Adapting Architectural Heritage & Landscape. Analysis & intervention strategies for Jánovas, Huesca.

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE JÁNOVAS, HUESCA (SPAIN)

“Urban projects, collective spaces, local identities”

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE - KU LEUVEN

COLOFON This publication collects the results of the work developed with students in the Resarch Elective: “Urban Projects, Collective Spaces and Local Identities”, from the International Master of Architecture, during the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021.

Research elective assignment: “Adapting Architectural Heritage & Landscape”. http://www.collectivespaceskuleuven.be/ EDITORS Ignacio Galán Gisèle Gantois Yves Schoonjans AUTHORS Ivan Carzaniga, Thibault Feyaerts, Tereza Šírerová, Lisa Eisen, Zacharias Hatziloukas. © 2021 KU Leuven Faculty of Architecture, KU Leuven International Master of Architecture Campus Sint-Lucas, Ghent Year 2019-2020 www.arch.kuleuven.be www.internationalmasterofarchitecture.be All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, without permission in writing form from the editors.

Cover picture: Picture of the village of Jánovas, situated next to the river Ara. © Alamy

JÁNOVAS Adapting Architectural Heritage & Landscape

Urban Projects, Collective Spaces & Local Identities Research Elective Ignacio Gálán Gisèle Gantois Yves Schoonjans Faculty of Architecture KU Leuven 2020-2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Introducción Introduction

8 9

Context

10

Jánovas

12

Objectives

16

ANALYSIS & INTERVENTION STRATEGIES Mobility, services, community

23

Experiencing open spaces in small villages

51

Sustainable tourism

87

Collectivity and alternative economy

121

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies

153

Bibliography

176

5

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Ignacio Galàn

Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

Experiencing open spaces in small villages Thibault Feyaerts

Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

Collectivity and alternative economy Lisa Eisen

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

1 Introduction Ignacio Galán

7

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

INTRODUCCIÓN El pueblo de Jánovas, en la Ribera del río Ara, ha sido investigado por un grupo internacional de estudiantes de Arquitectura de la Universidad KU Leuven en Bélgica. A lo largo de un semestre, han analizado este lugar, con el objetivo de entender su transformación en las últimas décadas, sus actuales limitaciones y su enorme potencial. Al mismo tiempo, se han elaborado estrategias de manera conjunta, desde los diferentes temas de aproximación propuestos por los estudiantes, para el desarrollo de la zona. Estas estrategias deberán permitir la adaptación respetuosa de estos espacios, permitiendo mejorar la calidad de vida en este tipo de asentamientos, al mismo tiempo que ensalzar el valor del patrimonio cultural y natural que este lugar posee, como elemento central para potenciar estos territorios de montaña, combatiendo la despoblación.

El núcleo de Jánovas fue deshabitado hace algunas décadas, como consecuencia de su expropiación forzosa por parte del gobierno central, con el fin de desarrollar un gran embalse para producir el electricidad y regular el caudal del río Ara. Además del desalojo de varios núcleos, cuyos espacios quedaban directamente inundados por el nivel del nuevo pantano, muchos otros pequeños pueblos fueron afectados por otras intervenciones indirectas, como el cercano Valle de la Solana, cuyas laderas y bancales de cultivo fueron reforestadas. Esto generó una completa des-estructuración de la red territorial que unía estos núcleos, y que actualmente puede percibirse. Finalmente y tras décadas de estudios y juicios, se decidió que el embalse no se llevaría a cabo, aunque para ese momento, este proyecto ya había generado un gran impacto social negativo.

Tras varias décadas deshabitado, y debido también a ciertas actuaciones poco respetuosas llevadas a cabo por las autoridades en el momento de su desalojo, la estructura urbana del pueblo de Jánovas, mostraba un grave deterioro. Solo en los últimos años, los antiguos propietarios han comenzado a recuperar la propiedad de sus tierras e inmuebles, y algunos de ellos han iniciado un proceso de revitalización en ellos.

El gran valor que los espacios existentes del pueblo poseen, y la urgente necesidad de recuperarlos y transformarlos para poder ser reutilizados por sus antiguos propietarios, suponen una oportunidad única para replantear cómo vivir en un núcleo rural, adaptado a las condiciones de vida actuales. Este interesante proceso integra aquellos elementos espaciales existentes y muchos que todavía permanecen en la memoria de sus vecinos, con nuevas necesidades espaciales de los usuarios, que hacen necesaria una mediación entre el pasado y el futuro de Jánovas.

Para ello, diferentes cuestiones urgentes y que actualmente son objeto de debate en la planificación de territorios rurales, son planteadas e investigadas por los estudiantes: accesibilidad y movilidad; dotación de servicios básicos e infraestructuras; diseño y adaptación de espacios colectivos, tanto interiores como exteriores, en pequeños municipios; la integración sostenible de la actividad turística como soporte para las comunidades locales; la importancia de la puesta en valor de los recursos endógenos de calidad y de las economías circulares locales colectivas; la adaptación de las tipologías existentes a condiciones actuales; y en general, sobre el significado de la arquitectura vernácula hoy en día.

A través de estos temas, los estudiantes fueron capaces de identificar diferentes retos y oportunidades, en relación a los espacios existentes del núcleo, y sus características. A partir de ese momento, plantearon diferentes estrategias de intervención sobre los espacios vernáculos del pueblo, que pudieran hacer frente a estos problemas, haciendo uso de las cualidades analizadas.

Estas estrategias fueron desarrolladas y discutidas de manera conjunta, generando conexiones entre algunas de ellas, con las que estaban relacionadas, siendo conscientes de la importancia de trabajar a una mayor escala entre los diferentes núcleos. Esto permite generar vínculos y beneficiarse de las sinergias creadas por las diferentes actividades, aprovechando las cualidades específicas que los núcleos en su entorno territorial presentan.

Las conclusiones de este trabajo destacan la importante tarea desarrollada por las comunidades locales, involucradas en mantener la memoria y la actividad en estos lugares. Al mismo tiempo, se muestra la urgencia de proponer intervenciones de adaptación de estos espacios patrimoniales que sean sensibles con la identidad del lugar, habilitando la realización de nuevas actividades que faciliten su conservación y evolución, que permitan a generaciones futuras seguir conociendo y habitando estos paisajes con memoria.

8

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION The village of Jánovas, in the valley of Ara river, has been investigated by an international group of Architecture students, from KU Leuven University, in Belgium.

Throughout a semester, they have analysed this place, with the aim of understanding its transformation in the last decades, its current limitations, and its huge potential. At the same time, certain strategies have been collectively developed, from the different focus topics proposed by the students. These strategies must enable the respectful adaptation of the spaces, allowing the improvement of the welfare of inhabitants in this kind of settlements, while enhancing the value that cultural and natural heritage in this place has. Vernacular heritage becomes the central element to empower these mountain territories, contributing to fight depopulation.

Jánovas was depopulated some decades ago, due to its expropriation by the central government, with the aim of developing a big dam for electricity production and water storage through Ara river. Besides the forced eviction of several settlements, whose spaces would be directly flooded by the level of the new dam, many other small villages were also affected by other indirect interventions. It is the case of the nearby valley of La Solana, whose slopes and terraced fields were reforested, forcind their inhabitants to leave. These events generated the complete de-structuring of the territorial network which was formed by these settlements, and which nowadays still remain. Finally, after several years of trials and research, the authorities decided that the dam would not be built, although by then the project had already generated a deeply negative social impact.

After several decades being depopulated, and due also to some disrespectful interventions made by the authorities during the eviction of the neighbours, the urban structure of Jánovas was much deteriorated. Only in the last years, former owners have been able to recover the tenure of their lands and properties, and some of them have even started their recovery.

The big value which existing spaces have, and the urgent need of recovering and transforming them, in order to be able to reuse them by their former inhabitants, represents a unique opportunity to rethink how to live in a rural settlement nowadays, adapted to current life conditions. This interesting process integrates existing spatial elements but also some which still remain in the memories of the community, together with new spatial needs of the users, which make it necessary to mediate among the past and future of Jánovas.

For that purpose, different urgent matters, which are currently subject of debate in planning of rural territories, are proposed and investigated by the students: accessibility and mobility; provision of basic services and infrastructures; design and adaptation of collective outdoor and indoor spaces in small settlements; sustainable integration of tourism as supporting activity for local communities; the importance of enhancing endogenous resources and local circular economies; adaptation of existing typologies to current spatial conditions; and in general, about the significance of vernacular architecture nowadays.

Through these different topics, the students were able to identify several challenges and opportunities, in relation to the existing spaces of the village, and their characteristics. From that moment, they proposed different intervention strategies for the vernacular spaces of the settlement, in order to face those problems, taking advantage of the spatial qualities detected.

These strategies were developed and discussed collectively, making connections between each-other, being aware of the importance of working at a larger scale among the different settlements. This allows to generate links and take advantage of the synergies triggered by different activities, using the specific values which these settlements present in their territory.

The conclusions of this work highlight the important task developed by local communities, involved in maintaining activity and the memory of these places. At the same time, they unveil the urgency of proposing interventions to adapt those heritage spaces, being sensitive and respectful with local identity. For that, they must enable the realisation of new activities in these vernacular spaces, facilitating their maintenance and evolution, which would allow future generations to keep discovering and inhabiting these landscapes of memory.

9

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

CONTEXT “Depopulation of rural areas is an increasing and urgent phenomenon, affecting many European regions and becoming a major challenge” (ESPON Report in Shrinking Rural Regions, 2017) Many rural areas are currently suffering the effects of population decline. Local communities in these areas need to face the socio-economic challenges which are associated to this phenomenon: limited accessibility and access to services; population ageing; lack of economic activity, among others. These effects are often intensified in mountain territories, which due to harder climate conditions and limited accessibility, make life conditions more difficult for their inhabitants.

