India Digest

INDIA DIGEST Volume 33 - April 2016

THE OFFICIAL DIGEST OF EMBASSY OF INDIA IN PHNOM PENH

English - Khmer

Darjeeling

CONTENT

April 2016 Exemsa 2016

01 From the Ambassador’s desk

cMNab;GarmμN_rbs;ÉkGKÁrdæTUt\NÐa 03 Going carbon free

dMeNIreq<aHeTAkan;BiPBKµan]sµ½nkabUnik 08 The golden tea story

erOgEtmas

16 Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

dMeNIrqøgkat;RBHraCvaMg Hyderabad 29 MARS ORBITER MISSION

ebskmµeTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁar 37 IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

IRNSS:

RbB½n§páayrNbrukrkRbcaMtMbn;rbs;\NÐa

40 MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE karpþÜcepþImplitenARbeTs\NÐa 46 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

rdæFmµnuBaØénRbeTs\NÐa 52 News in pictures

B½t’mankñúgrUbPaB 57 Mahabharata

erOgmhaPart³

Embassy of India

Address: Villa No.5, St. 466, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Editor in chief: Mr. N.Sitlhou, First Secretary Creative & Editorial assistance: Mrs. Preeti Sajwan Editorial assistance in Khmer: Ms. Kunthea Editorial assistance in Khmer: Magic Group

Tel: (+855-23) 210 912 Fax: (+855-23) 213 640 Email: cons.phnompenh@mea.gov.in Website: www.indembassyphnompenh.org

Cover Picture Dr. BR Ambedhkar, chief architect of the Indian Constitution. http://www.mouthshut.com/product-reviews/Darjeeling-Photos-Direction-925025022

Finally, we have an article about the

Indian Constitution. On the cover page of this edition, we have the photograph of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who is regarded as the architect of Indian Constitution.

This year marks his 125th

birth anniversary. What India has been able to achieve in the last six decades time is largely due to the independence and freedom of our Republic and excellent foundation and institutions established by our Constitution.

I do hope you all will enjoy reading this issue of India Digest. We look forward to your feedback

Naveen Srivastava Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Cambodia

Dear Friends,

and suggestions. These can be sent at info.indembassy@gmail.com Best Wishes,

in the New year, let me take this opportunity to wish all of you a very happy and prosperous New year of Monkey with the hope that this New Year

India and Cambodia have also contin-

ued to see further strengthening of our traditionally friendly ties. Our cultural and historical links are strong and we are also trying to strengthen our economic ties. The New Year saw a flurry of visits of Ministers and business delegations. In this edition, we bring you glimpses of our economic exchanges and other activities. India is today the fastest growing large economy.

Even as we continue to grow economically, we are trying to do so in an environmentally sustainable manner. This edition features articles on our developmental initiatives and strides in the area of space exploration. It may come to you as a surprise that India’s Mass Orbit Mission cost less than the Hollywood movie “Gravity”. Today, India is also trying to attract investments and “Make in India” is one such major initiative. I do hope our Cambodian friends will be inspired to seek more business opportunities in India.

1

From the Ambassador’s desk

GKÁraCTUt\NÐaRbcaM RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa

sUmeKarBmitþPkþiCaTIemRtI

As this is the first edition of the India Digest

will bring you much joy and success.

Naveen Srivastava

Naveen Srivastava Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Cambodia

edayehtufaenHCakare)aHBum<pSayelIkTImYyén India Digest kñúgqñaMfµIenH ´sUmcab;yk«kasenH bYgsYgeGayelakGñkTTYl)anqñafM qIµ aµ vM keday rIkray nigcMrugceRmIn CamYynwgkþIsgÇwmfaqñaMfµIenHnwgnaMmk nUvPaBrIkraynig PaBeCaKC½ymkeGayelakGñk.

RbeTs\NÐa nigkm<úCak¾)ankMBugEtbnþBRgwgcMNg mitþPaBd¾rak;Tak; EdlmantaMgBIburaNmk. TMnak; TMngvb,Fm’nigRbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTsTaMg BIrman PaBrwgmaM ehIyBYkeyIgkMBugEtbnþBRgwgTMnak;TMng esdækic©. enAkñúgqñaMfµIenH manrdæm®nþIeFVIdMeNIr TsSn³kic©nigRbtiPUGaCIvkmµeRcIn. enAkñúgesovePA e)aHBum<pSayelxenH eyIgnwgnaMelakGñkeGay RkelkemIlBIkaredaHdUrbTBiesaFn_Epñkesdækic© nig skmµPaBepSg². RbeTs\NÐasBVéf¶enHmanesdækic© RTg;RTayFMEdlrIk lUtlas;elOnCageKbg¥s;. ebI eTaHbICaeyIgbnþ rIklUtlas;Epñkesdækic© eyIgk¾ BüayameGaylUtlas;EpñkbrisßaneGaymancIrPaB pgEdr. kare)aHBum<pSayelxenHmanGtßbTEdl

sþBI kI arGPivDÆn_fIµ nigdMeNIrGPivDÆn_énkar RsavRCav Gvkas. vaGacnwgeFVIeGayGñkPJak;ep¥Il eRBaHfa ebskkmµehaHKnøg PBRBHGgÁarrbs;RbeTs\NÐa cMNayluytic CagerOghUlIvUt “Gravity” eTAeTot. bc©úb,nñenH RbeTs\NÐak¾kMBugEtBüayam Tak;Taj karvinieyaK ehIyk¾mancMNucepþImd¾FMmYyEdr KWCRmúj kar “plitenARbeTs\NÐa”. ´sgÇwmfamitþkm<úCanwg bNþúHKMniteGayEsVgrk«kas GaCIvkmµkñúgRbeTs \NÐa.

CacugbBa©b; eyIgmanGtßbTmYyEdlsþIBIrdæFmµnuBaØ \NÐa. enAelITMB½r muxénelxenH eyIgmanrUbft rbs;elakbNÐit B.R. Ambedkar EdlRtÚv)aneK cat;TukCasßabtükrrdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐa. qñaMenHKWCabuNü KRmb;xYbTI125. GVIEdlRbeTs\NÐaseRmc)anenA kñúgR)aMmYyTsSvtScugeRkayenH KWedaysarEtman ÉkraCüPaBnigesrIPaBénsaFarNrdæ nigRKwHd¾l¥ nigGgÁPaBEdlbegáItedayrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;eyIg. ´sgÇwmfaGñknwgrIkraykñúgkarGanIndiaDigestelx enH. ´rMBwgfanwg TTYl)anmtieyabl;BIelakGñk.

GñkGacepJImtirbs;Gñkmkkan;GuIem:l info.indembassy@gmail.com.

edaykþIeKarBBI´

Naveen Srivastava

GKÁraCTUt\NÐaRbcaM RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa

From the Ambassador’s desk

2

Going

carbon free

The best way to reduce carbon emission is to popularise clean energy technologies among the rural population

Cooking with improved systems introduce by Project Surya

during cooking procedures consists of short-lived but high impact climate change agents like black carbon which are light-absorbing carbon particles and much more potent in the short-term than greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane.

To provide sustainable, effective, incentive-based action plans, infrastructure and new technologies to enable rural communities to switch over to improved cooking technologies, Project Surya was introduced. The uniqueness of cookstove intervention project lies in its science focus: undertaking the most comprehensive and rigorous scientific evaluation to date on the efficacy of reducing biomass-fuelled cooking on climate warming, air pollution, health and human wellbeing.

Project Surya aims to expand access to truly clean energy technologies among poor rural households in developing countries. In this process, the project consortium seeks to monitor measurable climate benefits of clean cooking technologies, and through this, empower rural users with climate finance. Project Surya is managed by a global consortium comprising University of California (San Diego), The Energy and Resources Institute and Nexleaf Analytics (USA).

To meet the socio-cultural and economic objectivity of the rural Indian population, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERl) developed a series of prototype clean cookstoves. These included a top-loading single-pot stove, a front-loading single-pot stove and a front-loading double-pot stove. Each of these sources employs a fan-driven forced draft to aid combustion Did you know that over three billion people in developing countries are dependent on burning of firewood, crop residue and cattle dung to prepare daily meals on traditional mud stoves, open fires and three stones? Studies have revealed that indoor air pollution significantly increases the risk of pneumonia in children and chronic bronchitis and other ailments in women. The smoke emanating

3

Going carbon free

as well as a standardised stove combustion chamber that can be fitted with additional components to meet local requirements. As opposed to its â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;natural draftâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; counterparts (where air flows in naturally, unaided by a fan), forced draft stoves are known to have significantly higher health and environmental benefits. Wherever possible, all the components of the stove system were based on nut-and-bolt systems and used parts commonly available even in the village markets. The Going carbon free

4

stoves provided options such as a solar charging unit and adding additional stove heads for larger families. The concept behind it was that the stoves adapted to people and traditional cooking habits and not vice versa. Project Surya deployed improved cooking technologies in rural communities and rapidly cut down emission levels of major pollutants like black carbon. The project aims to use two low-cost sensor technologies to estimate black carbon emission savings due to improved stove usage. Temperature is recorded through the sensor attached to the stove and transmits real-time temperature readings through an adapter circuit and thermistor to an attached mobile phone through its headset jack. This technology can be accessed on a Java-enabled phone too.

The second option is utilising a miniature aerosol sampler wherein a filter is exposed to the indoor air particles. If a person has a cell phone with the facilities of GPRS and camera, a photograph of the filter can be clicked and transmitted to a centralised server wirelessly. A complex computer algorithm then takes an estimate of the black carbon emissions from the blackness of the filter in the photo. The wireless technology not only reduces the transaction costs considerably, it also provides verifiable, technology-centric and cost effective monitoring of the usage of the stove.

The project helped in identifying forced draft stoves as a superior option among improved stove technologies, developed low-cost cell phone technologies that make it possible to measure black carbon on the ground with unprecedented spatial resolution for the first time, identified socioeconomic barriers and drivers related to cookware adoption and demonstrated the link between indoor and outdoor concentrations of black carbon in and around Surya pilot village with cooking activities. The pilot phase of Surya Project was completed successfully in 2011.

In its ongoing phase being implemented in more than 4,000 rural households of Uttar Pradesh and Odisha, Project Surya has created a dummy ‘climate credit’ fund for rural users. Based on the usage of improved cookstoves recorded by sensors, collected centrally at TERI’s office in New Delhi, micro-payments are made on a bi-monthly basis to rural women in their bank accounts. More recently, Project Surya is working towards exploring new streams of channeling finance to improved cookstoves users, such as postal payments and mobile-based payments in association with various partner organisations.

5

Going carbon free

ដំណ​ េីរ​ឆ្ពេាះ​ទៅកាន់

ពិភពគ្មានឧស្ម័នកាបូនិក

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KeRmagenHmanbMNgeRbIR)as;bec©kviTüacab;sBaØatémøefakcMnYnBIredIm,IsÞg;emIl karkat;bnßykarbMPaykabUnikexµA Going carbon free

6

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The golden

tea story Tea tours in India have gained popularity in the past one decade and have now become an irnportant part of many travel itineraries

Chai (tea) has always been the maiden choice of people across the world to reduce stress and fatigue. First discovered in 2737 BC by the second emperor of China, Shen Nung, India got its first tea plantation in Assam during the British rule. It is believed a Scottish adventurer, Robert Bruce, first spotted a tea bush in the Northeastern state.

The East India Company, then, began tea production in Assam.

7

Going carbon free

The golden tea story

8

Darjeeling

At present, India is one of the largest tea producers globally with 70 per cent

WEST BENGAL

production getting consumed within the country. Darjeeling in the foothills of the Himalayas, the heavy rainfall region of Assam, the “Blue Mountain” landscape Nilgiri, and Munnar and Wayanad, the lush green regions of Kerala are important tea regions. But it is not only about drinking tea; one needs to experience the aroma, savour the flavour and explore the tea-making process. To give tea-lovers and travellers a closer understanding, the concept of tea tourism was developed. During these tours, one can visit tea factories, stay at tea bungalows, pluck tea leaves and gain knowledge too. Waking up to the exotic aroma of freshly brewed tea could be one of the many experiences.

West Bengal One of the most popular hill stations in the state, Darjeeling is surrounded by tea gardens that produce the famous lightcoloured and aromatic Darjeeling tea. It is interesting to note that around 25 per cent of the country’s total tea outcome is from Darjeeling which has about 80 operational tea plantations. Makaibari Tea Estate and Homestay is one of the oldest tea estates of the region. Located at Kurseong, 37 km from Darjeeling, it is one of the top tea producing gardens in the world. The Happy Valley Tea Estate is another wellknown estate. Located 3 km north of Darjeeling, it is one of the highest tea gardens in the world. The estate grows some of the finest tea. It was established by an Englishman in 1854. Later, it was taken over by an Indian aristocrat from Kolkata.

Best time to go March to November

9

The golden tea story

The golden tea story

10

Assam Assam is the largest tea producing region of the country. The tea is mostly cultivated in the

ASSAM

Brahmaputra Valley region. Tea lovers should not miss the tea estates that are integral to the state. There are several stay options here too where one can relax and rejuvenate amid tea gardens. Every year, the Assam Tourism Board organises the Assam Tea Festival where tea enthusiasts visit magnificent tea gardens and enjoy exciting river cruises while sipping hot tea. One can visit the Guwahati Tea Auction Centre, the largest in India.

Best time to go May to June

You can get closer to nature at Wayanad, the lush mountainous region of Kerala that also produces a significant amount of tea. A velvety carpet of fresh green tea leaves soothe your senses as you move towards the hilly ranges of Kalpetta.

An interesting aspect of tea tours in Wayanad is that harvesting here is an early morning affair so you need to wake up before dawn to pluck tea leaves. Visit and stay at Priyadarshini Tea Estate.

Run by the state government, this site has an old bungalow which has been renovated and chrisWayanad

KERALA

11

The golden tea story

Munnar

tened as Wayanad Tea Country.

Best time to go August to May

The golden tea story

12

រ�ឿង​តែមាស

Kerala Soak in the fresh aroma of tea leaves as soon as you enter Munnar as the region is dotted with lush tea plantations. The tea journey must start with a visit to the country’s first Tea Museum at Nallathanni Estate to have a captivating look at the history of tea production in the region. One can opt to stay at the KTDC Tea County in Munnar. Nestled between two hills, it is an important destination for ecotourism activities centred around Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Pampadum Shola National Park and the newly developed Neelakurinji Sanctuary.

dMeNIreTscrN_Et)anekInRbCaRbiyPaBkñúgmYyTsvtS cugeRkayenH ehIy)ankøayCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;enAkñúg EpnkaredIrkmSanþrbs;mnusSCaeRcIn.

Kundala Tea Plantation is another must visit unit in Munnar. Surrounded with a lake, it will be a heart-warming moment to witness the entire tea-making process here. One can also visit the Tea Sanctuary that has a series of refurbished old colonial bungalows in the middle of a huge tea estate.

