Pre-College Program Report | Summer 2022

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

A. Pre-College STEM Summer Youth Programs

The new Discovering STEM In ACES Program (DSAP) students engaged in teams based on their area of interests over two weeks, one week virtually via Zoom and the second fully in person at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign campus. Both weeks, they had a series of lectures, hands-on activities and demonstrations conducted by ACES staff and students. During their first week, students learned about the ACES departments participating in DSAP and were then placed in their first or second choice. During the two weeks, each student team participated in a series of STEM related learning activities taught by the designated department leader to help them understand how the program is related to food, agriculture, human, and environmental systems and how they can connect these general topics to their career goals. The program addresses discussions centered around real-world problems. Students have a unique opportunity to learn from ACES Alumni and leaders of related businesses and organizations. Outside of the classroom, students could explore campus life and everyday student recreational activities.

The Ag Discovery Program engaged students in a special 2-week in person experience focused on food security and biosecurity related issues. It is sponsored by the Animal Planet Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA, which is the agency charged with safeguarding the U.S. food supply. The two weeks involved some basic review related to science, and overall introduction to the food and agricultural industry through a series of virtual lectures, field trips, and presentations led by APHIS government veterinarians, plant scientists, wildlife science professionals, and students in the College of Veterinary Medicine. Outside of the classroom, students could explore campus life and everyday student recreational activities.

Encouraging students to pursue careers in the STEM areas related to the food and agricultural sciences is the key mission of the ACES Summer Pre-College Program experiences at the University of Illinois. This is accomplished as noted below:

1. Promoting math and science careers through engagement with high school students and staff.

2. Providing both virtual and hands-on, STEM related experience for high school students through creative projects.

3. Exploring exciting STEM disciplines and scientific fields through demonstrations and presentations with professionals in these technical fields.

4. Placing emphasis on students for stronger performance in STEM core high school, which creates a successful pipeline to college.

5. Creating opportunities for STEM faculty and graduate students to serve as mentors for high school students and promote awareness of STEM career opportunities.

6. Providing high schoolers with the necessary resources so they feel prepared applying and pursuing higher education through the support of staff.

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

Pre-College STEM education in the College of ACES is characterized by:

• Technology driven

• Team project focused

• Creativity and critical thinking

• Math and science learning as its core

• Experimental learning with real projects and experiments

• Mentoring by university scientists and graduate students in STEM disciplines

B. Demographics of Summer DSAP 2022 Participants

Gender and Ethnicity Make-Up of Participating Students

Year in High School Make-Up of Participating Students

Geographical Distribution of Participating Students

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

C. Demographics of Summer Ag Discovery 2022 Participants

Gender and Ethnicity Make-Up of Participating Students

Year in High School Make-Up of Participating Students

Geographical Distribution of Participating Students

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

DISCOVERING STEM IN ACES PROGRAM (DSAP) July 10–23, 2022

Program Description Overview and Student Interviews

Utilizing the Zoom format, the program director provided a comprehensive overview of the summer program, the schedule, and standards of student performance. This also provided an opportunity for students to meet the program director and program staff. This meeting was required of participants.

Technology/Computer Skills

All activities were conducted virtually via Zoom during the first week of the program. Students’ personal laptops were key to following all assigned exercises and lectures. Students were required to demonstrate the use of technology and use of such technology to access information and other resources in advance of the start of the pre-college sessions. During the second week, students were still expected to show proficiency in these skills to create their end of the program presentation.

Program Objectives for Virtual Pre-College Experiences

WEEK ONE (Online)

• Increase the participants’ understanding of the overall food, human, and environmental systems.

• Explore the growing professional opportunities in agriculture as they relate to STEM industries.

• Connect the STEM career pathways to agriculture and ACES majors through ACES alumni presentations.

• Expand student awareness of ACES departments and majors as well as programs offered to support students in the College of ACES.

WEEK TWO (In-person)

• Explore career opportunities within disciplines offered by ACES departments and define career readiness skills provided through the degree process.

• Connect student interests and goals to careers and educational opportunities and be able to define and link to ACES majors.

• Understand ACES departmental curriculum, career readiness training, and connection to STEM.

• Experience the department opportunities and resources through fieldtrips, unique department experiences and activities.

POST DSAP ENGAGEMENT

• Prepare students for the career pathway and college selection process with ACES at the forefront of their mind.

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

DSAP Summer 2022 Schedule

JULY 10–23, 2022

MONDAY, JULY 11: ZOOM

9:00 a.m. Welcome by Diana Rodriguez, Program Director

Remarks by Anna Ball, Associate Dean, Academic Programs

9:20 a.m. Introduction of Participants & College of ACES Staff

10:00 a.m.

Animal Sciences

Presenters: Katelyn Jones-Hamlow (Undergraduate Recruiter) & Alicia Schneider (Academic Advisor)

10:30 a.m. Guest Speakers: Vitaly Capitaine (MANRRS) & Marci Wilt

10:40 a.m. Question and Answer Session

11:00 a.m. Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Presenter: Anne Marie Boone (Undergraduate Recruiter & Academic Advisor)

11:30 a.m. Guest Speakers: Henal Patel (Alumna, MANRRS) and Jarvis Williams (MANRRS Vice President)

11:40 a.m. Questions and Answer Session

12:00 p.m Break (30 minutes)

12:30 p.m. Food Science and Human Nutrition

Presenter: Jill Craft (Clinical Associate Professor; Program Director & Advisor, Hospitality Management)

1:00 p.m. Guest Speakers: Starr Gibson (Alumna, MANRRS)

1:10 p.m. Question and Answer Session

1:30 p.m. Session led by DSAP Staff

2:00 p.m. Day one closing remarks by Diana Rodriguez

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

TUESDAY, JULY 12: ZOOM

9:00 a.m. Comments by Diana Rodriquez

9:10 a.m. Crop Sciences

Presenters: Erika Olivares (Undergraduate Recruiter)

9:40 a.m. Guest Speakers: Elizabeth De La Torre

9:50 a.m. Question and Answer Session

10:10 a.m.

Human Development & Family Studies

Presenter: Alia Alicea (Team Leader)

10:40 a.m. Guest Speaker: Stephanie Garcia (Alumna, MANRRS)

10:50 a.m. Question and Answer Session

11:10 a.m. Break (30 minutes)

11:40 a.m. Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

Presenter: Pam Leiter (Undergraduate Recruiter)

12:10 p.m. Guest Speaker: Nguyen Ha (Undergraduate, MANRRS)

12:20 p.m. Question and Answer Session

12:40 p.m. Agricultural and Consumer Economics

Presenter: Ailie Elmore (Team Leader)

1:10 p.m. Guest Speakers: Hugo Calderon (Alumni, MANRRS)

1:20 p.m. Question and Answer Session

1:40 p.m. Day two closing remarks by Diana Rodriguez

5:00 p.m. Deadline for participants to select top two departmental areas

7:00 p.m. Email sent to team leaders identifying who their participants are, with contact information

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

WEDNESDAY, JULY 13: ZOOM

9:00 a.m. Meet your selected DSAP Program Leader

11:00 a.m. College Readiness Session with Diana Rodriguez

12:00 p.m. Lunch Break (50 minutes)

12:50 p.m. College Readiness Session with Diana Rodriguez

2:00 p.m. Day three closing remarks by Diana Rodriguez

THURSDAY, JULY 14: ZOOM

9:00 a.m. DSAP Program Leader Sessions

11:00 a.m. College Readiness Session with Marci Wilt (Study Abroad)

12:00 p.m. Lunch Break (50 minutes)

12:50 p.m. College Readiness Session with Paola Beltran-Gutierrez (Building Community)

1:20 p.m. College Readiness Session with Diana Rodriguez (FAFSA/Financial Aid- Part 1)

2:00 p.m. Day four closing remarks by Diana Rodriguez

FRIDAY, JULY 16: ZOOM

9:00 a.m. Comments by Diana Rodriguez

9:10 a.m. College Readiness Session with Diana Rodriguez (FAFSA/Financial Aid- Part 2)

10:30 a.m. Break (20 minutes)

10:50 a.m. Corteva: Dr. Rhonda Hamm

11:50 a.m. Lunch Break (50 minutes)

12:40 p.m. College Readiness Session with Roxanne & Stephanie (Research/Travel Ethics)

1:40 p.m. College Readiness Session with Nguyen Ha (Zoom to In-person transition)

2:00 p.m. Wrap up day five by Diana Rodriguez

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

SUNDAY, JULY 17

Check-In Time: 11:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m.

