Synthesis Brief: Mobilizing knowledge and capacity to fund climate action in the Global South

SYNTHESIS BRIEF

Mobilizing knowledge and capacity to fund climate action in the Global South

There is a critical need for research that supports a more climate-resilient future for everyone.

This research includes scaling up innovation efforts to provide better information on risks, better decisionmaking tools and better adaptation solutions to enable transformational change, and increasing developingcountry access to funding for climate action.

As part of Canada’s foreign affairs and development efforts, IDRC champions and funds research and innovation within and alongside developing regions to drive global change. The Centre invests in research to build evidence, inform decisions and generate opportunities that promote an inclusive and sustainable world.

PANOS/SIMON TOWNSLEY

ON THE COVER A woman irrigates seedlings on the dried bed of Lake Chad, which has shrunk 90% in recent decades. Reforestation is a climate action priority for the surrounding basin and across the Sahel.

IDRC / BARTAY IDSRC/APPEANING ADDO

Contents 2

Mobilizing knowledge and capacity to fund climate action in the Global South

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Shedding light on financing needs, barriers and opportunities

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Mobilizing private-sector finance

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Building capacity and leadership on climate finance

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Fostering more inclusive climate finance

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Next steps in climate finance

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References

Waves wash ashore at Fuvemeh, a town in Ghana's Volta River delta that is threatened by coastal erosion and flooding.

Mobilizing knowledge and capacity to fund climate action in the Global South Since 2012, the International Development Research Centre has supported research and capacity strengthening to increase developing country access to funding for climate action.

These efforts are shedding light on the financing needs of developing countries, helping to mobilize private-sector funding, building Southern capacity in climate finance and ensuring that financing is gender equitable and inclusive.

As record-breaking heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, floods and other extreme events demonstrate the global impacts of climate change, the need to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help communities adapt is overwhelming. While industrialized countries have contributed most to the drivers of global warming, countries in the Global South are already experiencing its devastating effects and lack the resources needed to plan and prepare for a resilient, low-carbon future.

research that has shed light on the needs and capacities of developing countries and the barriers and opportunities they face. It has also shown that financing sources — such as multilateral development banks (MDBs) — must be better aligned with the needs and priorities outlined in national action plans.

As G20 leaders highlighted in their 2023 New Delhi Declaration, MDBs must play a bigger and better role in financing solutions to the multiple overlapping crises the world faces — including the climate crisis.

In 2009, the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) pledged to contribute USD100 billion annually by 2020 for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. According to figures from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2022), however, only USD83.3 billion of this promised funding was mobilized by that target year. Over fourfifths came from public sources, with more than 70% in the form of loans. Efforts to mitigate global warming by cutting greenhouse gases, along with activities that combine adaptation and mitigation, accounted for two-thirds of this funding, with adaptation accounting for roughly one-third.

Mobilizing private-sector and other new sources of funding is another important focus for IDRC. With limited sources of public finance, the Global South needs private-sector investment and innovative financial instruments, such as green bonds, that can raise additional streams of funding. The ability of developing countries to mobilize private finance is constrained by many factors. For one thing, the bulk of private climate finance flows toward mitigation, largely in the Global North, in sectors such as renewable energy and energy efficiency projects that offer safe financial returns. Though countries in the Global South urgently need adaptation solutions — such as watersaving irrigation systems to deal with droughts or conservation of coastal wetlands to protect against sea-level rise — these projects rarely offer the revenue streams needed to secure large-scale private financing (OECD, 2022).

As of 2023, the 2020 target remains unfulfilled, even as the costs of adaptation — which is especially crucial for developing countries — are growing. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2023) estimates that the gap between adaptation needs and adaptation financing in developing countries is now some 10 to 18 times greater than current international flows of public finance. The gap between what is needed and what is available has been growing steadily and now stands at USD194 billion to USD366 billion per year, taking inflation into account.

