Architectural Journalism Portfolio 2024

portfolio.

Ranmini Herath

Architectural Journalism

Selected work: 2022 - 2024

YOUTH HOSTEL GERLOS

BY LECHNER&LECHNER

STANDS ON ALPINE HILLS

Designed as an eco-friendly solution for schools organizing ski trips, this affordable youth hostel offers a wide variety of sports and leisure activities in a beautiful, serene environment With its U-shaped village square and unique material palette, this project strives to achieve a balance between functionality, cost-effectiveness, and aesthetics The use of renewable materials and mindful design approaches create a captivating surprise for visitors exploring the promenade. Lechner & Lechner Architects have taken a complex

Nestled high in the Austrian Alps, the ‘Youth Hostel Gerlos’ by Salzburg-based design firm

Lechner & Lechner Architects seamlessly blends with its surrounding landscape

design problem and turned it into a distinctive solution that elevates both the practical and the visual appeal, making this youth hostel a must-visit destination for nature lovers and sports enthusiasts alike.

This is a thoughtfully designed addition to the picturesque village of Hochkrimml in the Austrian Alps, which was developed by Lechner & Lechner Architects, who prioritized the integration of sustainability, regionalism, and functionality in this modern architectural design

The hostel's location presented a unique challenge in terms of effectively integrating the substantial building mass within the site without overwhelming its surroundings To address this, the main building was positioned on the northern portion of the site, with a slight tilt towards the main street The building's singlepitched roof mirrors the terrain, resulting in a lower profile on the valley side, and the bulk of the building is xxxxxxxx

broken down by including recessed side wings that serve as dining areas and ski storage.

The interior of the building features raw and untreated cross-laminated timber surfaces, which provide a blank canvas for students to leave their own unique marks This intentional unfinished quality imbues the space with warmth and character, encouraging personal expression and creativity

To add a dynamic element to the design, the ramp details feature metal cladding, creating a striking visual contrast with the light-hued wood surfaces This interplay of materials elevates the design and creates a harmonious balance between sustainability and aesthetics. The resulting space is a reflection of the surrounding environment, providing a place for students to connect with nature and explore their creativity in a space that is uniquely their own.

The design philosophy is rooted in the natural surroundings, which is achieved through the intentional use of materials and elements that complement the landscape and promote sustainability.

The building's façade, made of larch wood, is designed to appear "woven" into the surroundings, and over time, it is expected to merge with the forest through natural ageing With time, it shall undergo a natural weathering process, allowing the façade to take on the hues of the surrounding forest environment, thus blending the building seamlessly with its surroundings.

The vertical promenade leading to the rooms, sports facilities, and bars begins at the entrance

As a long-standing architectural practice, Lechner & Lechner Architects have made a steadfast commitment to utilizing sustainable and renewable materials in their designs. This project showcases this dedication to this principle by utilizing cross-laminated timber elements as the primary building material. The building is heated by biomass district heating, and the building is powered by renewable energy generated from photovoltaic sources. The hostel prioritizes collective transportation to reduce its carbon footprint, utilizing coach services over individual modes of transportation. The residual wood from the transport of crosslaminated timber walls was repurposed into stylish furnishings, promoting sustainable and environmentally conscious design.

The design was influenced by the teachings of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, emphasizing that architecture should elevate the practical, functional, and useful into something visually appealing This philosophy guided the design through the complexities of reconciling cost-effectiveness, functionality, and beauty in the building, resulting in a Youth Hostel that embodies the firm’s commitment to creating architecture that enhances the community, promotes sustainable practices and provides a memorable experience for visitors.

ARCHTECTURAL STORYTELLING

KITCHEN DESIGN & APARTMENT RENOVATION,

35 QM | BERLIN | 2020

SCOPE OF WORK:

Conception Planning

Furniture Design

Budgeting

Detailed Planning

Sourcing

Contractors Evaluation

Site Supervision

Julia and Mathieu had been living in their apartment for several years, but they had never been satisfied with their kitchen and dining area. Accessible from all four sides, the space felt small and cramped, with too many walls and doors separating it from the rest of the apartment. Moreover, it was challenging to find enough space to store all their kitchen utensils, and there was never sufficient countertop space.

That is why Julia and Mathieu approached me with a request to remodel their kitchen. Once I took the time to listen to their request, we discussed their needs and desires. Julia and Mathieu were two wonderful people who radiated warmth and welcome but the gloomy and messy kitchen did not do justice to their personalities.

DESIGN GUIDELINES:

Create more counter-top space

Create more storage space in the kitchen

Create the storage space in the hallway for shoes and coats

Make space for bigger sink

Find a solution for the window in the kitchen

Utilize the whole height of the room, but at the same time not everything should be box out

Create space for utility storage

BEFORE THE RENOVATION

After taking a good look at the original design I realized that even though there were 3 wide and tall windows that brought in ample natural light, the entrance to the apartment was a dark hallway because all the walls would not allow the light to penetrate the interiors. Upon further inspection, I found that the gallery-type kitchen layout wasted a lot of the potential of the apartment and was lacking in both countertop space and storage, and cooking in this kitchen made them feel isolated because of all the barriers between them and the rest of the apartment.

With those observations, I started working on a new design that would help alleviate their problems. I proposed to remove all of the walls and doors that were congesting the space and create subtle thresholds to visually separate different areas of the kitchen without adding additional walls or doors. Extending the space became one of my key initiatives as I approached the renovation. This was achieved through using different flooring materials, and carefully arranging furniture. The new U-shaped kitchen layout multiplied the work surface and storage space. Creating a height difference in the ceiling to mark the threshold between the kitchen and dining area, a 4-seater dining table was added for a more seamless flow of interactions between the kitchen, dining and living areas.

I also wanted to enhance the personality and individuality of Julia and Mathieu's home, so the original grey timber flooring typical for Berlin was replaced with vibrantly coloured, patterned tiles that not only helped to further demarcate the space but also added a touch of excitement. The pantry cabinets were redesigned with clean geometries, with black and timber tones. The dining table matches the same tones of timber and steel to match the language of the cabinets, thus creating a relaxing and welcoming atmosphere. The backsplash for the counters is a pastel green glossy tile in a combination of 6 different subtle shades. This tile was chosen as it is easy to clean and maintain, and the colours complement the modern and sleek black and warm timber tones of the pantry cupboards.

