpensive and flexible way to produce local TV programming in small communities.

The Videofreex influenced similar video collectives and producers across the country. One producer was Dee Dee Halleck, who cofounded Paper Tiger Television in 1981 to analyze and critique the communications industry, presenting marginalized voices and views that were largely absent in mainstream media.

The show became the first nationally distributed public access television program.

Later, the Independent Media Center (Indymedia) became a pioneer in online grassroots media. Established in 1999, Indymedia was a collective of independent media organizations on the internet.

Indymedia initially covered the World Trade Organization protests in Seattle

as events happened. The volunteer journalists contributed on-the-ground, unmediated audio and video footage across the Indymedia network.

Indymedia published online reports, a newspaper and five documentary films.

The work of these grassroots groups influenced the practice and style of mainstream TV coverage, inspiring the big networks to adopt small, lightweight electronic newsgathering equipment starting in the mid-1970s. This approach let them switch from film to video production and let them spontaneously cover live events and instantly broadcast eyewitness reports.

Grassroots media collective records video, streams over social media Grassroots media collectives have more communication tools to use in 2020 than in previous years.

Founded in 2015, the nonprofit Unicorn Riot has used video and social media to livestream coverage for several hours at a time on a nearly daily basis since George Floyd’s death on May 25, 2020. Unicorn Riot can verify and document evidence easily, such as the police role in instigating violence, because its

videographers are at events as they unfold.

Unicorn Riot’s viewers get eyewitness accounts of events. Begun in Minneapolis, the organization is supported with private fundraising and has correspondents in Denver, Philadelphia and Boston.

Owner Assaulted by Troopers While Protecting His Business from Unicorn Riot on Vimeo.

Unicorn Riot’s style of reporting aligns well with social media. As my research demonstrates, social media has created more opportunities to call attention to social issues, letting people voice collectively shared struggles and build social movements.

Editor’s note: This article was updated June 10, 2020, to delete the reference to the Videofreex covering Chicago’s May Day 1969 and origionally appeared in The Conversation.

Errol Salamon is a Postdoctoral Teaching Associate at the University of Minnesota in the Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication. Salamon is coeditor of the book Journalism in Crisis: Bridging Theory and Practice for Democratic Media Strategies in Canada (University of Toronto Press, 2016).

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Insight News • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Page 3 WINNER: 2020 T YPOGRAPHY & DESIGN, 1ST PLACE, PHOTOGRAPHY (PORTRAIT & PERSONALIT Y), 1ST PLACE, WEBSITE, 3RD PLACE

Insight News June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020

Vol. 47 No. 25• The Journal For Community News, Business & The Arts • insightnews.com

Governor Walz, House, Senate leaders announce police accountability and reform legislative priorities Minnesota Governor Tim Walz today stood with House Speaker Melissa Hortman, Senate Minority Leader Susan Kent, and members of the Minnesota People of Color and Indigenous (POCI) Caucus to announce a comprehensive set of police reform and accountability measures.

“Minnesotans are demanding real change,” said Governor Walz. “We stand united with House and Senate leaders and the People of Color and Indigenous Caucus, ready to get to work during the upcoming special session. I stand with the legislators who have coordinated a powerful set of reforms to make meaningful changes to our law enforcement system in Minnesota.”

“Every branch of government has a role in building systems that work for all Minnesotans, and I am excited to do this work in partnership with legislative leaders,” said Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan. “The problems we are facing are not new. Many of the solutions before us are not new. It is our role now to make sure these proposals are heard, acted on, and implemented to make meaningful change.”

Modeled on recommendations from the POCI Caucus and the PoliceInvolved Deadly Force Encounters Working Group chaired by Minnesota Attorney General (AG) Keith Ellison and Department of Public Safety (DPS) Commissioner John Harrington, the proposals support use of force reform, funding for alternatives to policing, and greater police oversight.

Police Accountability and Reform Legislative Priorities

Taylor Family

Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American emergency medical technician, was fatally shot by Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers on March 13, 2020.

State Sen. Bobby Joe Champion (DFL-Minneapolis).

Use of Force Reform of the keystone statute that defines when law enforcement is justified in using deadly force to prioritize sanctity of life. This measure is a recommendation from the DPS/AG Working Group.

Alternatives to Policing Creates new models of ensuring public safety by: 1) Creating a new office within DPS to administer grants to community-based violenceintervenors and problem solvers to intercept violence and reduce interactions with law enforcement, and 2) Providing funding for a co-responder form of policing that pairs officers with social worker when responding to crisis calls and welfare checks. This measure is a recommendation from the DPS/AG Working Group.

Police Oversight Reform Creates a robust framework of accountability of the law enforcement profession

through: 1) Expansion of the POST board and creation of a Police-Community Relations Council at the POST Board, 2) Reforming how arbitrations of the termination of law enforcement officers are handled, and 3) Requiring robust, real-time data collection and analysis of complaint, discipline and use of force data and use it to inform reforms at the POST Board, particularly as it relates to licensure decisions.

Voting Restoration Ends the disenfranchisement of over 50,000 Minnesotans. Those who are not serving a sentence in a prison facility – who are in their communities and contributing to their families and rebuilding their lives – must be provided their right to vote, regardless of supervision status.

