GAZA REPORT November 2012
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Gaza Report November 2012
Gaza Report November 2012
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Introduction
T
he borders of the Gaza Strip were drawn by the United Nations with the 1949 Ceasefire Agreement that was signed after the 1948 ArabIsrael War. The region remained under the Egyptian control until the 1967 War when it came under direct Israeli occupation following border changes. As per the Oslo Accords signed in 1993, Israel agreed to an independent Palestinian state that also included Gaza at latest by 1999; however, it only withdrew from the territory it occupied in 2005, pursuing to shape the permanent status of the region unilaterally. Despite partial improvement of life after the withdrawal, illegal control of Israel over Gaza remained in place and Israel continued to
de facto keep the region under its control in almost every way. Today Gaza’s all border gates, except for Rafah, territorial waters and airspace are controlled by Israel. In 2007, Israel imposed embargo on Gaza after the people voted Hamas into power, banned the entry of humanitarian supplies into and their exit out of the region, struck public offices, hospitals, schools and houses arbitrarily, and is still carrying on this policy. This report not only lists major milestones in extent and consequences of the embargo on Gaza since 2007 but also provides impressions and findings of aid workers of IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation that are carrying regular relief efforts in the region and an IHH team that visited the region in 2012.
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Where is Gaza? Erez Crossing point Beit Lahiya Beit Hanoun
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Located in Western Palestine near the Egyptian border, Gaza has an area of 360 square-kilometers with a length of 41 km and a width of between 6 to 12 km. The region is controlled by the Palestinian National Authority. It has a population of 1,657,155 and about 1,105,000 Gaza residents live in eight refugee camps (Jabalia, Gaza, BeitLahia, BeitHanoun, Dir al-Balah, Khan Yunis, Rafah and AbasanKabir). Health, education and other humanitarian needs of these refugees are met by donations from the United Nations, international aid agencies and Muslim countries.
Az Zawayda Deyir al Balah
Al Qarara
PALESTINE
Ban-i Suheila Khan Yunis Abasan al Kabira Tal as-Sultan
Rafah
Rafah Crossing point
EGYPT
Sufa Crossing point Kerem Shalom Crossing point
The International Committee of the RedCross-ICRC described in a statement on 14 June 2010 the impact of the embargo on Gaza and its 1.5m inhabitants as “unbearable and devastating” and “collective punishment that clearly violates Israel’s obligations as per international humanitarian law”, pointing to the removal of the blockade as the only lasting solution to the crisis. UN Human Rights council Fact-finding Mission Report (Article38), 27 September 2010
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A people punished for their electoral preferences After Hamas garnered big gains in Gaza in the 2006 Palestinian elections and came to power in 2007, Israel, contradictory to rules of international law, started imposing political and economic restrictions to punish the Gaza people for their preference in the elections. Israel declared the Gaza Strip “enemy entity” and announced it would restrict goods entering and leaving Gaza to put pressure on Hamas under the pretext of “terror.” The illegal embargo that was imposed by Israel and its allies around the world turned Gaza into an open-air prison where problems in education, health, economy and security became widespread. In mid-2007, continuous Israeli operations in Gaza and internal provocations brought about a serious fighting between Hamas and Fatah, the two powerful political groups in Gaza. Over 200 Palestinians were killed in the clashes. Hamas, which is legally at power in Gaza as the winner of the elections, came under political and economic pressure of international community. The embargo shut border gates of Gaza to the world one by one. The people of Gaza were cut off from the rest of the world.
On 27 December 2008, Israel launched Cast Lead Operation and hit the Gaza people it had subjected to a deadly embargo for 22 days. In the operation Israeli military used white phosphorus, a weapon of mass destruction that is banned to be used on civilian population. In the air and land strikes that lasted until
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Gaza Report November 2012
17 January 2009 Israel massacred 1500 civilians, more than half of them children. The strikes wounded over 5000 people, destroyed more than 4000 buildings, damaged another 200,000 and left 50,000 inhabitants homeless. Hospitals, mosques, schools, factories, business centers an even UN offices were leveled. The Islamic University of Gaza, the only higher education institution in the region, was also hit. Twenty-nine ambulances and 122 health clinics were hit. Rescue and treatment efforts were impeded. About 280 schools were damaged; 9000 students who were affected in the strikes were evacuated; 164 students and 12 teachers were killed; 454 students and five teachers were wounded. Education halted and all schools were closed during the strikes. Furthermore, 1500 workshops/ factories, 31 security facilities and 20 mosques were destroyed. About 400,000 Gaza residents were cut off from clean drinking supply. Greenhouses, olive groves and croplands suffered huge damage. More than 60 percent of farmland in Northern Gaza was damaged extensively. The fact that Israel used disproportionate and systematic force, Dense Inert Metal Explosives and phosphorus, weapons of mass destruction that have not been restricted with a global convention yet, was established in the Goldstone Report by a UN Human Rights Council fact-finding mission.