Participants check in at Hendrick House (904 W. Green Street Urbana, IL 61801)

MONDAY, JULY 18–FRIDAY, JULY 22

Departmental Activities: 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

Lunch time is from 11 a.m. - 2 p.m.; Team leaders will give students enough time to travel to-and-from Hendrick House

DSAP STAFF WILL BE LEADING AFTERNOON/EVENING ACTIVITIES WITH ALL PARTICIPANTS:

Sunday, July 17 Check-In Day

Monday, July 18 Campus Tour/Scavenger Hunt

Tuesday, July 19 Bowling/Arcade at Illini Union

Wednesday, July 20 Activities and Recreation Center (ARC)

Thursday, July 21 COCOMERO and Movies at the Quad

Friday, July 22 ACES Karaoke Night

SATURDAY, JULY 23: ANIMAL SCIENCES BUILDING (ROOM 150) 9:00 a.m.

by Diana Rodriguez

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

Ag Discovery Summer 2022 Schedule

JULY 10–23, 2022: WEEK ONE

SUNDAY, JULY 10

Check-In Time: 11:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. Participants check in at Hendrick House (904 W. Green Street Urbana, IL 61801)

MONDAY, JULY 11: APHIS/AGDISCOVERY PRESENTATION DAY (TURNER HALL W115)

9:00 a.m. WS - Diversity of wildlife damage management activities conducted by the Illinois Wildlife Services.: Brad Wilson, Wildlife Biologist WS - Large Carnivore Recovery and conflict management in Illinois: Dakota Bird, Wildlife Biologist

10:00 a.m. Facilitators: Introduce team projects; Prep students for field activities

11:00 a.m. VS - Introduction to VS/Zoonotic and Regulatory Diseases of Livestock VS - On-farm Biosecurity and Zoonosis Prevention

12:00 p.m. Lunch (Hendrick House)

1:00 p.m. VS - Donning and Doffing of PPE video and exercise: Dr. Stephanie Wire VS - Introduction to One Health

TUESDAY, JULY 12: TURNER HALL W115

9:00 a.m. AC - Introduction to Animal Care AC - Student Activity

12:00 p.m. Lunch (Hendrick House)

1:00 p.m. Introduction to Animal Sciences: Alicia Schneider (Academic Advisor)

4:00 p.m. Plant Pathology/Botany & USDA Careers (Zoom Presentation): Dustin C. Sandberg, Plant Pathologist/ Botanist (Identifier)

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

WEDNESDAY, JULY 13: DEPART HENDRICK HOUSE AT 8:30 A.M.

9:00 a.m.

WS/VS - University of Illinois Dairy, Urbana

WS - European Starling Damage Management at a Dairy

V S- Discussion of regulatory/public health concerns in cattle/dairies: Barry Bell

12:00 p.m. Lunch (Hendrick House)

1:00 p.m. Travel to Mascoutah (~2.75 hr. drive from University of Illinois, Urbana campus)

Overnight lodging in Mascoutah

BEST WESTERN MIDAMERICA HOTEL

9730 Hayden Dr.

Mascoutah, IL 62258

Hotel Phone: (618) 808-0280

Dinner in Mascoutah

THURSDAY, JULY 14: DEPART HOTEL AT 8:30 A.M.

9:00 a.m.

WS/PPQ - Mid-America Airport, Mascoutah

WS - Wildlife mitigation techniques at an airfield

12:00 p.m. Pizza Hut (Mascoutah)

12:30 p.m. PPQ – North Bay Produce, Mascoutah

Cold treatment techniques for imports

**NOTE: All attendees must have photo identification (passport, state ID, or driver’s license) ** Return to University of Illinois campus, Urbana (~2.75 hr. drive)

FRIDAY, JULY 15: DEPART CAMPUS AT 8:30 A.M.

9:00 a.m. VS - Dr. Clifford Shipley’s deer farm, St. Joseph: Dr. Lynsee Melchi

Overview of cervid husbandry, important diseases of cervids, etc.

12:00 p.m. Lunch (Hendrick House)

1:00 p.m. Facilitators – Work on Team Projects

SATURDAY, JULY 16: FREE MORNING

12:30 p.m. Depart Hendrick House to Prairie Fruits Farm & Creamery

2:00 p.m. Wrap up day two by Diana Rodriguez

SUNDAY, JULY 17: FREE DAY

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

JULY 10–23, 2022: WEEK TWO

MONDAY, JULY 18: DEPART CAMPUS AT 7:30 A.M.

9:00 a.m. VS - Central Illinois Poultry Processing Plant, Arthur Illinois: Barry Bell

Overview of humane poultry slaughter, meat processing, food safety/sanitation, poultry biosecurity, etc.

11:00 a.m. Lunch at Yoder’s Kitchen (Arthur, Illinois)

12:00 p.m. VS - Arthur Sale Barn, Arthur, Illinois

Overview of market operations, livestock identification and record keeping, etc. Observe sale proceedings

TUESDAY, JULY 19: ALL DAY

9:00 a.m.- PPQ – Lake of the Woods Park, Mahomet (Izaak Walton Cabin)

4:00 p.m. Overview of Gypsy Moth Program

Overview of PPQ domestic trapping program

12:00 p.m. Bag Lunch

WEDNESDAY, JULY 20: DEPART CAMPUS AT 8:00 A.M.

**NOTE: All attendees must have photo identification (passport, state ID, or driver’s license)**

10:00 a.m.- PPQ: ARS lab and containment facility tour, Peoria Illinois

1:30 p.m. Office of Center Director, NCAUR

1815 N. University Street

Peoria, IL 61604 Bag Lunch

THURSDAY, JULY 21: DEPART DORM AT 8:00 A.M.

8:30 a.m.

Room: BSB iFlex Classroom

VS/IES - U of IL Lincoln Avenue Dairy, Urbana: Dr. Susie Hexu

Mock FAD investigation exercise

12:00 p.m. Lunch (Hendrick House)

1:00 p.m. VS - U of I College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Urbana

Veterinary Hospital tour

1:00 p.m. - Meet with Dr. Barger (Room: BSB iFlex Classroom)

1:30 p.m. - Tour facilities with tour guides

3:00 p.m.

Room: BSB iFlex Classroom

IES – Introduction to IES: Ricardo Garcia, Investigator

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

4:00 p.m. Dinner (Hendrick House)

5:00 p.m. Travel to Orland Park (~2 hr. drive from University of Illinois, Urbana campus)

Overnight lodging in Orland Park

DOUBLE TREE BY HILTON HOTEL

5000 West 127th Street

Alsip, IL 60803

Hotel Phone: (708) 371-7300

FRIDAY, JULY 22: ALL DAY

9:00 a.m. WS- Cook County Forest Preserve, Orland Park

Introduction and overview of Wildlife Services’ research projects at the Forest Preserves of Cook County

Overview of wildlife tracking

Overview of turtle biomonitoring

Overview of wildlife trapping methods

12:00 p.m. Boxed Lunch (Nearby Restaurant)

Return to University of Illinois campus, Urbana (~2.5 hr. drive)

SATURDAY, JULY 23: LAST DAY OF PROGRAM

9:00 a.m. Team Presentations: Animal Sciences Building Room 150

11:00 a.m. USDA AgDiscovery-Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ)

11:15 a.m. USDA AgDiscovery- Veterinary Sciences (VS)

11:30 a.m. USDA AgDiscovery- Wildlife Services (WS)

Industry Guest Speaker

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

Dr. Rhonda Hamm

Global Academic Relations Leader

Corteva Agriscience

College of ACES: Alumni Guest Speakers & Research Apprentice Program (RAP) Alumni

Hugo Calderon Policy Solutions Consultant, Google

(Agricultural & Consumer Economics, B.S.)

Stephanie Garcia

Graduate Student, The University of Chicago

(Human Development & Family Studies - Political Science, B.S.)

Henal Patel

Supply Chain Associate, Quaker Oats; PepsiCo (Agricultural & Biological Engineering, B.S.)

ACES Undergraduate Guest Speakers

Paola Beltran-Gutierrez

Agricultural Communications - Journalism

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

Vitaly Capitaine

Animal Sciences

Elizabeth De La Torre

Crop Sciences

Nguyen Ha

Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences

Jarvis Williams

Agricultural & Biological Engineering

Marci Wilt

Animal Sciences

PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT

ACES Pre-College Summer Programs

PROGRAM DIRECTOR

Diana Rodriguez

Coordinator, Diversity and Outreach

ACES Academic Programs

STUDENT ASSISTANT/RESIDENT ADVISOR

Paola Beltran Gutierrez

Student, College of ACES

STUDENT ASSISTANT/RESIDENT ADVISOR

Stephanie Garcia

Alumna, College of ACES

STUDENT ASSISTANT/RESIDENT ADVISOR

Nguyen Ha

Student, College of ACES

STUDENT ASSISTANT/RESIDENT ADVISOR

Marci Wilt

Student, College of ACES

Sponsor Appreciation

COLLEGE OF ACES DEPARTMENTS

Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Agricultural and Consumer Economics

Animal Sciences

Crop Sciences

Food Science and Human Nutrition

Human Development and Family Studies

Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

COLLEGE OF ACES ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGE OF ACES OFFICE OF ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

USDA ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE

Office of Civil Rights Diversity and Inclusion

APHIS Ag Discovery Program

CORTEVA AGRISCIENCE

Appendix:

Student Presentations

Summer 2022

Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2022 Presentation

By: Giuliano Di Franco, Kendall Jack, Kenny Yeun, Adrian Ortega, Xavi Trevino-Kniffin, Omar Jimenez, Araceli Hernandez

https://youtu.be/EBtoG7OG7dI

AI Optical Sensing

Using Artificial Intelligence and a camera to provide us information about an object

● How does optical sensing help us?