Community Healing Creates a grant program to fund professional community healers trained to respond to systemic oppressioninduced historic and present-

day trauma through supportive services. This measure is a recommendation from the DPS/ AG Working Group.

Independent Prosecution and Investigation Reform Provides the AG with independent jurisdiction for the prosecution of police-involved deaths and create an independent investigation unit within Bureau of Criminal Apprehension for police-involved cases. This measure is a recommendation from the DPS/AG Working Group.

Training Expansion Expands training in de-escalation and mental health crisis intervention. This measure is a recommendation from the DPS/AG Working Group.

Warrior Training and Choke Holds Prohibited Prohibits the use of all restraints or holds by law enforcement that purposely restrict a person’s airways or blood flow and ends the use of warrior-style training.

A short history of Black women and police violence Keisha N Blain, Associate Professor of History, University of Pittsburgh Just after midnight on March 13, 2020, Breonna Taylor, an EMT in Louisville, Kentucky, was shot and killed by police officers who raided her home.

The officers had entered her home without warning as part of a drug raid.

The suspect they were seeking was not a resident of the home – and no drugs were ever found.

But when they came through the door unexpectedly, and in plain clothes, police officers were met with gunfire from Taylor’s boyfriend, who was startled by the presence of intruders. In only a matter of

minutes, Taylor was dead – shot eight times by police officers.

Although the majority of Black people killed by police in the United States are young men, Black women and girls are also vulnerable to state-sanctioned violence.

The #SayHerName campaign has worked to bring greater awareness to this issue.

Police violence against Black women is marginalized in the public’s understanding of American policing. There is a perception among many Americans that Black women are somehow shielded from the threat of police violence.

This perception could not further from the truth.

Breonna Taylor’s

BLACK WOMEN 5

Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison hails posthumous pardon of Max Mason Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison today hailed the unanimous vote of the Minnesota Board of Pardons to grant a posthumous pardon to Max Mason. Mason, a traveling African American circus worker, was wrongly convicted on a groundless charge of rape in the aftermath of the public lynchings of three of his African American colleagues in Duluth.

The lynchings took place on June 15, 1920, almost exactly 100 years ago.

Ellison encouraged the applicants — Jordon Moses of Duluth, chair of the 2020 Clayton Jackson McGhie Memorial, and Moses’s attorney Jerry Blackwell — to apply for the posthumous pardon on

history. A century later, the last few weeks have shown us that in Minnesota, we still have a need for a better quality of justice.

This pardon for Max Mason is another long-delayed step toward it.”

The Duluth lynchings of June 15, 1920 In the early-morning hours of June 15, 1920, a young white Duluth couple, James Sullivan and Irene Tusken, accused an indeterminate number of unnamed African American men who were working at a circus that was traveling through Duluth of having raped Tusken, then 18,

MN House of Representatives

State Rep. Hodan Hassan (DFL-Minneapolis).

House DFL legislators announce economic aid plan for destroyed, Community leads the way in rebuilding efforts damaged businesses Jo Erickson, Contributing Writer Amidst the burned-out husks of buildings and just blocks from the 3rd District police station, where many neighboring businesses were looted and burned, some bars and restaurants, their windows still covered in plywood, are opening for business.

But for Black-owned businesses the struggle to reopen is far tougher. With the help of community fundraising efforts and organized cleanups, Black-owned businesses are slowly emerging from this crisis, but there is a long way to go.

On the evening of June 15, an angry mob assembled outside the police station. Ultimately, they raided the jail, kidnapped three of the men held there — Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie — and lynched them over lampposts in front of the jail.

Mason’s behalf.

“Justice delayed is justice denied. One hundred

Ladu Artema started Cellefix, an electronics repair shop, five years ago. During the riots in St. Paul looters broke the glass of his store front then “robbed it completely,” he said, “Laptops, televisions, LCD screens, cell phones — all gone.”

Artema was unable to find insurance that covered the whole of his business. Insurers were only interested in covering the money transfer services, the rest of the business of electronics repair was uninsured. So last year he canceled the policy.

He has lost everything and the chances of Artema being able to rebuild now falls on community fundraising efforts to help businesses like his.

Alexander Bourne,

years late, justice has been done,” Ellison said. “The Duluth lynchings are a dark stain on our

MASON 4

Cellfix Facebook

Ladu Artema started Cellefix, an electronics repair shop, five years ago. During the riots in St. Paul looters broke the glass of his store front then “robbed it completely,” he said, “Laptops, televisions, LCD screens, cell phones — all gone.”

Minnesota Rapid Response Coalition (MRRC) has led a

News

Here’s how to stay safe while buying groceries amid the coronavirus pandemic

PAGE 5

REBUILDING 4

Yesterday House DFL legislators who represent the most impacted areas from civil unrest announced the PROMISE Act -- a comprehensive plan to help businesses rebuild and recover, many of which are Black, immigrant, and communities of color-owned.

PROMISE stands for Providing Resources, Opportunity and Maximizing Investments in Striving Entrepreneurs. The PROMISE Act is a top, special session priority for DFL legislators and is inspired by what many saw and heard from community members and business owners during tours of property damage in Minneapolis and Saint Paul.