One of the direct visible consequences of the decrease of activity is the generation of redundant spaces which remain empty without function, not being able to be adapted. When this phenomenon reaches its limit implies the abandonment of entire villages and territories. In the region of Aragón, at Spanish Central Pyrenees, there are more than 300 documented cases of empty and ruined villages, most of which were depopulated between the decades of 1960 and 1970. In most of the cases, the economy of these settlements was based on subsistence agriculture, and they were located at very remote and inaccessible places, generating very hard life conditions for their inhabitants. The adaptation of these territories at that time implied a huge investment for the government, who instead promoted development policies in main industrial centres, pushing a big part of mountain communities to migrate to the main cities and developed areas. But there are many other cases in which the exodus of the inhabitants was provoked by man-made interventions in landscape, such as the flood of valleys for the creation of reservoirs, or the massive reforestation projects, for which the central government acquired and evicted large areas.

Parallel to these processes linked to industrialization and development of cities, which generated a big migrating movement towards them that is still ongoing, there has been an increasing interest from urban dwellers about rural areas through the growth of tourism. In many rural areas, such as the Pyrenees, it has become the main economic activity, replacing agriculture, and improving life standards of local communities. However, negative effects of tourism can also be already perceived at certain places. At the same time, the development of technology and improvement of infrastructures and mobility enables new ways of working which are creating new possibilities for local inhabitants.

The traditional cultural landscapes, which are the result of the interaction of human activities and nature in their adaptation process are in continuous evolution, and the characteristic local landscape, bounded to the traditional society which created it is rapidly transforming, as it also disappears. It is therefore assumed that this local cultural landscape, which is highly appreciated by visitors and local inhabitants will no longer exist.

Local communities feel closely attached to these places, and are aware of the value which these cultural landscapes have, both as a functional space, but also due to the interest of external visitors in them.

Many local groups get involved around their landscapes and material/immaterial heritage. However, these places need to adapt to spatial/functional conditions which can enhance life of local inhabitants.

It is therefore a delicate balance which must be investigated: identifying the local values while exploring strategies which enable their adaptation.

This transformation is an ongoing process and makes this issue a very actual and necessary debate, on how to face these challenges, and think the role of these territories towards the future.

10

INTRODUCTION

Territorial axonometry of Ara Valley and location of the village of Jánovas. © Galán I. 2021

11

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

1960s

1970s

2000s

Now

Pictures of historical evolution of the original settlement due to its depopulation and recent ongoing recovery. © Pictures obtained from Masterplan for Jánovas, by CeroUno Arquitectos; Drone image Galán I. 2021.

JÁNOVAS: “a village emptied by a dam which never existed”.

The case of Jánovas is a quite interesting, sad and surreal story, about a village which was formed by 42 houses and around 260 inhabitants. Together with other villages in the area (Lacort and Lavelilla), their owners were expropriated and forced to leave their homes during the decade of 1960 in order to build a big dam to regulate water for irrigation and produce electricity.

Consequently, the entire valley of La Solana, formed by 17 small villages was also depopulated due to the pressure of central government to buy large areas of land and reforest them. However, the project of the reservoir was finally never realised, and the former inhabitants obtained the right of recovering their properties they had been fighting for, almost six decades later.

The estate of preservation of the village was deeply ruinous, and the local community started to renovate their buildings only in 2019, under the regulation of a masterplan which was designed for that purpose recently. So far, only a few buildings have been finalised, but there are many of them which will start soon. It is an ongoing and fast process led by an organization formed by the former neighbours, who feel strongly attached to this place and many of them would like to live back in the village. However, they are aware of the need of adaptation and the implementation of certain spatial conditions which would facilitate their lives.

The village of Jánovas, despite its decaying estate and its regeneration process, can be seen as an opportunity to rethink how to live nowadays in a village at the Pyrenees, how to reformulate heritage spaces, and adapt them to current needs and challenges which local communities in mountain territories encounter. There is therefore a need for adaptation strategies, which could be sustainably implemented.

To find more information about the village:

12

https://janovas.org/

INTRODUCTION

Footprint of the floodable area of the projected reservoir and location of evicted villages over aerial images in 1956 and 2019. It would have covered three villages (Lacort, Lavelilla and Jánovas) as well as a large part of the farming land around them. © Source: Pictures obtained from Instituto Cartográfico Aragonés. Elaboration: Galán I. 2021

13

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Mosaic of images of different activities being developed by former inhabitants and their relatives among the ruins of Jánovas. © Various online sources: eldiario.es; radiohuesca.com; elpais.es .

14

(Right page) Drone image of the current state of the spaces of the village. © Galán I. 2021.

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

OBJECTIVES The aims of this research course are to gain knowledge on the capacity of adaptation of depopulated territories: •

To understand:

- How is this landscape transforming -spatially and functionally- due to the interactions between human interventions and nature? (Implemented infrastructures, increase/decrease of human activity, nature regeneration…).

- What role do different involved stakeholders in rural contexts play? (Local communities, visitors, tourists, investors, local authorities…).

•

To explore: - What qualities/opportunities/limitations does this territory offer?

- Which spatial conditions enable the adaptation improvement of life conditions in Jánovas?

•

- What intervention strategies could be applied to adapt outdated and depopulated spaces and reactivate the territory?

To obtain:

- Greater awareness of ongoing transformation of rural areas and adaptation of vernacular heritage.

- Insights on the strong relation between nature and the built environment in the landscape in rural contexts.

- New skills on working remotely at a distant location, finding data in alternative sources.

-Other mapping and research skills (GIS programs, mapping and analysis methods…).

Each student develops an individual approach to the site through different research topics. Through these different lenses, the student investigates the existing problems and opportunities by developing a spatial analysis of the remaining spaces of the village. For that, some basic social and spatial data is provided.

Through progressive group discussions and reviews, the student identifies the ongoing issues and develops possible intervention strategies to deal with them.

16

INTRODUCTION

Situation of Jánovas. © Source: Google Earth, 2019. Elaboration: Galan I, 2021.

Drone images. © Galan I, 2021.

17

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

PICTURES OF THE SETTLEMENT

18

INTRODUCTION

Pictures of different spaces of the village. © Galan I, 2021.

19

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

20

INTRODUCTION

Pictures of different spaces of the village. © Galan I, 2021.

21

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Ignacio Galàn

Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

Experiencing open spaces in small villages Thibault Feyaerts

Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

Collectivity and alternative economy Lisa Eisen

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

2 Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

23

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Rural villages, such as Janovas, are often not well connected to the cities and the basic services are not easily accessible. When too isolated, rural villages may be abandonned to migrate to a better serviced place, creating a loss of identity. Also, the remaining inhabitants may suffer from social isolation.

By implementing a new service system, Janovas could than be a new opportunity to revive the old village and to become a place of socialization, which can connect people to past, present and future.

24

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY ACCESSIBILITY & CONNECTION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

HEALTH

Regional train station (Sabinanigo) 38,9 Km

Hospital (Cruz roja in Jaca) 56,7 Km

EDUCATION Escuela de Education Infantil (Fiscal) 15,6 Km

38MIN

49MIN

35MIN

2H20MIN

3H15MIN

45MIN

11H37MIN

15H5MIN

2H26MIN

National train station (Huesca) 88,9 Km

Public health center (Fiscal) 11,6 Km

1H8MIN

35MIN

35MIN

5H14MIN

45MIN

39MIN

19H40MIN

2H25MIN

Airport (Huesca pirineos airport) 99,2 Km

Colegio Rural Agrupado Alto Ara (Fiscal) 16 Km

2H19MIN

General pratictioner (Sabinanigo) 37,9 Km

Colegio Publico Montaner (Aínsa-Sobrarbe) 16,1 Km

1H16MIN

35MIN

18MIN

5H43MIN

2H17MIN

47MIN

21H44MIN

11H26MIN

Bus station (Huesca) 88,9 Km

10H16MIN

Pharmacy (Fiscal) 11,1 Km

Instituto de Educación Secundaria IES (Aínsa-Sobrarbe) 15,9 Km

1H8MIN

36MIN

17MIN

5H14MIN

38MIN

47MIN

19H40MIN

2H19MIN

10H13MIN

Sabinanigo

Sabinanigo

Janovas

Sabinanigo

Fiscal

Janovas

Fiscal

Janovas Ainsa-Sobrarbe

Huesca

25

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE BASIC NEEDS

TOWNS

Supermarket (Boltana) 10,5 Km

Boltana

8,3 Km

14MIN

Fiscal

15,7 Km

33MIN

Aínsa-Sobrarbe

15,5 Km

9H10MIN

Sabinanigo

38,4 Km

Huesca

86,8 Km

Gasstation (Boltana) 10,3 Km 13MIN

Zaragoza

32MIN

Elderly people Access to basic needs within 15 km: only reachable by car. Hospital & general practitioner: far away and not easily accessible.

Families Access to basic needs within 15 km. Not good connection with bigger towns to provide services such as universities or job opportunities.

156 Km

Visitors Poor connection with bigger cities outside of the valley. Use of the car: mandatory.

9H7MIN Bank (Boltana) 8,7 Km

Conclusion Janovas could be a place where people of all ages can live and settle down. The implementation of services in the village is crucial especially for elderly people, to avoid the use of the car to move from one place to another. It can become a main hub of services to connect the town to the villages in the surroundings. Attracting a younger generation of people and offering the possibility to work from home could be a challenge but the implementation of new technologies can offer them a good environment to study and grow professionally. Regarding the visitors, Janovas provide an extraordinary opportunity to immerse themselves into the environment and the rich cultural/historical heritage.