From my experience working as an architect, I knew that remodelling the apartment by opening up the kitchen wall would transform the apartment in an unimaginable way, and I was right! Now the space feels extended and visually connected, which encourages interactions and optimizes work-life balance. The previously cramped apartment is now a beautiful open space with a functional kitchen, integrated dining, and an entry zone created by a built-in wardrobe. The result is a space that is not only functional but also inviting and cosy. The personality of Julia and Mathieu is enhanced through the careful selection of furniture and accessories, transforming their apartment into a warm, bright and welcoming home for a growing family.

TRANSFORM YOUR BATHROOM:

10 TIPS FOR A STUNNING REMODEL

Looking to remodel your bathroom? Check out our top 10 tips for a successful bathroom remodel! From choosing the right colour palette to adding finishing touches, we've got you covered Create a spa-like retreat in your own home with our expert advice

A bathroom remodel can be a daunting task, but with the right tips and guidance, it can also be a rewarding experience. Whether you are looking to update your bathroom for personal enjoyment or to add value to your home, there are several factors to consider In this article, we will explore the top 10 tips for a successful bathroom remodel, providing you with expert advice and insights to help you navigate this exciting project From setting a budget to choosing the right materials, we've got you covered So, let's get started and transform your bathroom into the space of your dreams!

Set a realistic budget

Setting a realistic budget is one of the most important steps when planning a bathroom remodel It is essential to consider all the costs involved in the project, including materials, labour, and permits Be sure to factor in any unexpected expenses that may arise during the renovation process, such as plumbing or electrical issues Once you have determined your budget, it is important to stick to it and make informed decisions when selecting materials and fixtures By setting a budget, you can ensure that your bathroom remodel stays on track and that you achieve the desired results without breaking the bank

Plan the layout

While it can be tempting to make major changes to the layout, it's important to keep in mind that moving plumbing and electrical can be a significant expense If possible, try to keep the existing layout and focus on updating the finishes and fixtures. However, if you do need to make changes to the layout, be sure to consult with a professional to ensure that the changes are feasible and within your budget. By carefully planning the layout, you can create a functional and efficient space that meets your needs and enhances the value of your home

Invest in the right fixtures and materials

Choosing the right fixtures and materials is an essential aspect of a successful bathroom remodel Your personal style, functionality, durability, and cost should all be taken into consideration when selecting fixtures and materials It is also important to think about the resale value of your home Opt for fixtures and materials that have a timeless appeal and will appeal to a wide range of potential buyers In addition, choose materials that are durable and easy to maintain for flooring and water-resistant materials for shower walls and countertops. By investing in the right fixtures and materials, you can create a bathroom that not only suits your personal taste but also adds value to your home

Think about functionality

Functionality is a key factor to consider when remodelling your bathroom It's important to make sure that the space is not only visually appealing but also practical and efficient Start by assessing your bathroom's layout and think about how you can maximize the available space Make sure to include adequate storage, lighting, ventilation and accessibility in your plan Consider installing built-in cabinets, shelves, or vanity with drawers to maximize storage space Utilizing hanging racks or hooks for towels and robes can also help save space. Proper ventilation is crucial to prevent mould and mildew growth, so upgrading your fan or installing a window can greatly benefit your bathroom's functionality When it comes to lighting, choose fixtures that provide both functionality and aesthetics and place them strategically for optimal use

Choose a neutral colour palette

choosing the right colour palette can make a significant impact on the overall feel of the space Neutral colours such as whites, greys, and beige can create a serene and calming atmosphere in your bathroom. These colours work well with a variety of decor styles, and they can also make your bathroom feel more spacious By incorporating different shades of neutrals, you can create depth and interest in your bathroom. Pairing a neutral colour palette with natural materials such as wood, stone, or marble can add warmth and texture to the space. With a neutral colour palette, you can easily change the look of your bathroom by switching out accessories or adding pops of colour with towels or wall art

Add a focal point

Adding a focal point to your bathroom can enhance its visual appeal and add character to the space

Consider incorporating a statement piece such as a freestanding tub or a bold tile pattern to create a focal point You can also use artwork, a unique mirror, or a stunning light fixture as a focal point to add personality and style to the room Make sure it complements the overall style of your bathroom and enhances its functionality A well-designed focal point can transform the entire space, and make it a welcoming space to relax and unwind

Consider eco-friendly options

Incorporating eco-friendly options into your bathroom design can not only save you money on utility bills but also help the environment. ou can opt for low-flow toilets, which use less water and reduce your water bill. LED lighting is another great option, as it uses less energy and has a longer lifespan than traditional lighting. Water-efficient faucets can also reduce your water usage and help conserve this precious resource. Additionally, energy-efficient fixtures and appliances can help reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on your utility bills By choosing eco-friendly options, you can make a positive impact on the environment and your wallet

Accessibility

This should be a top consideration when planning a bathroom remodel Not only is it important for those with mobility issues, but it also adds convenience for all users Features such as grab bars, walk-in showers, and comfort-height toilets can improve safety and comfort for individuals with limited mobility or disabilities Keep in mind that even if you don't currently have mobility issues, it's always a good idea to plan ahead and make your home as accessible as possible for the future. Incorporating accessible features into your bathroom remodel can also increase the value of your home, as it appeals to a wider range of potential buyers.

Hire a professional

While DIY projects may seem fun and cost-effective, the reality is that they can often end up costing you more in the long run due to mistakes and lack of expertise A professional contractor can help you plan your project, provide valuable insights and recommendations, and ensure that everything is completed to code and up to your standards They also have the necessary tools and equipment to get the job done efficiently and safely. By hiring a professional, you can have peace of mind knowing that your bathroom remodel will be completed on time, within budget, and to your satisfaction.

Add Finishing Touches

This is where you can really put your personal stamp on the space and make it feel like your own Once you have completed your bathroom remodel, adding finishing touches can elevate the space Consider adding artwork or wall decor that complements the colour palette and style of your bathroom Plants are also a great way to bring life and natural texture into the space Finally, don't forget about accessories like soap dispensers, toothbrush holders, and towels, which can add both style and functionality to your newly remodelled bathroom

Your bathroom is one of the most important spaces in your home, so a successful remodel can make a huge difference in your daily life By following these top 10 tips, you can create a bathroom that is not only beautiful but also functional and efficient. From choosing a neutral colour palette to adding finishing touches, each step of the process is important in creating a space that you'll love for years to come. So, what are you waiting for? Get started on your dream bathroom today!