- Help us understand what the material is composed of.

-Know the nutritional values.

-Moisture levels

● How does AI help us in taking pictures?

-Notice all the details of an object

-Lowering exposure

IBRL TOUR

Integrated Bioprocessing Research Lab

● Taking care of Microscopic organisms in order to benefit us

-Pickles

-Beer

-Kimchi

-Yogurt

https://youtu.be/IQuyE6iz8qY

Falling Number refers to a test for increased alpha amylase activity

Healthy Bacteria = good end product

Brewing Station

Hydroponics

What is Hydroponics?

-A method of growing plants and vegetation without the use of soil

Soil typically provides the nutrients and structural support that a plant needs. So how can we design a hydroponic system that can meet the same needs?

Hydroponics use a “nutrient solution”, which is water containing all the nutrients that a plant needs to grow.

What does Hydroponics look like?

-Typically large Hydroponic systems have plants with their roots submerged in pipes with flowing water

Brain Teasers and Problem Solving

-ABE students have to think like engineers

-Problem Solving, Thinking outside the box, and see other perspectives

Contextual Engineering

➢ CENTRAL IDEA: Adjusting what we are doing in order to accommodate certain rules and regulations

BRIDGE RESTRICTION ACTIVITY

This activity entailed building a bridge over a river, with certain restrictions and limitations that you are given and have to accommodate for in your build.

CAN’T SEE CATCH

Can’t see catch involved adjusting the way you play catch to make it easier for you and your partner who you are throwing to.

REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

Monday:

Construction

-Creating the bricks

Friday: -Testing the blocks for greatest flexural strength

-Multiple combinations of cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate.

Diesel and Jet Turbine Emissions

Diesel Engine

Testing for the best efficient way to run an engine

Finding out which fuel is best for a jet engine:

ABE Farm Tour

The Air Cannon

Farm Machinery

Dr. Grift introduced us to the Farms Air Cannon in which we used to catch tennis balls that go 750mph as well as to find out if a Water Bottle or Coke Bottle full of water can resist the pressure of being blown out into the air without exploding.

Tim then explained the usage of each machinery that is used specifically for farming such as the Field Cultivator which is used for Tillage work and processors.

We had the chance to drive a tractor that was designed/made in italy

ABE Farm Tour

Robots are efficient in farming, either by planting seeds or even picking berries. One robot plants seeds while the other harvests berries, both controlled electronically with an IPad.

There are specific safety protocols when it comes to entering tanks of kernels. One may drown in corn due to the pressure from the seeds on the rib muscles, which can become so intense that they prevent breathing. In this situation, you need to stay calm and put your hands in your chest to deflect the kernels while waiting for help, which may take about an entire fireman team to help you get out.

Insects are also a big part of the growth of plants, either good or bad. For example, beetles benefit the farming of plants by eating pests like aphids which feed off beneficial plant liquids which may cause leaves to turn yellow and weaken plant growth

Insects

Robots & Safety Protocols

Sustainability-

“meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

Cans are crushed; $3.4 million machine

Everything is thrown into conveyor and is sorted out by hand; plastics, cardboard, and paper

End of cycle; rest of trash is taken to landfill

24,500 cans per block

Renewable Energy and Biomass Fuel

Hyperspectral camera

soybeans

Largest hyperspectral system in the world; analyzes and records data from whole section within a few hours

work by burning biological matter and outputting the resulting heat for use in heating systems. Wood pellets, chips, logs or other biological materials are fed automatically into a combustion chamber where they are ignited.

Biomass Boiler

54 acres of solar panels

Reimagining the Canopy

Photosynthesis surrounds us all, we wouldn’t be here without it. But, there are still some way that photosynthesis can be improved. We also need to acknowledge it more for all that it does for us.

What does photosynthesis mean to us?

-fuel

-food

-shelter

-clothes

-oxygen

We won’t be able to live in this world without photosynthesis.

Why should we care more about photosynthesis?

-global warming →climate change affects the plants and the amount of carbon dioxide can through off photosynthesis

-biofuels →fuel from living matter

-vegetables → contains chlorophyll that colors the plants and vegetables and provides the function that allows them to absorb sunlight, which is a very important factor in photosynthesis

How can photosynthesis be improved?

-the plants and crops that need light, only get the light on their surface and the lower parts of the plant is not getting the sunlight that it needs compared to the rest.

Ethanol was the solvent that was used to react with the pigments from the plants that we picked.

THANK YOU

Agricultural&ConsumerEconomics

NATALIA, ASHI, STEVEN, ZACHARY, IVORY

Game Theory & Oligopolies

Ideas:

How the two topics interconnect

Key Terms: Collusion Nash

Dominant Strategy

Our plans!

- Clearview Farm Tour

- Food Insecurity Lottery

- Trading Corn Futures

- Discovering STEM in ACE

Clearview Farms Tour

We started the day off and got into a SUV and drove to the Clearview Farm! And met Jim and Shannon

We got a bit of a background on the history of the land and went on a tour through the sunflower fields. We got lots of info on what was being grown on the farm and overall was a very enjoyable experience and has amazing photo spots!

Ideas: Cover crops

Crop diversity

Livestock introduction

Corn Futures

After lunch we traveled to Mumford Hall and had a presentation with Dr. Sean Fox. He gave us some insight on how to make money trading corn futures! It was a very good presentation and we got the bases of future contracts and the basics of corn trading. It could either be very successful or have a huge loss give or take. (max 3 year contract, 5,000 bushels per contract)

-

Our plans

Agriculture policies

-

Negotiation strategies

-Learning about alternative energy sources

AgPolicy

ProfessorCoppess

Ideas:

When negotiating:

Never let the person you are negotiating with know your maximum price

Know your relationship with the person beforehand and if it is possible that you will negotiate with them in the future Do not lower your standards

Wedidanexcersicethat showedhowdifficultitisfor politicianstoseeminglyget anythingdone.

More specifically when negotiating for the price of an item: Do not show the person you are negotiating with any sign that you want the item and to tell them that you have other options

AltEnergy

Our plans!

Thurday

- Visit to Clarkson Grain and Tour of Their Facility

- Visit to ADM and Tour of Their Trade Floor and Plant

Clarkson Grain

Ideas: Farmer ---> Clarkson ----> Processing plant non-GMO

Organic produce

ADM (Archer-Daniels-Midland)

Ideas:

Active Commodity Trading

Soybean and Corn Processing

- Personal Finance, With THEE

PAUL STODDARD

- Windmill Competition

Financial overview

Spend less than you earn consecutively

Addiction

Misunderstanding / Mismanagement

Using knowledge to manage financial resources effectively

34% of people bad graded themselves on financial knowhow

Over half have no budget

30% have no savings

We also learned... We also learned...

Do not do your own taxes and save 15% of your Income

Our Personal Thoughts!

ACEinACES 2022

Angel Garcia, Daniel Burrola, Jocelyn Fonseca, Karime Beltran Gutierrez, Melisa Demir, Vidhi Patel,

UIUC Beef and Sheep Farm

JODIE VEE

HUMANESOCIETY

What are the two types of shelters?

UIUC Meat Science Lab and Pork Carcass Evaluation

DAIRY FARM

UIUC Horse Farm

Feed Technology Center

GOAT FARM

THANK YOU!

Crop Sciences

AnaAviles,MelanieGarduno,JovanyMata, JavierSierra,andOsmarRocha-Patino

Organic vs Conventional

● Organicsystemsaremanagedusing environmentallyfriendlypractices(no chemicals,healthier)

● GMOsarenotallowed

● Usescomplexrotationsystems

● Conventionalsystemsusechemicalsand syntheticinputssuchasfertilizers, herbicides,insecticides (badforhealth).

● TheuseGMOvarieties

● Usesshortrotationsystems

● Conservessoilhealth

Rotational Systems

● Whatisarotationalsystem?

○ Itistherotationofcropseverycycletohelp rebuildsoilandcontrolweedsusingcover crops.

● Here,thecropsarerotatedona4 yearand3yearbasedcycle

● The4yearrotationisasfollows:

○ Corn-Soybean-CoverCrops(Legumes)smallgrains

● The3yearrotationisasfollows:

○ Corn-Soybean-smallgrainsorcover crops(dependingonthetimeofthe season)

Weed Management

Inorganicfarming,weedsare managedbycroprotation

○ Theyarealsomanagedbyremoving weedsmanuallyandmechanically

○ Suchasusingahoetoolorcultivating theweeds

○ Takesmoretime

● Inconventionalfarming,weedsare managedandkilledbyusing herbicides(round-upingmocorn)

○ Thiscanaretoxictothe environment

○ Theycausemutationsthatcreate resistant“superweeds”inthelong.

❏ Weedscanbe broadleaforgrass species

Plant Pollination

Crossing - the process in which you take the pollen from one plant and apply it to another plant of the same species

Inbred - devolved by taking the pollen from the plant and applying it onto the crop growing on the plant itself. This process is known as selfing.