11MIN 28MIN 8H48MIN City hall (Fiscal) 15,5 Km 35MIN 44MIN 2H29MIN

15 K

Fiscal

Sabinanigo

Fiscal

Boltana

Boltana

Janovas

Janovas Ainsa-Sobrarbe

26

Zaragoza

Fiscal

Boltana Janovas

Ainsa-Sobrarbe

Huesca

m Ra di u s

Ainsa-Sobrarbe

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY SMART VILLAGES

MULTI SERVICE HUB | DORPSPUNT | BEVEREN

Smart Villages are communities in rural areas that use innovative solutions to improve their resilience, building on local strengths and opportunities. They rely on a participatory approach to develop and implement their strategy to improve their economic, social and/or environmental conditions, in particular by mobilising solutions offered by digital technologies. Smart Villages benefit from cooperation and alliances with other communities and actors in rural and urban areas. The initiation and the implementation of Smart Village strategies may build on existing initiatives and can be funded by a variety of public and private sources.

The main idea was to establish a service centre providing social contact, and a venue for activities in the village of Beveren aan de Ijzer. This hub is located in a former restaurant building and now contains a small convenience store and catering service. The hub was developed in cooperation with the disability organisation De Lovie which saw an opportunity to expand its work among those with intellectual difficulties. In fact, many of the people with whom De Lovie works are finding meaningful employment at the hub. More than 20 people also volunteer at the hub.

European Network for Rural Development [Online]. Digital and social Innovation in rural services, 2018. https://endr.ec.europa.eu

Smart Village strategies respond to the challenges and needs of their territory by building on their local strengths and assets.

Strategies may aim, for example: to improve access to services (in various fields such as health, training or transport), to enhance business opportunities and create jobs, to the development of short food supply chains and farming practices, to the development of renewable energies, to development of a circular economy, to a better exploitation of natural resources, to adapt to climate change, to preserve the environment and biodiversity, to a better valorisation of the cultural heritage for a greater tourist attractiveness etc.

European Network for Rural Development [Online]. Digital and social Innovation in rural services, 2018. https://endr.ec.europa.eu

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE SERVICES

MOBILITY

SOCIAL

Conciërge

Safe bike storage

Exchange of supply and demand on mobility

Basic food

Kiss and ride

Community center /café used by clubs, groups

Open house of health services, community, social welfare, etc.

Busstop with frequent service to next hub of public transport

Free wifi

Info on mobility

Mail services

Internet acces to consult platform (including help) Charging station e-bike, air pump for bikes

28

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY CUSTOMER SEGMENTS SENIORS

YOUTH

VULNERABLE GROUPS

EARLY ADOPTERS

AVERAGE FAMILIES

VALUE PROPOSITION Basic needs covered : safety, mobility, security, social contact The security feeling of the village where everyone knows everyone and everyone helps everyone in case of an emergency To reduce the necessity of functional trips to the city centre and bring services back to the people A real “hub” where everyone feels at home; where bridges can be built between different “groups” of the village.

NETWORK

29

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE BEVEREN Beveren represents the idea of a Multiservice Hub applied on the small scale.

As we can see, the Dorpspunt is positioned on the main road to be easily accessible.

Other services are present within the village; some of which being located on inhabited dwellings.

Participation of single dwellers is thus reflected in the town structure.

30

Dorpspunt Habitation Services

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY JANOVAS The conformation of Janovas offers similar opportunities to the ones present in Beveren, in terms of service distribution and participation for instance.

The map shows the presence of existing buildings formerly used for service purposes in the past. The clearest example is the one of the school. The new materplan also shows the service buildings to be realised now. All these buildings can contribute to creating a rich network of services on the small scale.

Services Historical buildings New buildings

31

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE NETWORK The idea of the Multiservice Hub in Janovas can also be an opportunity for the surrounding villages, as it can provide for basic needs that are not easily reachable for them at the moment.

The services provided by the hub can also be implemented along with already existing services in the valley and can be expanded according to individual needs.

Asin de Broto

Cajol

Burgasè

Castellar

Gere Sasè

Arresa

Ginuabel Fiscal

Muro

Borrastre

San Martin de Solana Villamana

Santa Olaria de Ara San Juste Tricas

Linguerre de Ara

Lacort

Lavelilla

Albella

Janovas

Planillo

32

San Felices de Ara

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY SERVICES The services between Janovas and the valley can be divided into two categories: mobile services, and services taking place within specific premises.

Subcategories of services can be found according to this distinction; Both categories of services are necessary in order to implement a rich network.

BASIC NEEDS

CIVIL SERVICE

SCHOOL

EDUCATION

L O C A L PRODUCTS

MAINTENANCE

GROCERY

REPAIR

PREMISES FUNCTIUNAL TRIPS

MEDICINE

MAIL

GROCERY

MOBILE NURSES

OTHERS

INTERNET

DOCTOR

MEETING POINT

CAR SHARING

TRANSPORT SOCIALISATION HEALTH

33

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE LINKS Each category (Food, Health, Education, Civil Service, Socialisation) needs a different infrastructure to connect the premises to the different places within the network.

The implementation of such infrastructures implies only small, local initiatives supported by a physical space.

SERVICES

PLACES

INFRASTRUCTURE

PREMISES

HOME

34

FOOD

HEALTH

EDUCATION

CIVIL SERVICE

SOCIALISATION

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY STRATEGY The services provided by the Multiservice Hub (Food shop, Consulting room, Collective point, Bus stop and Meeting space) are connected with the surroundings through the Infrastructure (Mobile food track, Mobile clinic, Shared Bus, WIFI, Public Spaces).

The main objective is to bring the service network closer to the final consumer, avoiding long journeys to reach them.

-Local products can be distributed via a mobile truck throughout the valley, and they can also be sold in a permanent shop in Janovas.

-A mobile clinic can be used to reach the different villages, especially the ones that don’t have a good connection with the municipality. Doctor appointments can also take place in a dedicated room in the Multiservice Hub. -The school can be reached through the use of car-sharing or a shuttle bus. A safe place such as a covered bus stop can be placed in the village to wait for the transport to arrive.

-Civil services can be carried out through the implementation of an internet connection and the realisation of a collecting point to receive goods.

-Socialisation between people can be facilitated through the connection of public spaces.

A bar can also be used as a meeting place since it is already a common place to meet for the people in the area.

It is important to remember that all these services can be implemented through the active participation of the inhabitants.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION LOCAL PRODUCTION

The school is an important service in order to maintain the presence of families and younger generations in the valley. The distance and the organization of transport to reach the school are fundamental for optimal service.

MOBILE FOOD CART

SHARED TRANSPORT

Local products can be sold through mobile fruit carts placed in strategic locations.

In this way, they can be bought not only by local people but also by tourists and passers-by.

A shared van or car can be an option to provide this type of service in the best possible way. It can also be used to bring elderly people to the municipality. Schedules can be organised in a meeting place.

PERMANENT FOOD STAND

BUS STOP

Local products and basic food can be sold in a specific store, meaning the supply is guaranteed throughout the whole year.

It can be used as a safe place for kids or elderly people to wait before going to school or the municipality.

VALLEY

36

SCHOOL

The production of local products must be considered an integral part of the local economy and for this reason, it must play a primary role to guarantee the basic needs of the community.

POST OFFICE

Medical services can be guaranteed to all the villages in the valley, also to the ones situated in remote locations and far from the municipality, thanks to the implementation of a network of services.

Services such as the postal service are essential to fulfil bureaucratic responsibilities.

Implementing a delivery service can be a good start to fulfil these kinds of functions.

MOBILE CLINIC

FREE WIFI

The mobile clinic can be used weekly by nurses to provide basic care to the various villages in the valley.

Access to good internet can be used to reach the main online services. It can also be used to buy products that are not accessible in the local shop.

CONSULTING ROOM

COLLECTING POINT

A consulting room can be used weekly by a doctor to see patients. But it can be also used to host another kind of services/associations such as medical insurance, etc.

A place where parcels can be delivered and collected by people of the community can be an asset. This service can also offer help to elderly people to use the internet.

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION BAR

A bar is a place where people can meet and socialise. This cultural practise is already present in the area. That is the reason why it is important to implement this function along with the others to create a richer environment.

PUBLIC SPACES A rich implementation of public spaces can support all the activities described before and can also be fundamental to connect places of socialisation, such as meeting places.

MEETING SPACE This kind of places can be used to guarantee good cohesion between people, which is fundamental to the correct supply of the services mentioned before.

37

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE MULTISERVICE HUB I SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS

38

- Meeting space

- Transition space

- Extension to the public space

- Extension to the network

- Connection between public and semi/public spaces

- Connection with the surroundings

- Inner space

- Punctual space

- Extension to the meeting space

- Extension to the network

- Connection between functions

- Connection with the surroundings

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY MULTISERVICE HUB I USE & TEMPORALITY

39

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE MULTISERVICE HUB | TYPOLOGIES I SCHOOL The first typology I considered to realise the concept of the Multiservice Hub in Janovas is the school building. This building has already been renovated and is comprised of important functions that are available for the community.

On the ground floor, there is a meeting space with a bar and an event room that can be used as a space of socialisation. On the first floor, there are other common facilities, such as a space for cooking. The last two floors are reserved for guests.