For more than a decade, IDRC has supported research and capacity building on climate finance. Our programming has been shaped by early and ongoing

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IDRC has also worked to strengthen individual and institutional capacities to access climate finance.

Research has shown that many countries of the Global South — especially the least developed — lack an enabling policy environment, the ability to propose and implement climate action projects and the ability to access and manage funding from an increasingly complex array of sources.

IDRC/TOM PILSTON

Climate finance is needed for solutions like solar-powered irrigation, which help farmers adapt to water scarcity.

Since 2012, IDRC support for research and capacity building has: n shed light on the climate finance needs of

developing countries and the barriers and opportunities they face n helped to mobilize private-sector funding,

especially for adaptation n built capacity for a new generation of leaders on

climate finance in the Global South n fostered more inclusive approaches to financing

climate action, to ensure women and the most vulnerable are not left behind We also need to ensure that climate finance serves the most vulnerable people, increasing the resilience of both men and women, and helping marginalized communities benefit from climate-related investments. Addressing gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) is an important focus across all IDRC-supported research and capacity development. To foster more inclusive climate finance, both funders and those seeking finance must address the gender and social dimensions of climate change.

Shedding light on financing needs, barriers and opportunities Successive IDRC-supported studies over the last decade have shed light on developing countries’ climate finance needs, factors that constrain their access to funding and opportunities for both developing countries and funders to address these challenges.

National development banks can play a crucial role in mobilizing finance for adaptation. In 2012, IDRC joined forces with the Development Bank of Southern Africa to commission a study (Tippman et al., 2013) that would assess why adaptation projects in Africa — especially in least developed countries — struggled to access funding. By drawing on evidence from the experience of climate finance project developers across the continent and reviewing the national adaptation plans and reports submitted under the UNFCCC by African countries, the study made recommendations and outlined a strategy for overcoming the obstacles identified. It also listed key areas where further research was needed, helping to lay the foundations for future IDRC programming on climate finance.

The study found that access to finance in most of Africa was hampered by a heavy reliance on underfunded public sources with complicated criteria that project developers struggled to meet. Proposal development was further

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constrained by gaps in national policies and strategies, an absence of regulatory frameworks, a lack of expertise and data, and weaknesses in governance. The report recommended a host of measures for governments to address these gaps, including: national coordination committees or other mechanisms to enhance investment frameworks, mainstreaming adaptation into national budgets and development projects across all sectors, and further exploration on how to unlock private investment.

The first systematic evaluation of how multilateral development banks’ investment portfolios align with national adaptation goals found that both banks and developing countries need greater capacity in climate finance.

Financing for adaptation has also been hampered by gaps in our understanding of its costs and benefits, especially given the emphasis on mainstreaming adaptation across development planning. From 2015 to 2017, research on the economics of adaptation and climate-resilient development (Watkiss & Cimato, 2016) investigated how these challenges were addressed in case studies drawn from IDRC’s research portfolio and the wider literature. One critical finding was that technical assistance and capacity building are greatly needed for mainstreaming, but it has been hard to quantify their value. The study highlighted good practices from IDRC projects showing how to appraise these interventions in qualitative terms.

In October 2023, the heads of 10 multilateral development banks pledged to strengthen and expand their collaboration — including by better aligning their financing flows with the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The first systematic evaluation (Murphy & Parry, 2020) of how the MDBs’ investment portfolios align with these goals at the national level was undertaken through a four-year, IDRC-supported research effort led by the International Institute for Sustainable Development. It found that, while alignment is improving and MDBs are increasing funding for adaptation, further progress will require both banks and developing-country governments to strengthen their capacities. Specifically, it identified the need for: n greater technical assistance from MDBs to help

governments address climate risks, track financial flows and undertake economic valuation n more responsive country-investment plans by MDBs, to

better reflect national adaptation and mitigation priorities n greater and more creative use of innovative financial

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In Peru, the project’s tracking of MDB finance for adaptation led the Ministry of Economy and Finance to ask the World Bank for technical advice on tracking climate and green investing. Project findings have also been cited in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s most recent report on mitigation.