“We must take immediate action to support

and rebuild our wounded communities. The PROMISE Act will support our communities in an equitable and holistic way so we can rebuild for and by the community,” said Rep. Hodan Hassan (DFL - Minneapolis). “These commercial hubs are the lifeblood of our minority and immigrant communities. By rebuilding with an intentional focus on equity we can avoid the devastating effects of gentrification.”

The legislation would: Create a special panel to review cases and provide direct compensation to impacted individuals.

Partner with cities

HASSAN 5

I2H

Coronavirus deaths and those of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery have something in common: Racism

PAGE 6

Page 4 • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Insight News

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Should you fly yet? An epidemiologist and an exposure scientist walk you through the decision process Kacey Ernst Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona Paloma Beamer Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Arizona We don’t know about you, but we’re ready to travel. And that typically means flying.

We have been thinking through this issue as moms and as an exposure scientist and infectious disease epidemiologist. While we’ve decided personally that we’re not going to fly right now, we will walk you through our thought process on what to consider and how to minimize your risks.

Why the fear of flying?

The primary concern with flying – or traveling by bus or train – is sitting within six feet of an infected person.

Remember: Even asymptomatic people can transmit. Your risk of infection directly corresponds to your dose of exposure, which is determined by your duration of time exposed and the amount of virus-contaminated droplets in the air.

A secondary concern is contact with contaminated surfaces. When an infected person contaminates a shared armrest, airport restroom handle, seat tray or other item, the virus can survive for hours though it degrades over time. If you touch that surface and then touch your mouth or nose, you put yourself at risk of infection.

Before you book, think While there is no way to make air travel 100% safe, there are ways to make it safer.

It’s important to think through the particulars for each trip.

One approach to your decision-making is to use what occupational health experts call the hierarchy of controls. This approach does two things. It focuses on strategies to control exposures close to the source.

Second, it minimizes how much you have to rely on individual human behavior to control exposure. It’s important to

A passenger at Pittsburgh International Airport travels through security on May 7, 2020. remember you may be infectious and everyone around you may also be infectious.

The best way to control exposure is to eliminate the hazard. Since we cannot eliminate the new coronavirus, ask yourself if you can eliminate the trip. Think extra hard if you are older or have preexisting conditions, or if you are going to visit someone in that position.

If you are healthy and those you visit are healthy, think about ways to substitute the hazard. Is it possible to drive?

This would allow you to have more control over minimizing your exposures, particularly if the distance is less than a day of travel.

You’re going, now what?

If you choose to fly, check out airlines’ policies on seating and boarding. Some are minimizing capacity and spacing passengers by not using middle seats and having empty rows. Others are boarding from the back of the plane.

Some that were criticized for filling their planes to capacity

just a few hours earlier. Despite the lack of physical evidence and faulty identifications by the accusers — both of which were noted by officials at the time —

Mason From 3

INSIGHT NEWS www.insightnews.com

Insight News is published weekly, every Monday by McFarlane Media Interests.

Editor-In-Chief Al McFarlane Publisher Batala-Ra McFarlane Associate Editor & Associate Publisher B.P. Ford Culture and Education Editor Dr. Irma McClaurin Associate Editor Afrodescendientes Carmen Robles Associate Editor Nigeria & West Africa Chief Folarin Ero-Phillips Director of Content & Production Patricia Weaver Content & Production Coordinator Sunny Thongthi Yang Distribution/Facilities Manager Jamal Mohamed Receptionist Lue B. Lampley Intern Kelvin Kuria

Contributing Writers Maya Beecham Nadvia Davis Fred Easter Abeni Hill Inell Rosario Latisha Townsend Artika Tyner Toki Wright Photography V. Rivera Garcia Uchechukwu Iroegbu Rebecca Rabb

gloves, as that can lead to a false sense of security and has been associated with reduced hand hygiene practices.

If you are thinking about flying with kids, there are special considerations. Getting a young child to adhere to wearing a mask and maintaining good hygiene behaviors at home is hard enough; it may be impossible to do so when flying.

Children under 2 should not wear a mask.

Each day, we are all constantly faced with decisions about our own personal comfort with risk. Arming yourself with specific knowledge about your airport and airline, and maximizing your use of protective measures that you have control over, can reduce your risk. A good analogy might be that every time you get in the car to drive somewhere there is risk of an accident, but there is a big difference between driving the speed limit with your seat belt on and driving blindfolded, 60 miles an hour through the middle of town.

application for a pardon for Mr. Mason, “The City of Duluth had to have a scapegoat to exculpate the actions of the mob. That scapegoat was Max Mason.” (p.

5) Mr. Mason, then 21, was tried and convicted in November 1920 of raping Ms. Tusken, despite the absence of evidence, inconsistencies in the stories of the accusers, and “almost nonexistent identification testimony.” (p. 7) He was sentenced to up to 30 years in prison. The Minnesota Supreme Court upheld Mr. Mason’s conviction in 1922, despite a strong dissent from Justice Homer Dibbel, a Duluth native.

The State Board of Pardons heard and denied Mason’s application for a pardon or commutation of his sentence six times between September 1922 and March 1925 — despite support for his application from the county attorney who prosecuted him and the judge who sentenced.