40

Services existing Services proposal Multiservice Hub

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY MULTISERVICE HUB | TYPOLOGIES I SCHOOL PAST

GROUND FLOOR Before - Event space Now - Bar - Meeting place FIRST FLOOR Before - Class rooms Now - Common Area

PRESENT

SECOND FLOOR Before - Teacher home Now - Neighbours accomodation

ATTIC Before - Teacher home Now - Neighbours accomodation

41

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE MULTISERVICE HUB | TYPOLOGIES I HABITATION The second typology I considered to realise the concept of the Multiservice Hub is the habitations. Similarly to the case of Beveren, the participation of the villagers in the realisation of the Multiservice Hub concept is very important. That is why it is necessary to leave some free spaces for the use of the inhabitants to realise their aspirations. Considering that the functions present in the houses have nowadays changed, it is possible to introduce on the ground floor of the buildings other activities such as hairdressing, floristry, etc. This allows the inhabitants to carry out their own activities.

42

Services existing Services proposal Multiservice Hub

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY MULTISERVICE HUB | TYPOLOGIES I HABITATION PAST

GROUND FLOOR Before - Stable - Storage Now - Hairdresser, Barbershop, Flower shop, Bookstore, Massage therapist, etc.

FIRST FLOOR Before - Leaving rooms - Poultry PRESENT

Now - Habitation

ATTIC Before - Storage Now - Habitation

43

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE MULTISERVICE HUB | TYPOLOGIES I STABLE The third typology I considered to realise the concept of the Multiservice Hub is the stable.

The interesting thing about this typology is that it has some features which are very useful for the implementation of services such as collecting point, shop, etc. Normally the floors of the building do not have internal partitions and therefore are fully adaptable.

A ramp connects the street with the upper floor and it can be used to access the building easily, especially for the delivery of goods.

The presence of an internal courtyard can be used as a recreational space.

44

Services existing Services proposal Multiservice Hub

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY MULTISERVICE HUB | TYPOLOGIES I STABLE PAST

GROUND FLOOR Before - Stable - Orchard Now - Bar - Meeting place Characteristics - Entrance on the street; - Connected with an inner courtyard; - Open space.

PRESENT

FIRST FLOOR Before - Stable Now - Grocery store - Collecting point Characteristics - Open space; - Small openings; - Accessible with the use of a ramp connected to the street.

45

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE MULTISERVICE HUB Due to its morphology, this building, which was originally a stable, can accommodate different functions inside.

The first floor can be used to host the functions of Bar and meeting place. The second floor can be used to host the functions of the Shop and Collecting point. The plot on which the building stands is connected to the road and is adjacent to a parking area located exactly at one of the entrances to the village. The main idea is to be able to connect the building with the parking lot and also to give to this area another function, such as an events area. Through the connection of the inner courtyard with the Parking lot/events area, the building can start a new process of transformation meant to enrich the town of Janovas.

46

MOBILITY, SERVICES, COMMUNITY

47

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

CONCLUSION Through the proposal of a Multiservice Hub in the city of Janovas, it is possible to highlight the potential of the village as well as of the territory. In contrast to the case of Beveren, the use of local resources led the Multiservice Hub concept to take on a new form.

Functions that are normally carried out in a single building are in this case distributed within the village and possibly at the valley level. The main idea, however, remains present here : the creation of a network of services that can connect different places, thus reducing distances. It also provides an added value to the village, through an enhanced community based on the spirit of participation and sharing.

The aim of this project was therefore to present the territory, revitalising it and ensuring that Janovas has a glorious second life.

48

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Ignacio Galàn

Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

Experiencing open spaces in small villages Thibault Feyaerts

Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

Collectivity and alternative economy Lisa Eisen

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

3 Experiencing open spaces in small villages.

Thibault Feyaerts

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Richness of old small villages What makes the peculiarity and the richness of the old small villages is, in my opinion, the quality of open spaces. The experience that we get when we walk around the interior of thoses villages is often memorable.

52

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Janovas’s potential When I discovered Janovas, I directly saw a potential in terms of the layout of common spaces.

Credit: Ignacio Galan Fernandez

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

ORIGIN OF THE VILLAGE, XIII Originally, Janovas was organized along the cattle route (now San Roque) descending from Campodarbe up to the Fanlo mountains crossing the Ara Valley. Attached to this road were surely a few isolated houses for the shepherds. It was a linear organisation with less importance for common spaces.

54

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Evolution of the village, XVI Anround the 8th century, the village started to grow by cultivating the land and built his own place of worship (a church).

55

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Evolution of the village, XVI In addition to the church, another reference element came at that time. A plaza on the cattle route was created with the appearance of new buildings forming a protective shape.

There were about twenty houses at that time, which came with a gradual process of densification. It is important to underline that there wasn’t any premeditated and planned urban approach.

56

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Evolution of the village, XIX In the second half of the 19th century, Jánovas experienced remarkable growth and transformations. Many developments were taking place in the lower part, near the source and the river. Many houses were built on the axis of Calle San Sebstian, which was a natural exit to the orchard.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Evolution of the village, XX Towards the 20th century, several houses were added to the interior or to the corners of the blocks that were not yet occupied.

New facilities were emerging such as the flour mill producing electricity accompanied by a transformer.

And finally a last axis towards the agricultural zone was built. The road leading to the church continued its way to reach San Felices de Ara (when? right period, or already before?)

58

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES Existing situation

59

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

New Proposition With the construction of the new national road offering a better access to Janovas, the caracter of the village will completly change. Formerly marked by its main crossing axis, (and then by a complex network set up simultaneously with a gradual densification of habitat) the village of tomorrow will become an isolated place, at the end of the road, enhancing the relationship with the Ara.

60

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Masterplan In the various masterplans proposed for the reconstruction of Janovas, little attention is devoted to common areas but mainly to the renovation of buildings. So I chose to focus on this topic for this work.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

REFERENCE, Tourtour (France) Listed as one of the most beautiful villages in France, Tourtour is a village in the Haut Var en Provence whose current location dates back to the 12th century.

Its medieval architecture as well as its well-preserved alleys are the fruits of a rich experience when you visit or live there. Its distance from the main communication routes also gives it its charm for its calm. But Tourtour remains a village which has managed to preserve this balance between a rural way of life and a desire for openness and hospitality.

SIMILARITY: -Ancient stone village -Village still heavily inhabited (40% main residence, 50% secondary residence, especially outside the old village) -Size -Configuration (church in Height,sloping village) DIFFERENCE: -Tourism -Climat -Circulation

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

280m

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

At the top of a hill Tourtour is marked by its division worthy of medieval villages. The Saint Denis church overlooks the village, marked by a significant drop in height.

Its high position gives it magnificent views of the various valleys that surround it.

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Methodology It is crossed by a main road with a large square in the center. But it is also a network of small diverging roads and plots within the village that makes it rich.

To analyze this village, the method was to focus on 3 different experiences lived within the village, including the step of entering the village, moving around inside, as well as stopping, sit on the main square.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Entrances A low entrance and one at the top of the village mark the arrival in Tourtour.

They are very green and accentuate the transition between the outside and the inside of the village, creating a pleasant feeling of discovery. The upper entrance is marked by several pieces of furniture which offer plunging views over the village.

Entrance (low point)

Entrance (high point)

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Walk around In addition to having extremely well preserved its architectural heritage, Tourtour is also admirable for its redevelopment of roads. The diversity in its circulation network offers a rich experience for cars as well as for pedestrians through the village.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Materials There are mainly 3 different materials on the ground.

- Asphalt - Cobblestones - Asphalt and paving stones This diversity in the materials used for the street accentuates the feeling of transition between different areas of the village to offer a rich and varied experience while maintaining a certain unity.

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Materials This use of different materials on the ground also makes it possible to delimit different spaces within the same street.

In some places the asphalt does not go all the way to the edge of the houses, quieter areas are delimited by a change in texture.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Come to a halt The vegetation, the conservation of elements of the past, the small width of the streets, the feeling of being lost in various directions, the shaded corners creating intimate and resting areas, the eyebrow of the detail of the facades and ironwork are also all the assets of this small stone village.

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Main square When you arrive at the main square, moving elements such as plants box and fixed large trees define different spaces. Circulation in the center while more protected areas are delimited in direct connection with the facades of the square.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Plan One of the great assets of Tourtour is the extension of its central square between 2 houses to create a large pétanque track which also serves as a market and offers a friendly, fun and social place for the inhabitants and visitors of Tourtour.

“Annabelle et Bernard Buffet” square

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Petanque

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

JANOVAS Come in

Slowing down

P

P

74

Going around

For Janovas, the same method is used to define different improvements regarding open spaces. We will focus on experiences while coming in, resting on squares and going around in streets.

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Focus With a particular focus on the upper part of the village, which does not exist to this day. This is a part that has been added in the new masterplan.

75

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Entrance One of the first interventions would be to mark the entrance to the village by offering vantage points from a height overlooking the village.

76

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Views Simple benches well located could provide a view on the village and its context to understand and admire the surroundings.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Going around Another element which could also be inspired by Tourtour is the materialization of the soil of the roads to mark the transitions within the village. The main access roads, used mainly by cars, could be paved entirely asphalt.

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Secondary streets To mark the entrance and the interior roads an addition of paving stone could be added guiding the car and would also be used for water harvesting.

79

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Traditional streets Then, the more intimate and traditional streets would be entirely paved with cobblestones.

80

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Squares As well as squares and certain streetsides to create more protected areas.

The aim of this being to create a diversity of the network while keeping a unity in the materials. (next page)

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

82

EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

Come to a halt Since cars will have to circulate everywhere, this could also be used to indicate to motorists where to circulate in order to create more protected areas only by means of road markings.

