Eco-Tourism Report

Eco-Tourism

Integrated Project II: Reclaimed (Land)scapes-Post-Industrialisation Urban Quarries in Istanbul

Course director: Prof Christa Reicher

Course coordinator: Dr ir Ceren Sezer

Enes Kaç | Ibtsam Saeed | Shaily | Zainab Chaudhry

1. Introduction

1.1 Project Outline

1.2 Ecotourism: 4 Principles of Eco-Tourism Need and Importance of Eco-Tourism for Istanbul

2. Istanbul City: Quarries and the Challenges

3. Analysis

3.1 Environmental and Climate Analysis

3.2 Economic Background

3.3 Anthropocene and Biodiversity

3.4 Mobility- Accessibility and Existing Connections

3.5 S.W.O.T

4. Site Selection: Selection and Categorisation of Quarries)

5. Case Studies

6. Vision Programmatic Vision Vision-Regional Scale Stakeholders and Target Groups

7. Interventions: Implementation and Visualisation

7.1 Environmental Regeneration Çay-Su Quarry

7.2 Economic Revitalistion Muratbey Quarry

7.3 Anthropocenic Revolution Işıklar Quarry Çay-Su Quarry

7.4 Mobility Restoration Işıklar Quarry

Çay-Su Quarry

Muratbey Quarry

8. Project Timeline

Project Outline

Istanbul went through an amazingly rapid industrialisation process. The speed and scale of this urbanisation depend on the built environment and affect the natural environment. The stone material, which is the basic necessity for the built environment of the city, has been provided from the stone quarry areas surrounding the city. However, today these stone quarry areas are squeezed not only in the forests/green Landscapes but also near the Urban and Rural settlement areas. These smoke covered infertile landscapes are having adverse effects on the surrounding, the people as well as the biodiversity. The Studies are evident and produce the fact that eco-tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to restore the balance and raise awareness of environmental values, and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.

This Project focuses on introducing and proposing Eco-Tourism as a key opportunity and strength in Revitalisation of the Quarries of the Peninsula. Adopting the learnings from the detailed Analysis, we aim to present our vision for these Quarries in relation to the surroundings and the impact it will have on the climate, biodiversity and the people in the following years.

Project Methodology

Ecotourism is defined as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education”. It is a form of tourism where the main tourist’s motivation is to observe and appreciate nature and local traditions directly related to nature. Ecotourism must meet the following requirements:

• Nature conservation and protection.

• Educational character, respect for nature by raising tourists’ and local communities’ awareness;

• Minimum negative impact on the natural, cultural and social environment.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECO-TOURISM

Conservation

-To Offer market-linked long-term solutions.

Source: Image by Author

-To provide effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity.

-protect the natural and cultural heritage

Community

-By increasing local capacity building and employment opportunities, ecotourism is an effective ve hicle for empowering local communities to fight against poverty and to achieve sustainable develop ment.

Sustainable Travel

-Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts.

-Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: The international ecotourism society

Sustainable Travel Report

Source:

Sustainable Travel Report

The report indicates that the green travel trend continues to gain momentum with a large majority of global travelers (87%) stating that they want to travel sustainably, and nearly 39% confirming that they often or always manage to do so.

Sustainable Travel

Report

The factors that inspire sustainable travel Sustainable vacation activities that add to vacation enjoyment

The factors that inspire sustainable travel Sustainable vacation activities that add to vacation enjoyment

Natural sights

Natural sights

Local produce

Local produce

Conservation

Public transport

Top global obstacles to traveling more sustainably

Top global obstacles to traveling more sustainably

Unaffordability

Unaffordability

Lack Awareness

Lack Awareness

Time consuming

Locals economy

Organic food

Time consuming

Potential market for Ecotourism

Potential market for Ecotourism

Hızır Camping - Mount Ida, Turkey

Hızır Camping - Mount Ida, Turkey

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: Sustainable Travel Report by Booking.com 2018

Ecotourism thrives on partnerships. Partnerships recognize the interdependence between stakeholders in delivering ecotourism experiences and allow for collaboration.