At a time when many developing countries are moving from adaptation planning to implementation, the team also published the first analysis of national financing strategies for adaptation (Murphy, 2022). These typically outline national climate adaptation priorities and potential funding sources, sometimes accompanied by costing details and plans to mobilize funding from target sources.

The report provides accessible guidance on how these strategies can be used more effectively to increase financing that is aligned with broader national development and adaptation goals. Research also explored the potential role of innovative financial instruments — such as pooled investment funds, debt-for-nature swaps, green or climate-resilient bonds, green loans and insurance services — in scaling up financing for adaptation. It produced a comprehensive inventory of these instruments that fills a crucial knowledge gap for those seeking additional ways to finance adaptation.

IDRC grantees and staff members have also contributed their expertise as reviewers, authors and contributors to global assessments of climate finance, including the 2016 Adaptation Finance Gap Report and past and current editions of the Adaptation Gap Report. These UNEP reports play a crucial role in documenting progress and identifying shortfalls to guide collaborative action on climate finance. Lessons from IDRC-supported work on private-sector adaptation finance are highlighted in case study 1 of the 2023 Adaptation Gap Report.

Mobilizing private-sector finance Given limits on public resources, private-sector finance is essential to scaling up climate action. But to date, most private climate finance has been mobilized for projects in middle-income countries where the policy environment is supportive and investment risks are lower (OECD, 2022).

Making the business case for adaptation has been particularly difficult, especially in low-income countries that need it most.

IDRC-supported research has helped demonstrate viable ways for adaptation-project developers to attract more private investment. Analysis of a portfolio of financerelated IDRC projects (Adhikari & Chalkasra, 2023) confirmed that companies are willing to invest in climate adaptation, but their investment decisions are constrained by a lack of bankable projects and incomplete knowledge of the climate risks that guide adaptation decision-making.

IDRC/ ASAFU CHIJERE

Small enterprises have a vital role to play in increasing funding for adaptation. With links to investors, they can adopt innovations like solar-powered fish driers that make producers more resilient.

It is vital to engage small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in adaptation, as they provide an engine that has lifted millions out of poverty.

From 2014 to 2017, with IDRC support, the Private Financing Advisory Network (PFAN) — which links entrepreneurs and investors in 122 developing countries — collaborated with the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management to assess barriers to expanding private investment in adaptation projects in target countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Linking SMEs with socially minded impact investors, PFAN explored what conditions would entice these private-sector actors to invest in adaptation. It also worked with SMEs to develop a portfolio of adaptation projects that would interest impact investors. Through calls for proposals, coaching support and business plan competitions, the project leveraged USD2 million in private finance for four projects.

While the sums raised were not large, the research demonstrated a successful model for mobilizing private finance and showed that SMEs lacked knowledge on climate risks and the ability to develop bankable investment ideas. This knowledge gap made these entrepreneurs less willing to invest in adaptation. The impact investors, though willing to invest in adaptation, lacked clear information on how adaptation projects could

deliver climate benefits alongside financial returns. By brokering and mentoring partnerships, PFAN ensured that both SMEs and impact investors were informed about the opportunities and incentives related to adaptation. One important outcome of the project is that climate adaptation is now mainstreamed within PFAN’s core methodology, and this far-reaching network now supports both mitigation and adaptation projects.

Multinational corporations also have enormous potential to foster adaptation at scale, given the vast reach of their supply chains, which extend into many communities at risk from climate change. From 2014 to 2018, IDRC supported the global non-profit organization Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) in its efforts to engage 250 multinational corporations — including giants such as Coca Cola and T-Mobile — in examining how their business practices could foster climate resilience in emerging and developing countries in Asia and subSaharan Africa. BSR collected data and conducted in-depth conversations on how companies understand and address climate risk and resilience, and what opportunities they see in climate adaptation. To help them climate-proof their investments and infrastructure, and support vulnerable communities along their supply and value chains, BSR developed a climate resilience framework (Cameron, Harris and Prattico, 2018). It provides guidelines to help

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companies examine the physical hazards of climate change and how exposed and vulnerable their operations and supply chains might be to these climate impacts.