It takes 7 cycles of inbreeding in order to create a “pure line” and select the best traits a crop can have. Ex. selecting a disease resistant inbred line

Hybrid - devolved by taking two inbreds and crossing with one another.

What Produces Pollen?

Anthersgrowingon thistasselare finishedblooming, meaningpollenwill begintobe released

Heretheanthers havenotyet sproutedandwe mustwaittobag them.

How Do We Control Pollination?

1.Weplace“tassel bags”overthe tasselsandanthers topreventthem fromspreading randomlyonto cornearshoots.

Before After

2.Weplaceshoot bagsovertheentire cornearshootinorder toproperlycoverthe silk

The“hairs”thatcome outoftheearshoots arecalledsilkandthat iswherethepollen getsdepositedfor fertilization.

Speed Breeding: Haploids & Double Haploids

Hybrids, Inbreds & Alleles

➢ TheImportanceofParentalInbredLines

➢ CommercialCornBreedingCompanies

○ Bayer,Corteva,Syngenta

➢ TheRoleofAlleles

○ DominantandRecessiveAlleles

○ HeterozygousvsHomozygous

➢ SpeedBreedingTechniques

○ WinterNurseries

○ Haploids

Inbred Line #1 Inbred Line #2

Haploids & Diploids

Diploids:Havetwosetsofchromosomes(2n)

Haploids:Haveonesetofchromosomes(n)

Successful crossingif inducer colorcan beseen

2n 2n n

“Mother”

Hasdesired trait

“FakeFather”

InducerLine

“Kickedout”

Holdsdesiredtrait

Veryweak,won’t survivebyitself

*Veryweak,won’tsurvive byitself

DH

DoubleHaploid

*Vigorous,performs wellbyitself

Colchicine:

treatmentthat doublesthehaploid; verytoxic

SpontaneousHaploid

GenomeDoubling:natural genethatautomatically doublesthehaploid

Pictures of Haploids, Diploids & Contamination

Phenotyping and Data Collection

Phenotyping and Data Collection

Whatisphenotyping?

Phenotypingistheobservationofphysicaltraitsonanylivingorganism.

Whatdidweobserve?

Wemeasuredtheheightofthecornplantfromthebottomoftheplanttotheflagleaf.Inadditionto measuringtheheightoftheentirecornplant,wealsomeasuredtheheightofthefirstear. Thiswas measuredfrom4repsofthesamehybrid.

Whydidwemeasurethis?

Weconductedphenotypingbecausetheheightofentirecornplantandtheearheightispositively correlatedtotheyieldthecornplantwillhave.Thisexhibitstheproductivityoftheplant(corn)basedon observabletraits.

Whatwillthishelpusunderstandabouthybrids?

Byseeingwhichhybridhadthehighestheightswewillpredictwhichhybridwillbethemostsuccessfulin yieldinglargeamountsofcorn

Phenotyping and Data Collection-Images

HighImpacthybrid experiments

❏ Highimpacthybridsweredevelopedfromthemostinfluentialinbredlinesinthecorn industry

❏ 22highimpacthybridsareevaluated

❏ 4replicationsusingaRandomizedCompleteBlockDesign(RCBD)

DataManagementusingRstudio

RStudioisoneofthestatisticalprograms usedindatasciencetoanalysedata

Itallowsyoutowritecodetomanipulate andanalyzedata. ● WetooktherawdatacollectedforPHT &EHT,andtransferreditintoRstudio.

Weusedplottedhistogramandboxplots tovisualizethevariabilityinthedata

●We are expecting the height to be similar because the same hybrids were planted.The mean for each rep are almost similar.

Thesegraphsrepresentthe meanheightsfortheears andplantsineach replication.

❏ Thethickblacklinesin thecolorblockrepresent themean

❏ Thetwothinlinesonthe topandbottomofthe colorblockrepresentthe tallestandtheshortest earandplantofeach rep(range/variation)

❏ Thetwocircles representoutliersinthe reps

BoxPlots(VariabilitybetweenHybrids)

AnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)

● Weusedalinearmodelregressionmodelto conductananalysisofvariance(ANOVA)

● ThePvaluesbelow0.05showstheyare significantlydifferent.

● Thistestsforsignificantdifferencesbetweenthe hybrids.

● ThevalueofPissignificantasitshowstherea significantdifferentwhichillustratesthehybrid withhebestperformance

Pairwise Mean Comparisons

*Hybridswithadifferentletteraresignificantlydifferent

PlantHeightHybrids8,13,10, and21arethe same.

Thebestperformers shareasimilar parentalline

EarHeight-Hybrids 13,8,10,and20are thesame. butsignificantly differentfromthe rest.

HIP08=B73xPHZ51

HIP13=Tx714xPHZ51

Thank You

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

AnaluciaG,AnnaY,AileenS, DeimanteB,NiobeA,EvelinaP

WhyFSHN?

FOOD SCIENCE

All about Food Science!

Categories:Microbiology,Flavorchemistry,Sensorychemistry, andProductDevelopment.

Theimpactofingredients

Learnmoreoftheimpactoffood: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/reactions/topics/agr iculture-food.htm

sihuima@illinois.edu(MrsMa’semailformoreinfo)

Other Information

● Pilotplant

● Handsonlearning

● FoodProductDevelopmentclub

● Internships/companies

HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

What is it?

● Accommodation, making people feel welcomed while they are away from home

● The impact ● Benefits of Standard recipe ● Customer satisfaction ● Running a business

● The industry: Hotels, Restaurants, Tourism (amusement parks)

Our Experience !

● Spice box

○ Class experience

● Bevier café

○ Everybody eats program ● Food lab

○ Baking cookies

● ISR

○ Food court

HUMAN NUTRITION

What is Human Nutrition?

● Human nutrition revolves around the food you eat and the different benefits it provides such as, fibers, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc.

● Relates to your energy levels, gut health, mental state of mind and your physical state.

● It goes into depth on the calories of foods as well as the certain reactions foods can or gives our body.

What did we do?

Human Studies

● Research with alcohol

● Bod Pod

● Muffins with walnut oil vs corn oil

● Creating a meal plan, “American diet”

● Metabolic Kitchen

● How it affects the gut microbiota

Microbiome Lab

● Analyze fecal samples

● Blood samples, Centrifuge

Sensory Lab

● Smell, eye sight, and taste have a big impact on what you think of food

● Shape, color, smell

DIETETICS

What is a Dietitian?

● They work with patients to help overcome with their health problems through diet counseling and prescribing the right meal plans.

● Their main focus is on nutrition science. Nutrition Science is most commonly known for the health of one's well being.

● Their goal is to see people change for the better.

Jobs:

● Sports nutritionist

● Eating Disorder Dietitian

● Clinical Dietician

● Dietetic Technician

● Etc…!

The Job of a Football Dietician:

1) Body Composition Changes

Primarily focuses on hitting weight goals and improving body composition.

2) Introducing new Nutrition Supplements for Athletes

It is most important for an athlete to consistently eat and stay hydrated but some key nutrients include cherry juice, multivitamins, omega 3s, and vitamin D.

Fun Facts:

-Specific food quantities are required for football players to eat. Football players need to consume 4000-6000 calories per day during their season which is about 3 times more calories than the average person.

-In general Dietetics is a rewarding career as you help people with their physical health but also mental health.

Thank You For Listening!!!!

Human Development and Family Studies(HDFS)

A Review of Our DSAP Experience

Presented By: Kevin Jones, Naomi Cabachuela, Pimrisa Julamoke, Michelle Garduno, Karime

Preciado, Nirnaya Senthil Kumar, Natalie Pawelko

Special Thanks to Our Departmental Leader: Alia Alicea

Human Development Content credits to instructor Jan Brooks

What is Human Development?

A branch of psychology with the goal of understanding individuals’ development, growth, and change throughout their lives in order to improve overall well being.

Infancy ⇒ Toddlerhood ⇒ Preschool Years ⇒ Early School Years ⇒ Adolescence ⇒ Young Adulthood ⇒ Middle Adulthood ⇒ Late Adulthood

Reasons to study Human Development

- To gain a better understanding of one’s own life experiences

-Helps people personally reach an understanding of what childhood events shaped their lives

-To gain knowledge of how social context impacts development

-This knowledge can be especially important for professionals working in childcare careers

-To help others contextualize the highs and lows of life events

-Can help those in psychology or in therapy aid their clients’ self-discovery more effectively

-To understand how societal change can support growth and development

-Assists any decision makers in catalyzing changes in their communities

-To become a more effective researcher, teacher, and leader

-Understanding human development has many professional benefits that can lead to greater insight in various industries

Three Domains of Human Development

Physical

More than just height and weight charts, physical development includes puberty, changes in our senses, and primary versus secondary aging.

Cognitive Cognitive includes mental processes, thinking, learning, decision making, and practical intelligenceor wisdom, which develops throughout the lifespan.

Psychosocial

Covers the psychological and social competencies formed in development from infant attachment/temperament to peer relationships.