Ecotourism thrives on partnerships. Partnerships recognize the interdependence between stakeholders in delivering ecotourism experiences and allow for collaboration.

Potential Market for Eco-Tourism

The report indicates that the green travel trend continues to gain momentum with a large global travelers (87%) stating that they want to travel sustainably and nearly 39% confirming that they often or always manage to do so.

The report indicates that the green travel trend continues to gain momentum with a large majority of global travelers (87%) stating that they want to travel sustainably , and nearly 39% confirming that they often or always manage to do so.

Ecotourism thrives on partnerships. Partnerships recognize the interdependence between stakeholders in delivering ecotourism experiences and allow for collaboration.

4-Principles of Eco-Tourism/ Redefined

Principles of Eco-Tourism

Restore the impact of degradation and revitalise the damaged lands.

Restore the impact of degradation and revitalise the damaged lands.

Sustainable, fast and improved travel approach

Sustainable, fast and improved travel approach Source:

Protect the natural and cultural heritage.

Protect the natural and cultural heritage.

Introducing interaction spaces while increasing employment opportunities and empowering the locals.

Introducing interaction spaces while increasing employment opportunities and empowering the locals.

We redefined the 4 princles of Eco-Tourism as per the restoration demand and need of the Quarry sites(destructed Landscapes).

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: The international ecotourism society

Brief overview of Istanbul

Istanbul

Istanbul City: Quarries and the

Challenges

2

Historical Value

Istanbul City:Quarries and Challenges

-Capital of the empires.

Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey and it serves as the financial, cultural and historic capital of the country. It is the largest city in Europe with the population exceeding 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the total turkish population. It is the only transcapital city in the entire world.

-Blend of different civilizations.

Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey and it serves as the financi al, cultural and historic capital of the country. It is the largest city in Europe with the population exceeding 15 million residents.

Historical Value

-Capital of the empires.

-Blend of different civilizations.

-One of the oldest inhabited cities of the world.

-One of the oldest inhabited cities of the world.

Financial and cultural hub

-Istanbul produces 30% of the total national GDP of Turkey.

-Major trade center of the world.

-European capital of Culture.

-Major -European Tolerance

- İstanbul any synagogues

Sources:

Multiscale and Multi Criteria Methodology

Multiscale and Multi Criteria Methodology

Multi-Scale anbd Multi-Criteria Methodology

Financial and cultural hub

-Istanbul produces 30% of the total national GDP of Turkey.

-Major trade center of the world.

Tolerance and multiculturalism

The first step towards forming the conceptual vision is to understand the basics of the city and its problems. To set the base of the vision, the multiscale and multi criteria methodology is adopted. Using this methodology the urban layers of the city has been visualised in order to understand how, why and what can be achieved to address the current issues of Istanbul.

-European capital of Culture.

Tolerance and multiculturalism

- İstanbul has always been a city full of tolerance towards any kind of diversities. In İstanbul, mosques, churches and synagogues stand side by side.

Sources: Istanbul in history, lIknur Oklay, ITU Istanbul city guide, understandrisk.org

- İstanbul has always been a city full of tolerance towards any kind of diversities. In İstanbul, mosques, churches and synagogues stand side by side.

Sources: Istanbul in history, lIknur Oklay, ITU Istanbul city guide, understandrisk.org

Challenges of Istanbul

Source: Fatih Yurur, unsplash.com, June 2018.

The first step towards forming the conceptual vision is to understand the basics of the city and its problems. To set the base of the vision, the multiscale and multi criteria methodology is adopted. Using this methodology the urban layers of the city has been visualised in order to understand how, why and what can be achieved to address the current issues of Istanbul.

Challenges of Istanbul

Source: Images by Author | Source of graphs: http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/cities/view/Istanbul

built up

Quarries of the Peninsula

Source: The Institute of Quarrying

Source: Images by Author

The sum total of all activities that are undertaken during the lifetime of a mine canbe categorized into four phases: mineral exploration, mine development, miningoperation and mine closure

Source: Images by Author, Source of Information: Environmental Hazards of Limestone Mining and Adaptive Practices for Environment

Quarries of the Peniosula: Impacts and Challenges

• Carbonate rock resources like limestone cannot be obtained from quarrying or mining activities without causing some environmental impacts although modern technologies have made it possible to reduce the associated environmental impacts.