To complement its research with multinationals, BSR also assessed national policies related to climate change adaptation in six countries where its member businesses were operating. These assessments examined each country’s climate risk and vulnerabilities, specific risks to the private sector and public policy gaps crucial to mobilizing private investment. They provided recommendations tailored to increasing private investment in adaptation in each country. In Thailand, for example, researchers recommended — among other measures — using a tourism tax in coastal communities to fund nature-based protection against sea-level rise and storm surges. In Mozambique, where widespread corruption undermines investor confidence, they recommended piloting a public-private partnership and issuing regular progress reports to build trust and credibility. And in South Africa, they suggested engaging with the private sector when creating sectoral adaptation plans to encourage adaptation financing.

Building resilience into Coca-Cola supply chains BSR designed a comprehensive risk and resilience strategy for Coca-Cola that assessed risk and aimed to enhance resilience in the company’s operations, its supply chain and the vulnerable communities in which the company operates. The project examined seven geographic locations for climate risk and two of the company’s top commodities.

As a result, climate resilience has a standalone section within the company’s sustainability strategy. The effort also reduced silos between Coca-Cola’s sustainability programs for water management and women’s empowerment.

The project successfully placed climate resilience on the agenda of BSR and its multinational member companies.

BSR also applied the project outcomes to its Business Action for Women collaborative initiative — involving global companies such as L’Oreal, Mars, Chanel and Twinings — to enable women in climate-stressed communities along agricultural supply chains to protect their livelihoods. BSR’s climate resilience framework continues to inform its advisory services to business on climate change, helping companies reduce emissions and strengthen resilience in their supply chains and affected communities.

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To tackle the gap between local climate action projects and available sources of funding, the newly launched Catalytic Climate Finance Facility aims to match start-up capital from public and private sources with promising local solutions in underfinanced areas such as urban sustainability, agriculture, forestry and other land uses and a just energy transition. IDRC is supporting a learning agenda that will draw lessons from this facility on how to catalyze new financial vehicles and mobilize private capital for climate action. The facility aims to mainstream and scale climate finance that fosters a just energy transition, with a cross-cutting focus on gender and local capacity development.

Building capacity and leadership on climate finance Through its support for research, fellowships, knowledge sharing and partnerships, IDRC has helped to increase Southern leadership on climate finance and trained a new generation of experts to successfully access financing that is aligned with national needs and priorities. Our support has better equipped both individuals and institutions at many levels.

Through the NDC Finance Fellowship Program, 100 fellows from 30 African countries are now certified experts in financing nationally determined contribution (NDC) pledges.

For example, the recently concluded NDC Finance Fellowship Programme targeted the need for African countries to access funding to implement their NDCs. Under the terms of the Paris Agreement, these pledges are updated every five years to show increasing levels of national ambition on mitigation and adaptation. Through the fellowship program, 100 young professionals from 30 different African countries received certification in NDC financing. Two cohorts (French and English) from policy and research backgrounds honed their knowledge and leadership skills through mentoring, online training seminars and workshops and on-site events in Germany and Kenya.

The NDC Finance Fellowships built on the success of the 2016–2020 Adaptation Finance Fellowship Programme (AFFP), which trained and certified 39 mid-career professionals from policy, business and research backgrounds. Several policy-track fellows subsequently shifted their careers towards climate change and/or adaptation work with international and multilateral organizations such as the World Bank, UN Development

IDRC/ TOM PILSTON

Funding water-saving solutions like drip irrigation demands that businesses, funders and policymakers gain skills in matching climate finance to national and local priorities.

