Introduc)on* Junaedy*Yunus* 1330432014* dokterjun@gmail.com* associateditor2@isjournal.org*
h@p://isjournal.org* ISJ$Workshop$series$on$Scien0ďŹ c$Wri0ng$
Outline*for*Today* • • • •
The*use*of*tense*in*scien)fic*wri)ng* Connec)ng*words* The*format*of*a*manuscript* Introduc)on*sec)on*
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Self*Introduc)on* • Junaedy*Yunus* • PhD*Candidate*in*Developmental*Neurobiology,*Kobe*University,* Japan* • Previous*educa)on:*
– 2007*—*M.D.,*Gadjah*Mada*University,*Yogyakarta* – 2011*—*M.Sc.,*Gadjah*Mada*University,*Yogyakarta*
* • Research*interest:*developmental*neurobiology,*gross*anatomy,* embryology* • Publica)ons:** 2*published,*1*submi@ed* 3*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* • Time%frame:*How*do*we*view*an*event?* – Current*and*relevant*to*the*present?* – Finished,*history?*
• State:* – A*fact,*immutable,*true?* – Ac)vity*or*changed*involved?*
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 1)*Time%frame% Past*–*for*history,*finished*events* Present*–*for*current*events,*or*where*there*is*a* connec)on*with*the*present* Future*–*for*future*events,*plans*
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 2)*State% Simple*–*for*facts,*general*condi)ons,*“truths”* Con4nuous*–*for*ac)vi)es,*changes*
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 1)*Time%frame% • Current%situa4on:*
– Defini)ons* – Overview*of*literature* – Conclusions* – Summary*
• Finished:*
– Background* – Previous*studies* – Results* – Methods* 7*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 2)*State% • Facts:*
– Defini)ons* – Discussion*of*generally3held*views* – Previous*research* – History* – Methods*
• Ac4vi4es:*
– Ongoing*research* – Conclusions*in*progress* 8*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle*
Be%consistent!%
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 1)*Announcing%research%aims% a)  General*ďŹ eld*statements*usually*use*the* present*simple:* $ Public$transport$is#an$essen0al$component$of$a$ sustainable$transporta0on$system.$ $ Unlike$the$rest$of$Africa,$most$people$in$South$Africa$ live$in$ci0es.** 10*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 1)*Announcing%research%aims% b) However,*pueng*the*topic*into*the*field*ofen* requires*some*background:*this*is*usually*in*the* present*perfect.*
$ Increasing$ethnic$and$racial$diversity$has#been#a$defining$ feature$of$many$North$America$ci0es,$par0cularly$those$ receiving$a$large$number$of$immigrants.$ $ Urban$sprawl$has#become#a$hot$policy$issue$in$the$ United$States$over$the$last$decade.** 11*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 1)*Announcing%research%aims% c) General*statements*of*purpose*generally*use*the* present*simple:*
$ This$ar0cle$describes$the$changes$implemented$in$these$ci0es,$ and$provides$some$ini0al$assessment$of$their$effec0veness$in$ improving$public$transport$in$those$ci0es.$ $ …this$study$examines$immigra0on$as$a$contextual$effect$on$ ethnic$entrepreneurship;$specifically,$it$examines$the$effect$ across$places$that$have$been$differently$transformed$by$ immigra0on.$Furthermore,$it$compares$how$the$contextual$ effects$differ$by$ethnicity$and$gender.* 12*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 1)*Announcing%research%aims% d)  The*structure*of*the*paper*is*ofen*in*the* present*simple:* $ The$ar0cle$begins$by$determining$the$scale$of$ modernJday$child$working$in$Portugal.**
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 2)*Reviewing%the%literature% a) General*statements*about*the*field,*as*well* as*defini)ons,*should*be*in*the*present* simple.* $ A$second$example$of$adapta0on$is$what$French$have$ termed$‘rurbaniza0on’$(=$rural$urbaniza0on),$and$ France$is$the$country$with$best$illustrates$this$ phenomenon.** 14*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 2)*Reviewing%the%literature% b)  Recent*development,*research*to*date,*and* current*situa)ons*are*usually*in*the*present* perfect.* $ Portugal$has#struggled#to#compile#accurate$ informa0on$on$a$childJworking$phenomenon$which,$ by$its$clandes0ne$nature,$does$not$lend$itself$easily$ to$rigorous$inves0ga0on.** 15*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 2)*Reviewing%the%literature% c)  Past*research*and*historical*contribu)ons*are* usually*presented*in*the*past*simple.* $ While$Schindler$recognized#the$pueblo’s$modernism,$ his$own$vision$of$architecture$at$Taos$emphasized$its$ connec0on$to$local$condi0ons.**