• Mining operations induce change in geomorphology and land-use pattern with loss of habitat, dust emissions, generation of high levels of noise, vibrations, erosion, subsidence and sedimentation. Mining also causes changes in groundwater quality and overall water quality.

• Quarries are known to cause sinkholes, damage groundwater tables, and increase the risks of experiencing soil erosion, even when managed properly.

• They can have a negative impact on wildlife habitats. Indigenous animals, insects, and tress all struggle to survive when a limestone quarry is established. Digging into the ground to remove this natural resource skews the balance of the ecosystem in a way that can make it difficult for many local species to survive.

• Quarries may have a negative health impact.

• Dust emissions are of great concern related to air quality surrounding mines. Air-blown particles from the stockpile of excavated material also raise the content of particulate matter in the air. Gaseous pollutants like sulphurdioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are emitted from the Heavy Earth Moving Machineries (HEMM) like dumpers and excavators.The loss of trees causes a loss of carbon dioxide uptake while heavy vehicles emit large quantities of carbon dioxide.

Source: Images by Author Source of Information: Mineral Map of Istanbul

To achieve full sustainability, it is not enough to change Unsustainable patterns but it is also crucial to Restore damaged environments that are often resulting from a direct or indirect impact from human activities.

3

With an emphasis on enriching personal experiences and environmental awareness through interpretation, Ecotourism promotes greater understanding and appreciation for nature, local society, and culture. Therefore while achieving Goal 15 of SDG and restoring these lost landscapes, Eco Tourism tends to Offer market-linked long-term solutions, and effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect the natural and cultural heritage of our beautiful planet.

To achieve full sustainability, it is not enough to change Unsustainable patterns but it is also crucial to Restore damaged environments.

The 4 principles when adopted in our vision would lead to Environmental Regeneration, Economic Revitalisation, Anthropocenic Revolution and Mobility Restoration for the Istanbul city and hence supporting the overall aim of Eco-Tourism.

Introducing interaction spaces while increasing employment opportunities and empowering the locals. Restore the impact of degradation and revitalise the damaged lands. Protect the natural and cultural heritage. Sustainable, fast and improved travel approach Environment Regeneration Economic Revitalisation Anthropocenic Revolution Mobility Restoration Source: Images by Author Istanbul City:Quarries and Challenges

Source: Images by Author

Analysis

3.1 Environmental and Climate Analysis

3.2 Economic Background

3.3 Anthropocene and Biodiversity

3.4 Mobility- Accessibility and Existing Connections

Environmental and Climate Analysis Change of Istanbul’s Landscape by time

HEADING

Key Observation:

Key Observations: Urban Sprawl extending more into the forest/Green Areas leading to deforestation.

Key Observations: Urban Sprawl extending more into the forest/Green Areas leading to deforestation.

Urban Sprawl extending more into the forest/Green Areas leading to deforestation.

Key Observations: Urban Sprawl extending more into the forest/Green Areas leading to deforestation.

Wind Rose

Climate Zones of Istanbul Wind Rose

Source of information: Article:Over-Agglomeration and Its Effects on Sustainable Development: A Case Study on Istanbul

After the 1999 earthquake of Kocaeli, Istanbul started to expand mostly to the north because the northern lands are declared as relatively earthquake-safe zones. Eventually, the expansion of the city towards north resulted in the loss of some forested areas. In addition, the implementation of the newest third Bosphorus Bridge and also new airport which started to function in April of 2019 might result in further reduction of the green areas in the city.

Source of information: Simulated historical climate & weather data for

Wind

Source of information: Evaluation of the environmental impacts of urbanization from the viewpoint of increased skin tem

Analysis | Environmental and Climate Analysis | Economic Background

Risk to Hazards/ Climate Disasters

Istanbul is highly vulnerable to climate change. As part of the southern belt of Mediterranean, the country is already facing an observed warming trend in temperature and decreasing trend in precipitation. Apart from relatively frequent Earthquares, the Climate Disasters Istanbul might face are :

• Land Degradation

• Heat waves: which could threaten the lives of elderly, children and people with health problems.