83

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Vegetation An additional strategy for squares would be to use vegetation also to create more intimate areas in open spaces in addition to the aesthetic role.

Finally, these various interventions aim to strengthen the experience of open spaces with simple means (views, floor materials, vegetation). (next page)

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EXPERIENCING OPEN SPACES IN SMALL VILLAGES

85

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Ignacio Galàn

Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

Experiencing open spaces in small villages Thibault Feyaerts

Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

Collectivity and alternative economy Lisa Eisen

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

4 Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

87

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM FOR JÁNOVAS

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM?

METHODOLOGY

DEFINITIONS

1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Foster responsible tourist behaviour Foster types of non consumptive recreation Appreciates local cultures and supports its conservation Benefits locals Is an alternative to mass tourism Is not a mayor player in a local economy Reflects local conditions

Quality of tourist experience

Contribution for the local community

Environmental impact

88

Accomodation Activities

RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND CGALLENGES 1 2

How to avoid seasonality or deal with it?

How can locals benefit from tourism on more different levels?

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PROPOSED TYPES OF ACTIVITIES

In order to avoid seasonality in tourism, it is necessary to ensure a sufficiently diverse range of activities. Attract different groups of tourists in different seasons in the most balanced amount possible.

First, we define local benefits and attractions.

The proposed activities should not go against the spirit of sustainable tourism. The locals in particular should benefit. Negative effects on the environment must be avoided.

Local attractions in Jánovas: Natural heritage

Local identity

Cultural activities

Proposed activities: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hiking, cycling and other summer sport activities Winter hiking and other sport activities Mushroom picking Fishing Summer festivals “Learning from the village” educational or workshop programs regarding local identity (gastronomy, language, history) or alternative economic activities

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF ACCOMODATION

As for accommodation, for rural villages of the size Jánovas we are looking for alternatives to tourist accommodation in addition to hotels. So as to avoid mass tourism.

Within this work, 3 types of accommodation were proposed. The different nature should serve to attract different types of tourists looking for different activities.

Proposed types of accommodation 1

Local identity

Camping site & summer festivals

Cultural activities

1 2 3

Research questions and challenges 1 2

3

2

Guest houses Natural heritage

90

Cabins

Camping site Self-sustainable cabins and emergency shelters Guest houses

How do locals participate and benefit from each type?

How can the spaces serve to villagersout of the season?

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM natural surrounding

cabins and shelters

agricultural part

camping and festival area historic core

guest houses

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TOURISTS BASED ON TYPE OF ACCOMMODATION In order to prevent mass tourism, a balance must be maintained between the population and tourists.

In this respect, it seems a good solution to replace the classic hotel guest house, where the maximum number of tourists per building is the number of its inhabitants. residential plots 64 the expected number of inhabitants per unit 2-4 total population 128-256

guest houses

one double room per housing unit 64 tourists 128 Forest cabins are a minority in these calculations, it could be said that their purpose places them more in the category of activities. When as such they can become a tourist destination.

cabins

self-sufficient cabins 4-6 shelters 6-10 tourists 20-52 Camp and festival area becomes controlled mass and seasonal type of tourism. The frequency and the number of possible tourists can be regulated according to the needs of the villagers.

seasonal camps

tourists 250

maximum number of tourist at the peak of the season tourists 420

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CAMPING SITE & SUMMER FESTIVALS

1

Camp and festival area has a potential to seasonally increase income from tourist activities without a larger impact on the village structure. The frequency and the number of possible tourists can be regulated according to the needs of the villagers.

Dealing with seasonality: It is advisable to use the adjacent fields to set up the camp out of the agricultural season. At the festival, the facilities and accommodation capacity of the camp can be extended by mobile demountable structures, These can continue to be used at other festivals in networking with surrounding villages.

Benefits for locals: In addition to the economic benefits from renting agricultural land and facilities for touristic purposes, Summer festivals will provide the local community with a revival of everyday routines, an expansion of social contacts or a sense of pride and uniqueness.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

SPATIAL AND SERVICE NEEDS Camp is ideally located within walking distance of 500 m from the grocery store and restaurant.

separated parking area

number of cars 50 area (12,5 m2/car) 625 m2

tents area

tourists 250 tents 60 area (30 m2/tent) 1800 m

reception self-service kitchen 1 kitchen/100 guests

covered dining room min. 10m2/100 guests

covered common room min. 10 seats/100 guests

sanitary facilities for 100 guests:

6x WC, 8x wash-basin, 4x shower

tents for rent source: cestovni-ruch.cz/kategorizace/om735412.htm

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

camping area 2500 m2/ 250 tourists

festival area

hayloft units

typology 30 m2 6.5 m

13 m

95

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE REUSE OF HEYLOFTS AS A BACKGROUND FOR THE CAMP

Type 1 Simple light construction serving as an outdoor background for a camp, outdoor dining room, community kitchen, etc. Without the need for major construction interventions. Disassembly after the summer season is possible.

96

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM REUSE OF HEYLOFTS AS A BACKGROUND FOR THE CAMP

Type 2 Permanent structure. Major construction interventions required for the reconstruction of former haylofts.

Within the camp serves as a sanitary facility, kitchen, club room, or type of accommodation. In the low season it can be used for community activities of villagers, or for example a local school.

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

CAMPING SITE Case study Hello Wood Project Village Annual art camp & festival 2010 - 2019 Organizator: Hello Wood Kft Location: Csórompuszta, Hungary ´Small interventions with much larger impact´ Every year, students have one week to create wooden installations relating to various topics. Within the general theme architects has an oportunity to pitch what they feel are the most pressing issues facing our society and how architecture can solve these concerns. The outcome is every year several beautiful structures adding more and more originality to the site. With each passing year, the village has grown more complex. Outside the festival, the buildings serve for community activities of the locals.

The camp is held in an idyllic rural setting and a whole festival takes place in cooperation with the neighboring village. It allows creating a full calendar of social events connecting the community of builders and villagers.

98

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

99

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE CABINS

2

Forest cabins are offered as another alternative to the conventional type of tourist accommodation.

Furthermore, two different typologies are proposed. For experiential tourism, self-sustainable cabins can become the destination of a romantic weekend in solitude. On the other hand, simply furnished emergency shelters can serve as an attraction for hikers.

Dealing with seasonality: Cabins can become a tourist destination by themselves and thus not be subject of seasonality. If they still remain empty, they do not require regular maintenance or create a financial burden.

Benefits for locals: This type of accommodation pays off financially mainly due to the ease of initial investment and maintenance. Furthermore, it is not a type of accommodation in the immediate vicinity of the village, so it will not contribute to its overcrowding.

Local knowledge on building techniqures and local materials should be used and further developed based on the spatial needs.

100

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM SPATIAL AND SERVICE NEEDS cabins

shelters

location

walking distance max. 20 minutes from the village

min. 4 hours max. 1 day walking distance from the village, near hiking trails

view

main attractions

advantage, but it is not a priority

water

introduced into the cabin, heated by solar energy

not introduced, necessity of drinking water source near the cabin

electricity

solar energy

wc

part of a fully functional bathroom

dry toilet in the proximity

kitchen

fully equipped

not included

bad

double bed with bed linen

elevated wooden bench

fireplace

fireplace and barbecue included

simple fireplace for heating or cooking

lock

yes

opened for hikers in need of shelter

1

Self - sufficient cottages

2

Shelters

101

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE CABIN TYPOLOGY

Type 1 When building cabins, emphasis should be placed on the least possible interference with the landscape, construction on pollen is one of the possible solutions for difficult terrain.

102

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CABIN TYPOLOGY

Type 2 In densely wooded areas, the so-called treehouse is an ideal solution when hunting for views. It is also an advantageous type in places with impending floods or snowdrifts.

103

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE CABIN TYPOLOGY

Type 3 The ruins of the original buildings are an ideal basis for the construction of shelters. At the same time, they add a unique character.

104

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CABIN TYPOLOGY

Type 4 The lookout tower, inspired by hunting possessions, is especially suitable for low-lying areas, where it will provide at least partial views.

105

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE CABIN TYPOLOGY

Type 5 In places with an important natural character, it is advisable to use the simplest possible type of cabin, which does not disturb the surrounding character, it really only serves there for emergency sleeping.

106

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM HIKING TRAILS

Fiscal

Jánovas

Boltaña place of pilgrimage road marked cycling route marked hiking trail unmarked trail

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE HIKING TRAILS & WATER FLOWS

Fiscal

Jánovas

Boltaña place of pilgrimage road marked cycling route marked hiking trail unmarked trail watercourse intermittent or groundwater watercourse

108

POSSIBLE LOCATION OF CABINS BASED ON NATURAL CONDITIONS

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

EMERGENCY SHELTERS Case study Útulny (Cozy shelters) School project by students of Czech Technical University in Prague 2018 Location: Krkonoše, Czech Republic Six minimal tourist emergency cabins located in the Krkonoše National Park originated as a continuation of the collaboration with Krkonoše National Park and CTU in Prague.

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

111

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE GUESTHOUSES

3

Homestay or so-called Living With the Locals is a Community-Based type of tourism. If it is based on the right intentions, it can positively affect tourists and locals alike.

Dealing with seasonality: Out of the season the guest rooms can be used for the visits by relatives or for any hobies of the ovners,

Benefits for locals: This type of tourism provides not only financial income but also social activities for both parties involved.