Best time to go August to May

EtéqFIEtgEtCaCeRmIsTImyY sRmab;mnusSkñgú BiPBelak edIm,Ikat;bnßye®sþsnigPaBenOyht;.eK)anrkvaeXIj kñúgqñaM 2737 BC edayGFiraCTIBIrénRbeTscin Shen Nung, Indiagot Edl)andaMedImEtTImYyenAkñúg Assam kñúgkMLúgeBlcRkPB Gg;eKøskan;GMNac. vaRtÚv)aneK eCOfa GñkpSgeRBgCnCatisáúteQµaH Robert Bruce Edl )anrkeXIjKuMedImEtdMbUgenAkñúgrdæ\sanþ. eRkaymk Rkúmh‘nu \NÐa xagt,Úg)ancab;epþmI plitEtenAkñgú Assam.

naeBlbc©bú ,nñ RbeTs\NÐaKWCaRbeTsEdlplitEteRcInCageKenAkñgú BiPBelak CamYynwgkarplit70PaKryRtÚv)anTTYl TanRsúk. Darjeeling enAeCIgPñM Himalayas EdlCatMbn;EdlmanePøógeRcInenAkñgú Assam nigenAPñeM xovtMbn;rabén Nilgiri nigenA Munnar nig Wayanad EdlCatMbn;ébtgén Kerala EdlCatMbn;sxM an; sRmab;daMEt. b:Eu nþvaminEmnRKan;EtCaerOg pwkEtEtb:eu NÑaHeT GñkpwkEteKRtÚvkar bTBiesaFn_hti køni Et TTYlTanrs;CatietnigemIlBIdeM NIkarplitEt. edIm,IeFVeI Gay GñkRslaj;Et nigGñkdMeNIreGayyl;kan;Etc,as; KMnti éneTscrN_EtRtÚv )anbegátI eLIg. kñgú kMLgú eBledIrkMsanþTaMgenH eKGacTsSnaeragcRkEtenApÞH bg;haÁ LÚEt ebHsøkw EtnigekIncMeNHdwgpgEdr. kareRkakmk)anhitkøni EteTIbEt kinfµ²I Gac CabTBiesaFn_myY kñgú cMeNambTBiesaFn_epSg²eTot. West Bengal

vaCatMbn;sßanIy_EdlmanRbCaRbiymYyenAkñúgrdæ Darjeeling EdlRtÚv)anruMB½T§eday sYnEtEdlplitEtl,Il,ajman BN’Rsal nigkøinRkGUb. vaKYreGaykt;smÁal; pgEdrfa 25PaKryénEtsrubkñúgRbeTsKW)anmkBI Darjeeling Edl man 80PaK rydMeNIkardaMEt. dIEt Makaibari nigkarsñak;enAKWCadIdaMEtcas;CageK bg¥s;enAkñúgtMbn;. Edlman TItaMgkñúg Kurseong cm¶ay37KILÚEm:RtBI Darjeeling vaKWCasYn mYykñúgcMeNamsYnEtkMBUl²enAkñúgBiPBelak. kEnøgEt Happy Valley Tea KWCadI EdleKsÁal;eRcInCageK. mancm¶ay3KILÚEm:RtxageCIgén Darjeeling vaKWCasYn 13

The golden tea story

The golden tea story

14

Etx<s;CageKenAkñúgBiPBelak. dIenaHdaMEt)anl¥CageK vaRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edaybursCnCatiGg;eKøskñúgqñaM1854. eRkaymk vaRtÚv)ankan;kab; edayGPiCn \NÐaEdlmkBI Kolkata. eBlEdll¥bMputsRmab;eTAkMsanþ KWBIExmina dl;Exvicäika Assam

KWCatMbn;plitEteRcInbMptu enAkñgú RbeTs.EtRtÚv)aneKdaMPaKeRcInenAkñgú tMbn; BrahmaputraValley.GñkRslaj; EtminKYrrMlgdIEtEdlmansar³sMxan;rbs;rdæenaHeT. kñúgkarsñak;enAkEnøgenHmanBIrbICeRmIsEdleyIgGacsRmaknig manGarmµN_ekµgCagmunkñúgcMeNamsYnEt. Caerogral;qñaM RkúmRbwkSavis½y eTscrN_ Assam erobcMBiFIbuNüEt Assam EdlmanGñkcUlcitþEtCaeRcInmk TsSnasYnEtd¾Rss;s¥at nigrIkrayCamYykarCiHTUkkMsanþTwkTenøkñúgkMLúgeBl hutEt ekþA. GñkGacTsSnamCÄmNÐledjéføEt Guwahati FMCageKbg¥s;kñúg RbeTs\NÐa.

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

Assam

eBlEdll¥bMputsRmab;eTAkMsanþ KWBIEx]sPa dl;Exmifuna

GñkGacQanmkkan;EtCitFmµCatienAÉ Wayanad EdlCatMbn;PñMébtgén Kerala EdlCakEnøgplitEteRcInpgEdr. søwkEtRss;BN’ébtgEdlFøak;hak;dUcRBúMkaMmJI eFVIeGayGarmµN_rbs;Gñks¶b;naeBlEdlGñk)aneTAkan;CYrPñM Kalpetta. eKalKMnit d¾KYreGaycab;GarmµN_énEtkñúg Wayanad KWRbmUlplenATIenHKWCakargareBlRBwk dUecñHGñkRtÚvegIbBIeKg munggwtedIm,IebHsøwkEt. TsSnanigsñak;enAelIdIEt Priyadarshini. edayRKb;RKgedayraCrdæaPi)al kEnøgenHmanpÞH bg;hÁaLÚcas;² EdlRtÚv)aneKEkécñnigdak;namCaRbeTsEt Wayanad. eBlEdll¥bMputsRmab;eTAkMsanþ KWBIExsIha dl;Ex]sPa Kerala

GñkRtÚvhitkøinRkGUbsøwkEtPøamnaEdlGñkeTAdl; Munnar edaysarEttMbn;enH eBareBjeTAedaydMNaMEtébtg. dMeNIr kmSanþEtRtÚvcab;epþImeTAkan;TItaMgsar mnÞIrEtdMbUgenAÉ Nallathanni edIm,IRkelkmkcab;GarmµN_nwgRbvtþiénkarplit EtenAkñúgtMbn;enH. GñkGaceRCIssñak;enARsúkEt KTDC kñúg Munnar. edaymanTItaMg enAkNþalPñMBIr vaCaTisedAd¾sMxan; sRmab;skmµPaBeGkUeTscrN_Edlman TItaMgenAkNþalsYn]TüanCati Eravikulam CRmkstVéRB Chinnar nigsYn ]TüanCati Pampadum Shola nigCRmkstVfµIeTIbegáIt Neelakurinji.

Hyderabad’s true beauty lies in its historical core from where the modern city took shape

H

yderabad, home to monuments like Charminar and Mecca Masjid, is known for

the opulence of its fascinating palaces and havelis. A number of these architectural wonders lay hidden in its narrow alleys which few, except locals, were aware of. But the most splendid ones, however, are the ones built and occupied by the Nizams themselves.

Walking down For over half-a-century, these palaces remained a mystery. It was in the late 1990s when they were thrown open to public that these palaces made news. The aura of romance and mystery surrounding them is still strongly embedded in peoples’ imagination, be it Falaknuma, Chowmahalla or Purani Haveli, the once official residence

of the Nizams.

The Nizam rule in Hyderabad start-

dMNaMEt Kundala KWCakEnøgEdlRtÚvEteTATsSnamYyeTotenAkñúg Munnar. edayB½T§CuMvijedaybwgmYy vaCaeBlevla d¾kk;ekþAmYyEdleyIgGaceXIjskmµPaBplitEtTaMgRsúgenATIenH. GñkGacTsSnaCRmkEt (The Tea Sanctuary) EdlmanpÞHbg;hÁaLÚEkécñ BIsm½yGnaniKmn_enAkñúgkNþalTIFøaEtd¾FM.

ed in 1724 under Nizamul-Mulk who established the Asaf Jahi dynasty after the fall of the Golconda Qutb Shahis in 1687. Subsequently, seven generations of his successors who came to be known as the “Nizams” ruled Hyderabad and parts

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The golden tea story

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

16

of Deccan for almost two-and-one quarter centuries. The period, mainly during the reign of the sixth

Chowmahalla

and seventh Nizams, was marked by a flood of construction activities as many of the great edifices

One of the most important and first of the

the city is proud of today were built back then. These are largely concentrated in the southwestern

palaces which last ceased to function as

and southeastern quarters of the city. “The total area of the palaces built by the successive Nizams

a royal official residence-cum_darbar hall

in the Old City alone would be more than a million cubic feet which is three times more as com-

after Indian independence, is Chowmahal-

pared to that of their predecessors, the Qutb Shahis,” says Narender Luther, a former civil servant

la, a huge complex of several buildings with

and historian based in Hyderabad.

beautifully landscaped gardens and a large marble cistern. The splendour of the palace

If you travel from anywhere in the Old City in southwestern or southeastern direction with Charminar

was best described by a medieval visitor:

as the starting point, you can witness some of these magnificent palaces. “In recent times, Hyder-

“The main quadrangle has a beautiful garden

abad’s cyber technohype; as Luther says, “has overshadowed its historic charm, nawabi lifestyle

surrounding a large marble cistern, the foun-

and elegant courtesies”. But the pageantry and extravagant exploits of the royal COUrts that once

tain and splashing waters which on moonlit

enthralled the world hungry for something “exotic” have left an imprint in these intriguing palaces.

nights can be compared to the enchanted

From Charminar, the three important palaces: Falaknuma in south, Chowrnahalla in West and PU-

gardens described in the Arabian Nights”.

rani Haveli in east form Old City’s golden triangle.

Chowmahalla is a vast conglomeration of four palaces, built in 1750 by the fourth Nizam, SalabatJung, where the Nizams held state receptions and court meetings.

Of all the four palaces in Chowmahalla complex, the best preserved is Afzal Mahal, named after

the

fourth

Nizam,

Afzal-ud-Dowla.

The highlight here is the sitting hall at the entrance which is lavishly furnished in French regal style with huge Venetian chandeliers and extravagant gilded plasterwork on the walls and all over the ceiling.

The palace has been converted into a centre for arts and culture and a museum exhibiting furniture, textiles, books, swords and a fleet of vintage cars and motorbikes. A must-see here is the collection of vintage photographs, costumes, jewellery and hairstyles of the bygone era.

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Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

18

Purani Haveli Less than a mile away from Chowmahalla, on the eastern side of Charminar, Purani Haveli is another architectural marvel. When the layout of the new city of Hyderabad was planned by Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1612), he earmarked a large estate for the residence of his chief advisor Mir Momin whom he widely venerated as a saint and statesman. Later, with the fall of Golconda, the second Asafia, Nizam Ali Khan acquired the property from the family of Mir Momin for his son, Sikander Jah. When the latter became the Nizam in 1803, he moved his residence to Chowmahalla.

The fifth Nizam Afzal-ud-Dowla (1857-68) was born and lived here for a long time. Even his son, Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan continued to live in the palace after he ascended the throne in 1869.

The crown prince, Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan, known for his extravagant lifestyle, especially his passion for clothes and footwear, installed a 240 ft long wardrobe here that spanned the entire length of the building on the first floor. It was equipped with a manual elevator for the prince to move up and down to select his clothes. This building, which once used to accommodate his vast collection of clothes and footwear, is perhaps the world’s largest even today.

The seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-48), was a regular visitor to the palace to pay respects to h is mother who once lived here. In 1971, nearly 200 years after his family acquired the estate, the living Prince Mukharram Jah donated the property to the Mukkarram Jah Trust to promote education. The main building, with its long corridors, is reminiscent of 18th century European architecture.

One of the world’s longest dining table at Falaknuma Palace

The wardrobe, made of Burma teak, is still intact and looks as new as if it was done yesterday. On the ground floor stands a museum which houses the golden throne of the Nizam.

Falaknuma From Purani Haveli, drive to the Falaknuma Palace, about 3 miles south of Charminar, situated on a hill. It was designed by an Italian architect and is regarded as one of the most magnificent palaces in the country. It was used as the royal guest house which housed some of the world ‘s best priceless collection of art objects and paintings. This palace, as the other ones of the Ni zam, has lavish furniture and plush interiors, imported from European countries. Falaknuma or “mirror of the sky” is spread over 200 acres. As late historian-writer Bilkis Alladin writes, “Its original builder Sir Vikar-UI-Vmra once invited the Nizam Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan to visit the palace to impress him because he knew the latter was a connoisseur of the finest things in life.

TELANGANA HYDERABAD

As expected, the Nizam arrived as scheduled on a caparisoned elephant with a large entourage in tow. He walked up the marbled stairway and went through the palace. At night, he had dinner on the terrace of the main facade, built elegantly in Pal-

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Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

20

The ceiling above is beautifully frescoed. The foyer leads into another marbled hall having a marbled staircase lined with paintings of European guests. The balustrade has graceful marble statues holding up lamps in their hands. The first floor has several halls including a ballroom, a banquet hall, a library, a hookah (piped smoking) room and a billiards room, each aesthetically furnished and having large Venetian chandeliers hanging from ornate ceilings.

The banquet hall is perhaps one of the world’s largest, with as many as 102 wooden chairs, all beautifully carved and upholstered. Tired of living in ancestral homes, the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, moved to the new city across River Musi and where he purchased a palace and converted it into his residence-cum-office. It was the last palace where the last of the Nizams chose to spend his last days. The building is now being used as a hospital, King Kothi (KK) Hospital.

ladian style of old British aristocracy. The view of the city and the sky left the Nizam so enchanted that he extended his stay. Finally, he expressed his liking for the palace. At this, Sir Vikar bowed before his ruler and said, “Sarkar, yeh aap hi ka hai, aap hi ke liye banaya gaya hai”(My Lord, this palace is yours, I built it for you only). Saying this, he left the palace forever.

Falaknuma or “mirror of the sky” is spread over 200 acres

As you enter this palace, you see a marbled foyer with a finely carved fountain at the centre while on four sides are four marbled benches.