• Droughts: which could deplete the water resources

• Urban Floods: which could cause human loss and damage to city infrastructure.

Risk to Hazard studies

Flood Risk Assessment

Risk to Hazard studies

Vulnerability

studies

Hazard

Aggregate production areas in (a) western side and (b) eastern side of Istanbul

Economic Background

(a)

Aggregate production and consumption in Istanbul

Source of information: Sustainable management of aggregate resources in Istanbul 2016

Risk

Research and Risk Assessment

Climate Disasters : Land Degradation

Climate Disasters :

Heat waves/warming trend in temperatures

The stone quarries are routinely created near large building sites to reduce construction costs.

The aggregate production and consumption has been exponentially increasing over the years in the eastern and western parts of Istanbul.

Aggregate production and consumption in Western Ist

The stone quarries are routinely created near large building sites to reduce construction costs, all of these activities have negative environmental ramifications.

Aggregate production and consumption in Eastern Ist Source

Economic background

Fıstık

of image: Fırat

Source of information: Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment

● Land Degradation

● Heat waves/warming trend in temperatures

Drought/decreasing trend in precipitation

Urban Floods

● Drought/decreasing trend in precipitation

● Urban Floods

“The northern forests provide oxygen to large parts of Istanbul, as well as fresh water to the whole Marmara region,” warned Başar Toros, an activist with the Northern Forests Defence (NFD).

Source of information: Sustainable management of aggregate resources in Istanbul 2016

“Construction companies can easily get a license from the Regional Forest Directorate [to build a quarry] in any region they want,” warned Nuray Çolak. “Nobody knows how many licenses have been issued, or how much of the forest has been destroyed. Stone quarries are dangerous because of the dynamite they are using, and because of the dust containing chemicals.”

Source of image: Fırat Fıstık | Source of Information: https://journo.com.tr/controversies-surround-istanbuls-new-airport

SENTINEL 2016 SENTINEL 2020

Nearly 80% of the world’s commercial mining products are being extracted at Turkish quarries

On average, the mining sector exports constitute nearly 3 percent of Turkey’s overall exports

Source: Images by Author

Source: Images by Author

Anthropocene and Biodiversity

While the human-oriented system established and implemented all over the world harms the ecosystem of the city, the problem of not being suitable for a quality life for the other users of the city such as birds, fish and other creatures, is increasing every year and istanbul is one of the biggest examples of this situation.

Source: Images by Author Source of Information: ravelatelier.com/blog/migratory-birds-turkey/

Due to this fact, during this design work, looked at the behavior of other types of users in work site and surroundings as well. By this idea, it has been determined by analyzes that the migration routes of birds pass through Istanbul and that these routes are in danger due to wrong urbanization. After reaching this conclusion, the question of how this project could feed the different users of the city and support the eco-tourism vision was discussed. Later on , going further than bird migrations, it was found that Istanbul has various plant and living species and then, considering all these situations, it was decided to support the biological diversity of Istanbul and a critical thinking system was developed to improve this situation.

At the same time, the species of migratory birds in this region and the time periods they migrated were looked at and analyzed to improve and enhance the biodiversity in the region. As a result, it was understood how and in which seasons the interventions would work.

Mobility Analysis

Istanbul is the cultural and the economic capital of Turkey with the population around 15.8 million (Daily sabah, Feb 04, 2022). It is also one of the most visited cities of the world because of its rich culture and history. Due to these reasons Istanbul is also one of the crowded and congested cities of the world, facing mobility and traffic problems. Therefore in order to solve the mobility and traffic problems Istanbul needs a better mobility plan which is smart, resilient and sustainable.