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 2)*Reviewing%the%literature% d) Research*results*and*theories*that*are* viewed*as*current*and*relevant*are*ofen* presented*in*the*present*simple.* $ In$Italy,$Marco$BonaS$(1992)$finds$the$reasons$for$ what$he$has$called$‘the$automobile$cult’$in$the$fact$ that$the$car$became$essen0al$condi0on$for$mobility$ of$the$masses.** 17*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 3)*Analyzing%a%process% a)  Methods*are*usually*described*in*the*past* tense.* $ In$order$to$study$the$urban$sprawl$paWerns,$two$ adjacent$but$contras0ng$study$areas$of$¹$1,000$km2$ were#selected.**
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 3)*Analyzing%a%process% b)  When*you*analyze*a*historical*process,*not* surprisingly,*you*use*the*past*tense.* $ The$land$east$beyond$that$hill$in$what$became$today’s$ Welezo$shehia$was#purchased#by$Bri0sh$colonial$ protectorate$in$the$1940s$for$erosion$control,$forest$ protec0on,$and$the$construc0on$of$a$radio$tower.$The$ land$south$of$the$hill$became$an$army$base$in$the$1960s,$ and$the$postJcolonial$regime$extended$the$reserve$for$ this$base$to$the$vicinity$of$the$hospital.** 19*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 4)*Presen4ng%results% a)  The*results*of*your*study*are*usually* presented*in*the*past*simple,*especially* speciďŹ c*conclusions.* $ By$contrast,$in$Makufuli$in$that$same$year,$only$10$of$ 110$occupied$structures$(9.1$percent)$were$mudJ thatch$homes$and$88$of$110$residences$(80$percent)$ were$block/CIS$structures$(see$Table$1).** 20*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 5)*Discussing%results%and%drawing%conclusions% a)  General*statements*and*conclusions*tend*to*be* presented*in*the*present*simple,*as*facts.* $ The$results$show$that$the$given$decline$in$density$raises$ the$likelihood$of$talking$to$neighbors$at$least$once$a$ week$by$7%,$increases$the$number$of$0mes$the$ respondent$socializes$with$friends$in$a$public$place$by$ 11%,$raises$the$likelihood$of$belonging$to$a$hobby$club$ by$24%,$and$raises$the$number$of$club$mee0ngs$ aWended$or$the$number$of$group$memberships$by$26%$ and$8%,$respec0vely.**
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 5)*Discussing%results%and%drawing%conclusions% b)  Summarizing*statements,*referring*to*the* current*paper*or*study*ofen*use*the*present* perfect.* $ ‌This$paper$has#sought#to$oer$an$illustra0on*of* socially*responsive*design*that*is*both*research3led* and*interven)onist*in*its*approach.* 22*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 5)*Discussing%results%and%drawing%conclusions% c)  Recommenda)ons*are*usually*made*in*the* present*tense,*using*modals*like*should*or*need$ to,*but*the*future*is*also*used.* $ Urban$farming$should#not#be#viewed#as$a$subsidiary$and$ blighted$ac0vity$on$the$urban$landscape$but$rather$as$an$ important$strategy$for$developing$more$produc0ve,$ viable$and$sustainable$urban$habits.$‌This$will#require# promo0ng$urban$agriculture$within$the$framework$of$the$ country’s$agricultural$and$urban$development$policies.* 23*
Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 5)*Discussing%results%and%drawing%conclusions% d)  In*the*rare*event*that*you*announce*future* plans*use*will.* $ Future$studies$will#apply#this$model$to$other$ communi0es.*