The county attorney

wrote: “The defendant was rather unfortunate in that he was the only man of the colored men involved who was convicted.

Personally I never was of the impression that the evidence was any too strong in his case, and if he had been a white man, I am rather doubtful if he would have been convicted.” (p. 13) In September 1925, the Board of Pardons paroled Mason on the condition that he leave Minnesota and not return for at least 16 years. Mason returned to Alabama, married and raised a family, and died in Memphis, Tennessee in 1942.

Ellison met on several occasions with Moses, Blackwella nd other organizers to encourage them to apply for a first-ever posthumous full pardon for Mason in the lead-up to the 100th anniversary of the Duluth lynchings.

The other members of the Board of Pardons — Governor Tim Walz, who serves as chair, and Minnesota Supreme

Court Chief Justice Lorie S. Gildea — joined Ellison today in approving the application for a posthumous pardon for Mason.

A unanimous vote of the Board’s three members is required for a pardon to be granted.

Attorney General Ellison also devoted a recent episode of his podcast, “Affording Your Life,” to the Duluth lynchings and the application for a posthumous pardon of Max Mason.

The livestream of the Board of Pardons meeting is available on the Facebook page of the Minnesota Department of Corrections. The discussion of the pardon for Max Mason is the first item discussed. Testifying in support of the pardon application were attorney Jerry Blackwell, one of the applicants; Dr. Roger Gregoire of the Claton Jackson McGhie Memorial in Duluth; and Duluth Police Chief Mike Tusken, a grand-nephew of Irene Tusken.

people who don’t have much give $20.”

MRRC has raised over $50,000 for small businesses who need a quick injection of cash. The micro grants are aimed at entrepreneurs who are not eligible for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) a government program for small businesses with fewer than 500 employees where they can get loans to pay for workers’ salaries, health-care benefits and sick leave, along with other key expenses such as rent and utilities.

But MRRC isn’t the only organization who is fundraising for the community.

After the riots community groups have been turning to online “GoFundMe” campaigns to help rebuild what has been lost.

There are hundreds of “GoFundMe” appeals ranging from funding individual

businesses like Trevon Ellis, who lost his North Minneapolis barbershop. In an interview with WCCO news Ellis explained he was on a “two hour waiting list” before firefighters could reach his shop, Fade Factory. In tears he watched his shop burn to the ground. After this broadcast friends started a GoFundMe appeal, today it has raised $140,081.

Other groups have raised millions. We Love Lake Street has raised $6,119,119 and West Broadway Business and Area Coalition have raised $1,912,916. But not all GoFundMe appeals are getting this type of attention.

Even with these GoFundMe appeals, Blackowned businesses will still find it tough to survive on their own, they will need further investments to revive economic growth.

Mayor Jacob Frey

is seeking state and federal aid to assist in rebuilding efforts.

Minneapolis officials are still tallying the damage caused by rioters, in hard-hit Minneapolis, local assessments are coming in around $1 billion.

Tawanna Black Founder and CEO of Center For Economic Inclusion wants Minneapolis officials to use rebuilding investment to address inequalities. “I don’t want to see authorities just restoring Blackowned businesses to how they were before”.

She believes that this is an opportunity where authorities can make a difference. “Blackowned businesses need capital investments so that they can buy the property instead of renting out a shop. They need access to resources, technology and access to talent in order to thrive.”

These include ventilation systems, on-board barriers and electrostatic disinfectant sprays on flights.

When the ventilation system on planes is operating, planes have a very high ratio of outside fresh air to recirculated air – about 10 times higher than most commercial buildings.

Plus, most planes’ ventilation systems have HEPA filters.

These are at least 99.9% effective at removing particles that are 0.3 microns in diameter and more efficient at removing both smaller and larger particles.

six of the circus workers were taken into custody in the Duluth jail. On the evening of June 15, an angry mob assembled outside the police station. Ultimately, they raided the jail, kidnapped three of the men held there — Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie — and lynched them over lampposts in front of the jail.

An estimated 10,000 people watched the murders of Clayton, Jackson, and McGhie.

That number represents 20 percent of the population of Duluth at the time. Photos of the lynching and the men’s dead bodies were turned into postcards and sold as souvenirs.

The men were buried in graves that were not identified or marked until 1991. In 2003, the City of Duluth apologized for the lynching and dedicated a memorial to the men’s honor on the site of the lynching.

Artist Donald Walker

Rebuilding

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How to be safe from shuttle to seat From checking in, to going through security to boarding, you will be touching many surfaces. To minimize risk: Bring hand wipes to disinfect surfaces such as your seat belt and your personal belongings, like your passport.

If you cannot find hand wipes, bring a small washcloth soaked in a bleach solution in a zip bag.

This would probably freak TSA

out less than your personal spray bottle, and viruses are not likely to grow on a cloth with a bleach solution. But remember: More bleach is not better and can be unsafe. You only need one tablespoon in four cups of water to be effective.

Bring plastic zip bags for personal items that others may handle, such as your ID. Bring extra bags so you can put these things in a new bag after you get the chance to disinfect them.

Wash your hands or use hand sanitizer as often as you can. While soap and water is most effective, hand sanitizer is helpful after you wash to get any parts you may have missed.

Once you get to your window seat, stay put.