Regional mobility analysis:

Due to its distinct strategic location, Istanbul has a complex and huge mobility network. The mobility network of Istanbul is divided into three parts, the road network which is made of highways, primary and secondary roads. Railway network consists of the combination of different tram lines, metro lines and Marmaray line and the third one is seaway which consists of ferries and private boats. In order to understand the mobility network of Istanbul, each of its mobility layers has been analyzed in detail in order to develop the concrete vision for the city as whole and also keeping its relation to the quarry areas of the peninsula as well.

Mobility: Road network

Road Network

Mobility: Road network

-Due to distinct strategic has a complex and huge -77.1% of transportation network

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: howtoistanbul.com/tr/birds-of-istanbul

Information: howtoistanbul.com/tr/birds-of-istanbul

Source: Images by Author Source of Information: Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020

As being the economic and the cultural capital of Turkey, Istanbul possesses the vast road network system which links it internally and externally with the other parts of the country. The city alone has around 50 highways which are used for public transportation as well as economic transportation. The road network of Istanbul also has the highest share of the public transportation compared to the other mobility networks. Out of total, almost 77.1% of the total public transportation is done via road network. (Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020).

The Bird’s Presence in Istanbul across time

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: ravelatelier.com/blog/migratory-birdsturkey/

Ridership of public transportation mode in Istanbul, (Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020).

Source: Images by Author | Source of Information: Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020

Some of the important highways in Istanbul are E-80, 0-7 Kuzey Marmara highway, D-100, E-5, O-2 and O-4. Because of this complex road network system, Istanbul is also one of the highest car dependent cities of the world. According to the data of the Turkish Statistical institute, out of all the cars registered in Turkey almost 25% of them are registered only in Istanbul and due to which Istanbul has the highest level of traffic congestion compared to the rest of the megacities of the world.

Another important part of the Istanbul rail network is the Halkali station. It is the westernmost station located on the Marmaray line and it also provides the cross borders line with the capitals cities of Sofia, Bucharest and Belgrade. But the lines which are located on the western side of the station are not functional anymore for public transportation.

Mobilty: Conclusion

Mobility: Conclusion

Mobility: Conclusion

Source: (Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020)

Rail Network

Mobility: Rail network

-There are gaps/voids network and better solutions for the fast and stress free

-There are gaps/voids network and better for the fast and stress

-Enhance the user experience smart and sustainable

- Existing railway network of the Istanbul is consisted of 7 metro lines, 2 cable-cars (funiculars), 4 tram and 3 funicular lines, all adding to 233.05 km in total.

-Currently 18.6% of the total public transportation use in Istanbul is done by rail transport, and this is aimed to increase to 30% by 2024.

network of 7 metro 2 233.05 the use done rail and 30% by 2024.

-Enhance the user experience smart and sustainable Source: Images by Author

Source: Image by the Author

-High speed transportation contributes only 2.8%.

Source: Images by Author

-Overall it can be concluded that Istanbul has a functional mobility network but there are some voids/ gaps in this network which need to be filled. It has a dense road network but this road network also makes Istanbul a heavy car dependent city. Which is the main cause of the traffic congestion, air and noise pollution.

-The road network of Istanbul in relation to the quarry areas is also important because most of the quarry sites are accessible via this road network via bus or a private car.

-The public transportation via rail network needs to be increased in order to control the traffic congestion and reduce the air and noise pollution.

-The rail network in relation to the quarry site shows that some quarry areas are accessible via rail network but most of the sites are inaccessible via any mode of rail network.

Source: Images by Author Source of Information: Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020

Images Source Green Mobility in 2020

Source: Image by the Author | Source of Information: Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istan bul, 2020

The rail network of Istanbul is not that huge compared to its road network and considering the population of the city and its growing needs the existing rail network lines are insufficient. The existing rail network of Istanbul consists of 7 metro lines, 4 tram lines, 3 funicular lines and the high speed line Marmaray line. Compared to the road network of the city, the public transportation via rail network only contributes to the total share of 18.6%. (Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020).

-It can also be analyzed that there is a missing high speed connection between the old airport and the new airport and these should be linked via new high speed lines in order for fast and quick movement of people.

-The revival of the Halkali station can also provide the opportunities for the quarry areas and also the cross border mobility options again. Therefore the connection is needed to be revised to gain the benefits for the internal and external mobility.