Program, Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Adaptation Fund. One young leader with a desire to further advance climate adaptation and finance later ran (unsuccessfully) for election to Brazil’s national congress. Several fellows in the private-sector track went on to design and develop new financial products such as microfinance for climate-resilient agriculture. Research fellows produced vital new knowledge on weather index-based insurance — an increasingly important means of financing to enhance the resilience of food producers in developing countries — and additional sources of climate finance.

Two national banks — in Zambia and Zimbabwe — were recently accredited for direct access to the Green Climate Fund, helping to increase direct funding for national climate action priorities.

One consequence of the lack of developing-country capacity in climate finance is that important sources of funding are not being used to their full potential. For example, the GCF is falling short of its commitment to channel 50% of total funding through direct access to recipient countries due to a limited pipeline of countryowned project proposals. In response to this challenge, an IDRC-supported effort by SouthSouthNorth (SSN) to catalyze climate finance worked with national development banks and other institutions in southern

Africa, where countries are struggling to develop bankable projects that address their NDC targets.

Building on the Southern Africa Climate Finance Partnership — a multi-country, knowledge-sharing and capacity-building platform — Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe benefited from SouthSouth knowledge exchange and capacity building that focused on gaps identified through targeted analysis. As a result, two national banks gained accreditation as Direct Access Entities to the GCF. The Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe was accredited after overcoming gaps in gender mainstreaming, while the Zambia National Commercial Bank succeeded thanks to a clearer understanding of GCF accreditation processes gained from peer-to-peer exchanges.

In a 2023 policy brief, SSN summarizes lessons on the factors — such as a lack of national coordination across ministries and sectors around climate and investment goals — that constrain southern African countries from mobilizing climate finance. The team also developed a 12week Climate Finance Practitioner Training Course — the first of its kind in southern Africa — which has now graduated 37 trainees. The curriculum will feed into a master’s in development finance program at the University of Cape Town’s Graduate School of Business.

Further capacity is being built at the national level through the Step Change initiative, co-funded by IDRC and the

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SVEN TORFINN/PANOS

Fostering more inclusive climate finance

Climate finance must be inclusive, benefiting the most vulnerable groups, such as women smallholder farmers.

Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2022, the Climate & Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) partnered with the UNFCCC’s Needs-Based Finance project to develop four training workshops to help national officials develop programs that could access multilateral climate finance sources, including the Adaptation Fund, the GCF and the Global Environment Facility. In all, 125 government officials from 30 countries across four regions were trained. Sixteen regional programs were conceptualized, emphasizing locally led adaptation and gender equality and social inclusion (GESI), with plans to ensure they would be further developed and included in regional priority pipelines.

New financing tools and approaches are also needed to build resilience at the local level. In 2020, the University of KwaZulu-Natal completed an IDRC-supported study on the feasibility of a municipal risk-pooling facility to manage flood risk in six South African municipalities. Risk pooling allows participating organizations or levels of government to share risk, avoiding catastrophic costs by paying into a shared pool that will compensate members against loss or damages. A framework for sub-national risk pooling was developed through the research and shared among municipal stakeholders. The project team partnered with the Drakenstein municipality, providing it with further technical analysis to back its efforts to establish a facility, with support from the provincial treasury in the Western Cape. The project team has also partnered with the C40 Cities network to explore the feasibility of establishing a wider flood-related risk pooling facility.

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There are growing concerns that climate funding commitments and facilities lack an effective gender and inclusion lens and do not adequately support women-led adaptation at the local level. Recent IDRC-supported research (Patel et al., 2023) highlights that most global climate finance currently flows into male-dominated sectors such as energy and transport. It estimates that just over half (57%) of official development assistance for climate action has integrated gender equality to some degree, but with little evidence that funding is reaching projects or programs that proactively address gender equality.

Integrating GESI perspectives is an important focus across IDRC-supported research and capacity development, including in climate finance, to ensure the needs and perspectives of women and vulnerable groups are reflected. Through expert needs assessments, new training resources, peer support and mentoring, IDRC has helped project developers, government officials and funders apply GESI perspectives in their work.