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Typical*Tense*Use*in*an* Ar)cle* 5)*Discussing%results%and%drawing%conclusions% e)  The*need*for*future*research*is*usually* expressed*in*the*present,*ofen*with*a*modal.* Would*is*much*be@er*than*will.* $ This$would#provide#a$logical$extension$of$the$ analysis$reported$here$and$could#also#be#integrated# with$an$analysis$of$child$labour$supply.* 25*
Connec)ng*Words* • Func)ons:* – Readable* – Structured* – Emphasis*
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Connec)ng*Words* 1) Introductory%adverbs:* – however* – therefore* – thus* – finally* – likewise* – nevertheless*
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Connec)ng*Words* •  Introductory%adverbs:* Finally,$let$us$look$at$the$role$of$adver0sing$on$the$ Internet.$ $ The$general$view$is$that$increased$access$to$informa0on$ is$a$good$thing;$however,$recent$evidence$suggests$that$ produc0vity$gains$have$actually$been$minimal.$ $ Few$students$visit$the$informa0on$desk.$We$have,$ therefore,$decided$to$close$it.$ 28*
Connec)ng*Words* 2) Subordinators%(subordina4ng%conjunc4ons):* – because* – since* – as* – although* – while* – before* – if* – when* 29*
Connec)ng*Words* •  Subordinators%(subordina4ng%conjunc4ons):* Because$the$results$of$the$survey$were$ambiguous,$ we$decided$to$revise$our$ques0onnaire.$ $ We$revised$the$ques0onnaire$since$the$results$were$ ambiguous.$(no*comma)$
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Connec)ng*Words* 3) Conjunc4ons:* – and* – or* – for* – so* – nor* – yet* – but* – as* 31*
Connec)ng*Words* • Conjunc4ons:* We$analyzed$Smith’s$results$and$found$them$correct.$ (no*comma)$ $ We$analyzed$Smith’s$results,$and$we$were$surprised$ to$find$several$major$discrepancies.$(two*sentences:* comma)$
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Connec)ng*Words* 4) Rela4ve%pronouns:* – who/whom* – that* – which* – whose* – what* – where* – when* – why* 33*
Connec)ng*Words* • Rela4ve%pronouns:* The$par0cipants$were$asked$to$complete$three$tasks.$These$could$ easily$be$completed$in$an$hour.$ $ The$par0cipants$were$asked$to$complete$three$tasks$which$could$ easily$be$completed$in$an$hour.$ $ All$respondents$who$completed$the$first$ques0onnaire$were$sent$a$ followJup$evalua0on$acer$a$month.$ $ The$respondents,$who$had$all$completed$the$first$ques0onnaire,$ were$sent$a$followJup$evalua0on$acer$a$month.$ 34*
Connec)ng*Words* 5)  Ac)ve*verbs*can*be*changed*into*verbals.* $ We$analyzed$the$results.$We$discovered$an$unusual$ correla0on.$ $ Analyzing$the$results,$we$discovered$an$unusual$ correla0on.$
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Connec)ng*Words* 1) Comparison:* – similarly* – likewise* – like/as* – as*[big]*as* – just*as* – much*as* – both* – as*well*as*
* – compared*to* – comparable*to* – also* – and** – too* – neither…nor* – not*only…but*also*
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Connec)ng*Words* 2) Contrast:* – on*the*other*hand* – on*the*contrary* – in*contrast*to* – however* – although* – despite/in*spite*of* – while* – nevertheless* – s)ll*
– whereas* – unlike* – but/yet* – not*that* – contrarily/conversely* – in*comparison*to* – compared*to/with* – different*from* – of*course* 37*
Connec)ng*Words* 3) Reason:* – therefore;*thus;*hence;*consequently;*then;* accordingly;*so* – because;*for;*since;*as;*in*as*much*as* – on*account*of;*as*a*result*of;*ascribed*to;* a@ributed*to;*owing*to;*due*to;*in*response*to* – to*affect;*to*have*an*affect*on* – so*that;*in*order*to* – when;*if…then;*unless;*whether* 38*
Connec)ng*Words* 4) Time:* – when;*whenever;*before;*since;*for;*ago;*afer;*while;* as;*un)l;*during;*meanwhile;*at*the*same*)me;* aferwards/thereafer* – recently;*lately;*as*long*ago*as;*as*late*as;*as*early*as;* over*the*years* – preposi)onal*phrases:* • • • •
in*the*last*few*years* at*7*PM* in*1992* on*the*21st*of*May* 39*
Connec)ng*Words* 5) Rank:* – first/second/third;*next/then/finally* – following;*afer*this;*preceding* – compara)ve*and*superla)ves:* • bigger/biggest* • more*important/most*important* • more*expensive/most*expensive*