Strengths

-Urban centers

-Population

-Location of the city

Weakness

-Uneven development

-Lack of integration

-Lack of policy implementation

-Decrease in green areas

Opportunities

-Mining areas

-Socio-economic integration

-Ecotourism

Threat

-Pollution

-Land Degradation

4

-Heat waves/warming trend in temperatures

-Drought/decreasing trend in precipitation

-Urban Floods

Source: Images by the Author

STRENGTHS WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITIES THREAT

-Urban centers

Source: Images by Author

-Population

-Location of the city

-Uneven development

-Lack of integration

-Lack of policy implementation

-Decrease in green areas

-Mining areas

-Socio-economic integration

-Ecotourism

-Pollution

-Land Degradation

-Heat waves/warming trend in temperatures

-Drought/decreasing trend in precipitation

-Urban Floods

Site Selection

Site Selection

Source: Images by the Author

1.Işıklar Quarry: Quarry surrounded mainly by the Forests and Vegetation

Source: Images by Author

2.Çay-Su Quarry- between the Urban Settlement and Forest Areas (with water catchment)

Source: Images by the Author

Source: Images by Author

Quarry- near the Rural settlement, Agriculture Land and the Fresh Water lake

Source: Images by Author

Source: Images by the Author

1.Işıklar Quarry

2.Çay-Su Quarry

3.Muratbey Quarry

3.Muratbey

Atlanta’s Westside Park

Location: former Bellwood/Granite Quarry, Atlanta, US

5

Key Features: serve as a catalyst for Westside neighborhoods and become the home of a critical backup source of drinking water for the entire city. Upon completion, the park will encompass a total of approximately 280 acres and will connect Proctor Creek Greenway and Chattahoochee River Corridor with the Atlanta Beltline

Case Studies

Attraction Points: Network of trails, meadows, dramatic rocky cliffs, dense woodlands, the half-mile blue loop, which descends into the park and past a playground, picnic shelters, and open fields to a path that borders the reservoir

Atlanta’s Westside Park

Atlanta’s Westside Park

Location: former Bellwood/Granite Quarry, Atlanta, US

Location: former Bellwood/Granite Quarry Atlanta, US

Key Features: serve as a catalyst for Westside neighborhoods and become the home of a critical backup source of drinking water for the entire city. Upon completion, the park will encompass a total of approximately 280 acres and will connect Proctor Creek Greenway and Chattahoochee River Corridor with the Atlanta Beltline

Attraction Points: Network of trails, meadows, dramatic rocky cliffs, dense woodlands, the half-mile blue loop, which descends into the park and past a playground, picnic shelters, and open fields to a path that borders the reservoir

Key Features: serve as a catalyst for Westside neighborhoods and become the home of a critical backup source of drinking water for the entire city. Upon completion, the park will encompass a total of approximately 280 acres and will connect Proctor Creek Greenway and Chattahoochee River Corridor with the Atlanta Beltline

Atlanta’s Westside Park

Location: former Bellwood/Granite Quarry, Atlanta, US

Key Features: serve as a catalyst for Westside neighborhoods become the home of a critical backup source of drinking the entire city. Upon completion, the park will encompass approximately 280 acres and will connect Proctor Creek and Chattahoochee River Corridor with the Atlanta Beltline

Attraction Points: Network of trails, meadows, dramatic dense woodlands, the half-mile blue loop, which descends park and past a playground, picnic shelters, and open path that borders the reservoir

Source: https://westsidepark-atl.com/

Attraction Points:

• Network of trails, meadows and dramatic rocky cliffs.