Development in Children with Autism

- Autistic children and teenagers may develop skills at different rates and orders from neurotypical children

-Toddlers with autism may use few single words around the age of 12 months, or develop a linguistically different language

-Children may not answer to their name, return a smile, or have trouble noticing facial expressions

-Difficulty with joint attention: using eye contact and gestures to communicate

-These developmental differences make it challenging for children on the spectrum to pay attention in school or other environments

-However, it is important to remember that they can also develop high level skills at different rates than neurotypical children

-Oftentimes have strengths in noticing things others don’t, or memorizing details/patterns

-Excel in certain subject areas more than others, i.e. be outstanding in geography class, able to memorize entire news stories

-Be able to exactly recall routes or recognize obscure verbiage

- The HDFS department here at UIUC runs a community focused program

known as TAP

-Aimed to

-Provide a resource and referral center for parents and professionals

-Developing and evaluating model programs in training, treatment, and family support

-Facilitating collaborations between agencies, schools, and individuals that enhance the community’s capacity and quality of services for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and their families

-TAP Resource Room, Dr. Jeanne Krammer

-Custom materials available to meet individual needs

-Staff and Students free to meet with families, students, children, etc

Family Studies

Family Studies, Families in a Global Perspective, and Family Conflict Management

What is Family Studies?

Examines the development of individuals throughout their life and how this affects their family dynamic. Students learn how this can be different in different social/cultural contexts and how it is impacted by gender.

Definitions of Family and Marriage

⊹ Family has a variety of definitions

-Can include people you are related to or vice versa

-People who are deceased

-People that you live with

⊹ Marriage - emotional and legal commitment of two people to share emotional and physical intimacy, various tasks, economic resources, and values.

Ecological Systems Theory

⊹ Examines the influence that social environments has on human development

⊹ 5 systems

Parenting Styles

Parenting styles refers to the manner in which parents raise their children and this affects how children will develop emotionally, mentally, and will affect their social skills

Four Types of Parenting Styles

Uninvolved

⊹ Absent

⊹ Rarely know where or who your child is with ⊹ “ you’re on your own”

These children often struggle with self-esteem and behavior issues

Permissive ⊹ Non-Directive ⊹ Sets rules but doesn’t enforce them ( no consequences) ⊹ Gives children most of the directive

These children often show behavioral problems and struggle to follow authority or rules

Authoritative ⊹ Responsive ⊹ Enforces rules, but takes their child’s feelings into consideration

⊹ “Let's talk about it”

These children are most likely to have a sense of responsibility and are comfortable expressing their opinions and feelings

Ranges from “Warmth” to “Control”

Authoritarian ⊹ Little Warmth ⊹ Doesn’t take children’s feelings and opinions into consideration

⊹ ”Because I said so”

Children often feel under values, don’t confide in their parents, and don’t know how to properly process their emotions

Families in A Global Perspective

Explores economic, political, cultural and social factors affecting families in different countries

Developed vs Developing Nations

⊹ Nations whose economies have progressed, have great technology, and solid infrastructure

⊹ Nations that are less industrially developed. They tend to have more health risk and lower education levels

Influences on Family Life

⊹ Family Patterns

- Family Structure, Power Hierarchies, Marriage, and Divorce

⊹ Gender Roles

⊹ Socialization

-Individualistic vs Collectivism

Contextual Factors

⊹ Population

⊹ Rural Vs Urban

⊹ Government and Economy

⊹ Diversity

⊹ History

⊹ Human Development Index

Social Changes

⊹ Laws

⊹ Economic

⊹ Religious Sanctions

⊹ World Changes ( war or terrorism)

⊹ Technology

⊹ Education

⊹ Employment

⊹ Women’s rights

Family Conflict Management

Family conflict refers to active opposition between family members. Because of the nature of family relationships, it can take a wide variety of forms, including verbal, physical, sexual, financial, or psychological.

Types of Family Conflict

Parent/Child

⊹ Why?

-Power differential

-Need for compliance

-Dependent Independent

⊹ Peaks during adolescence

⊹ Conflict ≠ bad relationship

⊹ Compromise increases with the child's age

Sibling Conflict

⊹ More frequent than parent/child or marital conflict

⊹ Often minimized or dismissed as normal

⊹ Sibling rivalry ≠ aggression

⊹ However, parents should monitor these conflicts

Intimate Partner Violence

⊹ Abuse or aggression that occurs in romantic relationships

-Verbal, Physical, Emotional, Economic, and Sexual

⊹ Everyone can experience this, but women are more likely to be the victim in this situation

⊹ It can be difficult to leave these situations

Family Genograms Activity

A genogram is a graphical representation of family relationships showing the quality and proximity of relationships and patterns across generations Can be used to…

Features

⊹ As an assessment or intervention to understand the reasoning behind someone’s actions

⊹ Identify themes or patterns in the family (medical, mental, etc)

⊹ Look back into past generations and collect information about one's family

⊹ Key symbols to represent the quality of relationships and each individual

⊹ Includes information about marriages, divorce, gender, age, etc

Relationship Science

The significance, scientific application, and consequences

The significance of relationship science

× The process of examining a relationship and it’s physical, psychosocial, and cognitive benefits or consequences

× Examines human interaction and its application in scientific research

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

× Mutual needs in a relationship that motivate behavior

× Lower levels need to be met before moving up

× Growth vs Deficiency

⬩ Desire to grow vs lack thereof, motivation grows vs decreases

PsychologicaL Benefits

Onlyappliestogenuinelyhealthy relationships,asbeingsingleismorebeneficial thanbeinginaharmfulrelationship

⊹

Less stress reported

⊹ Better sleep

⊹ Less substance abuse

⊹ Lower rates of anxiety and depression

⊹ Greater empathy

Physical Benefits ⊹ Strengthens immune system

⊹ Can lengthen your life

⊹ UIUC Heart rate and proximity experiment, lead-lag synchronization

⊹ Heal significantly faster from a wound than someone who is single

Social Emotional Development 4

-SociAl-emotional Development(SED)-

⊹ A Gradual Process

×Important to child development

×Aids in people’s ability to respond to their environment

⊹ Socialization

×An Essential factor in S.E.D

×Conformation, Assimilation, and Accomodation

⊹ Actions that Promote Growth during Childhood

×Parental Emotional Awareness

×Responsible Modeling

×PERI(Prideful, Encouraging, Respectful, Interested)

Motor Skills Development in Children 5

What are motor skills?

Overall, motor skills are defined as functions that involve specific movements of the muscles to perform certain tasks. Motor skills are divided into two categories; fine and gross.

Two types of motor skills

Fine motor skills involve the hand and fingers working together.

Examples include:

⊹ Picking up items

⊹ Building blocks

⊹ Turning knobs

⊹ Holding crayons

Gross motor skills include the whole entire body.

Examples include:

⊹ Crawling

⊹ Walking

⊹ Jumping

⊹ Running ⊹ Kicking a ball

Importance of motor skill development

Even though there are two types of motor skills, they are equally important in supporting the development of a child. They help assist cognitive development as well as prepare the child for tasks they will have to do in the future.

Quad motor skill activity

HDFS 2022

It is important to allow children to wrestle with certain tasks in order to help develop their own motor skills.

Opportunities in HDFS Research, Internships, Studying Abroad

Research

Research is important because it expands your knowledge about certain things and it makes you have a greater understanding. With that being said there are plenty of ways of doing research. The way your results look and how long it takes to get them can greatly vary.

“A systematic investigation that is done in order to establish new knowledge and reach new conclusions.”-Alia Alicea

Research- Different kinds+Methods

Quantitative

“Quantitative research is a study that focuses on collecting data and/or performing numerical analyses.”-Alia Alicea

Pros- The data is the data, it can’t be up for interpretation. This type of research is faster, so you can analyze the results quicker

Qualitative

“Qualitative research is the study that focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences”-Alia Alicea

Pros- The research can include more detail. Research is gathered more naturally so the subjects are less likely to answer in the way they think someone else wants.

Methods

Longitudinal Study

Cross-Sectional Study

Case Study

Experimental Method

Naturalistic Observation

Ethnography

Social Survey

Cross-Cultural Study

Internships

Internships are important for 2 main reasons:

1.It provides real life experience and exposure to what you might want as a career.

2.It is an opportunity to figure out yourself and whether you see yourself enjoying that work later on.

STRONG Kids Program-

We learned a lot about this program and even went into the office in which they work from. This program is one of the many that take interns and gives them real-life experience in research. The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between food and families and specifically how this affects childhood obesity. Their goal is to use their results to help programs that prevent and intervene obesity.

Studying abroad

Studying abroad is important since you get to do volunteer work and it makes you a more independent individual. You also get to experience a whole new culture and everything in it. Such as the food, language, and people.

Jan Brooks is an Instructor at UIUC and she leads the Study Abroad/Volunteer Experience in South Africa. She talked to us about her trips and the amazing experiences she has had. She also taught us a bit of Djembe

Stephanie also made a presentation and talked about her awesome experience in South Africa. She talked about how she helped the women there and led her own workshop. She also talked about the process before going and it was all really insightful.