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Connec)ng*Words* 6) Place:* – where;*in*which/at*which;*wherever* – preposi)onal*phrases:* • in*the*student*union* • along*the*way* • on*the*page* • at*the*top/bo@om*of*the*page*
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15*minute3break*
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Manuscript*Format* • Wri@en*in*English* • Structures:*
– Title*of*paper* – Author*names*and*affilia)on* – Abstract:*2003400%words* – Nomenclature*(if*necessary)* – Body*of*the*text*(Introduc)on*……Conclusion)* Two*columns,*Times*New*Roman,*single*line*spacing,*etc.*
– Acknowledgements* – References*
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Manuscript*Format* • Cita)on*style:* Whitson*et*al.*[2]*has*studied*the*resul)ng*equa)on* is*[1]:…**
• Reference*manager:* www.mendeley.com* etc.*
• Can*be*downloaded*at:* h@p://isjournal.org/index.php/guideline3for3 authors* * 44*
Manuscript*Format*
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Introduc)on* • Iden)fy*the*topic* • Interest*the*reader*
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Introduc)on* • Placement* • Overview*of*literature* • Focus*
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Introduc)on* • Move%1:%Establishing%the%field% – Step*1:*Claiming*centrality*(by*interest,*by* importance,*by*standard*procedure)* – Step*2:*Sta)ng*current*knowledge*and*defining* terms* – Step*3:*Reviewing*previous*research*
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Introduc)on* • Move%2:%Establishing%a%niche% – Step*1:*Counter3claiming,*or* – Step*2:*Indica)ng*a*gap,*or* – Step*3:*Raising*ques)ons,*or* – Step*4:*Con)nuing*a*tradi)on*
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Introduc)on* • Move%3:%Occupying%the%niche% – Step*1:*Outlining*purpose,*or* – Step*2:*Describing*present*research*(approach,* findings,*conclusions)* – Step*3:*Describing*structure*of*ar)cle*
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Introduc)on* • Move%1:%Establishing%the%field%
– Step*1:*Claiming*centrality*(by*interest,*by*importance,*by*standard* procedure)* *interes0ng $ $important $ $major$ $significant $ $basic $ $ $ocen$ $normally$ $ $generally $ $recent* – Step*2:*Sta)ng*current*knowledge*and*defining*terms* *generally $ $common$ $ $most$people$ $such$as $ $ $for$example$ – Step*3:*Reviewing*previous*research* *much$research$has$been$conducted$ $has$inves0gated $ $ $ $ $has$been$studied$ $studied$ $ $ $found $ $ $stated$ $states $ $ $argues $ $ $claims$ 57*
Introduc)on* •
Move%2:%Establishing%a%niche%
– Step*1:*Counter3claiming* *however $ $contrary $ $on$the$other$hand$ $it$would$seem$that $ $ $nevertheless$ $while$ $ $another$(op0on/approach)* – Step*2:*Indica)ng*a*gap* *however $ $but $ $ $while$ $so$far$ $ $s0ll $ $ $not$yet$ $unfortunately $ $ $ $nevertheless$ – Step*3:*Raising*ques)ons* *ques0on$words$(Why?$How?$etc.)$ $an$interes0ng$issue$ $one$wonders$why$ $ $ $this$raises$the$ques0on* – Step*4:*Con)nuing*a*tradi)on* *following $ $con0nuing $ $using$ $applying$(this$method/approach)$ $based$on $ $next $ $ $another$
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Introduc)on* • Move%3:%Occupying%the%niche%
– Step*1:*Outlining*purpose* *The$aim/The$goal$of$this$study$ $Our$purpose$here$is$to…$ $We$want$to/hope$to/intend$to$ $In$order$to…$ $This$ar0cle/study$aWempts$to/presents/proposes,$etc.* – Step*2:*Describing*present*research*(approach,*findings,* conclusions)* *We$found$that/show$that/demonstrate$that/argue$that/propose$ $This$paper$shows/argues/suggests/develops* – Step*3:*Describing*structure*of*ar)cle* *In$sec0on$2$ $Next $ $Finally* 59*
Introduc)on*
You%make%it%clear%what%you%are% wri4ng%about%and%why%the%reader% should%read%your%paper!%
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Introduc)on* Junaedy*Yunus* 1330432014* dokterjun@gmail.com* associateditor2@isjournal.org*
h@p://isjournal.org* ISJ$Workshop$series$on$Scien0ďŹ c$Wri0ng$