• dense woodlands, the half-mile blue loop, which descends into the park

• past a playground, picnic shelters, and open fields to a path that borders the reservoir

Source: https://westsidepark-atl.com/

Left: Trail through the dense woodlands

Right: 350 foot deep reservoir(top)

Aerial view to the Westside Park(bottom)

Right: Trail through the dense woodlands

Top Right: 350 foot deep reservoir

Bottom: Aerial view to the Westside Park

Source: https://westsidepark-atl.com/

Left: dense Right: reservoir(top) Aerial Westside Park(bottom)

Left: Trail through the dense woodlands

Right: 350 foot deep reservoir(top) Aerial view to the Westside Park(bottom)

Landmark Lusatian Lake Land

Landmark Lusatian Lake Land

Location: former mining of brown coal, 15000 hectares site, Lusatia Region, Germany

former mining of brown coal, 15000 hectares site, Lusatia Germany

Environment/Ecology/Hydrology, Geological Safety, Identity/Tourism, Renewable Energy, Business stark contrast between nature and industry

Key Features: Environment/Ecology/ Hydrology, Geological Safety, Regional Identity/Tourism, Renewable Energy, Business Development, stark contrast between nature and industry

Cottbuser Ostsee

Cottbuser Ostsee

Cottbuser Ostsee

Location: Former Opencast lignite mine, 45m deep Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany

Location: Former Opencast lignite mine, 45m deep Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany

Key Features: It will become the largest artificial lake in Germany. It is primarily intended to serve as a leisure and holiday destination.

Cottbuser Ostsee

Key Features: It will become the largest artificial lake in Germany. It is primarily intended to serve as a leisure and holiday destination.

Attraction Points: water skiing facilities, development of cycle paths and infrastructure to the regulation of navigability, eastern shores are reserved for wildlife and natural landscape development. With its richly structured island and shallow water areas, it provides fauna and flora with individual habitats. A worthwhile destination for great views is the Merzdorf Observation Tower at a height of 30m.

Location: Former Opencast lignite mine, 45m deep Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany

Points: historic Spreewald cultural landscape collides with conifer plantations, and old cultural landscapes combine and fruit trees, a viewing tower on the Sorno canal, water traffic and passenger boats to pass from one lake floating walkway for cyclists and pedestrians from Landmark is also planned. There are plans to increase activities in the area, to cope with a greater influx of

Right: Exhibition spaces and the viewing bridge over the Lusatian Lake

Attraction Points:

Location: Former Opencast lignite mine, 45m deep Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany

Key Features: primarily intended to serve as a leisure and holiday destination.

Landmark Lusatian Lake Land

Landmark Lusatian Lake Land

• historic Spreewald cultural landscape collides with uniform conifer plantations, and old cultural landscapes combine with meadows and fruit trees a viewing tower on the Sorno canal, allowance of water traffic and passenger boats to pass from

Key Features: It will become the largest artificial lake in Germany. It is primarily intended to serve as a leisure and holiday destination.

Attraction Points:

Location: former mining of brown coal, 15000 hectares site, Lusatia Region, Germany

Location: former mining of brown coal, 15000 hectares site, Lusatia Region, Germany

Attraction Points: and infrastructure to the regulation of navigability, eastern shores are reserved for wildlife and natural landscape development. With its richly structured island and shallow water areas, it provides fauna and flora with individual habitats. A worthwhile destination for great views is the Merzdorf Observation Tower at a height of 30m.

• water skiing facilities

• development of cycle paths and infrastructure to the regulation of navigability

• eastern shores are reserved for wildlife and natural landscape development. With its richly structured island and shallow water areas, it provides fauna and flora with individual habitats. A worthwhile destination for great views is the Merzdorf Observation Tower at a height of 30m.

Key Features: Environment/Ecology/Hydrology, Geological Safety, Regional Identity/Tourism, Renewable Energy, Business Development, stark contrast between nature and industry

Key Features: Environment/Ecology/Hydrology, Geological Safety, Regional Identity/Tourism, Renewable Energy, Business Development, stark contrast between nature and industry

Goal 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Attraction Points: water skiing facilities, development of cycle paths and infrastructure to the regulation of navigability, eastern shores are reserved for wildlife and natural landscape development. With its richly structured island and shallow water areas, it provides fauna and flora with individual habitats. A worthwhile destination for great views is the Merzdorf Observation Tower at a height of 30m.