BEYONDHERITAGE:

A LIGHTING EXPERIENCE CENTER EMERGES FROM A BANGALORE BUNGALOW

In the heart of Bangalore, AAD Studio embodies the transformative power of thoughtful design to breathe new life into a 30-year-old Victorian bungalow Once a bustling home for a 20-person joint family, the space now serves as a stunning Experience Center for Lumin Essence, a company dedicated to the art of illumination

AAD Studio is a young and energetic firm led by the visionary duo of principal architects Ar Ahmed Ishhaq and Ar. Aditi KY, who brings a unique perspective to design This project is a collaboration between Lumin Essence's inhouse design team, and exemplifies the power of adaptive reuse, showcasing a seamless blend of heritage and contemporary functionality

The design philosophy centres around achieving simplicity and clarity to create a well-designed environment while showcasing the versatility of lighting and furniture. Embracing this ideology, the design team prioritizes a minimalist aesthetic through clean silhouettes, strategically placed lighting with simple geometric shapes, and a muted color palette that complemented the xxx

A PHILOSOPHY OF SIMPLICITY AND CLARITY

interplay of light and shadow This neutral backdrop allows the diverse styles of furniture and lighting on display to take center stage.

A SYMPHONY OF LIGHT AND SPACE

Stepping into this space, one is immediately struck by the play of light, which serves a central role in reimagining the character of the interiors A well-distributed system of ambient lighting lays the foundation. In contrast, strip lighting accentuates the architectural outlines, and the strategic placement of accent lighting adds visual interest and highlights other design elements, artwork and furniture pieces.

This multi-layered approach not only ensures functionality but also elevates the design narrative, showcasing AAD Studio's expertise in creating spaces that perfectly complement Lumin Essence's lighting

A CAPTIVATING DIALOGUE OF PAST & PRESENT

The Experience Center creates a sense of surprise in the visitors with a transformative interplay of past and present The original grandeur of the Victorian bungalow is subtly preserved throughout the interiors

The centerpiece of this interiors is the reimagined staircase, which sets the tone for the entire design experience Preserving the original semi-circular form of the Victorian staircase, this striking feature has been cleverly designed with a curved wall which replaces the traditional railing to maintain the modern, minimalist aesthetic

Stepping into this space, one is immediately struck by the play of light, which serves a central role in reimagining the character of the interiors A well-distributed system of ambient lighting lays the foundation In contrast, strip lighting accentuates the architectural outlines, and the strategic placement of accent lighting adds visual interest and highlights other design elements, artwork and furniture pieces

This multi-layered approach not only ensures functionality but also elevates the design narrative, showcasing AAD Studio's expertise in creating spaces that perfectly complement Lumin Essence's lighting

The planning of this space presented a unique challenge: accommodating multiple teams within a historic structure while ensuring clutter-free movement, and the design team at AAD Studio had addressed this brilliantly

The once-bustling kitchen has been transformed into the heart of the Experience Centre – the design team's working zone. This clever conversion reflects how the most functional space in a home can become the most functional space in a professional setting Similarly, the former reading room now serves as a dedicated MD cabin, ensuring a quiet and focused environment

The grand dining area has been repurposed as a vibrant discussion zone; a place where teams can have informal brainstorming sessions or casual chats Meanwhile, the living room retains its original purpose, albeit with a modern twist

FUNCTION MEETS FINESSE

MATTERS

The material palette is a compelling play of textures that subtly introduce a touch of luxury. The original marble flooring, which would have created an unwelcome glare in a space filled with so much light, has been replaced with warm timber flooring This not only provides a sense of grounding but also helps to control light reflection, ensuring a more comfortable visual experience within the brightly illuminated environment. Cool tones from stone and steel accents add a touch of contemporary edge

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect is the juxtaposition between the exterior and the interior The ornate Victorian facade stands in stark contrast to the serene minimalism within. This unexpected pairing creates a sense of intrigue, leaving a lasting impression on visitors.

A COHESIVE NARRATIVE

The successful conversion of this Victorian bungalow exemplifies how thoughtful design can breathe new life into existing structures.

By embracing a minimalist approach and focusing on functionality, AAD Studios hoped to create a unique and inspiring office space that respected the building's legacy The resulting space is a functional, modern office environment that also serves as a striking showcase for lighting and living experiences.

MATERIALITY

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE AS A HEALING AGENT IN NEW GENERATION HOSPITALS

The concept of “Healing Architecture” is about creating an architectural space that is conducive to healing, physically, and psychologically. This concept is predominantly relevant in Healthcare Architecture, where there is a large influx of people crossing these thresholds on a daily basis.

The design of healthcare architecture is already complex, with a lot of requirements to cater to, and strict guidelines and standards to adhere to The core aim is to create functional and sanitary spaces that are precursors to the healing process, which not just include the patient experience, but the experiences of all users of the healthcare facility including staff, clinicians, administrators, and visitors

Nature has always been closely related to good health, and many of the fundamental principles of healing architecture are based on the integration of natural elements to provide a pleasant and warm atmosphere that reduces environmental stressors The groundwork for this notion was laid through a study by Roger Ulrich in 1984, which indicated that patients in wards overlooking nature had statistically significantly shorter hospital stays and decreased medication use when compared to patients in wards facing a featureless brick wall Since then, research has continued to prove that nature is one of the key ingredients in healing architecture

Open spaces

For many, their healthcare experience begins in the entry-level set-up such as waiting areas and reception Research shows that designing all public areas as open spaces that are exposed to the natural effects of the outdoors make a positive effect on the stressed and anxious minds of patients upon arrival

Ample Daylighting

Patients are often confined to their rooms for prolonged time periods, with limited movement This unavoidable situation creates pressure on metabolic pathways However, with the presence of daylight, the patient will be able to recognize the diurnal changes, which allows the body to better synchronize the circadian rhythm, thus allowing the healing systems in the metabolism to operate effectively

Variety of Materials

Building materials in healthcare design need to be carefully chosen They need to emulate a sense of warmth and homeliness, while also being easy to keep clean and maintain Research shows that materials that reflect closeness to nature are more appealing to patients, and the use of different colors can initiate different emotions that affect their mentality For example, shades of green can prompt a sense of safety and security, while blue makes one feel calm and serene Such emotions are facilitative to the healing process of patients