Wear a mask. If you already have an N95 respirator, consider using it but others can also provide protection. We do not recommend purchasing N95 until health care workers have an adequate supply. Technically, it should also be tested to make sure you have a good fit. We do not recommend the use of

have announced plans to allow customers to cancel their flights if the flight goes over 70% passenger seating capacity.

Federal and state guidance is changing constantly, so make sure you look up the most recent guidance from government agencies and the airlines and airport you are using for additional advice, and current policies or restrictions.

While this may sound counterintuitive, consider booking multiple, shorter flights.

This will decrease the likelihood of having to use the lavatory and the duration of exposure to an infectious person on the plane.

After you book, select a window seat if possible. If you consider the six-foot radius circle around you, having a wall on one side would directly reduce the number of people you are exposed to during the flight in half, not to mention all the people going up and down the aisle.

Also, check out your airline to see their engineering controls that are designed or put into practice to isolate hazards.

The conviction of Max Mason In the words of the

fundraising campaign to help Black-owned businesses get back on their feet. His volunteers have been busy with the cleanup efforts in neighborhoods and helped businesses with the removal of fire debris. But the majority of their fundraising efforts are to support Black entrepreneurs and restore the economic growth in the West Broadway corridor.

Bourne said, “Black businesses are hurting and the community has risen to the challenge. We received a S15,000 donation from Amazon, but most of the money raised is from people from our community -locally and nationally-- giving what they can. It is humbling to see that

Jeff Swensen/Getty Images

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Insight News • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Page 5

Here’s how to stay safe while buying groceries amid the coronavirus pandemic Erin DiCaprio Assistant Specialist in Cooperative Extension and Food Virology Researcher, University of California, Davis Wear a mask, but skip the gloves.

Don’t sanitize the apples. And if you are older than 65, it’s probably best to still order your groceries online.

As a food virologist, I hear a lot of questions from people about the coronavirus risks in grocery stores and how to stay safe while shopping for food amid the pandemic. Here are answers to some of the common questions.

Can I touch the tomatoes?

What you touch on the grocery shelves is less of a concern than who breathes on you and other surfaces you might come in contact with in a store. In fact, there is currently no evidence of the virus being transmitted by food or food packaging.

You may have heard about studies showing that the virus can remain infectious for up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to 72 hours on plastic

or stainless steel. These are controlled laboratory studies, in which high levels of infectious virus are applied to the surfaces and humidity and temperature held constant. In these experiments, the level of infectious virus – virus capable of causing disease – decreased even after a few hours, indicating that the virus does not survive well on these surfaces.

The highest risk is close contact with other people who may be shedding virus in droplets as they sneeze, talk or breathe nearby.

Next would be high-touch surfaces, like door handles, where someone not practicing good hand hygiene might have transferred the virus to the surface. In this scenario, you would have to touch this surface and then touch your own mucus membranes – your eyes, mouth or ears – to contract the illness.

Think about how often a surface is touched, and then decide if you can avoid the riskiest spots or use hand sanitizer after touching them.

Significantly more people touch door handles and credit card machines compared to a tomato in a bin.

Do I need to sanitize my food

John Paraskevas/Newsday via Getty Images

Wearing a mask helps reduce how far droplets that can carry the coronavirus travel when the wearer talks or sneezes. when I get home?

No, you do not need to sanitize your food when you get home, and trying to do so can actually be dangerous.

Chemicals and soaps are not labeled for use on food.

This means we do not know if they are safe or even effective when directly applied to food.

Moreover, some of these practices might create food safety hazards. For example, if you filled a sink with water and then submerged your vegetables in it, pathogenic microorganisms in your sink – say, trapped in the drain from the raw chicken you cut up the night before – might

contaminate your produce.

You should instead wash your produce under cool running water and then dry it with a clean towel.

You don’t need to wait to unpack groceries or boxes when you arrive home. Instead, after unpacking, wash your hands.

Washing your hands frequently, using soap and water and drying with a clean towel, is really the best defense for protecting yourself from this virus and many other infectious diseases that might be on a surface or package.

Should I wear gloves in the grocery store?

Gloves are not currently recommended for a visit to the grocery store, in part because they may help spread germs.

If you are wearing gloves, know that disposable gloves are meant for a single use and you should throw them out after you are done shopping.

To take off gloves, grab the band at the wrist on one hand, making sure not to have gloved fingers touch your skin, and pull the glove up over your hand and fingers turning it inside out as you remove. Best practice is to wash your hands after the gloves are removed. If soap and water are not available, use a hand sanitizer.

How should I deal with other people?

We wear masks to protect others. You can have COVID-19 and not know it, so wearing a mask can help keep you from spreading the virus if you’re asymptomatic.

Wearing a mask can also provide some level of protection to the person wearing it, but it does not keep out all droplets and is not 100% effective in preventing disease.

Following social

Black Women From 3 story is reminiscent of countless others, and reflects a longstanding pattern: For decades, Black women have been targets of police violence and brutality.

And for decades, their stories have been sidelined in public discussions about policing. Many scholars point to misogyny to explain the continued marginalization of black women in mainstream narratives on police violence.