In the Israeli attacks named Operation Pillar of Defense on the Gaza Strip between 14-21 November 2012, Israel killed Ahmed Jabari, leader of Hamas’s military wing Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, in a pinpoint strike on his car. Israel called up 75,000 reservists in preparation for a ground operation. In the Israeli attacks 162 Palestinians, including 26 children and 12 women, were killed and 1,200 were wounded. The strikes forced 10,000 inhabitants to leave their homes. In Gaza, where access to health services, housing, education, food and other basic services is restricted due to the Israeli embargo in place since 2007, hospitals are failing to provide quick medical treatment to the wounded in emergency cases.
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Embargo on Gaza Israel, which imposed a heavy embargo on Gaza when Hamas became the de facto ruler of the region in 2007, is controlling four out of the five border gates in Gaza. It sometimes keeps the crossings shut for weeks and even months and prevents basic necessities, medical materials and humanitarian supplies entering and leaving the territory.
Border crossings 1.
Rafah Gate: It is controlled by Egypt. Daily 300 Gaza residents are allowed to cross into Egypt though this gate. Entry of goods and people into Gaza, on the other hand, is problematic. Those lacking a Palestinian identification issued by the Ramallah administration are not allowed into Gaza. People who request permit to leave Gaza are made to wait for months, which sometimes results in deaths of patients in need of treatment and loss of employment for workers and dismissal of students.
2.
Erez Gate: The border gate that is the main crossing for Gaza residents who make a living by working in Israel has been closed to Palestinians since 2007.
3.
Karni Gate: The crossing was used for entry of commercial goods into Gaza. Frequently closed before 2007, the crossing was shut permanently when Hamas came to power in 2007.
4.
Sufa Gate: Used for entry of construction materials into Gaza, the crossing has been mostly closed since 2007.
5.
Kerem Shalom Gate: Used for entry of commercial goods and humanitarian supplies, the crossing has been mostly closed since 2007.
The mission draws attention to the illegality of subjecting civilians in occupied territories to collective punishment as per the Article 33 of the Geneva Convention: “No protected person may be punished for an offense he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited.” The mission is of the opinion that one of the reasons behind the blockade on Gaza is the punishment of the Gaza people for voting Hamas. Together with restrictions imposed on Gaza, Israel’s actions and policies undoubtedly amount to what is defined in international law as “collective penalty.” UN Human Rights Council Fact-finding Mission Report (Article 54), 27 September 2010
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Damage Gaza suffered under Embargo The embargo imposed on Gaza has deprived the local population of their economic, health, educational and many other rights. The use of disproportionate force by Israel has caused serious damage both to people and the environment. There are five border gates in Gaza such as Erez, Karni, Sufa, Kerem Shalom and Rafah. However, food items, fuel, medical supplies and other humanitarian materials have been prevented by Israel since 2007 from entering and leaving the region through these gates. Gaza residents are living in poverty and destitution and are trying to provide their basic necessities thought tunnels dug near Rafah border gate.