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

113

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

GUIDELINES

Bedrooms Bathroom Workroom

1 2 3 4

One or exceptionally two guest rooms per house Comfortable but simple equipment of the rooms ( not a main attraction ) To be easily transformable for other activities such as hobbies Own hygienic facilities

Tree degrees of privacy

1

1 2 3

Host zone

Living room Outdoor areas Dining room Kitchen

Guest room Bathroom

3

114

Common zone

2

Tourist zone

Host zone Tourist zone Common zone

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM attic

GUEST HOUSES CONFIGURATIONS second floor

Type 1 The first type of inclusion of facilities for guests requires the slightest intervention in the current typology of housing. At the same time, tourists are in direct contact with the inhabitants of the house.

first floor

ground floor

courtyard

street

host zone common area tourist zone undefined

115

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE attic

GUEST HOUSES CONFIGURATIONS second floor

Type 2 The second type allows the extension of the enclosure by an attic, but here there is already a need for larger building interventions, such as raising the roof or creating window openings. This type allows at least partial separation of tourists from the host premises.

first floor

ground floor

host zone common area tourist zone undefined

116

courtyard

street

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM attic

GUEST HOUSES CONFIGURATIONS second floor

Type 3 The third type envisages the location of the guest room on the ground floor, so it is possible to completely separate the tourist zone and the host zone. For example, the dining room on the ground floor and the garden can serve as a common area.

first floor

ground floor

courtyard

street

host zone common area tourist zone undefined

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

CONCLUSION Sustainable tourism is a comprehensive topic, which can be approached from many different angles. It depends mainly on local conditions, which means that it is almost impossible to come up with a universal solution to this problem.

Thus, this research cannot be seen as an extensive and only solution. On the contrary, it offers a subjective view on the problem, an alternative to commonly known practices. In order to catalyze a discussion and further research about the topic.

Reflecting on the local conditions of Jánovas, several suggestions for alternative touristic activities and accommodations were made, to avoid consumptive recreations, benefit locals and support the local spirit.

The author highly recommends involving tourists already in the construction phase of the village. Working together creates a community and has the potential to benefit all parties involved.

118

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Ignacio Galàn

Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

Experiencing open spaces in small villages Thibault Feyaerts

Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

Collectivity and alternative economy Lisa Eisen

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

5 Collectivity & Alternative Economy Lisa Eisen

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

1

Kaneyama-type Houses

Mountain village in Japan, Fukushima region Alternative model than the western-style extrinsic economic development, leading to the deterioration of the global environment and the depletion of resources Endogenous development: local production for local consumption Common idea = preserving and nurturing of the beautiful townscape Part of the “Mountain Village Development Act”, 1965 Creation of a network between residents, carpenters, sawmills and forest owners Local residents providing the demand and the supply for the local economy (= self reliance)

“The Commons” Play an Important Role in the “Endogenous Development” of a Mountain Village (2010)

by Hironory Okuda, Makoto Inoue, Takaaki Komaki

122

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

Forest Owners

Carpenters

Residents

built

aid t-in ran

co

ture

re g

pre ser

ve &

nur

Kaneyama-type Houses

ula

ti o n s

Local Government

form

se sustainable u

g

= Kaneyama cedar

Local Techniques

on issi mm

Local Resources

order

the COMMONS = beautiful landscape

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE Natural Commons River Source

River

Fields (agriculture, livestock breeding) Mountains Forest/Trees

Fields and Forests

124

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY Cultural Commons Festivities Fiesta de San Fabian (20. January) Fiesta de San Miguez (29. October until 1. November) Spaces Church with Abbey and Cemetery School building (town dance hall) Public space (streets and squares) Blacksmith Old mill (grain, electricity and fulling) Laundry Table around the tree Rebuilt community building Shared oven for festivities Blacksmith Source

The Cultural commons and traditions that are not locally bound to a place kept the spirit of the community alive, when there was no access to the natural or spatial commons.

School

Oven

Church

125

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

2

Transition Town Totnes

Village in the South of the United Kingdom around 8000 inhabitants beautiful nature, tourist destination in summer known for its cultural activities, destination for artists Since 2006 part of the international Transition movement Starting with “Transition streets”, households of a street gathering regularly in order to save energy Project “Grown in Totnes”, 5 year project (funded) aiming to create local partnerships and a network, short supply chain and thus providing for food locally

Ron Hopkins Founder of the Transition movement; Author Started as a professor of Permaculture teaching in Kinsale Exercise: How could a city become completely independent from fossile energy until 2021?

“Kinsale Energy Descent Action Plan” Transition movement has the common aim of becoming independent from fossile energy International movement with a big variety of projects local answers for global problems sustainable, regenerative economy

126

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

bakery

mill

bread

cafe

flour

Cooperative of Mills shop grain

- Project “Grown in Totnes” funded for 5 years - Now, taken over by a newly founded cooperative of local companies - Shorter supply chains and local supply reliability - Cooperation also on a human level: the farmer, miller and baker decided on a special type of grain that is well adapted to the local conditions and resilient

brewery

beer

pub

- March 2018: Grain shortage because of a lot of rain in the UK Why grains?

- high in nutrients

- better CO2 values, compared to animal produce

- can be preserved and stored easily

Lucy Siegle, Totnes: Britain’s town of the future (2011) <https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/06/totnes-transition-townsethical-living> [accessed 23 April 2021].

Florian Zimmer-Amrhein, Wo die Zukunft wohnt: Transition Town Totnes (2021) <https://werde-magazin.de/blog/2019/07/30/transition-towntotnes/> [accessed 23 April 2021].

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ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

mill

grain

bakery

flour

baked goods

snack

high quality special types

bread cakes cookies

sandwiches side dish

network

market

online

shop locals

schools public institutions other villages

128

bistro

tourists

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

Totnes, Knited Kingdom 1 : 5000

129

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Kaneyama, Japan 1 : 5000

130

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

Jánovas, Spain 1 : 5000

131

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

The Network

Fiscal

In comparison with the different reference projects, Jánovas is very small with way less inhabitants. On its own, it cannot provide for the demand and supply as it is done in Kaneyama, neither does it have the reach of a city like Totnes to establish a cooperative.

San Martin de Solana

Arresa

Instead, its location at the intersection of two old main roads and quite central in the valley is perfect to establish a larger network. This network connects the villages along the river Ara between Fiscal and Boltana, including even small mountain villages further away. Thus, providing the collective with the necessary land for cultivation, people engaged in the alternative economy model as well as a larger network of customers.

Villamana

Santa Olaria de Ara

San Juste

Lacort Ligüerre de Ara

Lavelilla

Albella

Additionally, the economic network of the cooperative could serve for mobility and services purposes. Along the regular routes connecting different producers and sellers, a public mobility network could grow for the inhabitants as well as bringing different services to the villages such as vendors, doctors, etc.

Janovas

Silbes Alto

Boltana

1 km

132

The following graphics show the gradual development and growth of the network. Starting in Jánovas and expanding first along the river connecting the bigger cities of Fiscal and Boltana and finally including the smaller mountain villages. Such a network relies not only on economic benefits but also on trust, a sense of community and cooperation. Mutual support and trust will be essential to its success.

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY Asin de Broto

Cajol Burgasè Castellar

Gere

Sasè

San Martin de Solana

Fiscal Arresa

Villamana

Ginuabel Muro

Borrastre

Santa Olaria de Ara

San Juste

Tricas

Lavelilla Ligüerre de Ara

Lacort Albella

Janovas Planillo

San Felices de Ára

Silbes Alto

Boltana

1 km

133

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Local Produce 1. Quesos Bal de Broto (cheese factory) Raw cow’s milk cheese entirely handmade following the old production system of the Pyrenees in the Valley of Broto. The building was an abandoned tile - factory that three friends from Zaragoza repurposed into a cheese factory. The milk comes from the area of Sobrarbe and Jacetania and they sell their cheese in a small store with other local produce as well as online.

2. Cerveza Rondadora (beer brewery) The brewery is run by 6 young people in the region of Sobrarbe.

The factory can be visited and they sell the beer online and in local pubs, bars and restaurants. Besides, they organize a festival in the beginning of June.

3. La Marmita Marmeladas (jams and marmalade) The fruits are collected in the nature, grown in her garden or from the local farmers market. Angelines Briceño cooks them into jams and marmalade following the tradition of grandmothers in the region.

4. Burgasé (self-sustained community) A small re-inhabited village in the Aragon Pyrenees surrounded by a rich nature. The´ community lives with the intention to obtain selfsustainablity for life basics (water, food, shelter, comfort) using lowtech, lasting solutions.