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Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

22

ដំ​ណេីរឆ្លងកាត់ព​ ្រះរាជវាំង

Hyderabad

smö½sSBitrbs; Hyderabad sßitenAelIsñÚlRbvtþisa®sþrbs;va EdlTIRkugTMenIb mYy)anelcrUbrageLIg. TIRkúg Hyderabad KWCapÞHénvimanCaeRcIndUcCa Charminar nig Mecca Masjid EdlRtÚv)aneKsÁal;tamry³ PaBsþúksþmÖrbs;RBHraCvaMgnigvimand¾Gs©arü.sßabtükmµ Gcäriy³CaeRcInenH)anlak;xøÜnenARcktUcEdlmanGñkdwgtictYc b:ueNÑaHdwgelIk ElgEtGñkkñúgRsúkeTeTIbdwgBIva b:uEnþBYkvaviessvisalCageKenaHKWsMNg;Edl )ansagsg; nigkan;kab; eday Nizams xøÜnÉgpÞal;.

qøgCagBak;kNþalstvtSeTAehIy vaMgTaMgenHenAEtmanGaf’kM)aMg. vasßitenA kMLúgqñaM1990 enAeBlEdleKebIkvaCa saFarN³EdlvaMgTaMgenHRtÚv)aneKpSayBt’man.briyakasr:EU mnTiknigPaBGaf’k)M aMgB½TC§ vMu ji vaenAdk;kgúñ kþRI sémmnusS CaeRcInEdlmandUcCa Falaknuma Chowmahalla b¤ Purani Haveli EdlFøab;CakEnøg sñak;enArbs; Nizams. emdwknaM Nizams kñúgRkúg Hyderabad )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM1724 eRkam Nizamul-Mulk Edl)anbegáItsnþtivgS Asaf jahi eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs; Golconda Quib Shahis kñúgqñaM1687. eRkaymkeTotGñkbnþevnR)aMBIrCMnan;EdlRtÚv)an eKsÁal;eRkam eQµaH “Nizams” RKb;RKg Hyderabad nigEpñkxøHén Deccan Gs;ry³eBlCagBIr stvtSnig25qñaM. kMLúgeBlenaHCacMbgKWkMLúgeBlesayraCüén Nizams TIR)aMmYy nigTIR)aMBIr EdleKsÁal;tamry³skmµPaBsagsg; y:ageRcInelIslb;Edl maneRcInsMNg;FM² EdlTIRkúgenHmanemaTnPaBsBVéf¶edaysarsMNg;BIGtItkal. TaMgenH PaKeRcInmanenAkñúgtMbn;TisnIrtInigTisGaeKñy_énTIRkúg. Narender Luther EdlCaGtItm®nþIraCkar nigGñkRbvtþiviTU EdlmanTIlMenAenA Hyderabad niyayfa “TMhMsrubénvaMgEdlsagsg;edayGñkTTYlraCü Nizams enAkñúgRkúgcas; EtÉgmaneRcInCagmYylanhVItKIbEdlvamanTMhMFMCagbIdg RbsinebIeRbóbeFobGñkkan;tMENgmun Quib Shahis”.

RbsinebIGñkeFVIdMeNIrBIkEnøg NamYyenAkñúgTIRkúgcas;enATisnIrtInigTisGaeKñy_edaycat;yk Charminar Ca cMNucepþIm GñkGacnwgeXIjvaMgd¾Gs©arüTaMgenH. niyayfa “naeBlfµI²enHGñkhuWhabec©kviTüaGuIneFIeNt)anlubelIsRms; Rbvtþisa®sþ CIvPaB Nawabi nig esckþIKYrsméføfñÚrrbs;eK“. b:uEnþBiFIbuNü nigPaBx¢Hx¢ay)anbMpøajkEnøgkSRtEdlmnusSmñaFøab;sresIrEdlBiPBelak Xøancg;dwgBIGVIEdl “Ebøk” EdlmanbnSl;kñúgsñampþitkñúgvaMgTaMgenH. cab;BI Charminar man vaMgbIsMxan;³ Falaknuma kñúgTisxagt,Úg Chowrnahalla kñúgTisxaglic nig Purani Haveli kñúgTisxagekIt )anbegáItCatMbn;TIRkúgcas; RtIekanmas.

Luther

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Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

24

Chowmahalla

CavaMgmYykñúgcMeNamvaMgsMxan;bMput nigCavaMgTImYyEdlbBa©b;cugeRkayEdlman muxgarCakEnøgsñak;enApøÚvkarrbs;kSRt (Cum Darbar Hall) eRkayBIÉkraCüPaB rbs;CnCati\NÐaKW Chowmahalla EdlCaGaKarsµúRKsµajEdlmansYn rabesµId¾Rss;s¥at nigGagTwkFMEdleFVIBIfµm:ab. PaBrugerOgénvaMgRtÚv)anGñkTsSnayuK kNþal)anerobrab;³ “RCúgbYn cMbgmansYnd¾s¥atB½T§CuMvijGagTwkfµm:abd¾FM RbPB TwknigTwkEdlsacnaeBlyb;EdlmanBnøWRBHc½nÞcaMgmkGaceRbób nwgsYnEdl)andak;esñh’kñúgraRtIGar:ab;.” Chowmahalla KWCaRbmUlpþúMénvaMgbYn Edl)ansagsg; kñúgqñaM 1750 eday Nizam TIbYneQµaH Salabat Jung Edl Nizams eFVIBiFIrdæpøÚv karnigkEnøgRbCuMkat;kþI. kñúgcMeNamvaMgTaMgbYn kñúg Chowmahalla vaMgmYyEdl EfrkSa)anl¥CageKKW Afzal Mahal EdlRtÚv)aneKdak;eQµaHeRkay Nizam TIbYn Afzal-ud-Dowla.

Falaknuma b¤ “ karbriyaysegçbenHKWsalGgÁúyelgenAmat; kBa©k;énemX” man TVarEdllMGrtamEbbesþc)araMg edayman cegáógBüÜrCBa¢aMgVenetianFM nigmanbiT)aøsÞik RbEvg 200 acres BN’masenAelICBa¢aMg enAelIBidan. vaMgenH RtÚv)aneKbþÚrCamCÄmNÐlsil,³nigvb,Fm’ nigCasarmnÞIr taMgBirBN’eRKÓgsgðarim RkNat; esovePA dav Lannigm:UtU buraN. GVIEdlRtÚvEt mkemIleTATIenHKWkarRbmUlpþúMénrUbPaB sMelokbMBak;buraN eRKÓgGlgáa nigm:Ut sk;Edlput yuKsm½yehIy.

25

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

Purani Haveli

kñúgcm¶ayticCamYym:ayBI Chow Mahalia enAEb:kxagekItén Charminar, Purani Haveli KWCakEnøgsßabtükmµ Gcäriy³mYyepSgeTot. kaleBlEdlsNæanTIRkúg Hyderabad fµIRtÚv)aneRKageday Mohammed Quli Qutb Snah (1580-1612) Kat;)an éldIFMsRmab;TIsñak;enArbs;GñkRbwkSacm,grbs;Kat;KW Mir Momin EdlCamnusS EdlKat; eKarBdUcRBH nigdUcrdæburs. eRkaymk edayehtufa Golconda )an braC½y Asafia TIBIr, Nizam Ali Khan )an kan;kab;RTBüTaMgenaHBIRKÜsar Mir Momin sRmab;kUnRbúsrbs;eKeQµaH Sikander Jah. naeBleRkaymk)ankøayCa rbs; Nizam kñúgqñaM1803 Kat;)anpøas;kEnøgsñak;enAeTA Chowmahalla. Nizam TIR)aM Afzal-ud-Dowla (1857-68) )anekItehIyrs;enATIenHGs;ry³eBly:agyUr. sUm,IEtkUnRbúsrbs;Kat; Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan )anbnþrs;enA kñúgvaMgenHbnÞab;BIKat; )aneLIgRKgraCükñúgqñaM1867. raCbuRtEdlRKgraCü Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan )aneKsÁal;tamry³karrs;enAEbbx¢H x¢ayrbs;Kat; CaBiess cMNg;rbs;Kat;mkelIexaGav nigEs,keCIg EdlmankñúgTU exaGavRbEvg240hVItcMgayGaKarTaMgmUlenACan;TImYy. vamanP¢ab;CamYyCeNþIr bBa¢a)anEdlGaceGayRBHraCbuRtrMkileLIgcuHedIm,IeRCIserIsexaGavrbs;Kat;. GaKarenH EdlFøab;sRmab;RbmUlpþúMexaGavnigEs,keCIgrbs;Kat; GacCaGaKarFM CageKsUm,IEtbc©úb,nñenH. Nizam TIR)aMBIreQµaH Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-48) KWCaGñkmkTsSnavaMgeTogTat; edIm,ImksEmþgesckþIeKarB mkkan;mþayrbs;Kat;EdlFøab;rs;enATIenH. kñúgqñaM 1971 Cit200qñaMehIyEdlRKÜsarrbs;Kat;)ankan;kab;vaMgenH RBHraCbuRtEdl enArs; Mukharram Jah )anbric©akvaMgenHeTAkan; Mukkarram Jah Trust edIm,IelIk temáIgvis½yGb;rM. GaKarcm,gEdlmanpøÚvedIrEvg eFVIeGayeyIgnwkdl;sßabtükmµ GWr:ubstvtSTI18. TUexaGavRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgedayeQI émsak;PUma ehIyenAdMeNIr karnigemIleTAdUcfµIdUceKeTIbplitmSilmijGiBa©wg. enACan;pÞal;dImansarmnÞIr Edlman pÞúkblø½gámasrbs; Nizam.

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

26

Falaknuma

ebIkmkkan;vaMg Falaknuma RbEhlbIm:ayTisxagt,Úgén Charminar EdlmanTItaMgenATITYl. vaRtÚv )aneKrcnaeLIgedaysßabRtkrGuItalIehIyRtÚv)aneKcat;TukCavaMgkñúgcMeNamvaMgd¾Gs©arübMputenAkñúgRbeTs.vaRtÚv)an eKeRbICapÞHePJóvrbs;kSRt EdlkñúgenaHmanpÞúkvtßúnigKMnUrEdlmantémøBiPB elakCaeRcIn. vaMgenHk¾dUcCavaMgepSg rbs; Nizam KWmaneRKÓgsgðarimd¾mantémø nigeRKÓgkñúgpÞHeFVIBIRkNat;EdlnaMcUlmkBIRbeTsGWr:ub. Falaknuma b¤” kBa©k;énemX” manTMhMdIRbEhl 200GaRk. dUcGñkRbvtþiviTUelak Bilkis Alladin sresrfa “Gñksagsg;BitR)akd Sir Vikar-UI-Vmra Føab;GeBa¢Ij Ni zam Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan eGaymkTsSnavaMgedIm,IeFVIeGayKat;esJIc BIeRBaH Kat;dwgfa Nizam KWCaGñksÁal;rbs;l¥\tex©aHkñúgCIvit”.

BI Purani Haveli

dUckarrMBwgTuk Nizam )anmkdl;dUckMNt;Tuk edayCiHdMrIEdlmankartubEtg s¥atCamYynwgbrivarCaGñkGUs. Kat;)an edIrelICeNþIreFVIBIfµm:abehIy)anedIrqøgkat;vaMgenaH. naeBlyb; Kat;)anTTYlTanGaharenAlanenAxagmuxEdl)an sg;eLIgtamEbb Palladian énGPiCncRkPBGg;eKøs. eTsPaBénTIRkúgnigépÞ emX)aneFVIeGay Nizam dk;GarmµN_ ehIyKat;)anBnüareBlenAbnþ. CacugbBa©b; Kat;)anbgðajBIGarmµN_Rslaj;rbs;Kat;mkelIvaMgenH. mkdl;eBlenH Sir Vikar )aneGanmuxcuHcMeBaHmuxemdwknaM ehIy)anniyayfa “Sarkar, yeh aap hi ka hai, aap hi ke liye banaya gaya hat” (semþc vaMgenHKWCarbs;RTg; ´sagsg;va sRmab;RTg;EtmYyKt;). eRkayBI)anniyaydUecñH Kat;)ancakecjBIvaMg enHCaerogrhUt.

27

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

enAeBlEdlGñkcUlkñgú vaMgenHGñkeXIjkEnøgTTYlePJóveFVBI fI mµ a: bCamYynwgTwkFøak;EdleKqøak;ya: gRss;sa¥ tenAcMkNþal rIÉRCúgTaMgbYnKWCaekAGIbYneFVIBIfµm:ab. BidanxagelIRtÚv)aneKKUrKMnUrd¾s¥at. kEnøgTTYlePJóvGacdl;bnÞb;eFVIBIm:abepSg mYyeTotEdlmanCeNþIreFVIBIfµm:ab teRmóbCamYyrUbKMnUrénePJóvGWr:ub. eCIgeTonmanrUbsMNak;tUceFVIBIfµm:abkan;enAkñúgéd. Can;TImYymansalBIbIEdl rYmmansalraM salsRmab;BiFI bNÑal½y bnÞb;sRmab;Ck; hookah nigbnÞb;sRmab;bukb‘ÍEyr EdlsalnimYy²eBareBjedayesaP½NPaB edaymancegáóg BüÜr Bidan Venetian lm¥r. GaKarsRmab;BiFICb;elog RbEhlCaGaKarmYykñúg cMeNamGaKarFMCageKbg¥s; EdlmanekAGI eQI 102 ekAGI EdlmYy²RtÚv)aneK qøak;y:ags¥at nigeRsabRkNat;BIelI. edayht;enOynwgrs;enApÞHbuBVburs Nizam cugeRkay Mir Osman Ali Khan )anpøas;TIlMenAmkkan;TIRkúgfµIedayqøg kat;Tenø Musi EdlKat;)anTijvaMgmYy ehIy )anERbkøayvaeGayeTACakEnøg sñak;enAnigkariyal½y. vaKWCavaMgcugeRkayEdl Nizams cugeRkay)aneRCIserIs sRmab;rs;enA. bc©úb,nñenHGaKarenHRtÚv)aneKeRbICamnÞIreBTü King Kothi (KK).

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces

28

MARS

Scientific Instruments (Payload) on the Orbiter

ORBITER MISSION

Science Theme

Payload

Primary objective

Atmospheric studies

Lyman Alpha Photometer

Measures relative abundance of deu-

(LAP)

terium and hydrogen.

Measurement of Deuterium /Hydrogen (D/H) Ratio allows understanding of the loss process of water from the planet.

MARS Exploration - Significance •

Of all the planets in the solar system, Mars has sparked the greatest human interest as the

conditions in Mars are believed to be hospitable since the planet is similar to Earth in many

ways. Mars has surface features reminiscent of both the impact craters of the Moon and volca

noes, deserts and polar ice of Earth.

•

Mars and Earth have almost equal period of revolution around its axis. Mars takes 24 hours and

37 minutes to complete one revolution around its axis. While Earth takes approximately 365

days to orbit around the Sun, Mars takes 687 days for the same. The gravity of Mars is roughly

one- third of Earth’s gravity and it has a thin atmosphere with a pressure of 1 % that of Earth.

•

For ages, humans have been speculating about life on Mars. Recent discovery of Methane on

Mars suggest that life could exist on Mars. It entails more and more understanding of the

Martian surface, its topography, geology, landforms, mineralogy, and its upper atmosphere to

understand the evolution of universe.