HDFS Departmental Facilities

Departmental Facilities

Bevier Hall

Child Development Labs

Family Resiliency Center

Bevier Hall

Bevier Hall is where HDFS students attend most of their classes and is where we held our lessons all throughout the week. We had guest speakers talk about HDFS careers and held various activities here.

Child Development Lab

This is a laboratory school where UIUC students are able to study children from different phases of life and conduct research.

The daycare also has children from many different backgrounds and ethnicities making it very diverse.

Family Resiliency Center

This center offers students opportunities to study/research real life families interacting through a simulated house. They also provide resources for families with adolescents/children with Autism at the Autism Program Resource Center.

HDFS’ Representation in Media 8

When

families face a crisis the members’ willingness and ability to communicate honestly, tolerate uncertainty, and respect one another’s differing needs both define and develop the family unit’s resilience during and after the crisis.

-Rivera Walter

Diversity & Inclusion

Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion (DEI)

⊹ The HDFS department believes that content taught should reflect the diversity of the world

⊹ Courses, material, students and teachers reflect this ⊹ DEI committee meets at least 6 times per year to discuss various issues relating inclusion of all groups/communities

Thank You for Viewing!

Natural Resources & Environmental Science

Team Leader: Pam Leiter

Cassandra Alvarez, Gabrielle Lambert, Harisan Schuerman, Katherine Linares, Luke Mancera, and Vanessa Perez

Mussels

● Malacology

● Collection (lots) Mollusk

○ 1918 (104 years)

○ Fresh Water

● Importance

○ Bottom/filter feeders

○ 1900s Buttons

● Habitat

○ Lakes & ponds

● Species types

○ Sheepnose, Monkeyface, etc.

Herbarium

● J.T. Burrill

● Plants

○ Fungi, Extinct, Algae, etc.

■ Every kind of algae

● Keeping them preserved

○ Freezing

Paleontology

● Amber is fossilized tree resin

○ Smaller insects get trapped in the resin and preserved

○ Amber is light-sensitive and will darken when exposed to UV light

● Fossils form from layers of

sedimentation pressing on the organism

Prairie Restoration Research

With Dr. Tony Yannarell

● Illinois has a dry enough climate for prairies

○ Fires occur frequently enough for them to exist

● Primary/Secondary succession

○ Ecosystem develops from bare or cleared plots of land

○ Order of Succession:

■ Moss, short grass, tall grass, shrubs, short trees, and tall trees

● Old field

○ A plot of land once used for farming but is now deserted

○ The plot is never touched by people

Prairie Restoration Research (pt.2)

● Prairies are more productive than forests

○ 80% of biomass in a prairie is underground

○ Only 50% of biomass in a forest is underground

○ When a plant dies, its nutrients go into the soil immediately in a prairie

● A soil core is an important tool for prairie restoration

○ Used to look at soil deep underground and get information

○ Soil cores can tell us the following:

■ Soil health

■ If the soil is good at draining

Freshwater Fish

● Experimental ponds

○ Controls the environment and their habitat

● Personality has a major impact on populations

○ Can be genetic

● Personalities can differ based on a fish’s metabolism

○ Higher metabolism can make fish more aggressive and bold

● Tagged to track movement

○ Movement patterns can give info on behavior

Woodlands Soil Research Project

With Dr. Kevin McSweeney

● Soil tells us a lot about the ecosystem

● Illinois is great for farming because of loess

○ Comes from glaciers

○ Deposited necessary nutrients

● Munsell Color System

○ Match wet soil to closest color

○ Darker soil = more biomass

● Reduced vs. Oxidized (Rusted) Iron

○ Reduced iron is grey

■ Occurs in less drained soil

○ Oxidized iron is orange/red

■ Occurs in more drained soil

Mosquito Entomology

Illinois Natural History Survey Lab

● Importance

○ Disease research

○ Part of the ecosystem

● Egg rafts in Weaver Park

○ Bins of stagnant water to attract mosquitos

○ Contains hundreds of eggs

● Detected pesticide resistance

○ Incapacitated within the hour

● Feeding the colonies

○ Needed the sensation of piercing flesh

Bat Research and Diet

With Dr. Joy O’Keefe

● 1,400+ bat species with 13 in Illinois

○ Diverse and vary in appearance

○ Gray Bat, Big Brown Bat, and Eastern Red Bat

● Importance

○ Insect population control

○ reduces defoliation

● Diets

○ 70% are insectivorous

○ Others rely on blood or fruit

● Bat catchers

○ harp traps and UV traps

○ used to collect fecal samples

● Wind turbines pose a threat to bat populations

Agronomy/SSF

● Hemp plants

With SSF Staff and Students (est. 2009)

○ Research projects, biofuel

● Sustainable plant beds

○ Flame weeding, cardboard, compost, and irrigation

● Compost pile instead of tilling

○ Roots grow deeper

● Hands-on field work

○ Eggplants, cucumbers, and onions

● Pollinator strip

○ Allows plants to be supported

● Agroforestry

○ Adding trees to agriculture

● Works with the Dining Halls and the Pilot Processing Plant at UIUC.

Takeaways

● Little things matter!

○ Frog, fishes, mosquitos, etc.

○ Plants

● We shouldn’t have bias

● Try new things

○ New experiences

○ Different perspective

Thank you for listening!

Plant Protection & Quarantine

By: Isabele

Schuerman, Zoe Crawford, Fabiola Ramirez, Ahania Soni, and Lesly Arroyo

What is Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ)?

Plant protection and quarantine is one of three subdivisions of the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine are the group that safeguard agriculture and natural ecosystems from the risks associated with the entry, establishment, or spread of animals, plant pests, noxious weeds, and pathogens.

When is it used?

A large part of PPQ is preventing establishment and entry of diseases and invasive species from entering the US. At land, sea, and air ports USDA officials inspect imported cargo of any kind for any biohazards. If any are present shipments are either treated or turned away.

When is it used? (Pests)

Another major piece of PPQ is preventing the spread of diseases and invasive species. In Illinois this takes place through the Spongy Moth trapping programs, which collect data on the spread of the invasive spongy moths (whose larvae feed on foliage and weaken trees). Another method of pest control is the relatively new program which introduced a destructive fungus into the population of japanese beetles (another foliage destroying pest) to stop their spread and hopefully reduce their numbers

The 4 Common Plant Pathogens

CRÉDITS:CemodèledeprésentationaétécrééparSlidesgo, comprenantdesicônesdeFlaticonetdesinfographiesetdes imagesdeFreepik

Fungus

● Fungi are decomposers which mean that they break down plant and animal debris.

● Fungus can also destroy crops, cause diseases in humans as well as ruining clothing and food with mildew and rot

● The majority of plant pathogens are fungi

● A variety of different fungi infect plants, some common examples are rust fungi, mildew and smuts

● Fundi spores fall on the leaves and stem of host plants in purser to spread.

Bacteria

The means by which plant pathogenic bacteria cause disease is as varied as the types of symptoms they cause which may include: galls and overgrowths, wilts, leaf spots, specks and blights, soft roots, as well as scabs and cankers.

There are some plant pathogenic bacteria that produce toxins or inject special proteins that lead to host cell death or produce enzymes that break down key structural components of plant cells and their walls.

Bacteria

Some bacteria serve as a first line of a plant's defense against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and other parasites.

For example:

● Pseudomonas species have been implicated as protective bacteria that suppress root-fungus disease.

Viruses

● The 5 most common plant viruses are Tomato spotted wilt virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Plum pox virus.

● The symptoms can be found on the leaves, fruit, the flower, and the shoots. There is mostly discoloration and distortion on all parts of the plant.

● According to RHS, “During the plant productions, viruses are mainly spread from plant-to-plant via vegetative propagation, although viruses are also frequently moved globally via seed.

Prevention

● Wash your hands

● Disinfect garden tools, pots, etc.

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Tobacco mosaic virus

Plum pox virus

Cauliflower mosaic virus

Cucumber mosaic virus

Nematodes

● Nematodes are a small worm-like insect that is extremely diverse in the types of environments that they inhabit. Nematodes have been able to adapt to all kinds of conditions and are found in every part of Earth’s lithosphere. Some nematodes are considered plant pests, but not all nematodes hurt plants.

● Nematodes that are plant-parasitic are considered eelworms. There are several different species of eelworms around the world. Plant-parasitic nematodes commonly feed on the roots of plants. This ends up damaging the roots system, which prohibits the roots from gaining water and nutrients. This also provides an opportunity for other plant pathogens to invade the roots and thus further weakening the plant.

Prevention

● Do not move plants or soil from infested areas

● Do not allow water from irrigation systems to touch unaffected plants

Golden Nematode

Pale Cyst Nematode

Common Plant-Parasitic Nematodes!

Microbes & Our Experiences

Ticks-Zoe Crawford

Ticks, also known as Ixodida, are parasitic arachnids. They can spread diseases to people and animals. Ticks can survive by sucking the blood out of an animal or a human. Ticks have been around for at least 100 million years. Ticks made it to the Cretaceous period. They live in grassy areas or they can be found in animals, but there are some great ways to avoid getting bitten by a tick. According to CDC, it says that you should treat clothing with 0.5% permethrin. When you are done being outside, check your clothes for ticks, check your pets, take a shower, and check your body for ticks.