Training and tools for climate finance have helped stakeholders in several countries formulate viable, inclusive and locally owned projects.

For example, with IDRC support, CDKN mainstreamed a gender lens across its capacity-building support to developing countries on climate finance. From 2019 to 2022, CDKN worked with the Government of Ethiopia’s national climate fund — the Climate Resilient Green Economy Facility — to improve gender mainstreaming in its climate change priorities. An expert needs assessment revealed that there was little clarity on how gender issues could be incorporated across the many government departments whose mandates relate to climate change. To address these gaps, CDKN produced a tailored training pack on gender and climate change for government officials. In December 2020, training was provided to 20 key participants, including gender focal points across relevant ministries. As a result, awareness of gender and climate change issues has been strengthened across government, with a community of practice formed to institutionalize this knowledge.

In 2021, CDKN partnered with the Women’s Environment and Development Organization to launch the Guide to strengthening gender integration in climate finance projects, which presents a framework for project teams to design, implement and monitor climate finance projects

BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL/M.BELTRAN

New financing tools and approaches are needed to support locally led solutions.

under the main multilateral funds. CDKN’s training and tools for climate finance have helped stakeholders in several countries formulate viable, locally owned projects.

In Colombia, for example, training helped the mayor of Carepa Municipality win government financing for a project to support more efficient wood stoves and use of forest resources — reducing emissions and the burden on women in rural areas.

Research led by Environment for Development has developed a forward-looking agenda for a low-carbon, equitable and inclusive transition. Integrating gender analysis across its review, the research is pointing to the capacities, knowledge and investment models needed for countries of the Global South to transform key sectors such as energy, forestry and infrastructure through lowemissions development strategies that share the benefits more equitably.

The previously cited Patel et al. study on gender and climate finance presents a series of recommendations for policymakers. They include the need for: n more climate finance directed to adaptation and

mitigation projects and programs that principally target gender equality

n a gender-lens review of the instruments used to channel

finance, to ensure it targets gender equality and benefits the poorest and most marginalized groups n gender-balanced representation in decision-making by

multilateral financial institutions and greater accountability to stakeholders n stronger flows of domestic finance across different

groups and levels, with national governments using tools such as gender- and climate-responsive budgeting n greater and more transparent support to the private

sector in developing countries, especially to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) as a vehicle for lowcarbon transition

Next steps in climate finance IDRC will continue to apply a cross-cutting focus on gender equality and inclusion, while responding to emerging issues and approaches and equipping countries to access new financial instruments.

For example, one focus at the 28th session of the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 28) will be how to operationalize a new fund to help developing countries respond to loss and damage from climate change impacts.

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Through case studies in Bangladesh, Nepal, Senegal and Vanuatu, the Strengthening loss and damage response capacity in the Global South (STRENGTH) project will generate lessons to help countries access this new fund to cover both irreparable losses — such as land lost to rising seas — and reversible damage. Meanwhile, new research led by the Alliance for Financial Inclusion — which represents central banks and financial regulators from almost 90 emerging and developing economies — will show how financial regulation and policy initiatives can drive gender-sensitive mitigation and adaptation investments by MSMEs. Few studies on the economic costs of climate change reflect how these costs differ by gender and across social groups. The ECONOGENESIS project — funded through the Climate Adaptation and Resilience (CLARE) initiative — is conducting country-level economic case studies in Rwanda, Nepal and Tanzania to help governments ensure adaptation planning considers the impacts on women, the poorest and socially excluded groups. In Rwanda, research is exploring new financing models with the national climate fund, including blended and private-sector models.

An initial pipeline of 10 adaptation projects will be developed, at least half with a GESI focus, for Rwanda’s NDC Facility and Green Investment Facility. The project has

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already contributed to UNEP’s 2023 Adaptation Finance Gap report, ensuring the latest update includes a gender and inclusion lens.