Integration of Nature

Integrating nature into healing facilities creates therapeutic environments This can be achieved either through physical access or by providing generous views of natural elements such as water bodies, greenery, and the sky Seeing, hearing, and feeling natural phenomena, such as trickling rain and gentle breezes, can contribute to creating a healing environment

Deva Maria Hospital, patient room, Burgas, Bulgaria

Good Acoustics

Healthcare facilities are notorious for being noisy, and high noise levels negatively impact patients’ quality of sleep and rest This can increase stress levels, and reduce the speed of recovery To curb that, healthcare facilities can be designed by optimizing circulation routes, and create with ‘Quiet Zones’ where the patient accommodations are located away from the busy, central parts

Control of thermal comfort, lighting, and privacy

It is necessary to provide all occupants of the building with environmental comfort, and most importantly, control over that comfort Designing room layouts with bedhead control of lights, heat, and even window blinds/curtains can make a significantly positive impact on the healing process

CASE STUDY:

Deva Maria Hospital Extension Building, Burgas, Bulgaria

“Healing Architecture” has been a guiding principle when designing the Deva Maria Hospital Extension Building, Burgas, Bulgaria As a training hospital with many units ranging from healthcare to educational, Quark Studio Architects have designed this building to convey a strong expression of transparency, safety and healing

The interiors are decorated to create a soft and humane environment, with neutral hues such as white and taupe, timber wall cladding, laminated flooring and rounded corners Large fenestrations in each space ensure that the interiors are wellilluminated throughout the day and provide ample outdoor views, thus creating a therapeutic and healing healthcare environment

CASE STUDY:

Kahramanmaraş Doğa Hospital, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

Designed as the first of its kind, the Maraş hospital is an ongoing healthcare project by Quark Studio Architects with many interactive public zones and luxurious private zones Well-illuminated waiting areas with views of natural elements ensure minimum stress for visitors Offices and other internal spaces decorated with natural plants create a soothing environment for those who spend all day in that space Patient rooms with bedhead controls allow them to regain control of the environment, and large fenestrations give plentiful views of the outdoors The material palette is unusual for a hospital, such as soft timber finishes, taupe walls with black accents, marbled tile-clad bathrooms, and paintings depicting natural sceneries, and has resulted in luxurious standards that make the patient forget that they are in a hospital and feel as if they are in a resort

Conclusion

The potential of healing architecture can be uncovered by keeping in mind that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Therefore, applying the principles of healing architecture in harmony with medical standards and procedures is extremely crucial An effective work of Healing Architecture always begins when the design approach starts to recognize healthcare facilities, not as a mere machine for treating patients, but as a place of healing for all users

Kahramanmaraş Doğa Hospital, patient room

Deva Maria Hospital Linear Accelerator Room Burgas Bulgaria

Kahramanmaraş Doğa Hospital, Lobby

SPACE, PLACE AND ATMOSPHERE

EMOTION AND PERIPHERAL PERCEPTION IN ARCHITECTURAL EXPERIENCE

"Space, Place and Atmosphere: Emotion and Peripheral Perception in Architectural Experience" offers a profound and thought-provoking exploration into the hidden depths of architectural experience. The chapter revolves around the broader theme of how architectural spaces impact human emotions, perception, and experience.

Overview of the book:

Penned by Juhani Pallasmaa, the book “Space, Place and Atmosphere” offers invaluable insights for architects and designers who are seeking to design spaces that transcend function and resonate deeply with the human experience. His central argument was to challenge the traditional notion of architectural experiences as purely visual experiences Instead, he points out that the architectural experience includes a multitude of sensory models working together to bring the architectural experience to life. This book can be considered as a landmark in the architectural theory landscape, as it changed the fundamental outlook towards the architectural experience.

This book is a reminder to us that architectural design goes beyond form or function, and by engaging our emotions and senses, it can create meaningful and memorable experiences.

Overview of the author:

Juhani Pallasmaa is a Finnish architect, educator and writer who specialized in Architectural theory, phenomenology, and sensory experience in architecture. His work adds great emphasis on the human experience, with a focus on the multisensory and emotional dimensions of architecture Pallasmaa is known as a strong advocate for understanding architecture beyond function and aesthetics.

The subject:

The chapter delves into the subject of the intricate interplay between architecture and human experience by addressing the importance of thinking further than the visual component. Understanding buildings through the full spectrum of human senses allows us to embody and engage the full spectrum of sensory and emotional responses that architecture can evoke Pallasmaa argues that this multi-sensory approach is what ultimately defines the memorability of an architectural experience.

Keywords: Phenomenology, Peripheral perception, Sensory Engagement, Atmosphere

The chapter essentially challenges the visual-centric approach to experiencing architecture.

The main hypothesis of the chapter is that we make an emotional response to a space When we interact with the environment, our emotions and the knowledge gained through the human senses play a pivotal role in shaping how we perceive and understand spaces There is an emphasis on the role played by human senses (touch, smell, hearing) in shaping our understanding of architectural space

The second hypothesis relates to the role played by peripheral vision in shaping our spatial experiences. We are unconsciously aware of what we perceive through our peripheral vision and other non-focal senses. This contributes greatly to our experience of space. For example, textures on a wall, scent in the air and sounds omitted within the spaces can evoke emotions that can create an impact on the users

Lastly, the chapter hypothesises that architects can create more impactful spaces by understanding the interplay between perception and atmosphere. The architect, as the designer of the space, carries his own sensory awareness and this influences the design process and the final result. Therefore, if the architect has a good understanding of the way humans engage with space, it will allow them to design spaces that are functional, visually pleasing and also resonate with the emotions of the user.

“As we enter a new city, we grasp its overall character similarly, without having consciously analysed a single one of its countless material, geometric, or dimensional properties.”

“This is an intuitive and emotive capacity that seems to be biologically derived and largely unconsciously and instinctively determined through evolutionary programming.”

Analytical and Personal Comment

I largely agree with Pallasmaa's co argument, and I find his emphasis phenomenology and the emotiona dimensions of architectural spaces be highly relevant. However, the bo primarily focuses on large-sca architectural spaces, and his focus peripheral perception and t sensory experience should be furth explored within the smaller sca especially in the context of Inter Design Of course, Pallasmaa's ide are highly relevant to interior desig and Interior Designers are known deliberately manipulate these sub cues to evoke specific emotions Th type of conscious manipulation design adds multiple layers to t perception of space

“We perceive atmospheres through our emotional sensibility – a form of perception that works incredibly quickly, which we humans need to help us survive.”