•

The Indian Mission to Mars is primarily intended to establish Indian technological capability to

reach the Mars, orbit around it and also provide an excellent opportunity, to the scientific

community, to further understand the Martian Science. Also, having demonstrated the techno

logical capability in reaching the Moon, the next logical step go forth into interplanetary space

is Mars.

Methane Sensor for Mars

Measures Methane (CH4) in the Mar-

(MSM)

tian atmosphere with high level of accuracy and map its sources.

Plasma and Particle

Mars Exospheric

Map neutral composition in exosphere,

environment studies

Neutral

Martian upper atmosphere

Composition Analyser (MENCA) Surface Imaging studies

Mars

Color

Camera

(MCC)

This tri-color Mars Color Camera gives images of Martian surface. It is useful for monitoring the dynamic events and weather of Mars.

It will also be used for probing the two satellites of Mars – Phobos and Deimos.

Indian MARS Orbiter Mission

TIR imaging spectrometer

Measures thermal emission and can

•

Mars Orbiter Mission is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission with an orbiter craft designed to orbit

(TIR)

be operated during day & night. It will

Mars in an elliptical orbit of 366 km x 80000 km. Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a complex

map the surface and mineral compo-

technological mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on

sition of Mars.

propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft.

•

Being the first Indian mission to the planet Mars, the primary technological objective is to

design and realize a spacecraft with a capability to - perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre, reach

Mars (Martian Transfer Trajectory) with the least amount of fuel, Mars Orbit Insertion and then to

orbit around Mars. It has been configured to undertake limited scientific studies during the

orbital life of the spacecraft, using the five Indian scientific instruments onboard to study the

Mars surface and its atmosphere.

29

MARS ORBITER MISSION

Technological Challenges of Mars Orbiter Mission • To provide robust thermal environment and augmented radiation shielding to the spacecraft

& payloads to cope with a wide range of thermal environment (from Near Earth conditions to

Mars conditions) and harsh radiation conditions due to prolonged exposure.

•

To build a robust and reliable propulsion system (Liquid Engine), which needs to restart after

almost 300 days of voyage to insert the spacecraft into an orbit around Mars.

•

To build high level of onboard autonomy within the Orbiter to deal with communication delay

of the order of 40 minutes. Autonomy logics manage the spacecraft when communication MARS ORBITER MISSION

30

interruptions occur when – (i) the spacecraft is occulted by planet Mars; (ii) Whiteouts/

Blackouts due to Sun; (iii) spacecraft enters Safe-mode

•

To augment Deep Space Network to be able to command the spacecraft from the ground

station when it is at a distance of nearly 400 Million km, which is 1000 times more than the dis

tance Moon and earth.

Launch and Post Launch Orbit Maneuvers •

The country witnessed with pride, when India’s first interplanetary spacecraft “Mars Orbiter” was

successfully launched on November 05, 2013 at 2:38 pm by India’s Polar Satellite Launch

Vehicle PSLV-C25 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Mars Orbiter was precisely injected into

an elliptical earth orbit (with a perigee of 248.4 km and an apogee of 23,550 km, inclined at an

angle of 19.27 deg to the equator).

•

Subsequent to the six orbit-raising manoeuvres, crucial the Tran-Mars Injection Manoeuvre was

precisely executed on December 1, 2013 and the Spacecraft was placed on course to the Red

Planet along a helio-centric path of 680 million km.

Mars Orbit Insertion on 24th Sep 2014 •

After a 300 days journey in deep space, on September 24, 2014, India’s Mars Orbiter Spacecraft

successfully entered into an elliptical orbit around planet Mars by firing its 440 Newton Liquid

Apogee Motor along with eight smaller liquid engines.

•

With successful Mars Orbit Insertion, ISRO became the fourth space agency to successfully send

a spacecraft to Mars orbit and India became the first country in the world to do so in its first

attempt.

Mars Orbiter Successfully handled Solar Conjunction •

Solar Conjunction is a natural phenomenon in which the Mars, the Sun and the Earth get aligned.

Such alignment affects all communication signals from Mars Orbiter towards the Earth. Mars

Orbiter is built with onboard autonomy to handle such blackout operations.

•

Mars Orbiter went under ‘solar conjunction’ at Mars, which means the Orbiter, which is orbiting

Mars, is behind the Sun as viewed from the Earth. As a result of this event, which happens once

in 2.2 years for Mars, communication signals from the spacecraft are severely disrupted by the

Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere).

•

Mars Orbiter was under solar conjunction from May 27th to 1st July 2015. The communications

from ground to spacecraft were totally stopped with effect from May 28, 2015. No commands

were transmitted to the spacecraft during this period and all payload operations were

suspended.

•

In the month of July, 2015; the Mars orbiter successfully came out of the solar conjunction. It is

worth mentioning that No reconfiguration of the spacecraft was required, as the on-board

autonomy properly functioned.

Current Status

•

India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) has completed one year around Mars on September 24,

2015 and accomplished its planned mission objectives. MOM and all its scientific payloads are

in good health and it continues to provide valuable data of Mars surface and its atmosphere.

31

MARS ORBITER MISSION

The increased duration of observation of Mars by five scientific payloads will enhance the

planetary science data and would also enable coverage of Mars in different seasons.

•

The images of Mars captured by the Mars Colour Camera have been received and found to

be of very good quality. The Mars Colour Camera has so far produced 513 images.

•

Joint morphological studies using MCC and the high resolution mineralogical data with the

NASA CRISM data was carried out, which enables the identification of different compounds like

sulphates and ferrous based compounds.

•

The dust patterns around high altitude regions and in Valleys were studied and mean height

of dust layer was estimated to be ~1.5 km.

reference channel of Methane sensor for Mars (MSM) was also estimated.

Albedo using the 1.65 micron studies of the

Significant achievements & Recognitions •

First interplanetary mission realized by India and first Indian spacecraft to incorporate full scale

on-board autonomy to overcome the long distances and the communication gaps due to

non-visibility periods.

•

First Mars mission in the world to succeed Mars Orbit Insertion in first attempt.

•

First Indian spacecraft to successfully survive Van Allen belt crossing 39 times. First Indian space

craft to escape the Sphere Of Influence of Earth and orbit Sun.

•

Most economical interplanetary mission in the world and paved way for cost-effective access

to deep space.

•

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) - Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) team won the US

based National Space Society’s ”Space Pioneer Award” for science and engineering category

for the year 2015.

•

The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development is awarded to ISRO in

recognition of its path-breaking achievement, culminating in Mars Orbiter Mission, its significant

contribution in strengthening international cooperation in peaceful use of outer space.

MARS ORBITER MISSION

32

បេសកកម្ម​

ទ�ៅគន្លងភព​ព្រះអង្គារ

karRsavRCavPBRBHGgÁar - sar³sMxan; • kñúgcMeNamPBTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbB½n§PBCuMvijRBHGaTitürbs;eyIg PBRBHGgÁareFVIeGay mnusScab;GarmµN_CageK edaysarEtlkçxNÐrbs;PBRBHGgÁar RtÚv)aneKeCOfa Gacrs;enA)anedayehtufaPBenHmanlkçN³Rsedog eTAnwgPBEpndICaeRcInsNæan. PBRBHGgÁarmanépÞeRkA EdleFVIeGayeyIgnwkdl;erOgedImehturbs;EpndIdUcCa RkhUgdIPñMePøIg nigPñMePøIg valxSac; nigTwkkkenAÉb:Ul. • PBRBHGgÁar nigEpndImankMLúgeBlvilCuMvijGkSvaesµIrKña. PBRBHGgÁarRtÚvkareBl24 em:ag nig37naTI edIm,Ivil CuMvijGkSva cMENkÉEpndIvijRtÚvkareBlRbEhl365éf¶edIm,I bENþtCuMvijRBHGaTitü ÉPBRBHGgÁarRtÚvkareBl RbEhl687éf¶sRmab;vli GBa©gw dUcKña.TMnajEpndIrbs;PBRBHGgÁarKWRbEhlmYyPaKbIénTMnajEpndIrbs;EpndIeyIg ehIyvamanbriyakasesþIgCamYynwgsm<aF1° énEpndI. • Gs;ry³eBlyUrNas;mkehIy mnusS)anKitBIerOgCIvitenAelIPBRBHGgÁar. rbkkMehIj fµIBIemtanenAelIPBRBH GgÁar)anR)ab;faGacnwgmanCIvitenAelIPBRBHGgÁar. vaeFVIeGaymankaryl;kan;EteRcInBIépÞeRkArbs;mnusSPB RBHGgÁar zanelxasa®sþ PUKBÖsa®sþ TRmg;dI xniCviTüa nigbriyakasxagelIedIm,IeGayl;BIvivDÆn_énsaklelak.

• ebskkmµ\NÐaeTAPBRBHGgÁar maneKalbMNgcMbgKWbegáInsmtßiPaBbec©keTs\NÐa eGayeTAdl;PBRBHGgÁar ehaHvilCuMvijvaehIybegáItCa«kasd¾l¥\tex©aHmkeGay shKmn_viTüasa®sþ eGaykan;Etyl;c,as;BIviTüasa®sþ PBRBHGgÁar. ehIyk¾edaysar Etfa)anbgðajBIsmtßiPaBEpñkbec©keTsedIm,IeTAdl;PBRBHc½nÞrYcehIyenaH CMhan d¾smehtuplbnÞab;KWeTAdl;lMhrPBRBHGgÁar. ebskkmµeTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁar • ebskkmµeTAknøgPBRBHGgÁar KWCaebskkmµenAcenøaHPBTImYyCamYynwgyanþEdleK pliteLIgsRmab;ehaH enAKnøgPBRBHGgÁar kñúgKnøgragBgRkeBIénel,Ón 366Km KuNnwg 80000 Km. ebskkmµehaHKnøgPBRBH GgÁar (MOM) KWCaebskkmµbec©kviTüa sµúRKsµajEdlRtÚv)aneKcat;TukCadMeNIrkarebskkmµsMxan; ehIytRmÚv PaBmuwgm:at; cMeBaHkareFVIeGayvaeTAmux karTak;Tg nigRbB½n§epSg²rbs;yanþ.

• edayehtufavaCaebskkmµ\NÐaTImYyeTAkan;PBRBHGgÁar eKalbMNgbec©kviTüacMbgKW karrcnaeGay)annUv yanþGvkasEdlmansmtßiPaBbmøas;TIeq<aHmkkan;EpndI (Earth Bound Manoeuvre) eTAdl;PBRBHGgÁar (KnøgRKab;)aj;epÞrBIPBRBHGgÁar) CamYynwgkar eRbIR)as;saMgtictYc karbBa©ÚlvaeTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁarehIyvilCuMvij KnøgenaH. vaRtÚv)an eKerobcMeLIgedIm,IeFVIkarsikSaviTüasa®sþmankMritxøHkñúgkMLúgeBlyanþGvkasehaHvilCuMvij PBRBHGgÁar edayeRbIR)as;]bkrN_\NÐaR)aMmuxedIm,IsikSaBIRsTab;eRkAPBRBHGgÁar nigbriyakasrbs;va.

33

MARS ORBITER MISSION

]bkrN_viTüasa®sþ (]bkrN_bBa¢ÚnBt’man) ehaHenAelIKnøg RbFanbTviTüasa®sþ sikSaBIbriyakas

Tm¶n;yanþ Rbdab;sÞg; Lyman-Alpha

eKalbMNgcMbg vas;brimaN deuterium nigGuIRdÚEsn vas;GRta Deuterium/GuIRdÚEsn (D/H) eFVIeGay eyIgyl;BIdMeNIkar)at;bg;TwkBIPBEpndI

viBaØaNsÁal;FatuemtanenAPB vas;emtan (CH4) kñúgbriyakasPBRBHGgÁar RBHGgÁar (MSM) edaysuRkwtüx<s; ehIybgðajBIRbPB rbs;va. karsikSaBIbrisßan)aøsµa nig Fatul¥it

GñkviPaKGBüaRkwtüBIsmas PaK lMheRkAbMput rbs;PB RBHGgÁar (MENCA)

R)ab;BIsmasPaKesµIrKñakñúglMhreRkAbMput énbriyakasxagelIrbs;PBRBHGgÁar.

karsikSarUbépÞxageRkA

kaemr:aPBRBHGgÁarKUl½r

kaemr:aPBRBHGgÁarKUl½rbIBN’pþl;CarUbPB épÞPBRBHGgÁar. vamansar³sMxan;sRmab; BinitüRBwtþikarN_famBl nigGaskasFatu enAPBRBHGgÁar - Phobos nig Deimos.

]bkrN_sRmab;vas;)ac;BnøWrUb

vas;kMedAEdlbeBa©jmk ehIyvaGaceFVI )an kMLúgeBléf¶nigyb;. vanwgbgðaj BIépÞeRkA nigsmasPaKEr:enAPBRBHGgÁar.

(MCC)

(TIR)

bBaðaRbQmEpñkbec©kviTüasRmab;ebskkmµeTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁar • edIm,Ipþl;CabriyakaskMedAl¥\tex©aH nigbegáInkaMrsµICHmkelIyanþGvkasnigkEnøgpÞúk edIm,ICYyTb;briyakasxag eRkAepSg² (BIlkçxNÐenACitEpndI eTAkan;lkçxNÐenACitPB RBHGgÁar) niglkçxNÐkaMrsµIF¶n;F¶redaysarEtkar b:HBal;bnøayeBlyUr. • edIm,IplitRbB½n§kmøaMgeFVIeGayehaHeTAmuxmaMehIyTukcitþ)an (m:asuInFaturav) EdleyIgRtÚvkaredIm,IbecäHm:asuIn sarCafµIbnÞab;BIeFVIdMeNIrCit300éf¶ edIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlyanþGvkas eTAkan;KnøgCuMvijPBRBHGgÁar.

• edIm,IplitsV½yPaBeGaymankRmitx<s;enAkñúgKnøg edIm,IedaHRsayCamYybBaðaBnüareBl kñúgkarTMnak;TMngeRkay MARS ORBITER MISSION

34

eBl40naTI. tkáviTüasV½yPaBRKb;RKgyanþGvkasenAeBlEdl TMnak;TMngRtÚv)ankat;pþac;naeBlEdl (1) yanþGvkasRtÚv)anlak;edayPBRBHGgÁar (2) épÞsrb¤)aMgggwtedaysarEtRBHGaTitü (3) yanþGvkassßitkñúgRbB½n§ suvtßiPaBmin dMeNIrkar.