As Andrea Ritchie, one of the authors of the groundbreaking #SayHerName report, explains, “Women’s experiences of policing and criminalization and resistance [have] become unworthy of historical study or mention, particularly when those writing our histories are also men.”

Despite, or perhaps because of, their own vulnerability to state-sanctioned violence, Black women have been key voices in the struggle to end it.

Fannie Lou Hamer confronts police violence Civil rights leader Fannie Lou Hamer was one of the most vocal activists.

After learning that she had the right to vote under the U.S. Constitution, Hamer became active in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an interracial civil rights organization. The organization worked on the grassroots level to help Black residents in Mississippi register to vote at a time when only 5% of the state’s 450,000 Black residents were registered.

In 1963, Hamer and a group of other activists were traveling back home after attending a voter’s workshop in Charleston, South Carolina.

They stopped at a restaurant in Winona, Mississippi, to grab a bite to eat.

The restaurant owners made it clear that Black people

Hassan From 3 and community organizations to create economic relief programs for impacted businesses and organizations.

Give local units of government flexibility and tools to prevent gentrification.

Direct the Minnesota Department of Commerce to assist business owners, and require insurance companies to notify the department of any rejected claims.

Help with the rising cost of leases for eligible residential and commercial properties.

Eliminate the sales tax on the purchase of construction materials used to rebuild

Uche Iroegbu

Born in Ruleville, Mississippi, in 1917, Hamer was a sharecropper who joined the civil rights movement during the early 1960s. were not welcome. Hamer returned to the bus, but then reemerged when she noticed officers shoving her friends into police cars. An officer immediately seized Hamer and began kicking her.

Later at the police station, white officers continued to beat Hamer. As she later recalled, “They beat me till my body was hard, till I couldn’t bend my fingers or get up when they told me to. That’s how I got this blood clot in my left eye – the sight’s nearly gone now. And my kidney was injured from the blows they gave me in the back.”

Despite the fear of reprisals, Hamer told this story often. In 1964, at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, she recounted her story before a live, televised audience of millions.

In doing so, Hamer brought attention to the problem of police violence. Her efforts would pave the way for many other Black women activists who boldly confronted police violence and brutality by telling their stories – and the stories of their loved ones.

From lynch mob to violent police

damaged or destroyed properties.

Provide property and sales tax cuts for eligible properties.

Establish a “Metropolitan Area Redevelopment Corporation” to create a long-term plan for equity-driven redevelopment and transformation.

“While we work on long-needed and overdue racial justice and police accountability legislation, we must also help our impacted businesses and communities recover and rebuild,” said House Majority Leader Ryan Winkler.

“These are strong economic and cultural centers of our cities, and we have to help them in a way that promotes equity and prevents gentrification. The extensive property damage and loss in these communities requires us to take urgent action

During the 1980s, Mary Bumpurs and Veronica Perry led a grassroots initiative in New York City to combat police violence in black communities.

In 1984, Mary Bumper’s 66-year-old mother, Eleanor Bumpurs, was shot and killed by New York City police while resisting eviction from her Bronx apartment. A year later, in June 1985, Veronica Perry’s 17-year-old son, Edmund Perry, was shot and killed by a plainclothes police officer.

Both cases drew widespread media coverage and public outcry from Black leaders, who demanded tangible changes in policing.

United by their similar experiences, Mary Bumpers and Veronica Perry joined forces to combat police brutality in New York City – an epicenter of police violence and anti-brutality organizing.

Transforming their grief into political action, both women politicized their roles as mothers and daughters to challenge police violence. They organized local demonstrations and pushed for legislation that would help to curb police violence in the city.

On Sept. 24, 1985, they were keynote speakers at the Memorial Baptist Church in

The Rev. Al Sharpton and Gwen Carr, mother of Eric Garner, joined the Minneapolis protests demanding justice for George Floyd who was killed by former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin.

Harlem. Both women delivered rousing speeches before an audience of community members and religious leaders.

“We will not stand for the KKK in blue uniforms … we will not stand for it,” Veronica Perry insisted.

Her comments emphasized Black activists’ recognition that the fight for Black rights was interconnected with the struggle against racist violence – whether at the hands of a lynch mob of ordinary citizens or at the hands of a police officer.

The struggle continues In October 1986, Mary Bumpurs and Veronica Perry appeared together at a memorial service at the House of the Lord Church in Brooklyn.

They were joined by several other Black women, including Carrie Stewart, the mother of graffiti artist Michael Stewart, who died in police custody in 1983.

Also joining them was Annie Brannon, whose 15-yearold son Randolph Evans was killed by New York police in 1976.

At the service, they lit candles in memory of their loved ones and called on community members to take seriously the escalating police violence in the city and across the nation. “We as a people have to stand together,” Mary Bumpurs explained. “It takes each of us banding together,” Veronica Perry added.

Today many remember the Eleanor Bumpurs and Edmund Perry cases. Fewer might recall these two women’s grassroots organizing during the 1980s.

Their efforts, and the earlier work of Fannie Lou Hamer in Mississippi, offer a glimpse of the significant role black women play in challenging police violence.

These women’s political work continues today

distancing guidelines – keeping 6 feet between you and the next person – is very important when you are in a store or any other space with other people.

If you’re over 65 or have a compromised immune system, see if the grocery has special hours for high-risk populations, and consider having groceries delivered to your home instead.