My experience

My experience in the AgDiscovery program this year was better than doing it virtually. It was better for me to travel and have hands-on experiences than sitting in front of a computer for a couple of hours. I enjoy being around my peers, leaders, and the vets that were letting us gather information about what they do.

Zoe’s experience

● Clostridioides difficile, also known as C. diff, is a bacterium that causes an infection of the large intestine. It can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and many animal species, including pets, farm animals and wildlife.

● C. diff was first described as part of the intestinal bacterial composition in newborns in 1935. But, it was not until 1978, however, that it was discovered that C. diff was the organism responsible for the majority of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

● Symptoms can range from diarrhea to life-threatening damage to the colon.

● C. diff is spread by touching a contaminated surface.

● The C. diff germs turn into spores when they are outside the body. These spores are an inactive form of the germ and can survive on surfaces and in soil for months or even years because of a protective covering.

Experience ~Fabiola~

Ahania - Gangrene

● Gangrene is a condition that occurs when blood flow to a section of tissue is cut off causing the tissue to die.

● Often it occurs in the extremities (ie. Fingers, toes and limbs, but sometimes it can affect more central areas such as muscles and organs

● There are three types of gangrene, dry, wet and gas.

● Wet gangrene is caused by bacteria entering an open wound. Often the area swells, blisters, leaks fluid, and smells

● Dry gangrene is caused by blood flow is cut off to an area. The skin around it can dry up, shrink, and turn blaack

● Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection which affects muscle tissue deep within the body, the bacteria release toxins which kill tissue and release gas. Skin in the area can become pale and bubbly, or even turn grey or purple.

● In WWI, the relatively common disease trench foot, which occured when soldiers feet were continuously submerged in water, often led to gangrene.

Isabele - Mad Cow Disease

● Mad Cow Disease, otherwise known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, is a cow disease of the brain that causes sponge-like deterioration. This disease is incurable and will inevitably cause death because of memory loss. Common signs of this disease include memory loss, abnormal behavior, weight loss, trouble walking, and in pregnant cows, late-term abortion.

infected brain with spongy appearance

● Mad Cow Disease is extremely transmissible to both animals and humans and according to the FDA, 232 people worldwide, as of 2019, have died from the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (the human version of MCD) and are believed to have got it from consumption of contaminated meats or cow products.

● Cows can get MCD from the food that they consume. Commonly, cow parts that were not used for human consumption were ground up and put into the food of the cow. Mad Cow Disease and diseases like it are caused by cannibalism of one’s own species.

● Cows that have MCD and were put into animal feeds that would infect other animals, including sheep, deer, etc., ultimately giving them this disease through mutation. Since 1997, the FDA restricted parts of cows and other animals to be fed back to animals in their feed.

Isabele’s Experience

Lesly- Listeria microbe

● Listeria can enter your cells and grow there. The pathogen-induced phagocytosis, lysis of the phagocytic vacuole, migration in the cytoplasmic environment, and cell-to-cell spread mechanism are all parts of its intracellular life cycle.

● If you contract listeria your Mild flu- will start getting symptoms like fever, chills, muscle pains, diarrhea, and upset stomach can be brought on by listeriosis. Additionally, you can experience a headache, stiff neck, confusion, or loss of balance. Even two months after ingesting anything contaminated with Listeria, symptoms could still develop.

● On farms, the initial contamination of crops and soil by animals, birds, or manure applied to fertilize fields is a source of monocytogenes transmission.

Experience ~Lesly~

Sources

● https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/stories/benefits-fungi-environment-and-humans

● https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-an d-diseases/golden-nematode/nematodes

● https://www.britannica.com/animal/eelworm

● https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/nematode/intro/Pages/IntroNematodes.aspx#:~:text =Many%20plant%2Dparasitic%20nematodes%20feed,6%2C%207%2C%208).

● https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/all-about-bse-mad-cow-disease

● http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7489.html#:~:text=Prevent%20nematodes%20from%20 entering%20your,as%20this%20also%20spreads%20nematodes.

● https://www.rhs.org.uk/disease/plant-viruses

● https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-gen-6#:~:text=Plant%20pathogenic%20bacteria%20caus e%20many,and%20do%20not%20invade%20them.

● https://asm.org/Articles/2018/April/plants-and-the-bacteria-at-the-root-of-it-all#:~:text=Some%20 bacteria%20serve%20as%20a,that%20suppress%20root%2Dfungus%20disease.

● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/symptoms-causes/syc-20351691

Veterinary Services

By:Essence,Jo,Deja,&Salina

What is Veterinary Services?

Oversee:

● DivisionofAnimalandPlantHealthInspection Service(APHIS),whichisadivisionofthe UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture (USDA)

● Diseasesurveillance

● Emergencypreparednessandresponse

● Dedicatedtopreventingthespreadofdisease betweenhumans,animals,andanimal productstopromotesafetyandproductivity

● Keeping imported/exporteddomestic andwildanimalssafefromdisease

● Keepinganimalproductssafefrom disease

Exotic Animals

● Increasingnumbersofnon-domesticpets

● Zoonoticdiseasesassociatedwithexotics

● 2003Monkeypoxoutbreak

● DiseasePrevention

○ Quarantines

○ Euthanasia

○ Regulations

● Locations

○ Cost

Farm Animals

● Location ● Diseases ● Cost

Servicesprovidedtopeoplebyanimals,viseversa

Household/Companion Animals

● CommonVetServices

○ Urgent&convenientcare,medicalcareforpetslikedogsandcats w/non-life-threateningconditions, wellness/prevention,geriatric,dentistry,and surgicalservices.

■ Animals/petsgenerallyprovideservicesfortheirhumanssuchasstress relief,companionship,support,andreduceanxiety.

● ZoonoticDiseases

○ Hookworms,ringworms,roundworms,Salmonella,Psittacosis(parrotfever), LymeDisease,Brucellosis,Campylobacteriosis(veryrarelyspreadstohumans), Capnocytophaga,Rabies.

● AverageCostofOperationsinU.S.

○ Wellness&RoutineCare→$10-400,Dental→$55-240

○ Vaccines→$7-32,PreventativeMed→$42-127,Accident&Illness→$20-800+

○ DiagnosticTesting →$45-1,345,Cancer→$100-1,250

○ Other(A.I.&EndofLifeservices)→$155-200+

● ClinicLocations

○ UIUCMedicalDistrictVeterinaryClinic(2242W.HarrisonSt.Suite101,Chicago,IL 60612)

○ ArthurVeterinaryClinic(705SVineSt,Arthur,IL61911)

○ CompanionAnimalHospital(RiverNorth,WickerPark,OakPark,etc.)

Equine Diseases

AfricanHorsesickness

● Non-contagious

● Foreigndisease

● Vector-borneviraldisease

● Affectsallmembersofequine

ContagiousEquineMetritis

● Foreigndisease

● Venerealdisease

● Onlyaffectstheequinespecies

Eastern/Western/VenezuelaEquineEncephalitis

● Zoonotic

● Causedbyalphaviruses

● Affectshumanpublichealthconcern

EquineHerpesVirus

● Worldwidedisease

● Highlyinfectious

Treatments

● There'snospecifictreatmentforAfricanhorse Sicknessjustrestandsupportivecare.

ContagiousEquineMetritis(CEM)

1.Washexternalgenitaliainstallionsandmares withdisinfectantsoap.

2.Followedbyrinsingandapplyingatopical antibiotic.

Stepsarerepeatedforfivedays.

● Supportivecareistheonlytreatmentfor Eastern/Western/VenezuelaEquine Encephalitis.

● IVfluidtherapyandanti-inflammatoriescan treatEquineHerpesVirus.

MICROBES

Chagas “Trypanosoma Cruzi”

● Discoveredin1909byCarlosChagas

● Zoonoticdisease

● OriginatesfromMexico,Central,andSouthAmerica

● “Kissingbug”andTransmission

● Symptoms

The Flu

RoleInAgriculture: Manydomesticspeciescouldbecome infectedwithinfluenza.

Influenzainswine:

● ThemaininfluenzavirusesinU.S. pigsareH1N1,H1N2,andH3N2.

Influenzainpigscaninfecthumansand viceversa.

MicrobialHistory:

● Itspreadworldwideduring 1918-1919.

● Anestimateof500millionpeople becameinfectedwithinfluenza.

HowItSpreads:

● Persontoperson

● Thesedropletscanlandinthe nosesormouthsofpeople nearbyandbeinhaled.

HowItSurvives:

● Theflustaysinfectious formultiplehoursto days.

● Itstaysactivelongeron hardsurfaces.