This chapter allowed me to recognize certain limitations of the traditional way of looking at architecture, which is majorly a visual-centric approach. It also challenged me to think more critically about designing interiors. For example, how can I consciously utilize peripheral perception and the unconscious aspects of experience to achieve specific design outcomes by utilizing the full spectrum of human sensory and emotional responses?

Reading his work allowed me to understand the interplay between perception, atmosphere, and form This shall allow me to create spaces that are exactly as Pallasma prescribes; not merely functional or aesthetically pleasing, but also meaningful and impactful However, as I described before, further exploration is needed to better understand how Pallasma’s ideas can be specifically applicable to smallerscale, nuanced interior designs

THE CURRENT METHODS OF DECISION-MAKING PROCESS TO SELECT HYGIENIC INTERIOR SURFACES / ARCHITECTURE MATERIALS FOR HOSPITALS

The selection of hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials is essential to prevent healthcare-associated infections in hospital settings This research article highlights the importance of using hygienic surface architecture materials and discusses their inherent qualities It goes on to emphasize the factors that should be considered when selecting these materials, such as durability, resistance to damage, ease of cleaning and maintenance, visual appeal and cost-effectiveness

This research article also investigates the current methods and frameworks used by designers in selecting hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials for hospitals It explores the possibility of implementing the Choosing by Advantage (CBA) method in selecting hygienic architecture surface materials in healthcare and emphasizes the need for a systematic approach to decision-making and the importance of considering multiple factors to create a functional and safe healthcare environment that contributes to the well-being of patients and the effectiveness of healthcare delivery.

Introduction:

Healthcare facilities particularly hospitals play a critical role in maintaining public health by providing medical care and treatment to patients However, these facilities are also susceptible to the spread of infections, which poses a significant risk to both patients and healthcare workers Infections acquired in healthcare settings, also known as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) continue to be a significant challenge for hospitals and healthcare facilities worldwide The World Health Organization estimates that 1 in 10 patients in developed countries will acquire an HAI during their hospital stay (1), and an estimated number of approximately 1 4 million people worldwide are affected by hospital-acquired infections at any given time (3)

The prevention and control of HAIs are crucial for improving patient outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and minimizing the risk of outbreaks Several other factors can play a significant role in preventing and mitigating the spread of infections in healthcare facilities One of the essential factors is promoting proper hand hygiene practices, followed by effective cleaning and disinfection protocols, adequate ventilation, and ensuring the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers Furthermore, healthcare facilities should implement infection prevention and control programs, conduct regular training sessions for healthcare workers, and raise awareness among patients and visitors about the significance of infection control measures By adopting a comprehensive approach that considers all aspects of infection control, healthcare facilities can significantly reduce the risk of infections and improve patient outcomes (2)

Apart from these factors selecting hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials can play a pivotal role in preventing and mitigating the spread of infections in healthcare facilities Hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials can help reduce the survival of microorganisms on surfaces and prevent their spread by limiting the transmission routes By selecting materials that are easy to clean and disinfect, healthcare facilities can ensure a higher level of surface hygiene and reduce the risk of infections Proper surface hygiene can also help prevent the accumulation of bacteria and other microorganisms, which can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains Therefore, the selection of hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials is an essential component of a comprehensive infection control strategy in healthcare facilities (3)

The process of selecting materials for healthcare facilities is a complex decision-making process that involves several stakeholders, such as architects, engineers, designers, and healthcare professionals Each stakeholder has different preferences when it comes to selecting materials Architects may prioritize aesthetics and color, whereas facility managers may consider the hygienic properties of the materials as most important This can lead to a conflict of interest, making the selection process more challenging However, the hygienic properties of the materials should not be compromised for aesthetic reasons The selection process must consider various factors, including durability, cost, ease of maintenance, and most importantly, the hygienic properties of the materials (4–7)

Therefore the strategies currently employed by designers to choose hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials must take into account the preferences of all stakeholders while ensuring the hygienic properties of the materials are not overlooked

This research article aims to highlight the importance of hygienic materials and their influence on maintaining a healthy environment The article will also provide an overview of the current methods and frameworks that designers use to select hygienic interior surfaces and architectural materials for hospitals, including the use of multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and Choosing by Advantages (CBA) as decision-making methods for material selection Ultimately, the article highlights the importance of a systematic and structured approach to material selection in healthcare facilities to ensure a healthy and safe environment that promotes healing and well-being

The Importance of Hygienic Surface Architecture Materials

Hospitals are among the most challenging environments to maintain a clean and hygienic environment due to the constant traffic of patients, visitors, and healthcare professionals Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) can be a major threat to patient safety, and hence, hospitals need to take necessary steps to reduce the risk of infections According to research carried out by Otter et al, contaminated surfaces have been found to play a significant role in the transmission of certain pathogens, which result in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), both on a regular and epidemic basis The increased risk of acquiring a pathogen in a room previously occupied by a patient with a hospital pathogen can be reduced by improved environmental decontamination Therefore, there is a clear need for enhanced surface decontamination to minimize the risk of transmission through contaminated surfaces (3)

One effective method of reducing HAIs is through the use of hygienic surface architecture materials The design and selection of interior surfaces and architectural materials play a crucial role in the transmission of HAIs For instance, using smooth and nonporous surfaces such as glass, stainless steel, and certain plastics can significantly reduce the adherence of microorganisms, thereby minimizing the risk of infection transmission In contrast, textured surfaces such as fabrics, carpets, and some types of paint can trap contamination and microbes, making them difficult to clean and disinfect (8) However, the relationship between surface roughness and cleanability is not always straightforward While materials with rougher surfaces often demonstrate poor cleanability, the hygiene level of floor material is primarily dependent on its surface texture's capacity to retain contaminations It is important to consider the depth of the inwardly directed portion of the surface profile to accurately assess the capacity to retain contaminations (10)

The use of hygienic surface architecture materials is a crucial factor in reducing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in hospital settings

Hygienic surface architecture materials are designed to prevent the accumulation of contamination and microbes on surfaces making them easy to clean and disinfect

The effectiveness of these materials in reducing HAIs is due to their inherent qualities Firstly, they are non-porous, which means that they do not have pores or openings that can harbour bacteria or other contaminants Secondly, they are resistant to chemical and physical damage, which makes them easier to clean and disinfect without damaging the surface Thirdly, they have antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth and spread of microorganisms, further reducing the risk of HAIs Lastly, hygienic surface materials are durable, ensuring that they remain effective for long periods of time Thus, the use of hygienic surface architecture materials in hospitals can significantly reduce the transmission of pathogens and prevent HAIs (3,9)