The mission’s description of the situation in Gaza as deplorable is shared by others. The situation in Gaza has been described as “unsustainable.” It is impossible in the 21st century to regard this situation as tolerable and acceptable. It is baffling for anyone to view living standards of the Gaza people as acceptable. UN Human Rights Council Fact-finding Mission Report (Article 275), 27 September 2010
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A. Economy ● Gaza, where people earn their income mostly from farming, small-size manufacturing and fishing, is failing even to reach the manufacturing rates of 15 years ago because of systematic policy of deliberate impoverishment. ● Many Gaza inhabitants are facing the hardship to find food or to earn the money to buy food. ● Israel has declared the waters three miles off the coast of Gaza and further as “forbidden zone” and thereby preventing Palestinians from using 85 % of their territorial waters. The families making a living from fishing are immensely affected by the naval blockade. ● About 95% industrial enterprises in Gaza have shut down, while the remaining 5% works with 20 to 50% capacity. ● Unemployment rate is over 45%. ● Gaza inhabitants are forced to live on less than two dollars a day. ● Since 180,000 civil servants, 210,000 workers and 80 % of free-lancers have lost employment since 2007, the purchasing power of people has plummeted and the prices of durable goods has surged due to restrictions on entry of such goods into the region. ● Israel laid off 21,000 Palestinians working in Israel in 2005 and caused an economic loss of over $1m. In addition, Israel sometimes keeps border gates shut for months. Gaza residents who daily cross into Israel for their jobs cannot work when gates are closed and families of these workers are put at the risk of hunger.
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B. Energy ● Since October 2007, strict restrictions have been imposed on fuel supply and delivery of electricity and fuel has been largely limited. ● In Gaza, which has only one power station that works with 30% capacity, daily power cuts of between eight and 12 hours are experienced. Hospitals, businesses and households are negatively affected by energy shortages. ● Public services such as power and water deliveries have to depend on UPS devices and generators; however, the lack of spare parts of these devices makes them unreliable.
C. Water ● In Gaza, where public services are disrupted because of the embargo, daily about 80 million liter sewer water is let flow into nature without being processed. Combined with growing number of health problems caused by pollution of sea water, the contamination of surface and underground waters by sewer has left only 5-10% of the water in the region potable. ● Around 26% of the population is suffering from waterborne diseases.
D. Health ● Power cuts, shortages of clean drinking water, lack of spare machinery parts and many other factors make it difficult it to keep medical equipment running and well-maintained. ● Patients needing emergency medical treatment are dying because they are not allowed to leave the region. Getting a permit to leave Gaza for medical treatment is tied to a long and tedious procedure. ● Restrictions on leaving the region have prevented medical staff from improving their vocational knowledge and training outside.
Gaza Report November 2012
● Power cuts are threatening the lives of patients in need of permanent treatment such as dialysis and cancer patients. ● Patients are at the risk of death since the entry of medicines and medical tools and equipment into the region is restricted. ● Strikes on Gaza not only cause material damage but also have a devastating impact on people’s psychology. Almost 90% of local children are suffering from post-trauma stress disorder.
E. Security and arbitrary actions ● Israel claims it is threatened by short-range missiles Hamas possess while it is in possession of nuclear arsenal and frequently strikes Gaza under this pretext. ● The Hamas government has been particularly avoiding since early 2006 provocative actions against Israel. However, Israel has continued bombardments and detentions. It has exploited the tension in the region as a tool to prove to the world its security concerns. ● Israeli troops are arbitrarily firing on civilians, causing deaths and injuries. ● Israel has arbitrarily detained and jailed more than 10,000 Palestinians in Gaza and West Bank.
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F. Strikes â—? Israeli artillery units fired over 6000 rounds of artillery into northern Gaza in a nine-month long operation in September 2005 and caused a lasting damage to the region, even killing children having a picnic on the beach. â—? The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs-OCHA stated that Israel expanded restrictions on Gaza fishermen ahead of the 2008 Cast Lead Operation. The Palestinian fishermen entering restricted area come under warning shots of Israeli Navy and in some cases are directly assaulted. Israeli troops confiscate fishing boats it seizes in raids. â—? Israel, which has committed since the day it occupied the region arbitrarily moving tanks on civilians, shooting at them, willfully injuring, damaging houses and farmland, massacred 1400 civilians in the Cast
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Lead Operation between 27 December 2008 and 17 January 2009. The number later rose to 1500 with deaths occurring from severe injuries. ● Between 28 September 2000 and January 2011, 5081 Palestinians lost their lives due to attacks by Jewish settlers, Israeli bombardments and restrictions on treatment of Palestinian patients.
G. Restrictions and attacks on humanitarian workers ● A land convoy named Viva Palestina was organized to deliver relief aid to Gaza in 2009. The convoy included 200 vehicles, medical supplies and humanitarian materials. After a long wait because of Egypt’s blocking, the convoy crossed into Gaza through Rafah border gate. The vehicles and humanitarian supplies in the convoy were donated to the Gaza people. ● On 31 May 2010, Israel attacked the Freedom Flotilla that was carrying humanitarian aid to Gaza through international waters and killed nine aid volunteers and wounded another 56. In a statement issued in the wake of the attack, the UN Security Council described the situation in Gaza as “unsustainable.”