• edIm,IbegáInRbB½n§TMnak;TMngGvkas (Deep Space Network) KWkarEdlGacbBa¢ayanþGvkas )anBIsßanIy_enAEpndI naeBlEdlvaenacm¶ay 400lan KILÚEm:Rt Edlvamancm¶ay1000 dgq¶ayCagRBHc½nÞnigEpndI. eBlcab;epþIm nigeRkaycab;epþImsmyuT§ehaHkñúgKnøg • RbeTs\NÐamanemaTnPaB enAeBlEdlyanþGvkasTImy Y ehaHkñgú GnþrPB{KnøgPBRBHGgÁar})anehaHy:ageCaKC½y enAéf¶TI7 Exvicäika qñaM2013 naem:ag 2:38 naTI edayRkúm tararNbb:Ul\NÐa (PSLV-C25) mkBImCÄmNÐl Satish Dhawan. yanþehaHKnøgPB RBHGgÁar RtÚv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAKnøgragBgRkeBIrrbs;EpndI (CamYynwg smIsgÁt 248.4 Km nigkMBUl 23550 Km ehIyeRTtmkmuM 19.27 mkkan;eGkVaT½r).

• eRkayBIsmyuT§ehaHKnøg6dg smyuT§sMxan;ehaHeTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁarRtÚv)aneFVIeLIg naéf¶TI1 ExFñÚ qñaM2013 ehIyyanþGvkasRtÚv)aneKdak;kñúgrgVg;PBRkhmCamYynwgKnøg CuMvijRBHGaTitücm¶ay 680 Km. karbBa©ÚleTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁar éf¶TI24ExkBaØaqñaM2014 • eRkayBIeFVIdMeNIr300éf¶kñúglMhreRCA enAéf¶TI24ExkBaØaqñaM2014 yanþGvkas\NÐa)an cUleTAkan;KnøgPBRBH GgÁar)anedayeCaKC½y eday)aj;m:UT½rkMBUlsarFaturav 440 jÚtunrbs;va CamYynwgm:asuInsarFaturavcMnYn8eTot. • edaysarva)aneTAdl;PBRBHGgáaredayeCaKC½y ISRO )ankøayCaPñak;garGvkasTIbYn Edl)anbBa¢ÚnyanþGvkas eTAdl;PBRBHGgÁar ehIyRbeTs\NÐa)ankøayCaRbeTs TImYykñúgBiPBelakEdl)aneCaKC½yEtmþgnaeBlsak elIkTImYy. yanþehaHknøgPBRBHGgÁar)anRTaMnwgkar)aMgedayRBHGaTitüeCaKC½y • tMNrP¢ab;RBHGaTitü KWCa)atuPUtFmµCatiEdlPBRBHGgÁarnigRBHGaTitü nigEpndIedIrRsbKña. karedIrRsbenHCH \T§iBleTAdl;esvaTMnak;TMngTaMgGs;mkBIPBRBHGgÁarmkkan;EpndI.yanþehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁarRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg eGaysV½yPaBEdlGacRTaMRT )aneBlmandMeNIrkareBlpþac;EbbenH. • yanþehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁar)anedIrRsbKñaCamYyRBHGaTitüenAÉPBRBHGgÁar Edlmann½yfayanþEdlehaHCuMvij RBHGgÁarenaHsßitenAeRkayRBHGaTitüebIemIlBIEpndIeTA. CalT§plénRBwtþikarN_enH EdlekIteLIgmþgkñúgry³eBl 2.2qñaM sRmab;PBRBHGgÁar esvaTMnak;TMngmkBIyanþenaHRtÚv)anrMxanCaTm¶n;edayéf¶)aMgq½Rtrbs;RBHGaTitü (briyakas xageRkA).

• yanþehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁar )ansßitRsbKñaCamYyRBHGaTitücab;BIéf¶TI27Ex]sPa dl; éf¶TI1ExkkádaqñaM2015.

TMnak;TMngBIEpndIeTAGvkasRtÚv)anbBaÄb;TaMgRsúg edayman \T§iBlcab;BIéf¶TI28Ex]sPaqñaM2015. edaymin GacbBa¢a)aneTAkan;yanþGvkaskñúg kMLúgeBlenH nigdMeNIkarbBa¢ÚnBt’manRtÚv)anp¥ak.

• kñúgExkkádaqñaM2015 yanþehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁar)anehaHecjBIKnøgRsbKñaCamYy RBHGaTitüeCaKC½y. vaKYreGay 35

MARS ORBITER MISSION

kt;smÁal;pgEdrfa vamintRmÚveGaymankarEksRmÜlyanþ GvkasenaHeT edaysarEtsV½yPaBrbs;vadMeNIkarl¥. sßanPaBbc©úb,nñ • ebskkmµehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁarrbs;\NÐa (MOM) )anqøgputry³eBlmYyqñaMCuMvijPB RBHGgÁarehIyenAéf¶TI 24 ExkBaØa qñaM2015 nig)anbMeBjeKalbMNgebskkmµrbs;va. MOM nig]bkrN_bBa¢ÚnBt’manrbs;vaTaMgGs;sßit kñúgsßanPaBl¥ ehIyvanwgbnþpþl; Tinñn½yd¾mantémøBIépÞelIrbs;PBRBHGgÁarnigbriyakasrbs;va. karbegáIn ry³eBlénkar GegátPBRBHGgÁartamry³]bkrN_RbmUlBt’manviTüasa®sþTaMgR)aMnwgBRgwgTinñn½yviTüasa®sþ BIPB nigeFVIeGaymanBt’manBIPBRBHGgÁarenAkñúgrdUvepSg².

• rUbPaBPBRBHGgáarcab;edaykaemr:aBN’)anTTYl ehIyeXIjfamanKuNPaBl¥Nas;. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH kaemr:a BN’enaH)anft 513rUb. • karsikSarUbsa®sþrYmedayeRbI MCC nigTinñn½yBIEr:Edlc,as;l¥CamYynwgTinñn½y NASA CRISM RtÚv)anRbRBwtþeTA EdlvaeFVIeGayeyIgkMNt;smÁal;smasPaBepSg)andUcCa s‘ulpat nigsarFatuEdk. • TRmg;FUlIenACuMvijtMbn;TItaMgx<s; nigenAkñúg Valles RtÚv)aneKsikSa ehIymFümPaKén kMBs;énRsTab;FUlIRtÚv)an eKsnµt;RbEhl1.5Km. bMENkkaMrsµI (Albedo) edayeRbIkarsikSaelImIRkúg 1.65 énbNþajeyagénemtan sRmab;PBRBHGgÁar (MSM) RtÚv)aneK snµt;. smiT§pld¾sMxan; nigkarTTYlsÁal; • ebskkmµGnþrPBTImYyEdleFVIeday\NÐa nigyanþGvkas\NÐaTImYyEdlbBa©Úl dMeNIrkaredaysV½yPaBeBjelj edIm,IRbQmnwgcm¶ayq¶aynigcenøaHTMnak;TMng edaysarEtry³eBlEdlpþac;emIlmineXIj. • ebskkmµPBRBHGgÁarTImYykñúgBiPBelakEdleCaKC½yEtmþgeBlsakl,gelIkTImYy. • yanþGvkas\NÐaTImYyEdlrYcputBIExSRkv:at; Van Allen edayeCaKC½yedayqøg 39dg. yanþGvkas\NÐa TImYyEdleKcputBI\T§iBlragBgRkeBIrrbs;EpndI nigKnøgRBHGaTitü.

• ebskkmµGnþrPBEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©CageKenAkñúgBiPBelak ehIy)anbgðajpøÚvBI dMeNIrkarEdlman\T§iBl eTAkan;PBepSg. • GgÁkarRsavRCavGvkas\NÐa (ISRO) - RkúmebskkmµehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁar (MOM) )an QñH {BanrgVan;Gk ñ RtÜsRtay Gvkas} rbs;sgÁmGvkasCatirbs;Gaemrik edaysarviTüasa®sþnigRbePTvisVkmµkñúg qñaM2015.

• rgVan;snþiPaBI ndira Gandhi BIkarrMsaysBVavuFnigkarPivDÆn_ RtÚv)anpþl;eGay ISRO edayCakarTTYlsÁal;elI eCaKC½yd¾FMeFgrbs;va EdlQandl;cMNucx<s;bMputrbs; ebskkmµehaHKnøgPBRBHGgÁar nigkarcUlrYmd¾FMeFg kñúgkarBRgwgkarshkarGnþrCatikñúgkareRbIR)as;Gvkaskñúgn½ysnþiPaB.

MARS ORBITER MISSION

36

IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide the position and timing services through an independent Indian regional navigation satellite constellation of seven satellites. The main objective of IRNSS System is to provide positioning services with an absolute position accuracy of better than 20 meters over Indian Land Mass and a region extending to about 1500 Kms around India.

IRNSS consists of seven satellites in a constellation, three satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in geosynchronous orbit (GSO) with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. Three GEO satellites placed at 32.5°E, 83°E & 131.5°E orbital locations and two geosynchronous satellites each placed in the GSO with an equator crossing at 55°E & 111.75°E with an inclination of 29°.

A first four IRNSS satellites viz., IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C and ID were successfully launched on July 02, 2013, April 04, 2014, October 16, 2014 and March 28, 2015 respectively and are already operational in orbit. With the operationalisation of four navigational satellites in orbit, it is now possible to provide Position, Navigation and Timing services.

 Launch of Fifth IRNSS Satellite - IRNSS-1E: ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C31, successfully launched the 1425 kg IRNSS-1E, the fifth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) on January 20, 2016 at 09:31 hrs (IST) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota. This is the thirty second consecutively successful mission of PSLV and the eleventh in its ‘XL’ configuration.

IRNSS: ប្រព័ន្ធផ្កាយរណបរុករក​

ប្រចាំតំបន់របស់ឥណ្ឌា

KWCaRbB½n§páayrNbrukrkÉkraCümYykñúgtMbn;EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayRbeTs\NÐa. vaRtÚv)anrcnaeLIg edIm,Ipþl;CUnnUvesvaTItaMgnigesvakMNt;eBlevlatamry³RkúmpáayrNbÉkraCükñúgtMbn;RbeTs\NÐaEdlmanpáayrNb cMnYnR)aMBIr. eKaledAcm,génRbB½n§ IRNSS enHKWedIm,Ipþl;nUvesvaTItaMg RbkbedaysuRkitüPaBdac;xaténTItMagEdlman ry³cm¶ayRbesIrCag20Em:RtenAelIdInigenAkñgú tMbn;Edlmanry³cm¶ayBRgIkCag1500KILEÚ m:RtenACuvM ji RbeTs\NÐa.

IRNSS

manpáayrNbcMnYnR)aMBIrenAkñúgRkúmpáayrNbmYy EdlkñúgenaHmanpáayrNbcMnYnbIenAkñúgKnøgrgVg;mUlehAfa geostationary orbit (GEO) nigpáayrNbcMnYnbYnenAkñúgKnøgrgVg;mUlehAfa geosynchronous (GSO) Edlgaker kRmit 29° dWeRk eTArképÞeGkVaT½r. páayrNb GEO cMnYnbI)andak;enATItaMgKnøg 32,5 °E 83 °E nig131,5 °E nigpáayrNb geosynchronous cMnYnBIr)andak;kñúg GSO )ankat;CamYynwgExSeGkVaT½renAKnøg 55°E nig 111,75 °E edayerkñúgkRmit 29dWeRk. IRNSS

páayrNb IRNSS cMnYnbYndMbUgdUcCapáayrNb IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C nig1D RtÚv)andak;dMeNIrkaredayeCaKC½yenA éf¶TI02 Exkkáda qñaM2013 éf¶TI04 Exemsa qñaM2014 éf¶TI16 Extula qñaM2014 nigéf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2015 Ca bnþbnÞab; RBmTaMg)ankMBugRbtibtþikarenAkñúgKnøg. CamYynwgkar)aj;begðaHpáayrNbnavacrcMnYnbYn[RbtibtþikarenA kñúgKnøgenH \LÚvenHvaGacpþl;esvaTItaMgkarrukrknigkMNt;eBlevla. kardak;páayrNb IRNSS TIR)aMeQµaH - IRNSS-1E [dMeNIrkar³ páayrNbénExSb:Ulrbs; ISRO begðaHyaneQµaH PSLV-C31 EdlRtÚv)andak;[dMeNIrkar páayrNb IRNSS-1E manTm¶n;1425 KILÚRkamedayeCaKC½y KWCapáayrNbTIR)aMenAkñúgRbB½n§páayrNbrukrkRbcaM tMbn;rbs;\NÐa(IRNSS) kalBIéf¶TI20 Exmkra qñaM 2016 enAem:ag 09:31 (IST) BImCÄmNÐlkaMRCÜcGvkas Satish Dhawan ehAkat;fa SHAR sßitenAekaH Sriharikota. enHCaebskkmµrbs; PSLV elIkTIsamsibBIr TTYl)an eCaKC½yCab;²Kña nigCaelIkTIdb;mYykñúg rcnasm<½n§rbs; “XL” rbs;xøÜn.

 IRNSS-1E Satellite was injected to an elliptical orbit of 282.4 km X 20,655.3 km inclined at an angle of 19.21 degree to the equator (very close to the intended orbit). After injection, the solar panels of IRNSS-1E were deployed automatically. In the coming days, four orbit manoeuvres will be conducted from Master Control Facility to position the satellite in the Geosynchronous Orbit at 111.75 deg East longitude with 28.1 deg inclination.

A number of ground stations responsible for the generation and transmission of navigation parameters, satellite ranging and monitoring, etc., have been established in eighteen locations across the country.

 Applications: •

Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation

•

Disaster Management, Vehicle Tracking , Fleet Management

•

Precision timing applications viz. distributed survey systems, power grid synchronization

•

Mapping and Geodetic data capture

•

Visual and voice navigation for drivers

37

IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

páayrNb IRNSS-1E RtÚv)ancak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgKnøgrageGlIbénry³cm¶ay 282,4 KILÚEm:Rt X 20,655.3 KILÚEm:Rt EdlerkñúgcenøaHmuMmYyénkRmit 19,21 dWeRkeTAExSeGkVaT½r (y:agCiteTAnwgKnøgEdl)aneRKagenH). bnÞab;BIkarcak; bBa©ÚlbnÞHRsÚbBnøWRBHGaTitürbs; IRNSS-1E RtÚv)andak;BRgayedaysV½yRbvtþi. enAkñúgeBlb:unµanéf¶bnÞab; kareFVI smyuT§énKnøgTMagbYnnwgRtÚv)anRbRBwtþeTAecjBIeRKÓgRbdab;bBa¢aem kñúgkartRmg;TItaMgpáayrNbenAkñúgKnøg Geosynchronous enAkRmit 111,75 dWeRkénry³beNþay xagekIt kñúgTeRmkRmit 28,1 dWRk. IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

38

MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

sßanIy_pÞal;dImYycMnYnEdlTTYlbnÞúkcMeBaHkarbegáItnigkarqøgkat;énkarrukrk )a:r:aEmRt kartRmg; nigRtÜtBinitüpáay rNbCaedIm RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgTItaMgcMnYndb;R)aMbIenATUTaMgRbeTs. kmµviFIGnuvtþ • rukrkelIépÞdI elIGakas nigenAkñúgTwk • karRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray kartamdanyan karRKb;RKgkgnava • kmµviFIkMNt;eBlevlaCak;lak;dUcCa kardak;ecjRbB½n§sÞg;mti kareFVIsmkalkmµfamBlGKÁisnI • eFVIbøg;EpnTI nigcab;ykTinñn½y Geodetic • karrukrktamckçúviBaØaN nigsemøg sRmab;GñkbBa¢aynþ 33 IRNSS:RbB½n§páayrNbrukrkRbcaMtMbn; rbs;RbeTs\NÐa v

‘Come, Make in India’! PM Modi’s aggressive push to revive an ailing manufacturing sector, has found resonance with India Inc. Single-window clearances, minimal procedures & cutting out of any red-tapism - PM Modi sees Make in India as a vital impetus for employment & growth.