Several factors play a crucial role in selecting hygienic surface architecture materials to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections These factors include ease of cleaning and maintenance, durability, resistance to damage, and compatibility with cleaning agents (14) It is also important to consider the type of surface, the frequency of contact, and the potential for contamination In addition, the material's ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is essential to prevent the spread of infections (15) Other factors such as aesthetics and visual impact, cost, and environmental impact should also be taken into consideration

Advancements in technology have brought about new and innovative ways to prevent bacterial colonization on surfaces, thereby reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated infections One such technology is the development of lowsurface-energy polymeric coatings that present a non-stick surface to micro-organisms Low surface energy refers to the ability of a material's surface to repel liquids and reduce the attachment of solid particles such as bacteria The surface energy of a material is determined by the interactions between the molecules of the material and the surrounding environment Materials with low surface energy have a reduced ability to interact with other materials, making them resistant to the attachment of microorganisms, and therefore easier to clean and disinfect (10)

In the development of hygienic surface architecture materials, low-surface-energy polymeric coatings have been used to create a non-stick surface that inhibits the colonization of microorganisms on the surface These coatings are made from compounds like poly(methylpropenoxyfluoroalkylsiloxane)s and poly(perfluoroacrylate)s, which are effective in inhibiting bacterial colonization of surfaces (11) These coatings have been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of healthcare-associated infections by inhibiting bacterial attachment to surfaces

The investigation conducted by Almaguer-Flores et al into bacterial adhesion on amorphous and crystalline metal oxide

coatings yielded noteworthy findings including that the structure of coatings significantly affected the nano-topography and surface energy Introducing surface modifications through the deposition of amorphous or crystalline oxide coatings could be a means to rationally design implant surfaces for controlling or inhibiting bacterial adhesion Specifically, crystalline TiO2, with a predominantly acidic nature, was found to be more attractive to negatively charged bacteria (12)

These advances in surface coatings hold great potential for reducing the risk of healthcare-associated infections by creating surfaces that are more resistant to bacterial attachment and easier to clean and disinfect Overall, the importance of hygienic surface architecture materials cannot be overstated in maintaining a healthy and safe environment in hospitals Therefore, a thorough assessment of these factors is necessary to select the most suitable hygienic surface architecture materials for healthcare settings to help create a calming and welcoming environment that promotes healing and well-being

The Current Method/ Framework followed by the Designer to select Materials

Design teams are confronted with various decisions when developing building designs, which entail selecting appropriate materials While taking economic constraints into account, it is imperative that they also consider the social and environmental impacts of their decisions With the increasing availability of diverse construction materials and products, coupled with the engagement of multiple stakeholders, it has become challenging to make informed decisions Consequently, there is a need for a systematic approach to facilitate the making of sound decisions (13)

The selection of decision-making methods can significantly impact the outcomes of decisions Decision-making processes exert a profound influence on people's decisions which subsequently initiate actions leading to specific outcomes Hence, if outcomes are of significance, the choice of decisionmaking methods is equally crucial In instances where decisionmaking becomes increasingly complex, the need for a structured, clear, and transparent decision-making method is amplified (13,14)

Selecting the right materials for the interiors of hospitals is an essential component of creating a functional and safe healthcare environment Architects and designers must be mindful of the unique needs and challenges of healthcare facilities For example, infection control is of utmost importance in hospital settings Therefore, materials that can be easily cleaned and disinfected without losing their structural integrity are highly desirable Additionally, hospital interiors must be durable and able to withstand frequent use, as well as harsh cleaning agents and chemicals

To achieve this, architectural designers follow various standards, methods and frameworks to make informed decisions regarding

material selection Standards are general guidelines or recommendations that establish a baseline for best practices Standards provide minimum requirements for safety and performance and are developed through a consensus process involving industry experts, researchers, and regulators

For example, the WELL Building Standard is becoming increasingly popular in healthcare design The WELL Standard is a certification system that focuses on the health and well-being of occupants in buildings It covers several categories, including air quality, water quality, lighting, and materials The materials category focuses on the use of non-toxic, sustainable, and hygienic materials The use of WELL certified materials can help to improve indoor air quality, reduce the risk of toxicity, and promote a healthy environment for patients, staff, and visitors (15)

Health Building Notes (HBNs) in another document that provide technical standards and guidance on the design, construction, and maintenance of healthcare facilities in the UK HBNs cover a wide range of topics, including infection control, fire safety, ventilation, and waste management This guidance provides recommendations for the selection of materials that are suitable for use in healthcare environments and highlights the importance of selecting materials that are easy to clean and disinfect, have low porosity, and do not support microbial growth (16) Additionally, other organizations such as the American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE) provide guidance for the selection of materials for healthcare facilities (19)

Frameworks, on the other hand, are more comprehensive than standards and provide a structure or process for decisionmaking Frameworks are designed to be flexible and adaptable to different contexts and situations allowing designers to make informed decisions based on specific project requirements These frameworks often involve considering the characteristics of each material and comparing them to the specific requirements of the healthcare facility Other factors may include cost availability sustainability, and aesthetics By exploring some of the most common methods and frameworks for material selection, architects and designers can make informed decisions and create interiors that promote healing and safety for patients, visitors, and staff

One of the most common frameworks used in the healthcare industry is Evidence-Based Design (EBD) EBD is a design approach that uses empirical evidence in the design process to create built environments that enhance human health, safety, and well-being EBD has been increasingly used in the design of healthcare facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and other medical centers The approach involves conducting research on the impact of environmental factors on human health, such as lighting, acoustics, ventilation, and ergonomics Designers use this research to inform their decisions on materials, layouts, and other aspects of the built environment The use of EBD in healthcare design has been shown to have positive effects on

patient outcomes staff well-being and even financial performance Studies have shown that healthcare facilities designed using EBD principles have lower rates of healthcareassociated infections, reduced medication errors, and improved patient satisfaction However, some challenges exist with the use of EBD in the design process One challenge is the availability and quality of research studies in the field It can be difficult to find studies that are directly applicable to the design project at hand or that have sufficient sample sizes and controls Additionally, implementing EBD in the design process can be costly and time-consuming, requiring additional research and collaboration between different fields (17,18) Despite these challenges, EBD remains a valuable tool for architects and designers in the healthcare industry

Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method

Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is a method used to evaluate and prioritize alternatives based on multiple criteria It is a decision-making tool that helps to select the most suitable solution among various options by taking into account multiple criteria that can be conflicting or have different levels of importance The MCDM method allows decision-makers to identify and evaluate various criteria simultaneously, considering both qualitative and quantitative factors (19) In the context of selecting hygienic materials for hospital interiors, MCDM can be used to weigh the pros and cons of different materials based on various criteria such as hygiene, durability, sustainability, and cost

MCDM involves several steps, including problem definition, criteria selection, alternative identification, performance evaluation and selection of the best alternative (20) In the case of selecting materials for hospital interiors the problem definition would be identifying the need for hygienic and durable materials Criteria selection would involve identifying the most important factors to consider in the selection process such as hygiene durability sustainability cost and ease of maintenance Alternative identification would involve identifying the different materials available that meet the identified criteria Performance evaluation would involve evaluating the performance of each material based on the identified criteria Finally, the selection of the best alternative would involve choosing the material that performs the best based on the identified criteria

One advantage of the MCDM method is that it allows for a systematic and structured approach to decision-making It also allows decision-makers to consider multiple criteria simultaneously, rather than focusing on a single criterion This helps to ensure that the selected material is well-suited to the specific needs of the hospital, and can lead to a better overall outcome The application of a multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method can potentially offer several advantages to a design team For instance, it can facilitate transparency in the decision-making process By adopting an MCDM approach, the team can establish a shared and coherent rationale to support the selection of sustainable alternatives (13)

The Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method is a reliable and effective way of solving complex problems It involves various techniques that may result in different rankings of management alternatives, but studies indicate that the top choices are generally consistent across methods Even when the leading option differs, there is usually a significant overlap in the top two or three alternatives However, as the number of alternatives increases, the overlap tends to decrease (21)

Despite its potential benefits, selecting the MCDM method may have some drawbacks For example, MCDM methods may suffer from certain limitations, such as the assumption of criterion independence, which may not accurately reflect the complexity of the decision problem (21) Furthermore, the use of complex MCDM methods can render them incomprehensible to nonexperts, leading to concerns about their transparency and credibility Moreover, when chosen criteria are either redundant or not comprehensive, certain aspects may be overestimated or underestimated While some review articles suggest using the frequency of use of a particular MCDM method to inform a choice, others have questioned the validity of this approach, as it does not consider the quality of the methods (13,22) Additionally, the MCDM method requires a significant amount of data and information to be collected, which can be timeconsuming and expensive Many decisions are frequently made informally, without any structured approach or dialogue, leading to conflicts and inefficiencies in the design process Furthermore, many practitioners may not be aware of the availability or applicability of MCDM methods in practice (23)

Regardless of these limitations, the Multiple-criteria decisionmaking (MCDM) method is a powerful tool for selecting the most suitable hygienic materials for the interiors of hospitals By considering multiple criteria and stakeholders' preferences MCDM can provide a more objective and comprehensive approach to decision-making leading to improved outcomes and cost-effectiveness

The Possibility to Implement CBA

In many real-world situations, decisions are made without any formal structure or process, which can lead to complications and drawbacks in the design process It is essential for designers to have a systematic approach to decision-making to minimize inefficiencies and conflicts However, it can be challenging for practitioners to find appropriate resources to improve their decision-making methods, especially those that can be applied to their specific context

To overcome this challenge, designers can draw upon various resources such as academic literature, case studies, and professional networks to find effective decision-making methods that fit their needs For instance, they can consult published research on decision-making frameworks, consult with experts in their field or attend industry conferences to learn about emerging methods and tools By leveraging these resources, designers can

enhance their decision-making methods and create more efficient and effective designs that meet the needs of their clients and stakeholders (13)

The implementation of Choosing by Advantages (CBA) in the selection of materials for the interiors of hospitals can provide a valuable tool for architectural designers CBA is a decisionmaking method that has been applied in different fields, including architecture and interior design It is a process that helps decision-makers to identify and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different options and select the best option based on a predefined set of criteria CBA is a structured and transparent decision-making method that enables decisionmakers to make informed decisions and communicate their decision-making process to stakeholders (24)

The Choosing by Advantages (CBA) system facilitates sound decision-making by comparing the advantages among alternatives Unlike traditional decision-making processes, which often involve weighing both advantages and disadvantages, CBA only considers the advantages of each option This eliminates any potential for double-counting and ensures a more effective decision-making process (13)

The CBA system is grounded on four key principles: firstly, decision-makers need to be proficient in the use of sound decision-making methods; secondly, decisions should be based on the significance of the advantage; thirdly, decisions should be anchored to the relevant facts, and lastly, different types of decisions require different sound decision-making methods (13) Once advantages are identified, stakeholders must assess their importance by comparing them Weights should be allocated based on the significance of the advantages rather than general criteria factors or other data types (14)

Application of CBA in Material Selection

The CBA system can be used to select materials for the interiors of hospitals by following the five phases of the CBA Tabular Method (13)

In the first phase, stakeholders must consider a wide range of factors to identify alternatives that are likely to offer significant advantages over other options These factors could include not only hygiene, durability, ease of cleaning, and cost-effectiveness, but also slip resistance, microbial resistance, fire resistance, and environmental sustainability In the context of hospital interiors, the alternatives may include different types of flooring, wall coverings, furniture, and other interior surfaces, such as countertops and cabinets By considering a broad range of factors, stakeholders can ensure that they identify the most suitable alternatives that meet their specific needs and requirements (13)

In the second phase, stakeholders should determine the factors that differentiate between the alternatives These factors could include attributes such as slip resistance, microbial resistance, fire

(13)

In the third phase stakeholders should agree on the criteria within each factor that will be used to evaluate the attributes of the alternatives (13) For example, the criterion for slip resistance could be the minimum coefficient of friction required to prevent slips and falls

In the fourth phase, stakeholders should gather data on the attributes of each alternative, such as slip resistance, microbial resistance, fire resistance, and environmental sustainability They should then summarize this data based on the criteria defined in the third phase (13)

In the fifth phase, stakeholders should identify the least preferred attribute for each criterion and decide on the advantage of each alternative's attribute relative to that least-preferred one The importance of each advantage should be weighed against the others, considering factors such as hygiene and slip resistance (13)