H. Humanitarian situation ● The humanitarian crisis in Gaza that is caused by the embargo put in place in 2007 has reached worrying levels. International community and the UN Security Council have submitted their concerns in various reports to decision-making bodies and urged urgent action to resolve the problem. ● The embargo has caused widespread poverty among the Gaza population and the dependency on external aid has reached 80%. ● About 54% of Gaza inhabitants have no access to food, while 12% have difficulties in accessing food. ● The number of refugees in “extreme poverty” was 100,000 at the time the embargo was imposed, while this number has reached 300,000 as of today. ● In Gaza, 61% of the population is at the threat of hunger. ● Due to forced changes in eating habits, disorders tied to vitamin and minerals deficiency have been found particularly among children. ● Around 86,000 homes that were damaged in Israeli strikes have to be rebuilt. ● There are 25,000 orphan children in Gaza. ● Out of 1,657,155 Gaza inhabitants 1,105,000 are living in refugee camps.
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Suggestions for solution ● The embargo on Gaza should be lifted entirely to put an end to the ongoing humanitarian crisis. ● In this regard, we can list a number of suggestions that can be used to end the Gaza crisis: ● The embargo on Gaza should be lifted immediately and unconditionally. ● Food security of the local people should be ensured. ● Political and military restrictions on the delivery of assistance to the region and aid to Gaza should be increased systematically. ● Arbitrary obstacles to entry into and exit from Gaza should be removed. ● To put an end to Israeli attacks, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Arab League, the UN as well as all Muslim countries should take a decision to act together. ● To revive economy of Gaza, the people should
be offered employment opportunities and to this end Israeli obstacles should done away with. ● International guarantee should be put in place to let Palestinian products reach global markets and countries should urge quotas for the importation of Palestinian products. ● Investment in the energy sector of Palestine should be encouraged to lower its dependency on Israel and an international mechanism should be set up to protect investments and investors. ● Efforts to found an independent Palestinian state should be stepped up. ● Civil servants and workers in Gaza should be given their jobs back unless if Israel refuses to take action on this matter. Their payments should be made from an international fund to be set up until an independent Palestinian state is founded. ● A safe aid corridor should be opened to deliver humanitarian supplies to the region.
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Relief efforts of IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation in Gaza IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation has been closely following developments about the Palestinian question and offering support for a solution. IHH not only delivers humanitarian assistance to Palestinians in the occupied territories but also exerts utmost effort to advocate the rights of Palestinians in the field of human rights. It, furthermore, offers help to Palestinians refugees in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and elsewhere around the world. The following are some of the relief efforts carried out since 2009 in the Gaza Strip:
A. Cash-aid in-kind and periodic help ● In Gaza, 2533 orphans were cared for in 2009 as part of the “Sponsor Family System,” while the number reached 9731 as of March 2012. ● IHH has been performing sacrificial slaughters and distributing the meat to the needy in Gaza every Qurban season since the day it was established. ● Every year during the holy month Ramadan food packages and hot meals are distributed in Gaza. ● Every year needy students at state schools are provided with books, stationery sets and bags. And every semester aid supplies worth €30,000 are distributed. ● Orphans children are clothed every year and Qurban and Ramadan seasons. ● Cash assistance of €2000 were given to 1000 families whose homes were destroyed in Israeli strikes. ● Each of the 1300 martyr families were donated €1000 cash aid. ● For one year 1250 food packages, each worth €40, were distributed in Gaza. ● Psychological support and rehabilitation sessions were held at 70 state schools in cooperation with