‘Make in India’ initiative was launched globally in September 2014 as a part of India’s renewed focus on Manufacturing. The objective of the Initiative is to promote India as the most preferred global manufacturing destination.

Since the launch of this landmark initiative, the Government of India has taken several reform initiatives to create an enabling environment for providing an impetus to manufacturing, design, innovation and startups. India has emerged as the fastest growing economy globally. India’s rate of growth of 7.5% is accelerating and it remains an oasis of growth in the midst of a subdued economic landscape across the world. The Hon’ble Prime Minister has given impetus to growth with several innovative initiatives such as “Make in India”, “Digital India”, “100 Smart Cities” and “Skill India”.

The Make in India initiative aims to make India an integral part of the global supply chain. It is about making Indian companies excel in a globalized workspace. India has vigorously opened up its economy – Defence, Railways, Construction, Insurance, Pension Funds, Medical Devices have all been rapidly opened up for Foreign Direct Investment. India today is one of the most open economies of the world.

In order to achieve this, the Government of India has taken up a series of measures to radically improve Ease of Doing Business. Its objective – make the regulatory environment easy and simple for business to flourish. It has effectively used technology to converge and integrate departments.

14 services are integrated with eBiz portal which will function as a single window portal for obtaining clearances from various government agencies.

Make in India has already created a strong impact in the form of improved business environment and economic growth, as follows:

39

IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

•

India is now 1st amongst the world’s most attractive investment destinations

•

1st amongst world’s fastest growing economies

•

1st among 100 countries on the growth, innovation, and leadership index

•

1st amongst 110 investment destinations polled globally

•

7th most valued national brand in the world

•

India’s rank jumped 12 positions in Ease of Doing Business 2016 list by World Bank MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

40

•

India moved 16 places in the Global Competitiveness Index 2015-16

c. Urban Planning Seminar on re-imagining Mumbai: This session would focus on new impetus for

a smarter e-enabled Mumbai collaborating with the best-in-class technology partners.

Some success stories of Make in India so far: Ministry of Railways signed formal agreements with global giants AlstomBSE -0.56 % and GE Transport

d. Hackathon: A 24-hour marathon event where coders, engineers, and designers collaborate

to set up locomotive manufacturing factories in Madhepura and Marhaura in Bihar.

Electronics:

e. TIME India Awards: Recognizing excellence in the world of manufacturing.

intensively for 24 hours to come up with ideas to solve urban design problems.

• Foxconn announces 10-12 facilities in India

• Oppo, ZTE, Phicomm invest in India

The mega event will offer foreign investors and businesses unprecedented access, insights and

• One Plus, ASUS announces mobile manufacturing

opportunities to showcase, connect and collaborate with young Indian entrepreneurs, industry leaders, academicians, and government officials at the central and state levels.

Automobiles

• Mercedes Benz invest aggressively in India

• BMW increases 50% localization

• Volvo, Ford in with R&D facility

Defence

• Hyundai to build warships

• Sun Group to build Russian helicopters

• Reliance and international partners to build nuclear submarines and stealth warships

Aviation

• Airbus to increase its exports from India upto $ 2 bn USD

• Pratt & Whitney evinced interest to Makae in India

The clarion call “Come Make in India” has transformed into an effective strategy and has become a huge success in creating a buzz globally. In order to provide greater momentum to the ‘Make in India’ initiative, Government of India is organizing a landmark event called the “Make in India Week” in Mumbai on February 13 – 18, 2016. The week-long event will be inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India.

Major Highlights of the “Make-in-India Week”will include: a. Make in India Center: This will be the platform for exhibiting innovative products and

manufacturing processes developed in India along with a vision to leverage design, innovation

and technology in the backdrop of global manufacturing.

b. CNN-Asia Business Forum: Would comprise of a series of seminars, CXO meets and round-tables

and networking events on economic challenges, investment opportunities etc. The event

would feature Global visionaries, and leaders from the fields of finance, industry and design.

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MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

42

ការផ្តួចផ្តេី ​ ម

{cUlmkplitenARbeTs\NÐa¡} karCYyCMrujy:agxøaMgrbs;elaknaykrdæm®nþIm:UDI edIm,IeRsacRsg;vis½y kmµsald¾ ruaMér: )anrkeXIjGnurvPaBeLIgvijCamYykarRtÚtBinitütamRckecjcUlEtmYyeTAelIRkúmh‘un saCIvkmµ\NÐa Edl CanItiviFIxøIsamBaØ nigkat;bnßynItiviFIpøÚvkarsµúKsµajecj - elaknaykrdæmRnþI m:UDI)anemIleXIjcMNab;epþIm {plit enARbeTs\NÐa} faCakmøMagrujRcand¾sMxan;sRmab;kargar nigkMeNInesdækic©.

karpþÜcepþIm {plitenARbeTs\NÐa} enH)anCH\T§iBly:agxøaMgenAkñúgkarEklm¥briyakasGaCIvkmµnig kMeNInesdækic© RbesIreLIg EdlmandUcxageRkam³ • RbeTs\NÐabc©úb,nñkøayCaRbeTsTI1 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlCaTisedAvinieyaKd¾KYr[ Tak;TajbMputrbs;BiPBelak • CaRbeTsTI1 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©rIklUtlas;elOnbMputrbs;BiPBelak • sßitkñúglMdab;TI1 kñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn 100 elIsnÞsSn_kMeNInnvanuvtþn_ nig PaBCaGñkdwknaM • sßitkñúglMdab;TI1 kñúgcMeNamTisedAvinieyaKTaMg110 Edl)aneFVIkarsÞg;mtienATUTaMg BiPBelak • sßitkñúglMdab;TI7 Edlmanm:akyIehaCatimantémøx<s;bMputenAelIBiPBelak • RbeTs\NÐa)anekIneLIgedaysßitmuxtMENgTI12 enAkñúgtaragcMNat;fñak;énkarsRmÜlkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµqñaM 2016 edayFnaKarBiPBelak • RbeTs\NÐa)anpøas;bþÚrTItaMg16 kEnøgenAkñúgsnÞsSn_RbkYtRbECgskl qñaM2015-16

karpþÜcepþIm {plitenARbeTs\NÐa} RtÚv)andak;dMeNIrkarpSBVpSayTUTaMgBiPBelak kñúgExkBaØa qñaM 2014 EdlCaEpñk mYyénkarykcitþTukdak;CafµIrbs;RbeTs\NÐaenAelIvis½ykmµnþsal. eKalbMNg énkarpþÜcepþImenHKWedIm,IelIkkm<s; RbeTs\NÐa[køayCaeKaledAplitkmµ b¤vis½ykmµsald¾eBjniym bMputrbs;BiPBelak.

krNIeCaKC½ymYycMnYnén karpþÜcepþIm {plitenARbeTs\NÐa} rhUtmkdl;eBl³ RksYgGysµy½ yan)ancuHhtßelxaelIkci R© BmeRBógCapøvÚ karCamYyRkúmh‘nu FMbpM tu elIBPi BelakeQµaH AlstomBSE -0,56% nigRkúmh‘undwkCBa¢Ún GE edIm,IbegáIteragcRkplitk,alrfePøIg enATIRkúg Madhepura nig Marhaura énrdæ Bihar .

cab;taMgBIdak;dMeNIrkarénkarpþÜcepþImRbvtþisa®sþenH rdæaPi)alRbeTs\NÐa)anepþImeFVIkMENTRmg;Ca eRcInedIm,IbegáIt briyakasGMeNayplsRmab;karpþl;kmøaMgrujRcandl;vis½ykmµsal karrcnanvanuvtþn_ nigkarcab;epþImGaCIvkmµ fµImYy. RbeTs\NÐa)ankøayCaRbeTsEdlmankMeNInesdækic©elOnbMputenATUTaMgBiPBelak. GRtaénkMeNIn esdækic© rbs;RbeTs\NÐakRmit 7,5° RtÚv)ansÞúHeLIgehIyvaenAEtrkSakMeNIn d¾manCIvCatieTaHsßitkñúg cMeNaménkarrujRkab TidæPaBeskic©enATUTaMgBiPBelakenH. elaknaykrdæmRnþId¾x<g;x<s;)anpþl;kmøaMgCMruj[mankMeNInRbkbedayPaBécñ RbDitCaeRcInCamYykar pþÜcepþImdUcCa {plitenARbeTs\NÐa} {DICIfl\NÐa} {TIRkúgqøatévcMnYn100} nig {CMnaj\NÐa} .

vis½yLicRtÚnic³

• Rkúmh‘un Foxconn )anRbkas[dwgBIeragcRkbrikçarcMnYn 10-12 enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa

• Rkúmh‘un Oppo Rkúmh‘un ZTE nigRkúmh‘un Phicomm vinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa

• Rkúmh‘un One Plus Rkúmh‘un ASUS RbkasbegáIteragcRkplitTUrs½BÞéd

​"ផលិត​ន�ៅ​ប្រទេ ​ សឥណ្ឌា"

karpþÜcepþIm {plitenARbeTs\NÐa} enHmaneKalbMNgeFVI[RbeTs\NÐakøayCaEpñksMxan;mYyénExS sgVak;pÁt;pÁg; BiPBelak. karpþÜcepþImKWBak;B½n§nwgkareFVI[Rkúmh‘un\NÐaCatMbn;kargarxøaMgenAkRmitskl. RbeTs\NÐa)anebIk cMh esdækic©rbs;xøÜny:agxøaMgkøa - vis½ykarBarCati pøÚvEdk vis½ysMNg; EpñkFanar:ab;rg mUlniFiR)ak; esaFnnivtþn_ ]bkrN_ evC¢saRsþ RtÚv)anebIkcMhTaMgGs;sRmab;karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs. RbeTs\NÐanaeBlbc©úb,nñenH CaRbeTsmYyEdl ebIkcMhesdækic©eRcInbMputkñúgcMenamRbeTsnanaelIBiPB elak. edIm,IseRmc)ankarpþÜcepþImenH rdæaPi)alénRbeTs\NÐa)ancat;viFankarCaeRcIn nigCabnþbnÞab;edIm,I elIkkm<s;kar sRmÜlénkareFVIGaCIvkmµ. eKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn - sRmÜlbriyakasbTb,BaØtþi[manPaB gayRsÜlnigsamBaØsRmab; GaCIvkmµ[mankarrIkcMerIn. vIFankarTaMgenH )aneRbIR)as;bec©kviTüad¾man RbsiT§PaBedIm,IRbmUlpþúM nigeFVIsmahrNkmµ naykdæan. esvacMnYn14 RtÚv)anrYmbBa©ÚlKñaedaykar vibptfl eBiz EdlnwgmuxgarCavibptflRckecjcUlEtmYy edIm,ITTYlkarRtÜtBinitüBIPñak;gar rdæaPi)alepSg²Kña.

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MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

vis½yrfynþ

• Rkúmh‘unrfynþ Mercedes Benz eFVIkarvinieyaKy:agxøaMgenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa

• Rkúmh‘unrfynþ BMW begáInmUldæannIykmµ cMnYn 50%

• Rkúmh‘unrfynþ Volvo Rkúmh‘unrfynþ Ford )ancUlmkrYmCamYyeragcRkbrikçarEpñkRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ (R&D) vis½ykarBarCati

• Rkúmh‘un Hyundai )anbegáItnavacm,aMg

• Rkúmh‘un Sun Group )ansagsg;eragcRk]T§mÖaKcRkrusSúI

• édKUGnþrCati nigEdlmanTMnukcitþCaeRcIn)anbegáItnavamuCTwknuyekøEG‘r nignavacm,aMgbM)aMgkay vis½yGakascrN_

• Rkúmh‘un Airbus nwgbegáInkarnaMecjrbs;xøÜnBIRbeTs\NÐarhUtdl; 2 Ban;landuløarGaemrik

• Rkúmh‘un Pratt & Whitney Revinced cab;GarmµN_eTAkarpþÜcepþIm {plitenARbeTs\NÐa} enHEdr MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

44

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

karGMBavnavy:agkgrMBg {cUlmk plitenARbeTs\NÐa} RtÚv)anERbkøayeTACayuT§saRsþd¾man RbsiT§PaB nigTTYl)an eCaKC½yy:agFMeFgkñúgkarbegáItkarbnøWd¾KYr[PJak;ep¥IlmYyenATUTaMg BiPBelak. enAkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Ipþl;nUvsnÞúH kan;EteRcIneTA karpþÜcepþIm {plitenARbeTs \NÐa} rdæaPi)alénRbeTs\NÐaRtÚv)anerobcMRBwtþikarN_CaRbvtþisa®sþmYy EdleKehAfa {s)aþh_éncMnYcepþImplitenARbeTs\NÐa} enAkñúgTIRkúgbuméb enAéf¶TI13 dl; TI18 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2016 nwgRtÚv)ansem<aFeday naykrdæmRnþIénRbeTs\NÐa.

‘Of the people, for the people and by the people’

By Sumant Batra

karrMelcnUvcMNucsMxan;²én {s)aþh_éncMnucepþImplitenARbeTs\NÐa} rYmbBa©Úl³ k mCÄmNÐléncMnucepþImplitenARbeTs\NÐa:³ mCÄmNÐlenHnwgkøayCaevTikasRmab;taMg bgðajBIkarécñRbDit plitpl nigdMeNIrkarplitEdlRtÚv)anGPivDÆeLIgenAkñúgRbeTs \NÐa rYmCamYyckçúvis½yedIm,IBRgIkkarrcna nvanuvtþn_ nigbec©kviTüaenAkñúgrnaMgsklelak. x evTikaBaNiC¢kmµenAGasuIenAelITUrTsSn_ CNN: mancMnYnénsikçasalaCabnþbnÞab; EdlnwgCYbCamYyRkúmnayk RbtibtþiCaeRcIn (CXO) nigkic©BiPakSatumUl nigRBwtþikarN_begáItbNþaj CuMvijbBaðaRbQmEpñkesdækic© »kas vinieyaKCaedIm. RBwtþikarN_enHnwgelIkbgðajBI ckçúvis½yskl nigfñak;dwknaMCaeRcInmkBIvis½yhirBaØvtßú vis½y ]sSahkmµ nigvis½yrcnam:Ud. K sikçasalasþIBIkareFVIEpnkarTIRkúgepþatelIkarelIksÞÜyekrþ×eQµaH TIRkúgbumébeLIgvij sikçasalaenHnwgepþatelI kmøagM fµsI Rmab;karbegátI TIRkúgbuméb[qøatévCagmuntamry³bec©kviTüaGuni eFIeNtedayshkarCamYyédKUbec©kviTüa fñak;x<s;bMput.