Can I still bring my own bags?

Many grocery stores have stopped allowing the use of reusable bags because of the potential risks to their workers.

If you are using a reusable nylon or plastic bag, clean inside and outside of the bag with soapy water and rinse. Spray or wipe down the bag inside and out with diluted bleach solution or disinfectant, then allow the bag to air dry completely. For cloth bags, wash the bag in warm water with normal laundry detergent, then dry it on the warmest setting possible.

Everyone has to be more aware of their surroundings to stay safe during this pandemic. Remember to wear your mask and keep your distance from others and you can minimize the risks.

through the “Mothers of the Movement,” a group of Black mothers whose sons and daughters have been killed while in police custody.

This group, which includes Sybrina Fulton, the mother of Trayvon Martin, and Gwen Carr, the mother of Eric Garner, are working tirelessly to push for legislation that would fundamentally change American policing.

In recent years, Fulton, along with Democratic Georgia Congresswoman Lucy McBath, the mother of Jordan Davis, and Lesley McSpadden, the mother of Michael Brown, have run for public office. In the wake of recent protests, these women are calling for greater police accountability and joining the chorus of voices demanding the end of police killings of Black people in the United States.

Keisha N. Blain is an Associate Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh and President of the African American Intellectual History Society (AAIHS). Blain is the author of the multi-award winning book, ‘Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom’ (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018). She is also the co-editor of ‘To Turn the Whole World Over: Black Women and Internationalism’ (University of Illinois Press, 2019); ‘New Perspectives on the Black Intellectual Tradition’ (Northwestern University Press, 2018); and ‘Charleston Syllabus: Readings on Race, Racism, and Racial Violence’ (University of Georgia Press, 2016). She is currently a 20192020 W.E.B. Du Bois Fellow at Harvard University.

This article was originally published on The Conversation.

and deliver results.”

“Our communities and these businesses, many of them minority-owned and already struggling due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, need resources to rebuild,” said House Speaker Melissa Hortman. “Today, we’re putting forward a comprehensive plan to help those impacted, that puts equity at the center of our recovery efforts. The Legislature must move quickly to help these communities recover. I want to thank Majority Leader Winkler for agreeing to lead this important work, and the Minneapolis and St. Paul legislative delegations and city staff for their collaborative work on this proposal.”

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Page 6 • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Insight News

Insight 2 Health

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Health disparities between African Americans and whites have always existed, and chronic stress is one of the reasons.

Coronavirus deaths and those of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery have something in common: Racism

By April Thames, Associate Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Southern California – Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences The COVID-19 pandemic and the deaths of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery are two major catastrophes that shine a light on longstanding social inequities and injustices toward African Americans. Emerging research in the field of social genomics demonstrates how social stress, such as racism and discrimination, can shift the body’s biological resources toward a state that increases risk for disease.

For example, our research group has found that racial discrimination may be impacting the way genes are expressed, leading to increased levels of dangerous stress hormones.

These differences were found even when social determinant factors such as poverty and other forms of stress were accounted for.

Hence, racial discrimination experiences may also explain why African Americans continue to remain at higher risk for poor medical outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension, and psychiatric outcomes, such as depression and anxiety, even when social determinant factors, such as poverty and educational levels, are controlled.

With respect to COVID-19, African Americans

represent only 13% of the U.S. population, yet 33% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Many public health officials have said that the reason for these disparities may be higher incidence of chronic medical conditions among African Americans.

But is this right, and does it limit the way public health officials and scientists should be looking at the issue? In short, as a clinical neuropsychologist who has studied biological underpinnings of health and disease, I think this is a limited view. First, we must consider relevant biological factors to COVID-19. Racism is a stressor that has been linked to poor health,inflammation and premature biological aging, but I believe there is likely more going on biologically than researchers have previously understood.

Biological regulators of blood pressure are affected

Let’s start with something called the reninangiotensin system, or RAS. RAS is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure,electrolytes or minerals within the body that help regulate muscle and nerve function, and cardiovascular function.

Within RAS, there is a group of four hormones called angiotensins that can increase blood pressure. One of the types of angiotensins, called ANG II, is produced within the brain. In response to stress, ANG II or another type of angiotensin called ANG-(1–7) becomes activated to increase blood pressure. Just how much ANG II is released? Well, that depends on the duration of stress and RAS activation levels at the time of stress.

Another key regulator of RAS, called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), works to lower blood pressure.

It does this by breaking down ANG II into ANG (1-7). ACE2 can be found on the surface

of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney and intestines.

Researchers have discovered thatACE2 is also the key entry receptor for COVID-19. A few studies have found racial differences in ACE2 activity, showing that African Americans produce higher levels of Ang II – which leads to higher rates of hypertension – and lower ACE2 activity.

Lower ACE2 activity is also involved in lung injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Elevations in Ang II have been directly related toCOVID-19 severity. Therefore, abnormal regulation of the RAS system in response to chronic stress may be one explanation why African Americans are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes.

The immune system becomes overstressed

A second factor may also reflect dysfunctions in the body’s innate, or immediate, and adaptive, or prolonged, immune responses.