Two recently approved Step Change projects — Decentralizing climate funds to reinforce the resilience of vulnerable communities (DEFOCLIM) in Senegal and BRokering Innovation for Decentralized climate finance and Gender Equality (BRIDGE) in Cameroon — will strengthen climate finance at the local level to improve the resilience of the most vulnerable groups, including women and youth. Both will generate important lessons on how decentralizing climate finance — extending funding to groups at the sub-national level — can support greater resilience, gender equality and social inclusion. Meanwhile, a new partnership between the Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs and 2XGlobal aims to give women-led enterprises an edge in clean energy by focusing on mobilizing gender-smart capital that will address locally relevant clean energy solutions.

Given the urgent need to increase and better align climate finance with the needs and priorities of developing countries, IDRC will continue to support research and capacity strengthening across the Global South to better equip and inform both the funders and proponents of climate action.

IDRC/ATUL LOKE

IDRC will maintain its focus on gender and inclusion in climate finance, while responding to opportunities such as a new global fund to cover climate-related loss and damage.

REFERENCES Bhim Adhikari & Lolita Shaila Safaee Chalkasra (2023).

Mobilizing private sector investment or climate action: enhancing ambition and scaling up implementation, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 13:2, 1110-1127: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20430795.

2021.1917929

Jonathan Phillips, Victoria Plutshack, Ipsita Das, Jackson Ewing and Abhay Rao (2023). Actionable research agenda on mobilizing new climate investment models.

Environment for Development brief. Available at: https://www.efdinitiative.org/publications/mobilizingnew-climate-investment-models-brief-actionableresearch-agenda

Edward Cameron, Samantha Harris, & Emilie Prattico (2018).

Resilient Business, Resilient World: A Research Framework for Private-Sector Leadership on Climate Adaptation.

Business for Social Responsibility.

SouthSouthNorth (2023). Knowledge for Climate Finance Mobilization: Codifying Climate Finance Access Constraints, A case study of southern African institutions seeking to mobilise GCF resources. Available at: https://southsouthnorth.org/wpcontent/uploads/2023/03/Codifying-Climate-FinanceAccess-Constraints-.pdf

Tara Daniel (2021). Guide to strengthening gender integration in climate finance projects. CDKN. Available at: https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/Gender-andclimate-finance-report_web.pdf.

Deborah Murphy & Jo-Ellen Parry (2020). Filling the Gap: A review of multilateral development banks’ efforts to scale up financing for climate adaptation. International Institute of Sustainable Development. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-12/filling-gapfinancing-climate-adaptation.pdf Deborah Murphy (2022). The Landscape of Financing Strategies for Adaptation in Developing Countries.

International Institute of Sustainable Development.

Available at: https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/financingstrategies-adaptation-developing-countries Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2022). Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2016–2020: Insights from Disaggregated Analysis, Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/286dae5d-en.

Sejal Patel, Victoria Plutshack, Tracy C. Kajumba, Maria Del Pilar Lopez Uribe & P. P. Krishnapriya (2023). Gender, climate finance and inclusive low-carbon transitions. IIED working paper. Available at: https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/202309/21601IIED.pdf

Robert Tippmann, Ali Agoumi, Louis Perroy, Marianna Doria, Sabine Henders and Rokia Goldmann (2013). Assessing Barriers and Solutions to Financing Adaptation Projects in Africa. Development Bank of Southern Africa and IDRC. Available at https://idl-bncidrc.dspacedirect.org/items/0fdee06a-4e4a-462d-a9b93cbc395b5104 United Nations Environment Programme (2023). Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared – Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed. Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report2023 Paul Watkiss and Federica Cimato (2016). The economics of adaptation and climate-resilient development: lessons from projects for key adaptation challenges. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 265 Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 235. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Working-Paper-235-Watkissand-Cimato.pdf

International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9 (mailing address) 45 O’Connor Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1P 1A4 Email: info@idrc.ca

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