“To launch projects like this it is essential to create synergies with the farmers of the area and also with other food artisans, because together we can achieve more things, “ [Emilio, Quesos Bal de Broto]

134

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY Quesos Bal de Broto Asin de Broto Self sustained Community Burgasè

Janovas

Cerveza Rondadora

Marmeladas La Marmita

1 km

135

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

La Marmita Jam

Burgasé Farmers

kno

ser

vic e wle s dg e

Rondadora Beer

Bal de Broto Cheese Grain-farming Meeting point, C afé

od Shop for local pr

uce

ake and C d a e r B ops rksh o W

Bakery

Mill

(revived)

J a n ov a s 136

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY 1. phase

2. phase

Cooperative

Connecting

group of people in Janovas, interested in agriculture

external experts

founding of the COOPERATIVE

research of the topic

Farming

reclaiming the fields in the valley

testing/experimentation with different grains

The Mill

regional experts (network)

finding a miller (+family) who wants to restore and work at the mill

Bakery

getting in contact with the farmers of the region

3. phase

Knowledge

finding someone interested in running the bakery

Implementation

creation of a business plan (7 years funding)

start of plantation

harvesting

construction of a street to reach the mill

renovation of the building “mill stay”

symbolic rent to the miller cooperative remains vthe official owner

start of milling

development and testing of recipes

construction of the new building

pre-opening of the bakery

grand-opening of the bakery

moving the multi-service hub in the new building

development of a mobility-network

Service Hub

at the community house

Locating services in the area; development of cooperations

establishing a multi-service hub

137

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Lavelilla Lacort Albella

Janovas

1 km

138

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY Quesos Bal de Broto Asin de Broto Self sustained Community Burgasè

Lavelilla Lacort Albella

Janovas

Cerveza Rondadora

Marmeladas La Marmita

1 km

139

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE Quesos Bal de Broto Asin de Broto Self sustained Community Burgasè

Gere

Sasè

Ginuabel Muro

Tricas

Lavelilla Lacort Albella

Janovas

Cerveza Rondadora

Planillo

Boltana Marmeladas La Marmita

1 km

140

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY Quesos Bal de Broto Asin de Broto Self sustained Community Burgasè

Gere

Sasè

Fiscal Arresa

Ginuabel Muro

Borrastre

Santa Olaria de Ara

San Juste

Tricas

Lavelilla

Ligüerre de Ara

Lacort Albella

Janovas

Cerveza Rondadora

Planillo

Boltana Marmeladas La Marmita

1 km

141

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE Quesos Bal de Broto Asin de Broto Cajol

Self sustained Community Burgasè Castellar

Gere

Sasè

San Martin de Solana

Fiscal Arresa

Villamana

Ginuabel Muro

Borrastre

Santa Olaria de Ara

San Juste

Tricas

Lavelilla

Ligüerre de Ara

Lacort Albella

Janovas Planillo

Cerveza Rondadora

San Felices de Ára

Silbes Alto

Boltana

Marmeladas La Marmita

1 km

142

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

143

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

144

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

145

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

146

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

Bakery and Market As illustrated in the previous maps, the cooperative spreads across the valley. But it impacts the village at a smaller scale as well, mainly regarding the public and collective spaces.

Market (summer)

At the northern edge of Janovas, close to the main road regulat markets could take place bringing local producers to the village to sell and buy food and other goods as well as becoming a regular event for locals and visitors.

Therefore, the location close to the road and the empty fields close to the riverbank provide sufficient space for expansion and parking.

At the southern end, a new building which is part of the Masterplan could become the bakery and cafe. Creating a typology combining housing, with production and commerce. With the cafe spreading onto the square in front, it creates a new vibrant public space for the inhabitants of the village to meet, share and enjoy.

Bakery Cafe

147

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

148

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

The old Mill 1. Wall facing east 2. North west wall with power-station 3. Bolting machine with two stone pairs 4. Corn sifter cleaner

- Mill for wheat with two stone couples, one for flour for bread and the other grinding meal for fodder - Important supplier of electricity (electric welding installation for the blacksmith) - The walls show consecutive building stages (Attic, West part) - Small oven next to the building - The water is fed directly from the canal to the turbine with a typical long supply channel (1,5km) - The water gets channelled by a small wall along the river Ara. A huge tube gets the water down to the turbine.

- Through a drain the water finally joint the outflow of the carcavos.

Bernardo Molinero, Mills in Alto Aragón (2007) <https://www.elve.net/mol/ janovasi.htm> [accessed 30 April 2021].

149

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE “Going to the mill meant an early rise. It was very important to be there as one of the first. We left our home with our heavily loaded horses and with the stars still in the sky. Sometimes the full moon provided enough light to negociate the tortuous and stony tracks. For dark nights we had lanterns (and the beauty of the morning star).

It happened that someone arrived at the mill before sunrise - or even before day-break, after an hour long nightly walk - and had to wait until the miller got out of his bed. In the meantime more people arrived and a queue was formed.

Attic

You never knew if you would be alone waiting at the mill or one of the many. That depended on luck and the necessities of people in the different villages. Such things could not be planned. The mill was the perfect spot for a casual encounter where you never knew who you would meet. “ [Luis Buisán Villacampa, translated from Spanish]

Living space

Attic

Living space

Generator room electric welding installation

Mill

Grain mill Oven

M 1 : 200

150

COLLECTIVITY & ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY

The new Mill With the construction of a new road connecting the mill to the local road network, it can be restored and transformed again into a functioning modern mill.

Similarly to the bakery, the building will unite production with housing as it has been used for decades before. The ground-floor remains the main space for the milling due to the inlet of water from the river and the easy access. The generator room could be transformed into a small shop for visitors with a small terrace opening towards the adjacent oven.

The first floor will be transformed into the living space for the millers family with a entrance separates from the milling on the ground floor. Finally, the attic can be either used as extra living space for the family or as an accommodation for tourists following the concept of ‘home-stays’.

151

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Ignacio Galàn

Mobility, Services, Community Ivan Carzaniga

Experiencing open spaces in small villages Thibault Feyaerts

Sustainable tourism Tereza Šírerová

Collectivity and alternative economy Lisa Eisen

Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

6 Adaptive reuse of traditional typologies Zach Hatziloukas

153

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

0m

50m

100m

ns based y:

of

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Two dominant districts in the village 1 Historic core, characterized by density, narrow streets & tall buildings 2 Agricultural district, dominated by haylofts that are sparsely built

Common type of building blocks in the core Enclosed, usually large block with attached houses sharing party walls

agricultural area

historic core

155

TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES1 1. isolated house - yellow large house forming often an entire block related to a vegetable patch e.g. casa Ramón 2. row house - magenta built façade on the street & vegetable patch at the back of the plot e.g. casa Marité 3. corner house - light magenta house without vegetable patch - probably to complete existing plots e.g. casa Catalina 4. house without street façade - purple access through another property (covered passage) e.g. casa Culler 5. independent house in the outskirts of the plot - dark purple beneficial houses looking for a good orientation e.g. casa Antonia 6. stable, herb storage etc. - dark green small constructions claiming normally non-residential spaces e.g. yerbero de Manuel 7. hayloft - green isolated two-storey buildings, considerably large & accessible to both floors

ΑΑAccording to Plan especial de rehabilitación de Jánovas issued by Ayuntamiento de Fiscal (December 2010) 1

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS Definition Adaptive reuse architecture breathes new life into structures by converting them into something useful for the surrounding area. Benefits: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Maintains cultural heritage Enhances community’s local identity Reactivates deserted space Slows down the urban sprawl Reduces the consumption of construction materials Lowers construction costs Reuses existing infrastructure that benefits the environment Forgoes demolition expenses Speeds up construction

building conservation

+

success of new use

+

developing local community

__

successful heritage adaptation project

Main issues in Jánovas case 1 2 3

Huge amount of space explicitly associated with outdated lifestyle (agricultural activities, animals keeping, extended families under same roof) Accessibility difficulties due to the village’s deteriorated road system Uncertainty regarding the newly-created community’s commitment

157

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

OLD BUILDINGS / NEW FORMS Types of adaptive reuse2 1 Encapsulating an older structure for protecting the original materials and forms. This strategy keeps the original volumes, but the old façade cannot be seen from the outer view.

2 Weaving the addition and the original building. Here, architects should decide whether or not leave the old structures intact or to eliminate it in the design phase. This method is common in reconstruction of ruins from war or natural disasters. The old elements or original façades are reused, and new additions resemble the old materials, façade composition, or proportions. It is not a method to restore the old building entirely; the new and the old parts are distinct.

1 Wraps

2 Weavings

3 Juxtapositions

4 Parasites

5 Insertion

3 Adding out adjacently to the old building. No blurring of boundaries, no transfer of architectural elements, and the new and old façade are separated visually by distinct styles, different materials, colors, textures. Each form and volume are both valuable in their context.

4 Comprising the original building and new additions, which are clearly legible. The original building keeps its form and material, while the new part is added on to the old structure, representing new forms and aesthetic. The new building after adaptation becomes meaningful and adds interest through spatial layering.

5 Using existing old structure to protect original buildings while inserting new spaces into the older volume. Maintaining the old building façade as a skin to preserve memories, emotion and existing atmosphere of historic districts. diagrams by Françoise Bollack in Old buildings, New Forms; New Directions in Architectural Transformations (2013) 2

158

Opportunities in Jánovas 1 A unique chance for an integrated intervention 2 Reflection over what is needed or valuable to keep and what is useless and can be eliminated 3 Flexibility concerning the new functions in the village’s fabric, νοτnot only due to the abundance of vacant space, but also due to the elements collapsed

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

OLD BUILDINGS / NEW FORMS Types of adaptive reuse2

Which type for Jánovas?

1 Encapsulating an older structure for protecting the original materials and forms. This strategy keeps the original volumes, but the old façade cannot be seen from the outer view. important to keep stone façade visible

In an abandoned village in reviving process like Jánovas it´s crucial to keep visible the preserved stone façades to maintain the collective memory and identity and that´s why the first type is discarded. The abundance of vacant buildings throughout the village demands minor or even zero additions to the existing structures, and consequently the third type is discarded as well.

2 Weaving the addition and the original building. Here, architects should decide whether or not leave the old structures intact or to eliminate it in the design phase. This method is common in reconstruction of ruins from war or natural disasters. The old elements or original façades are reused, and new additions resemble the old materials, façade composition, or proportions. It is not a method to restore the old building entirely; the new and the old parts are distinct. critical approach on what elements worth keeping

So it makes more sense for the architect to choose one of the other three types of adaptive reuse, which propose new parts where needed, respecting the original materiality, façade composition and proportions.