Both responses are evolutionarily designed to defend against and prevent the spread of pathogens. The immune system is complex, and it requires sophisticated coordination among a range of cells and molecules within the body.

A key part of the body’s immune and inflammatory response is small proteins called cytokines. These proteins are secreted by cells for the purpose of signaling and communication between cells.

Different cytokines have different duties and activity, and they can elicit a variety of responses once they bind to a receptor.

Abnormalities in the adaptive immune response may cause the immune system to attack its own cells and tissue by causing cytokines to go awry. This is called a “cytokine storm.” Doctors have been seen this reaction in severe cases of COVID-19.

Inflammation associated

with a cytokine storm begins at a local site – for example, within the lung – and spreads throughout the body. The over-response of a cytokine storm damages tissue. And while healing of the target site may occur, persistent organ dysfunction can occur as a result of cytokine storms.

Doctors do not yet totally understand the precise mechanisms driving cytokine storms. What they do know is that stress can cause a chronic immune response in addition to an increase in cytokines.

We all experience stress, and, for the most part, stress exposure allows a person to build character and resiliency. However, stress that is chronic, uncontrollable and unpredictable can wreak havoc on the mind and body.

And worse, racism and discrimination are unique stressors because they pose a clear social threat to survival.

Unlike many other forms of stress, such as losing one’s job, divorce or even being diagnosed with an illness, you cannot problem-solve or prevent it from happening. This is best illustrated by the unconscionable deaths of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery.

African Americans have been a target group for racism, discrimination and police brutality for decades.

Racial discrimination and the immune system

Collectively, there appear to be two potential pathways that may explain why African Americans are hardest hit by many illnesses, including COVID-19.

First, stress from racial discrimination alters the innate immunity of a host to promote abnormal inflammatory responses. Stress activates hormones in the brain that are involved in blood pressure and cardiovascular function, each of which contributes to medical conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease,

that increase COVID-19 risk.

Second, dysfunction of the RAS and innate and adaptive immune system may alter host innate immunity to promote abnormal inflammatory responses.

This could therefore increase risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes, should one become infected.

The crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the deaths of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery has forced us to confront issues of injustices and health disparities. While considerable efforts are being made to “flatten the COVID-19 curve,” these efforts do not negate the damage that has already been done, particularly in the African American community.

We need to ask ourselves why these social inequities and injustices continue to persist.

I believe the answer lies in a close examination of structural forms of racism and discrimination toward African Americans. These unfortunate events provide an opportunity to take a hard look at the longstanding social inequities and injustices that permeate the African American experience.

Understanding potential biological contributors to severe health outcomes such as COVID-19 in African Americans may aid in improved health for all.

Dr. April Thames is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Southern California. As Principal Investigator of several grant-supported projects, she has developed a translational neuroscience research program that focuses on the impact of chronic disease, substance abuse, socioeconomic disadvantage, and lifetime stress/adversity and resiliency on neurological, cognitive, and mental health outcomes.

This article originally appeared on The Conversation.

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Insight News • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Page 7

Page 8 • June 22, 2020 - June 28, 2020 • Insight News

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In 2016, then-49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick thrust a protest movement forward when he knelt during the national anthem to protest police brutality and systemic racism.

More than half of Americans now say OK to anthem protests according to new poll The viral image of a Minneapolis police officer kneeling on the neck of an unconscious black man could be the reason Americans have shifted their approval of national anthem protests at sporting events. A new Yahoo News/YouGov poll has found that a “significantly larger number of Americans are now fine with NFL sideline protests, compared to 2016 when they first entered the public discussion.”

In 2016, then-49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick thrust a protest movement forward when he knelt during the national anthem to protest police brutality and systemic racism. Accused of anti-patriot behavior and insulting veterans, Kaepernick took heat from multiple sources from police unions to the White House, when Donald Trump launched into an attack against Kaepernick and other athletes for sideline protests. A similar poll revealed in 2016 that only 28% of those

surveyed agreed with his right to protest.

The poll asked the question, “Is it OK for NFL players to kneel during the national anthem to protest police killings of African Americans?”

The results were interesting: Both male and female respondents agreed that it was, by a margin of 52 percent to 37 percent (male) and 52 percent to 34 percent (female) Younger respondents tended to be more favorable to the idea, with 68 percent of those 18-29 agreeing that it was.

That number steadily declined to 36 percent of respondents over 65 Self-described Democrats strongly favored the right to protest, at 77 percent, while only 20 percent of Republicans, and 20 percent of self-described Trump voters, answered in the affirmative Along racial lines, 77 percent of blacks, 57 percent of Hispanics, and 47 percent of

whites answered positively Among respondents with incomes of more than $100,000, 63 percent agreed with the right to protest, while 49 percent of respondents with incomes of less than $50,000 agreed According to Yahoo, “The poll of 1,570 Americans was conducted June 9 and 10 and covered a range of topics, including police brutality, racial injustice and presidential evaluation.”

On June 6, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell issued a video message stating that the league should have listened more to Black players without mentioning Colin Kaepernick. In 2019, the world’s richest sports league settled a collusion suit with the still unemployed quarterback for an undisclosed amount. However, a new Harris Poll reveals that 61% Americans now believe the NFL owes Kaepernick more, an apology.

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