Finally, in the last phase, stakeholders need to assign weights to each advantage based on its relative importance to the decision (13) For instance, hygiene could be considered the most crucial factor in material selection for hospital interiors, and thus, advantages related to microbial resistance would be assigned a higher weight than those related to slip resistance

By using the CBA Tabular Method, stakeholders can identify important advantages, define factors, agree on criteria, summarize attributes, identify least-preferred attributes, and decide on the importance of each advantage Applying the CBA system to the selection of materials for hospital interiors can help to ensure that the materials chosen meet the necessary hygiene durability and safety requirements Ultimately this can contribute to the well-being of patients and the effectiveness of healthcare delivery

Conclusion

The use of hygienic surface architecture materials is a crucial factor in reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in hospital settings Contaminated surfaces have been found to play a significant role in the transmission of certain pathogens, which result in HAIs, both on a regular and epidemic basis Hygienic surface architecture materials are designed to prevent the accumulation of contamination and microbes on surfaces, making them easy to clean and disinfect These materials have several inherent qualities, including nonporous, resistance to damage, antimicrobial properties, and durability Additionally, advancements in technology have led to the development of material that further reduces the risk of bacterial attachment and promotes ease of cleaning and disinfecting Factors such as ease of cleaning and maintenance, durability, resistance to damage, and compatibility with cleaning agents should be considered when selecting hygienic surface

architecture materials for healthcare settings Overall the use of hygienic surface architecture materials is essential to maintain a healthy and safe environment in hospitals and their selection should be carefully considered to create a calming and welcoming environment that promotes healing and well-being

The selection of appropriate materials for healthcare facilities is crucial in creating a functional and safe healthcare environment Designers and architects must take into account the unique needs and challenges of healthcare facilities, including infection control, durability, and ease of cleaning Various standards, methods, and frameworks are available to aid designers in making informed decisions regarding material selection Ultimately, the selection of appropriate materials is essential in promoting healing and safety for patients, visitors, and staff

The Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method is a valuable tool for decision-making that allows for a systematic and structured approach to evaluating alternatives based on multiple criteria When applied in the context of selecting hygienic materials for hospital interiors, MCDM can help to weigh the pros and cons of different materials based on various criteria such as hygiene, durability, sustainability, and cost While the method offers several advantages such as transparency and a comprehensive approach to decision-making, it may also have drawbacks such as requiring a significant amount of data and information and assuming criterion independence Nevertheless, MCDM remains a powerful tool that can lead to improved outcomes and cost-effectiveness

The implementation of Choosing by Advantages (CBA) in material selection for hospital interiors can provide a structured and transparent decision-making method for architectural designers By following the five phases of the CBA Tabular Method stakeholders can identify the most suitable alternatives that meet their specific needs and requirements The CBA system can help to ensure that the materials chosen for hospital interiors meet necessary hygiene durability and safety requirements, contributing to the well-being of patients and the effectiveness of healthcare delivery Designers can leverage various resources, such as academic literature, case studies, and professional networks, to enhance their decision-making methods and create more efficient and effective designs that meet the needs of their clients and stakeholders Ultimately, a systematic approach to decision-making can minimize inefficiencies and conflicts in the design process

References

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MANJARI

It is hardly a novel observation that modern architecture is increasingly becoming insensitive to urban continuity Yet, when looking at Manjari, criticism of its architectural design needs to look beyond the superficial

One might feel that the urban architecture along the Highlevel Road, Nugegoda has pretty much lost its way, and its urban facade appears to be on life-support, taking its last breath However, standing on the edge of this busy road, Manjari is a building that breathes new life into the streetscape

Formerly known as ‘Galle Kotuwe Kade’, Manjari is one of the biggest one-stop super discount department stores in Galle, and the Nugegoda branch offers a range of items from clothing to household objects The client's intention was to give a fresh face to the Manjari Franchise through this latest building, yet, he was incentivised by the need to complete the project economically Under the client’s rigid requirements, the architect faced numerous challenges; a restrained budget, a less experienced contractor and labour force, and responding to a streetscape in a responsible manner

However, the architect has an ambitious practice that travels across a spectrum of designs while still maintaining a language that can change and adapt Therefore, one could see that he was able to rise against these challenges He took the client’s idea for a ‘Utilitarian Box’, and played with its form, creating a building that essentially became in incredibly interesting addition to the urban street facade

The facade of this concrete building is covered with Alucobond cladding, an economical, yet versatile material that is chosen for its ability to create stable, smooth surfaces that are easy to maintain, and for its durability The facade is dotted with openings that face the North-East axis, cutting off any harsh sunlight that could enter the building As one moves along the road from Nugegoda to Kohuwala, the facade appears to shift itself, like a friendly face nodding back in acknowledgement

Unlike many, or, MOST of the buildings along the High-Level road, the imagery of Manjari does not override the functions of the design Its internal arrangement is pivoted around a large atrium, which creates visual connections between each floor, allowing one to see what’s available for sale across all floors For a store that is active from morning to late evening, the architect has designed a series of skylights that poke up from the roof slab and face multiple directions to bring in ample natural light throughout the day The atrium ensures that all floors receive this daylight without any restrictions

The primary mode of circulation for the shoppers is a series of ramps that are located along the edge of each floor This elimination of tiring staircases, along with all the items for sale being aligned right along these ramps, has resulted in a seamless and active shopping experience

While the bright shades of red and yellow on the external facades were intended to catch the eye of the passerby, the muted, monochromatic colour theme of the interior ensures that the focus is not stolen from the items for sale

Even though ‘ to be economical’ is the central theme in the client’s business, the architect has made a commendable attempt to ensure that it did not dictate the building’s architectural design The architect’s efforts to create a sensitively detailed architectural programme are visible throughout the building, and the strategic craftsmanship gives the users an enjoyable shopping experience

Furthermore, the design had to be carried out with an understanding of the workmanship The architect’s practice is motivated by the belief that architecture is a social process and that the building is a byproduct of that process Therefore, he took this as an opportunity to upskill the workforce to achieve the design he had in mind, thus resulting in what may be a “slightly” flawed, yet, very exciting urban project that needs to be praised for its more subtle successes Therefore, it can be concluded that even though from its inception, Manjari was a project that appeared to have set the architect up for failure, the final result is undeniably a platform upon which strong, interesting architecture can be built