Rabies

● Transmission

○ Salivaorbrain/nervoustissuefluid

○ Bites,scratches,othermethods

○ Mammals

■ Bats,raccoons,skunks,foxes,and mongooses(UnitedStates)

■ Dogs(foreigncountries)

● SpreadThroughouttheBody

○ CNSinfection

○ Establishinmusclecells

○ Transmissiontobrain

○ Braininflammation

○ Salivaryglands

● Symptoms

○ Samesymptomsinhumansandanimals

○ Flu-likeinearlystages

■ Weakness,discomfort,fever,andheadache

■ Pricklinganditchingsensation

Laterstagescerebraldysfunction

■ Anxiety,confusion,agitation,delirium, abnormalbehavior,hallucinations, hydrophobia,andinsomnia

■ Foamingatthemouth

● MicrobialHistory

○ Firststudiedin1804

○ LouisPasteurvaccine1885

○ 1960ʼsdomesticatedanimals

○ Presentwildlife

○ Declineinfatalities

■ Petvaccinations

■ Publichealthsurveillance/testing

■ Post-exposureprophylaxis(PEP)

● Treatment

○ Humans

■ PEPafterexposure

● RabiesvaccineandHuman RabiesImmuneGlobulin(HRIG)

● Rabiesvaccineondays3,7, and14

○ Animals

■ Revaccinated

■ Observedfor45days

● AgriculturalSignificance

○ Doesnotconstitutesignificanteconomiclosses

■ Exceptionofpastoralhouseholds

○ Primaryconcernistransmissiontohumans

Botulism (Clostridium Botulinum bacteria)

● Latinfor“sausagedisease”(1735,German food-poisoning)

● Growandproducetoxinsunderlow-oxygen conditions,sporesareheat-resistant,most toxicsubstanceknown(weaponized).

● Spreadthroughunder-prepared/processed foods.

● Foodborne,infant,wound,inhalation, waterborne,andbotoxbotulism.

● Mammals,fish,birds;dogs,cats,pigs.

● Antitoxin;keeputensilsandfood preparationareaclean,separaterawand cookedfoods,cookthoroughly,storefoods inidealtemperatures,usesafe/cleanwater.

Our Experience in Ag Discovery

Sources (Veterinary Services)

● https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5227a5.htm

● https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110438/

● https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/pet-travel/bring-pet-into-the-united-states

● https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-and-animal-product-import-infor mation/imports

● https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/agr/Animals/AnimalHealth/Pages/Animal-Import.aspx#h18

● https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/monkeypox

● https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/equine/cem/ contagious-equine-metritis

● https://www.ucdavis.edu/one-health/most-common-infectious-diseases-from-pets

● https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/index.html

● https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/one-health

● https://www.caninejournal.com/vet-visit-cost/

● CommonCowDiseasestoWatchOutFor(pasture.io)

● 7 Common Horse Diseases and How toTreatThem (morningchores.com)

Sources (Microbes)

● https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/body.html

● https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/

● https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/classical-rabies

● https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27435648/

● https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rabies-History.aspx

● Giantmicrobesfactcard

● https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/botulism?query= botulism#v1009868

● https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism

● https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/botulism.html#:~:text=Many%20species%20of%2 0mammals%20and,not%20been%20reported%20from%20cats.

● https://www.giantmicrobes.com/us/products/flu.html

● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/expert-answers/infectious-disease/faq-20057907

● https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/one-health

● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/expert-answers/infectious-disease/faq-20057907

The End :)

Wildlife Services

By:Kevin,Kayla,Gracie,and Amarillys

Wildlife services solve wildlife conflicts and help maintain safe relationships between wildlife and humans. Wildlife services provides research to issues like diseases, damages, rescues, and tracking.

A unique way animals are tracked

● Besides GPS and collars, the most useful tool wildlife biologists use to track wild animals paths, is actually Facebook!

● With the help of people at home who frequently use Facebook, they will usually post if they spot large carnivores like bears, wolves, or pumas near their homes. Those were the 3 animals that Dakota and Brad get the most reports on and watch the most.

● When enough sightings from communities and Facebook posts are seen and heard by the wildlife biologists, they can easily map out where these large carnivores have come from and where they’re heading. Plus downsides..

European Starling management

● European Starlings are an invasive species in the United States. They are known to cause problems to farmers by:

○ eating the food used to feed cattle-

○ contaminating water and machines-

○ and even damaging buildings and equipment-

● Management techniques:

● Noise makers

● Wire

● Netting

● Traps

2017AirAsia-Xflight

2009SikorskyUH-60

Financial Damage

Human Health

Animal Health

Why?

Habitat Management

Exclusion

Harassment

Capture Relocate

Lethal

Feral Swine (FS)

Feral Swine are caused by domestic pigs that either escaped, dumped, or intentionallyreleasedforhunting.

ProblemswithFS:

● Over1billionindamagesayear

● Nonaturalpredators

● Highreproductiverate

Feral Swine (cont.)

People have used many different non-lethal methods such as fencing, fertility control, repellents (food, water, sound), diversionary feeding, and transportation to maintain population. Currently 552 feral pigs contained. Checked for diseases and are either kept as pets, show animals or disposedofbyeuthanasia.

Feral swine can carry many diseases that can be harmful to people and animals.

Feral Swine (cont.)

DiseasesFScancarry:

Leptospirosis

Toxoplasmosis

Brucellosis

Tularemia

Trichinellosis

SwineInfluenza

Salmonella ● Hepatitis ●

PathogenicE.Coli

It is important for people to contain feral swine to ensure the health and safety of people and animals.

Identifying large carnivores

Identifying large carnivores is a big part of wildlife service, as it helps with the role they play in the ecosystem, and to track and identify what is killing what

Coyotes

Bears

FeralDogs

How to identify Types of killing

● Coyotes tend to try and cover up the animal with grass,or weeds that are around the area

● Bears rip the skin of their prey to shreds and then bury it to mask the smell for other predators

● Feral dogs -tend to rip up their prey and take it to a hidden place

Footprints and hair

Coyotes- Their paws are more difficult to identify because of the resemblance of a dogs.

Coyotes have sharp pointy nails as well as having a longer paw. Coyote prints often only show the claws on the middle two toes

Coyotes have thick light and dark fur

Bears-Bear prints are much larger and they have a rounder paw with long sharp claws

Bears have thick black and brown fur

Feral Dogs-dog tracks are rounder and show more nail marks than coyotes

Feral dogs have thick and thin fur of all colors

Anthrax

A spore forming bacterial disease that is extremely severe for livestock. It can even be transmitted to people by touch, inhalation, eating and drinking contaminated food and water, or being bitten by an infected insect. The spore forming bacteria is most commonly found in soil.

Anthrax (people):

● Loss of appetite

● Fever and symptoms

● Abdominal pain

● Severe diarrhea

Anthrax (Livestock):

● Stagger

● Difficulty breathing

● Tremble

● (Possible chance of fever followed by the symptoms along with depression, lacking awareness, seizures, and death.)

Staphylococcus aureus

Giardia

● A parasite usually caught from contaminated lakes, pools, rivers and food.

● Outdoor natural water sources, which are usually contaminated, are the most common way the infection is caught. Infection happens when the parasite is swallowed into our bodies and releases itself. It comes from, and affects our intestines when infected.

● Symptoms include:

○ Gas

○ Fatigue

○ Nausea

○ Stomach cramps

○ Bloating

○ Diarrhea

○ Weight loss

Leishmania

Leishmania is a parasite that is native to the Tropics and Southern Europe.

SYMPTOMS

● weight loss.

● weakness.

● fever that lasts for weeks or months.

● enlarged spleen.

● enlarged liver.

TREATMENTS

● Antibiotics

● Or you can leave it to heal on its own

Areas that are affected

Leishmaniasis usually is more common in rural than urban areas, Leishmania can often be brought up through sand,dirt and dust.

Sources

Amarillys-

● https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/index.html#:~:text= When%20anthrax%20spores%20get%20inside,or%20scr ape%20in%20the%20skin

● https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/anth rax/fact_sheet.htm#:~:text=Skin%20(cutaneous)%20%2D %20Most%20anthrax,the%20spores%20of%20the%20ba

cteria

● https://www.avma.org/anthrax-facts#:~:text=Cattle%2C% 20sheep%2C%20and%20goats%E2%80%94,bloated%2C %20and%20without%20rigor%20morti

● https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definitio n/english/anthrax#:~:text=anthrax-,noun,deathTopics%2

0Health%20problemsc2

● https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Nonlethal-methods

-to-manage-human-feral-hog-confl-icts_tbl1_256669104

● https://bugspray.com/feral-pigs.html#:~:text=BEST%20FE

RAL%20PIG%20REPELLENTS%20%5E&text=The%20optio

ns%20include%20bad%20tasting,them%20feel%20stress

ed%20and%20uncomfortable

Kayla

● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-condit ions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc -20372786

● https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Giardi a-sp-life-cycle-Giardia-cysts-shed-in-the-fece s-are-infectious-Infection-occurs_fig4_23408

7025

● The tag the plushie came with

Gracie

● Managing conflict between large carnivores and livestockPubMed (nih.gov)

● www.wildernesscollege.com/coyote-tracks.html

● Feral Dogs – Wildlife Damage Management (extension.or