X kmµviFI Hackathon: KWCaRBwtþikarN_rt;m:ar:atug 24 em:agEdlGñksresrkUd visVkr nigGñkrcna shkarKña y:agl¥itl¥n;kñúgry³eBl 24 em:agedIm,IbegáIteLIgnUvKMnitnanaedIm,IedaHRsay bBaðakarrcnaTIRkúg. g BanrgVan; TIME \NÐa: KWCakarTTYlsÁal;KuNPaBl¥\tex©aHenAkñúgBiPBkmµsal b¤plitkmµ. enHCaRBwtþikarN_d¾FM sem,ImEdlnwgpþl;CUnvinieyaKinbreTs nigFurCn nUvlT§PaBTTYl )ankaryl;dwgnig»kasEdlminFøab;manBImun mkedIm,IbgðajtP¢ab; nigshkarCamYy shRKinv½yekµg\NÐa fñak;dwknaMvis½y]sSahkmµ vis½ysikSaFikar nig m®nþIrdæaPi)alenAfñak;kNþal nigfñak;rdæFanI.

The Indian Constitution, the longest of any sovereign nation in the world, provides a comprehensive framework to guide and govern the country, keeping in view her social, cultural and religious diversity.

A distinctive document with many extraordinary features, the Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign nation in the world. The original text of the Constitution contained 395 articles in 22 parts and eight schedules. It came into effect on January 26, 1950, the day that India celebrates each year as the Republic Day. The number of articles has since increased to 448 due to 100 amendments.

The Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly of India, established by the members of the provincial assemblies elected by the people of India. Dr Sachidanand Sinha was the first president of the Constituent Assembly. Later, Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected its president. Dr BR Ambedkar, the chairman of its Drafting Committee, is considered the chief architect of the Indian Constitution which provides a comprehensive and dynamic framework to guide and govern the country, keeping in view her unique social, cultural and religious diversity. It establishes the main organs – executive, legislature and judiciary, defining their powers, demarcating their responsibilities and regulating the inter-se relationship. It inter alia lays down the basic structure of governance and the relationship between the government and the people. The rights and duties of citizens are also spelt out. The Constitution applies to the state of Jammu and Kashmir with certain exceptions and modifications as provided in Article 370 and the Constitution (application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954. It is the mother of all other laws of the country. Every law enacted by the Government has to be in conformity with the Constitution.

The preamble to the Constitution declares India to be a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and a welfare state committed to secure justice, liberty and equality for the people and for promoting fraternity, dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation. The objectives specified in the preamble constitute the basic structure of the Indian Constitution which cannot be amended. The opening and last sentences of the preamble: “We, the people... adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution” signifies the power is ultimately vested in the hands of the people.

Although Article 1 of the Constitution says India shall be a Union of States, the Constitution pro-

45

MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

46

vides for a federal structure with clear division of powers between the Centre and the states, each empowered by the Constitution to enact and legislate within their sphere of activity. The seventh

One of the strengths of the Constitution is that it is a dynamic instrument that can evolve with time

schedule contains three legislative lists which enumerate subjects of administration viz union, state

either by its interpretation or amendment. On paper, an amendment to the Constitution is a difficult

and concurrent legislative lists. The Central Government enjoys exclusive power to legislate on the

affair, and normally needs, at least, two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass it. Howev-

subjects mentioned in the Union list. The state governments have full authority to legislate on the

er, the Constitution of India is one of the most frequently amended constitutions in the world so as

subjects of the state list. And both the Centre and the state can legislate on the subjects men-

not to stand in the way of the growth and development of the nation and her people.

tioned in the concurrent list with the residuary powers vested in the Central Government. It can be said that India has cooperative federalism. The Constitution provides for the Parliamentary form

The success of the Indian Constitution, for a country as diverse and complex as India, continues to

of Government with a bicameral legislature at the Centre consisting of Lok Sabha (Lower House

intrigue, impress and inspire experts around the world.

of Parliament) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament).While the Lok Sabha consists of the elected representatives of people, the Rajya Sabha consists of representatives elected by the state

The author is a corporate and policy lawyer

legislative assemblies. The President is the nominal head of the state and the Parliament. In actual practice, the Prime Minister, aided by the Council of Ministers, heads the executive and is responsible for governance.

An impartial judiciary, independent of the legislature and the executive, is one of the main features of the Constitution. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the country and acts as guardian of the Constitution and serves as the final court of appeal. Each state has a High Court as its highest court. Under powers of judicial review, the Supreme Court and High Court can declare a law as unconstitutional or ultra vires if it contravenes any provisions of the Constitution. This power of judicial review constitutes a middle path between the American judicial supremacy on one hand and British Parliamentary supremacy on the other. In order to ensure the impartiality of the judiciary, the judges are appointed by a process free of influence of the executive. The judges can only be removed by a rigorous process of impeachment to be approved by both the houses of the Parliament.

The Constitution vests many fundamental rights in citizens. These are (i) Right to Equality, (ii) Right to Freedom, (iii) Right against Exploitation, (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion, v) Cultural and Educational Rights and vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies. These rights are justiciable and an individual can move the Supreme Court or the High Courts if there is an encroachment on any of these rights.

However, Fundamental Rights in India are not absolute. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed.

By 42nd Amendment in 1976, fundaments duties were added in the Constitution to remind people that while enjoying their right as citizens, they should perform their duties for rights and duties are correlative.

Another novel feature of the Constitution is that it contains a chapter on the directive principles of state policy, that are in the nature of directives to the Government to implement them for establishing social and economic democracy in the country. Though not justiciable, these principles are considered fundamental in the governance of the country.

There are many autonomous institutions set up under the Constitution which perform a key role, such as, Election Commission (responsible for holding free and fair elections), Public Service Commission (responsible for selection to main government services) and an Auditor General (for independent audit of accounts of the government and its agencies).

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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

48

រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ​

​នៃ​ប្រទេ ​ សឥណ្ឌា

{rbs;RbCaCn sRmab;RbCaCn nigedaysarRbCaCn} eday Sumant Batra: rdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐa EdlCarbs;RbeTsEdlmanGFibetyüyUrCageKenAkñúgBiPBelak )anpþl;Carcnasm<½n§c,as;las; sRmab;naMpøÚvnigdwknaMRbeTs edayrkSanUvPaBcRmuH kñúgsgÁm vb,Fm’ nigsasna. ÉksarEbøk²KñaCarYmCamYynwglkçN³sNæand¾Gs©arüCaeRcIn rdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐaKWCa rdæFmµnuBaØEdlsresrEvgCageKbg¥s; enAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanGFibetyükñúgBiPBelak. GtßbTedIménrdæFmµnuBaØenaHmanmaRta cMnYn 395 kñúg 22Epñk nig 8kMNt;Rta. va)ancUlCaFrmanenAéf¶TI26 Exmkra qñaM1950 EdlCaéf¶RbeTs\NÐaR)arB§éf¶saFarNrdæCa erog ral;qñaM. cab;BIeBlenaHmk cMnYnénmaRtak¾)anekIndl;448 edaysarEtman viesaFnkmµ100dgmkehIy. rdæFmµnuBaØRtÚv)aneRKagedaysPaFmµnuBaØ\NÐa EdlbegáIteLIgedaysmaCiksPaextþ e)aHeqñaterIsedayRbCaCn\NÐa.

Dr. Sachidanand Sinha KWCaRbFanaFibtITImYyén sPaFmµnuBaØ. eRkaymk Dr. Rajendra Prasad RtÚv)aneK e)aHeqñatCaRbFanaFibtI. RbFanKN³kmµkarRBag RtÚv)aneKcat;TukCaRbFanvisVkrénrdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐa EdlbegáItrcna sm<½n§rwgmaMc,as;las; edIm,IdwknaMRbeTs ehIyrkSanUvPaBcRmúHkñúgsgÁm vb,Fm’ nigsasna. vabegáItsrIragÁcMbg²dUcCa GMNacRbtibtþi GMNacnItibBaØtþi nigGMNac tulakar edaykMNt;BIGMNacrbs;BYkeK EcgBItYnaTIrbs;BYkeK nigTMnak;TMng rvag GMNacTaMgbI. kñúgcMeNamvtßúepSg²eTot vaEcgBITRmg;samBaØénkarRKb;RKg nigTMnak; TMngrvagraCrdæaPi)al nig RbCaCn. siT§i nigtYnaTIrbs;RbCaCnRtÚv)aneKEcgpgEdr. rdæFmµnuBaØenHRtÚv)aneKGnuvtþenAkñúgrdæ Jammu nig Kashmir edaymankrNIelIkElgxøH nigkMENrTRmg;xøHdUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 370 nigrdæFmµnuBaØ (sRmab;Gnuvtþkñúg Jammu nig Kashmir) esckþIbgÁab; qñaM1954. vaKWCamataénc,ab;epSg²eTotenAkñúgRbeTs. c,ab;nimYy²EdlGnum½tedayrdæaPi)al RtÚvEtGnuelamCamYyrdæFmµnuBaØ. enAkñúgbuBVkfaénrdæFmµnuBaØ)anRbkasfaCasaFarNrdæGFibetyü sgÁmniym RbCaFibetyü minRbkan;sasna nig suxumalPaB EdlebþCJakñúgkarFanaPaByutþiFm’ esrIPaB nigsmPaBsRmab;RbCaCn nigsRmab;elIktemáIgPatrPaB esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl nimYy² ÉkPaB nigbUrNPaBCati. eKalbMNgEdlmanEcg buBVkfa)anEcgBITRmg; samBaØ rbs;rdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐaEdlminGaceFVIviesaFnkmµ)aneLIy. XøadMbUg nigXøagcugeRkayénbuBVkfa³ “eyIgRbCaBlrdæTTYl ykGnum½t nigpþl;eGayeyIgxøÜnÉgnUv rdæFmµnuBaØenH” )anbBa¢ak;faGMNac KWx<s;bMput KWenAkñúgéd rbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

ebIeTaHbImaRta1énrdæFmµnuBaØEcgfa RbeTs\NÐaKWCardæshPaB rdæFmµnuBaØpþl;CaTRmg; shB½n§P¢ab;CamYykarEbg EckGMNacc,as;las;rvagrdæPi)alkNþalnigrdæepSg². vaenAEtpþl;GMNacedayrdæFmµnuBaØedIm,IGnum½t nigEtgc,ab; sRmab;skmµPaBkñúgtMbn;. vKÁTI7manpÞúkbBa¢IbBaØtþi3 Edlerobrab;RbFanbTBIEpñkrdæ)al EdlrYmmanshPaBrdæ nig bBa¢IbBaØtþiRsbKña. rdæaPi)alkNþalmanGMNacdac;pþac;karkñúgkarbBaØtþic,ab;Edl Bak;B½n§RbFanbTEdlmanEcgkñúgbBa¢I shPaB. raCrdæaPi)almanGMNaceBjeljkñúgkarbBaØtþic,ab;EdlBak;B½n§nwgRbFanbTEdlmankñúgbBa¢Irdæ. ehIyTaMgrdæaPi)al kNþal nigrdænimYy²GacEcgc,ab;BIRbFanbTEdl mankñúgbBa¢IRsbKña CamYynwgGMNacGc©½yTanEdlmankñúgrdæaPi)al kNþal. eyIg Gacniyay)anfaRbeTs\NÐaCashB½n§EbbshRbtibtþikar. rdæFmµnuBaØ)anpþl;Ca rdæaPi)alTRmg;Ebb sPaCamYynwgRbB½n§eTVsPaenAÉrdæaPi)alkNþal edayrYmman Lok Sabha (rdæsPa) nigRajya Sabha (RBwT§isPa). rdæsPapÞúkeTAedayGñktMNagra®sþEdlCab;eqñatÉRBwT§isPamaneTAedaytMNagEdlCab;eqñatedaysnñi)atGgÁnItibBaØtþi.

RbFanaFibtIKWCaRbmuxrdæ nigsPa. sRmab;karGnuvtþCak;Esþg naykrdæm®nþIEdl KaMRTedayRkúmRbwkSardæm®nþI dwknaM karGnuvtþ nigTTYlxusRtÚvelIkarRKb;RKg. GMNactulakarEdl\tlMeGog ÉkraCükñúgkarbBaØtþi nigGnuvtþc,ab; KWCaFatumYykñúgcMeNamFatusMxan;²kñúgrdæFmµnuBaØ. tulakarkMBUlrbs;\NÐaKWCatulakarcugeRkay kMBUlenAkñúgRbeTs ehIymantYnaTICaGñkkarBarrdæFmµnuBaØ nigbeRmI Catulakarcug eRkaytulakar]T§rN_. rdænimYy²mantulakarkMBUlCatulakarkMBUl. sßiteRkam GMNacBinitüerOgkþI tulakarCan;x<s;nigtulakarkMBUlGacRbkasc,ab;EdlpÞúyBIrdæ FmµnuBaØ b¤EdleRkABIGMNacpøÚvc,ab; RbsinebIvapÞúyBI xNamYyEdlmanEcgkñúg rdæFmµnuBaØ. GMNacénkarBinitüerOgkþIpSMeLIgpøÚvBak;kNþalrvagtulakarkMBUl nigsPa kMBUl cRkPBGg;eKøs. edIm,IrkSasmPaBrbs;tulakar ecARkmRtÚv)ancat;taMgeday dMeNIkaresrIedayminsßiteRkam\T§iBl GMNacRbtibtþi. ecARkmGacnwgRtÚveKdk)an tamry³dMeNIkarkarecatRbkan;muwgm:at;edIm,IeGaysPaTaMgBIrGnum½t. rdæFmµnuBaØmanEcgBIsiT§imUldæanrbs;RbCaBlrdæCaeRcIn. varYmman (1) siT§ismPaB (2) siT§iesrIPaB (3) siT§icakput BIGMeBIebotebon (4) siT§iesrIPaBsasna (5) siT§ivb,Fm’ nigkarGb;rM nig siT§i])aRs½yedayrdæFmµnuBaØ. siT§iTaMgenH GacedaHRsaytampøÚvc,ab; ehIybuKÁlnimYy²Gaccat;viFankardl;tulakarCan;x<s; b¤tulakarkMBUl RbsinebImankar T®nÞanmkelIsiT§iNamYy. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday siT§imUldæanenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa minmanlkçN³dac;xatenaHeT. karkMNt;lkçxNÐEdlsmehtuplnwgRtÚvGnuvtþ. rhUtdl;viesaFnkmµelIkTI42 kñúgqñaM1976 Parkic©mUldæanRtÚv)aneK bEnßmeTAkñúg rdæFmµnuBaØ edIm,IrMlwkRbCaBlrdæfakñúgkMLúgeBlTTYl)ansiT§iCaRbCaBlrdæ BYkeKKYrGnuvtþParkic©eday ehtufasiT§inigParkic©vaCab;Tak;TgKña.