1 Wraps

2 Weavings

3 Juxtapositions

4 Parasites

5 Insertion

3 Adding out adjacently to the old building. No blurring of boundaries, no transfer of architectural elements, and the new and old façade are separated visually by distinct styles, different materials, colors, textures. Each form and volume are both valuable in their context. abundance of vacant buildings 4 Comprising the original building and new additions, which are clearly legible. The original building keeps its form and material, while the new part is added on to the old structure, representing new forms and aesthetic. The new building after adaptation becomes meaningful and adds interest through spatial layering. new parts might be essential in some cases 5 Using existing old structure to protect original buildings while inserting new spaces into the older volume. Maintaining the old building façade as a skin to preserve memories, emotion and existing atmosphere of historic districts. no external additions > economically beneficial diagrams by Françoise Bollack in Old buildings, New Forms; New Directions in Architectural Transformations (2013) 2

Opportunities in Jánovas 1 A unique chance for an integrated intervention 2 Reflection over what is needed or valuable to keep and what is useless and can be eliminated 3 Flexibility concerning the new functions in the village’s fabric, νοτnot only due to the abundance of vacant space, but also due to the elements collapsed

159

VACANT SPACE 1. residential unit - yellow, magenta & purple | 15,504m2 this number includes the collapsed upper floors because of the vast majority of the walls that are still standing. It is obtained by multiplying the total ground floor space (5, 168m2) by 3 2. independent stable or storehouse - dark green | 3,656m2 this number is obtained by multiplying the total ground floor space (1,828m2) by 2 3. patio - light blue | 2,040m2 4. vegetable patch - blue | 8,100m2 5. hayloft - green | 2,026m2 this number is obtained by multiplying the total ground floor space (1,013m2) by 2

Challenges3 1 2 3 4 5

Ensure accessibility for disabled people & elderlies Provide a safe and healthy environment Provide convience in terms of the building’s location Foresee assimilation in possible future changes Harmonize with the current landscape & streetscape

Methodology 1 2 3

Reduce the vacant space especially at the ground level Encourage mixed-use development to build community spirit Maintain non-harmful for the buildings greenery when possible

according to the reference study Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings by Peter A. Bullen and Peter E.D. Love and their findings from interviews

3

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

ROW HOUSE TYPOLOGY

HAYLOFT TYPOLOGY

Average thickness of wall stonemasonry 0.50m Average house footprint: floor area: total area:

Average thickness of wall stonemasonry 0.50m

13.50m x 10.004m 110m2 385m2

Average hayloft footprint: 17.00m x 8.50m floor area: 120m2 total area: 240m2

Spatial characteristics

Spatial characteristics

attic no openings, inclined roof first/second floor bigger openings, thin interior walls, small balcony ground floor tiny openings, thick interior walls, main entrance

large linear spaces with one or two large openings easily accessed either naturally due to topography or artificially (ramp) storage sleeping area storage

dining area

storage

animals

±0

+1, +2

attic

±0

+1

Probably 10.00m was the maximum span of the local wooden beams

4

161

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE Juan’s parents were forced to move out from Jánovas in late 70s... ..and now they’re willing to come back.

He and his girlfriend, Marta, are also thinking to join,

ςηιλε

while his sister likes the idea of a holiday house, where she can host friends of hers to enjoy countryside.

His best friend, Pablo, loves hiking and is interested to go camping and explore Pyrenees on a weekend getaway there.

162

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

POSSIBLE SCENARIO There are 38 families that traditionally lived in Jánovas before the evacuation.

Many of them, especially the older members of those, have already expressed the desire to settle back to their village. A strategy needs to be developed with the necessary spatial qualities and the consequences of them.

Minimum average size The minimum average floor area, as defined below5, of all the residential units shall be 58m2. Approximately, the addition of 20m2 of space offer the comodities for extra 1-2 p. That minumum average size shall be maintained and not reduced.

58m2 (1 bedroom)

79m2 (2 bedrooms)

102m2 (3 bedrooms)

The rehabilitation of the abandoned village is a long-term procedure and it’s important to divide it into phases and point out the dynamics of each phase.

1 In this phase the well preserved walls and structures act like a magnet for the new ones because of the owners’ extra motivation and emotion, while those walls whose owners are not interested or cannot afford the renovation costs, are used for community building and touristic purposes.

2 The residential units have tripled over the period and the community has grown close to the village’s pre-evacuation size. Local shops have expanded according to their needs, while the open-air ruins are almost extinct.

Technical housing standards - nationally described space standard (2015), https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ 5

163

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

PUBLIC HOUSING VILAR 3 / Müller.Feijoo

Location: Orense, Spain Area: 140m2 Year: 2020

zone 2

The rehabilitation works of abandoned buildings in many historic cores in different towns in Galicia promoted by the public administration aim to the urban recovery of the degraded historic centres. The acquisition and subsequent rehabilitation of properties to be used for publicly-developed rental housing is the administration’s main strategy.

Rehabilitation principles 1 Simple arrangement of uses in floors Ground floor < Access & annexes of house First floor < Day area Second floor < Night area 2 Respect of the traditional volumes & front façade’s openings’ proportions 3 Clear distinction of the zones at the front façade 4 Usage of new elements and materials in harmony with the existing ones Proposal

zone 1

164

1 Convert the ground floor of residential units and/or the first floor of those units that are connected to a storehouse with a ramp into residences for elders 2 Dispose the upper floors (residential use at first, second floor and attic) to young families and/or to visitors 3 Integrate tourist accommodation use into residential units at the ground floor (homestays type)

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

adapt to modern lifestyle

respect tradition

165

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

-Overview of the plot and courtyard -View to natural surroundings (valley, mountains, river)

-Direct street access -Indirect access through a ramp

-Direct connection to the street and/ or the communal spaces nearby

166

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

VEGAN HOUSE / Block architects

Location: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Area: 160m2 Year: 2014 The project is named after the culinary tradition shared in this part of the neighborhood in Ho Chi Minh City. The transformation of the house into a meeting point for people to cook and share Vietnamese traditional food was the owner’s wish. The vegan house still welcomes friends and neighbours in for a meal at a full service kitchen, which is easily accessed from the street, and for a stay those who spend temporarily their time in Vietnam.

Spatial conditions 1 Arrangement of uses: Ground floor < Big kitchen & dinning area First floor < Bedroom & tea room Terrace floor < Bedroom & terrace 2 A small atrium at the end provides cross-room ventilation & natural light 3 Windows on the roof provide extra fresh air & natural light Proposal 1 Convert the units or part of those units that are in good shape, but whose owners are not interested to rehabilitate, into communal spaces (e.g. shared kitchen for community and/or tourists) 2 Dispose the neighbouring stables and storage spaces into local shops to promote local products and economy 3 Convert haylofts into coworking spaces for locals allowing cost savings and convenience through the use of common equipment and utilities, or into multipurpose halls for festival needs

167

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

168

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

-Connection to the inner courtyard -Partial restoration of the building

-Easy access from the street -Eye-level is buy level

-Accessible from everyone -Office with a view

169

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

Raum der Stille / Christoph Hesse Architects

Location: Korbach, Germany Area: 30m2 Year: 2019 The Room of Silence is about the conversion of a former goat’s stable into a meeting place for the local community. The old disfunctional roof was not replaced, but instead a concrete ring anchor was put on top in orfer to let the interior open to the sky. Flowers, herbs, bushes, and trees planted collectively are taken care by the community, while a hammock attached to ropes and fixed in the middle of the room offers a moment to relax.

Proposal 1 Consolidate the walls of the structures-properties that are not immediately restored to avoid further deterioration 2 Use the open-air space temporarily for community building 3 Take advantage of the temporary spaces for business purposes (e.g. ruins camping) on condition that half of the profit is given to the legal owner

170

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGIES

-Access from the street or through other neighbouring properties

-A microcosm itself -The ruins are the limits and the stars are the view

171

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

CONCLUSION In an unpredictable and fast-paced world buildings and settlements, just like living creatures, need to adapt more than ever to preserve their existence. Abandonment is their great enemy, which eventually leads to deterioration and oblivion.

Consequently, this project aspires to bring life back to Jánovas village from day one, to a major extent, by proposing a wide range of different types of uses to avoid a monotonous reviving process. At the same time, the rehabilitation process needs also to include the empowering of the newly-created community’s identity, bring people together and build a solid base. Then, the chances for success in Jánovas project could be multiplied after all.

174

‘‘

Almost no buildings adapt well. They’re designed not to adapt; also budgeted and financed not to, constructed not to, administered not to, maintained not to, regulated and taxed not to, even remodeled not to. But all buildings (except monuments) adapt anyway, however poorly, because the usages in and around them are changing constantly.

- Stewart Brand

175

ADAPTING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE & LANDSCAPE

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Buisán, L. (2004). La Solana de Burgasé y la Ribera de Jánovas.

- Bullen, P., & Love, P. (2011). Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings.

- Carlow, V. (2016). Ruralism. The future of villages and small towns in an urbanizing world. (Institute for Sustainable Urbanism ISU). Jovis.

- CeroUno Arquitectos. (2010). Plan Especial de Rehabilitación de Jánovas. Ayuntamiento de Fiscal.

- Corboz, A. (1983). The Land as Palimpsest. Diogenes, 31(121).

- Council of Architects of Europe. (2018). Leeuwarden Declaration on “Adaptive re-use of built heritage: Preserving and enhancing the value of our built heritage for future generations.”

- ESPON. (2017). Policy Brief on Shrinking Rural Regions in Europe. Towards smart and innovative approaches to regional development challenges in depopulating rural regions. European Union.

- ESPON. (2018). Fighting rural depopulation in Southern Europe.

- Halloran, J., & Calderón-Vera, K. (2006). Basic social services in rural settlements. Village and remote homestead community care-giving.

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