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Gaza Education Ministry following the Cast Lead Operation. The cost of the program that included 20,000 students was €25,000. ● Search-recue works were carried out in Gaza’s alMugraga area after the 2010 flooding disaster and hot meals were provided to the families who could return to their homes for safety reasons and the affected people were also offered cash assistance. The total amount of the assistance realized at €55,000. ● Thirty couples were helped get married in Gaza in 2010. The total cost of the project was €30,000. ● In cooperation with Gaza Ministry of Health 600 people in different parts of Gaza were offered training in first aid for two months. The cost of the program was €20,000. ● A six-month psychological support and rehabilitation program was organized for 1200 students in three areas of Gaza. The program cost was €35,000. ● In BeitLahia, 100 families were provided mushrooms to grow and training on how to cultivate mushroom. The program cost was €13,000. ● Ten families were given three pairs of rabbits each, cages and six-month feed for the rabbits. The project cost €600 per family. ● A six-month training course on how to make bakery products was offered to 300 women. The participants contributed to their family income by selling the products they made during the training. The total cost of the training was €23,000. ● In May 2012 in Gaza, 8,800 families were provided 1,000 mattresses, 2,000 blankets, and 2,960 items of clothing. The project cost €85,600. ● In June 2012, the Municipality of Beit Hanoun was donated a waste collection vehicle and fuel supply. About 50,000 people are benefitting from the project. The total cost of the project was $165,000. ● In June 2012, nazhr animals were sacrificed in Gaza and the fresh meat was distributed to 1,050 inhabitants. The project cost €8,750. ● In September 2012, basic necessities were purchased for the Gaza Orphan Office, where 11,000 orphans are staying. The total cost of the project was €10,000. ● In November 2012, food packages were provided to 2,223 families in need. The project cost €80,000. ● Food aid was delivered to 2,000 families in the Gaza Strip. The cost of the project that started in November is €56,000. ● In November 2012, the Gaza Health Ministry was supplied with fuel to run its generators. The project cost $50,000.
Gaza Report November 2012
● Annual expenses of Rafah Women Training Center, which is training 360 Gaza women, were met. The total cost of the project was €18,200.
B. Works in education, health and housing fields Education ● Maintenance, renovation and furnishing jobs of Dar al-Erkam Turkey-Palestine Primary School, which has 750 students, were completed. The classrooms were equipped with LCD projectors and a 60-computer technology laboratory was set up. ● Education at the school where almost half of the students are children of the killed or jailed Palestinians is free. ● Sewing training courses were offered for women in Rafah, Khan Younis, Tel al-Islam, Naseer area and Jabalia. Every three months 200 people graduate from these courses. The courses have had 2400 students in the last three years. Annual expenses of one training course are €20,000. ● Three computer centers were set up in Rafah, Tel al-Islam and Jabalia for children of killed or jailed Palestinians. Children of poor families can also use
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the centers. The annual expenses of the centers are €60,000. ● Laboratory and computer buildings of the Islamic University of Gaza, which were destroyed in Israeli strikes, were rebuilt and the conference hall was repaired. The project cost €720,000. ● Gaza Technology University, which was damaged in the 2009 Furkan War, was repaired. The project cost €30,000. ● Computer, English, management and business administration classes are offered at Osmanlı Cultural Center inside IHH Office in Gaza. Each year 250 students graduate from these trainings. The project cost is €20,000. ● In Rafah, each year 240 children attend training on how to memorize the Quran. The project cost is €20,000. ● In June 2012, a year-long program was initiated to train women at Tel al-Hawa Women Training Center. The cost of the project is €20,000. ● Tel al-Hawa Computer and Cultural Center, which will serve 65 students, was opened in June 2012. One year cost of the project is €29,500.
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● Khan Younis Vocational Training Center, which will train 160 women, was inaugurated in June 2012. One year cost of the project is €20,000.
Health ● IHH, which has been providing since it was founded medications and medical materials to Palestinians in need, brought in the wake of the Furqan War, 59 wounded Palestinians who could not be treated at Gaza hospitals to Turkey for treatment. ● A lithotripter machine that was taken to RafahGaza with a land convoy in 2010 was set up at Jamiyat al-Islam Health Center. The project cost was approximately $60,000. ● The furnishing of a Maternity Hospital, which was constructed by BeitHanoun Municipality, was undertaken and the hospital was opened. The project cost €500,000. ● Ultrasound, endoscopy machine, various consumables as well as medicines were taken to al-Huda Health Clinic in Tel al-Islam with a land convoy in 2010. The other health centers in the region were also provided with various medical materials. ● In the Gaza Strip, 10,746 orphans are cared for in Sponsor Family System as of November 2012. The orphans are provided with educational assistance and health screening. One year cost of the project is €4,384,386.