RbelamelakepSgmYyeTot)anbgðajBIrdæFmµnuBaØ favamanpÞúkCMBUkmYyEdlEcgBI eKalkarN_esckþIbgÁab;rbs;eKal neya)ayrdæ EdlvaCaFmµCatiénesckþIbgÁab;mkkan;rdæaPi)aledIm,IGnuvtþvakñúgkarbegáItRbCaFibetyüsgÁm nigesdækic© CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

50

enAkñúgRbeTs. ebIeTaHbIvaminGacedaHRsaytampøÚvc,ab;)an eKalkarN_TaMgenHRtÚv)aneKcat;Tukfa sMxan;kñúgkar RKb;RKg;RbeTs.

News in pictures

manGgÁPaBsVy½tCaeRcInRtÚv)anbegáIteRkamrdæFmµnuBaØ EdledIrtYnaTIsMxan;dUcCa KN³kmµkare)aHeqñat (mantYnaTIkñúg karerobcMe)aHeqñatedayesrInigesµIPaB) KN³kmµkaresvasaFarN³ (mantYnaTIkñúgkareRCIserIsesvardæaPi)alcMbg) nig GKÁsvnkr (sRmab;eFVIsvnkmµÉkraCürbs;raCrdæaPi)alnigPñak;garrbs;va). cMNucxøaMgmYyrbs;rdæFmµnuBaØKWva]bkrN_d¾manfamBlEdlGacvivtþn_tameBlevla minfaedaytamry³karbkRsay b¤tamry³viesaFnkmµ. enAelIRkdasviesaFnkmµ mkelIrdæFmµnuBaØKWCabBaðalM)ak ehIyCaFmµtaRtÚvkary:agticNas; sMelgBIrelIbIenAkñúg rdæsPanigRBwT§isPaedIm,IGnum½tva. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday rdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐaRtÚv)aneKeFVI viesaFnkmµ eRcIndgCageKenAkñúgBiPBelak edIm,IkuMeGayvaQrBaMgpøÚvkarrIklUtlas; nigkarGPivDÆn_énRbeTsmYynigRbCaCn rbs;eK.

3rd India-CLMV Business Conclave January 12-13 January 2016 at Chennai, India

Manipuri Dance at Cambodia-Japan Cooperation Center (CJCC)

Manipuri Dance at Cambodia-Japan Cooperation Center (CJCC)

Manipuri Dance at Cambodia-Japan Cooperation Center (CJCC)

Manipuri Dance at Cambodia-Japan Cooperation Center (CJCC)

PHARMEXCIL 2016

PaBeCaKC½yrbs;rdæFmµnuBaØ\NÐa sRmab;RbeTsEdlcRmuH nigsµúRKsµajdUcRbeTs\NÐabnþeFVIeGaycab;GarmµN_ eFVI eGayesJIc nigbNþúHKMnitGñkCMnajCuMvijBiPBelak.

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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

News in pictures

52

News in pictures

News in pictures

PHARMEXCIL BOAT RIDE

PHARMEXCIL BOAT RIDE

REPUBLIC DAY RECEPTION 2016

REPUBLIC DAY RECEPTION 2016

PONGAL FESTIVAL

PONGAL FESTIVAL

REPUBLIC DAY RECEPTION 2016

REPUBLIC DAY 2016

REPUBLIC DAY 2016

REPUBLIC DAY 2016

PRAVASI BHARTIYA DIVAS

53

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News in pictures

54

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ASEAN FOOD FESTIVAL

ASEAN FOOD FESTIVAL

INDIA EDUCATION FAIR 2016

INDIA INVESTRADE 2016

ASEAN FOOD FESTIVAL

ASEAN FOOD FESTIVAL

INDIA INVESTRADE 2016

INDIA INVESTRADE 2016

INDIA EDUCATION FAIR 2016

INDIA EDUCATION FAIR 2016

INDIA INVESTRADE 2016

PHARMEXCIL 2016

55

News in pictures

News in pictures

56

Mahabharata

“But we need divine weapons for doing that,” repeated Arjuna.”

We have read that Balarama returned to Dwarka from Indraprastha, but Krishna had stayed back there.

The Pandavas had defeated or killed most of the ruler who raised their heads as enemies. Now there was perfect peace and prosperity in the Pandava kingdom. During these days, a strange happening took place.

It was high summer and the day was very hot and stuffy. So, Arjuna said to Krishna, “It is much too hot today. Let us go to the Yamuna to have a bath and beat the heat. As soon as it is cool, we shall be back.”

THE FIRE-GOD COMES TO SEEK HELP. Krishna agreed and taking permission of King Yudhishthira, they went to the river-bank along with several other persons. Reaching there, all of them sat in the shade of a thick grove of trees. Suddenly a Brahmana approached them and asked for their help.

“What can we do for you, 0 Brahmana ?” asked Krishna.

“I am awfully hungry and so I beg you for food. But mind that I need plenty of food to pacify my hunger,” replied the Brahmana.

“What would you prefer to have as food and how

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Mahabharata

much ?” asked Aljuna.

The Brahmana, having taken a promise from them, came to his real form and said, “I am the fire-god and I need a big fire as my food. So, I want to burn this entire forest to create fire for my food.”

“Then you can do it; we won’t come in your way,” replied Arjuna.

“But 1ndra, the rain-god, does not let me do it,” remarked the fire-god.

“But why after all ?” asked Krishna.

“Because Takshaka, his friend and king of the serpents, lives in this forest. So, whenever I try to create a fire, he causes a downpour and puts it out. As a result, I am left hungry,” explained the fire-god.

“But how can we help you ? We have no divine weapons with us. So, you must provide us with divine weapons first,” argued Arjuna.

“Both of you possess supernatural powers and so you can help me. Be kind enough to use your divine powers to check the rain so that I may burn the forest and pacify my hunger,” pleaded the fire-god.

So, the fire-god invoke Veruna, the water-gold, and asked him for some divine weapons that could be used again the rain-gold.

Varona, the water-god, gave the fire-god a bow that was unbreakable and was called Gandiva. He also gave him two quivers that were to remain full of arrows- for ever. Besides , he gave him a chariot with a flag bearing the impression of a fearful monkey that looked so ferocious that the enemy was bound to feel afraid to see it.

The fire-god gave the bow, the arrows and the chariot to Arjuna. As for Krishna, the fire-god gave him a chakra with a diamond studded in its centre.

Because of its beauty, this chakra was called Sudarshana Chakra. The fire-god told Krishna that the chakra would come back to him after striking at the enemy which it was hurled on. Not only this, the fire-god gave Krishna a mace called Kaumodaki. It equalled the vajrastra of Indra.

The Khandava Forest had become the hide-out of dangerous criminals and fearful demons for a long time. In view of the common good, it was necessary to do away with all these criminals. So, it was imperative to bum the forest to ashes.

INDRA TRIES TO SAVE THE FOREST. The horrible flames of the forest-fire leapt up to the sky. It panicked the gods and they ran to their chief Lord Indra. Seeing that the fire-god was playing havoc in the Khandava Forest by burning alive all its creatures and plants, Lord Indra grew anxious.

Takshaka, his sworn friend and chief of the serpents, lived in this forest. So, to save him and his family, Indra moved to action. He lost no time to let loose a heavy down-pour on the Khandava Forest. But the heat of the rising flames of fire was so great that the raindrops got evaporated well before reaching the ground.

So, the fire kept burning in full fury. This infuriated Lord Indra and he mounted his white elephant, named Airavata. Taking his vajrastra in his hand and followed by a large army of gods, he reached the Khandava Forest in no time.

Seeing Arjuna and Krishna present there to guard the burning forest using their supernatural weapons, Lord Indra lost all hope of his success. Before long, other gods also realized that their efforts to check the fire-god would bear no fruit. So, they thought it advisable to flee the scene.

But Indra was not ready to give up. He chopped off a nearby peak -Mount Mandar- and hurled it at Arjuna and Krishna. But Arjuna shattered it to small pieces with his divine arrows obtained from the fire-god.

Mahabharata

58

erOgmhaPart³

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RBHGKÁI)anmkEsVgrkCMnYy RKwsña)anyl;RBmehIyTTYlkarGnuBaØatrbs;esþcyuT§iFir³. BYkeK )anedIreTAeqñrTenø CamYyGñkepSgBIrbInak;eTot. eBleTAdl; TIenaH BYkeK)anGgÁúyenAeRkammøb;éRBeQImYykEnøg. rMeBcenaH RBahµN_)anedIrmkkan;BYkeK ehIy)ansUmCMnYy. RKwsña)ansYr RBahµN_fa “etI´GacCYyGVIGñk)an?” RBahµN_ )aneqøIyvijfa “´BitCaXøanxøaMgNas; ´sUmGaharBIGñk b:uEnþsUmkuMRbkan;´GI ´RtÚv karGahareRcInNas;edIm,IeFVIeGay´)at;Xøan.” GrCun )ansYrfa “etIGñkcg;júaMm¥ÚbGVI ehIytémøb:unµan?”

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Mahabharata

RBahµN_)anTTYlsnüaCamYyBYkeK ehIyERbkøayCaragkayedIm ehIyniyayfa “´KWCaRBHGKÁIehIy´RtÚvkarePøIgxøaMgCaGahar ehtu dUecñH ´cg;dutéRBTaMgmUlenHedIm,IeFVICa Gaharrbs;´.”

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RBHKgÁa v:aruNa)aneGayRBHGKÁIFñÚmYyEdlminecH)ak;EbkehIyeK ehAvafahÁan;DIv:a. Kat;k¾)an eGaysñaBIrEdlmanFñÚeBjCaerog rhUt. eRkABIenHKat;)aneGayKat;nUvreTH cM)aMgCamYy nwgTg;Cati EdlmanrUbsVakMNacEdlsRtÚvemIleTAeXIjfasahavehIy nwg xøacva. RBHGKÁI)aneGaysña FñÚ nigreTHcM)aMgmkkan; GrCun. sRmab;RKwsñavij RBHGKÁI)aneGayKat;nUvkgcRkEdlmant,ÚgenA kNþal BIeRBaHedaysarEtsRms;va kgcRkenHRtÚv)aneKehAfa kgcRks‘UtasaNa. RBHGKÁI)anR)ab;RKwsña fakgcRkenHnwg Rtlb; mkrkKat;vijeRkayvayluksRtÚvEdlvae)akdak;. ehIyminRtwm Etb:ueNÑaHeT RBHGKÁI)aneGay RKwsñanUvetµagEdlmaneQµaHfa ekam:U daKI EdlvaesµInwgGavuFrnÞ³rbs; RBH\®nÞ. éRBxandVa)ankøayCakEnøg]RkidæCnd¾eRKaHfñak;nigbisacKYreGay xøaclak;xøÜnCayUr Nas;mkehIy. edIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_rYm vacaM)ac; Nas;kñúgkarkMcat;BBYk]RkidæCn TaMgenH. ehtudUecñH eyIgRtÚv dutéRBenHeTACaepHCabnÞan;. edayCYyedayRKwsñanig GrCun RBH GKÁIrMRkesabéRBxandVa. ePøIgeqHsen§arsen§AehIyKat;k¾)at;Xøan.

RBH\®nÞBüayamse®gÁaHéRB GNþatePøgI eqHéRB)anpusecjeTAelIemX.va)aneFVeI GayRBHepSg² xøacehIy)anrt;eTA rkRBH\®nÞ. eday)aneXIjfaRBHGKÁIkMBugelg

eGayhnþrayenAkñúgéRBxandVa edaydut stVnigedImeQITaMgBYg TaMgrs;RBH\®nÞk¾)anRcasRcal. taksaka EdlCamitþ)ans,fEs,r CamYyKña rYmTaMgesþcBs;rs;enAkñúgéRBenaH. ehtudUecñH edIm,I se®gÁaHBYkeKnwgRKÜsar RBH\®nÞ)anecjskmµPaB. Kat;minbg¥g; eGayxUcxatéRBxandVaF¶n;F¶renaHeT b:uEnþkMedA énGNþatePøIgFMxøaMg eBkEdleFVIeGaytMNk;TwkePøógkøayCacMhaymuneBlFøak;dl;dI. ehtudUecñHePøIgenAeqHkan;EtxøaMg. va)aneFVIeGayRBH\®nÞxwgsm,ar ehIyKat;k¾)aneLIg CiHdMrIsrbs;Kat;EdlmaneQµaHfaéGr:av:ata. edaymanGavuFrnÞHkñúgéd nigEhrhmedayhVÚgRBH Kat;)aneTAdl; éRBxandVaPøam². edayKat;eXIj GrCun nig RKwsña manvtþman enATIenaHedIm,IyaméRBEdlkMBugEteqHedayeRbIGavuFGFiFmµCati rbs;BYkeK RBH\®nÞk¾)an Gs;sgÇwmfanwgeCaKC½y. edaymin bg¥g;yUr RBHepSg²k¾dwgEdrfakMlaMgrbs;BYkeK mindl;CamYyRBHGKÁI nwgminmanlT§pll¥enaHeT. ehtudUecñH BYkeKKitfaeKKYrEtrt; eKc ecjBIkEnøgenaH. b:uEnþRBH\®nÞmin)ane)aHbg;enaHeT. Kat;)ankat; kMBUlPñMEk,renaH KWPñMm:andar ehIyKb;mkelI GrCunnigRKwsña. b:uEnþ GrCun )anbMEbkvaeTACaduMtUc² CamYynwgRBÜjGaTieTBEdl)anmk BIRBHGKÁI.

Mahabharata

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edImI,)anTTYlkarEckCUnTsSnavdþIenHeday\tKitéfø sUmsresrmkkan; sßanTUt\NÐa pÞHelx 5 pøÚvelx 466 PñMeBj km<úCa Embassy of India, Villa No. 5, Street 466, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

TUrsar / Tel : 023 210 912/913 GIuEm:l / Email : cons.phnompenh@mea.gov.in eKhTMB½r / Website : www.indembassyphnompenh.org