Housing ● Three-storey buildings with six flat were constructed for six families whose houses at Gaza border area were destroyed in Israeli strikes. The project cost €130,000. ● Rebuilding is in progress for houses that were destroyed in the Furqan War in Karame, Huzaa (50 houses were leveled in Huzaa only) and Nuseirat areas. Three of the houses were completed and handed to families in November 2011. The total cost of the project is €160,000. ● In Karame, Huzaa and Nuseirat areas, houses of families in need were repaired and ten new houses were built for the families. The houses were named after the activists who were killed in the Israeli raid on the Freedom Flotilla while taking humanitarian aid to Gaza in 2010. The project cost is €75,000. ● Gaza Port, which has been heavily damaged in Israeli strikes, was repaired for the docking of ships in the Freedom Flotilla. Deepening, coast repair and roadbuilding jobs were completed in three months. The project cost was €100,000. ● A house that was destroyed in Israeli strikes on Jabalia was rebuilt and handed to the family in July 2012. The project cost €15,000.
● A rehabilitation center that includes a swimming pool and sports hall was built for the Municipality of Beit Hanoun to serve 50,000 inhabitants. The project cost €57,000. ● In November 2012, a water well named Balah was built in Deir al-Balah region to provide 65,000 people with clean water. The total cost of the project was €5,000. ● Medical equipment and materials were provided to hospitals in the Gaza Strip. The cost of the ongoing project that began in October 2012 is €115,000.
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Conclusion
Palestinians, who have been living under occupation since 1948, demand peace and quiet. However, living conditions of Palestinians who have been squeezed into the West Bank and Gaza Strip and whose right to life, work and free movement has been usurped became unbearable in the wake of the 2006 elections in Gaza. Israel declared Gaza as “enemy entity” in 2006 when Hamas came to power and started imposing an embargo on the region. It restricted goods and products entering and leaving Gaza and reduced fuel supplies. It set up checkpoints in different parts of Gaza to prevent Palestinians from leaving their own land. It put in place a policy that almost paralyzed movement of goods and people with checkpoints it set up at Erez, Karni, Sufa, and Kerem Shalom. Although governments around the world are overlooking the illegal embargo on Gaza with realpolitik concerns, a number of national and international civil society organizations brought the inhumane situation in Gaza to the attention of the world with humanitarian aid initiatives they organized. IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation, which has been exerting efforts since it was founded to help reinstate usurped Palestinian rights and delivering humanitarian relief to the region, took part in two massive organizations to end the embargo. It was
part of the Viva Palestina land convoy that crossed into Gaza with 200 vehicles through Rafah border crossing on the Egypt-Gaza border and donated the vehicles to the local people. IHH was also one of the biggest organizers of the international Gaza Freedom Flotilla in May 2010. The flotilla that set out to take relief aid to Gaza from sea came under the attack of Israeli armed forces on 31 May while sailing in international waters in the Mediterranean. The attack on the Freedom Flotilla that aimed to draw global attention to the embargo on Gaza killed nine aid volunteers and wounded 56. All the activists on the flotilla were detained and jailed. Uğur Süleyman Söylemez, one of the activists wounded in the attack, is still in coma. The Gaza embargo and rights violations against Palestinians moved upward on the global agenda following the attack on the flotilla and the illegality of the embargo was reiterated by governments and leading global civil society organizations. The embargo that has created numerous problems for Palestinians in Gaza in education, health, economic and security areas has turned the region into an open-air prison. The Gaza people who have been subjected to inhumane conditions caused by the embargo are still hoping for a helping hand to be extended to them.
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European Union Border Assistance Mission in Rafah, http://www.eubam-rafah.eu node/351; http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/2010/Illegal%20Closur.pdf
2.
ORSAM (Middle East Strategic Studies Center), Gaza Question: Israeli blockade, international law, Palmer Report and Turkey’s approach, Report no: 71, September 2011
3.
World Food ProgrammeReport, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/ resources/Full_Report_1389.pdf
4.
UN Human Rights Council fact-finding Mission Report, 27 September 2010, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middleeast/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/ population_settlements.stm
5.
http://hopeandplay.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76%3 Acampaign-to-wake-up-the-british-parliament&catid=15%3Aoccupiedpalestineterritories-fundraising-events&Itemid=51
6.
6. Al-Zaytouna Centre for Studies and Consultations, http://www.alzaytouna.net/ arabic/?c=1523&a=137069
7.
7. http://www.hukuk.gazi.edu.tr/editor/dergi/12_41.pdf