Top: Flooding Process

Source: https://www.leag.de/en/business-fields/mining/cottbuser-ostsee/

Location: former Region, Germany

Attraction Points: historic Spreewald cultural landscape collides with uniform conifer plantations, and old cultural landscapes combine with meadows and fruit trees, a viewing tower on the Sorno canal, allowance of water traffic and passenger boats to pass from one lake to the other, a floating walkway for cyclists and pedestrians from

Attraction Points: historic Spreewald cultural landscape collides with uniform conifer plantations, and old cultural landscapes combine with meadows and fruit trees, a viewing tower on the Sorno canal, allowance of water traffic and passenger boats to pass from one lake to the other, a floating walkway for cyclists and pedestrians from

Landmark Lusatian Lake Land

Top: Flooding Process ; Right: Master Plan(top), Rendered view of Cottbuser Ostsee Source: https://www.leag.de/en/business-fields/mining/cottbuser-ostsee/

Key Features: Regional Identity/Tourism, Renewable Energy, Business Development, stark contrast between nature and industry

Goal 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 11 - Make cities and human set tlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Top: Flooding Process ; Right: Master Plan(top), Rendered view of Cottbuser Ostsee

Source: http://www.iba-see2010.de/en/verstehen/projekte/ projekt10.html

Attraction Points: historic Spreewald cultural landscape collides with uniform conifer plantations, and old cultural landscapes combine with meadows and fruit trees, a viewing tower on the Sorno canal,

Source: https://www.leag.de/en/business-fields/mining/cottbuser-ostsee/

Source: https://www.leag.de/en/business-fields/mining/cottbuser-ostsee/

Left: perception workshop(bird watching)

Ostsee

Vision

Programmatic Vision

Programmatic Vision

After analysing the urban layers of the city the programmatic vision is developed considering the mining areas of the city. These mining areas will act as a void in the urban fabric after the mining stops and they can provide an opportunity to address the current challenges of the city. These mining areas can establish a link between the green areas which are constantly decreasing and also to use to generate the economic activities which are sustainable and environmental friendly to uplift the local population.

After analysing the urban layers of the city the programmatic vision is developed considering the mining areas of the city. These mining areas will act as a void in the urban fabric after the mining stops and they can provide an opportunity to address the current challenges of the city. These mining areas can establish a link between the green areas which are constantly decreasing and also to use to generate the economic activities which are sustainable and environmental friendly to uplift the local population.

6 Vision | Programmatic Vision

After analysing the urban layers of the city the programmatic vision is developed considering the mining areas of the city. These mining areas will act as a void in the urban fabric after the mining stops and they can provide an opportunity to address the current challenges of the city. These mining areas can establish a link between the green areas which are constantly decreasing and also to use to generate the economic activities which are sustainable and environmental friendly to uplift the local population. Source:

Vision/Eco-Tourism

Urban fabric of Istanbul Void after mining stops

Vision-Regional Scale

Source:

Conserve

Regain Organise Connect

CONSERVE: Conserve the already existing Forest Areas and Vegetation of high importance. Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts. Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.

ORGANISE: By increasing local capacity building and employment opportunities, ecotourism is an effective vehicle for empowering local communities to fight against poverty and to achieve sustainable development.

CONNECT: Sustainable travel is one of the core concept of ecotourism and in the case of Green/Eco deal the basic idea is to move people from the urban centers of the city to the these Restored Landscapes by breaking the mobility pattern, which is sustainable,fast and improved.

Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder analysis

Level Category Organization Main goals

National National Government Organizations

T.R. Ministry of Culture and Tourism Financial, regulatory and compliance considerations

T.R. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization

T.R. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs

General Directorate of Environmental Management

Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

WWF Turkey

Environment Protection Foundation of Turkey Improved public health, environmental and social considerations (including livelihood impacts)

Nature Association

Local Government Office Governorship of Istanbul Financial, regulatory and compliance considerations

District Governorship

T. R. Istanbul Governorship Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization

Source: Images by Author

The stakeholders are divided into national and local level. We further selected the key organizations who will be interested in our proposals. On national level, ministries such as culture and tourism, environment and urbanization will be the most interested And Ngos such as WWF Turkey.

Level Category Organization Main goals

Local Local Authorities T.R. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Financial, regulatory and compliance considerations

T.R. District Municipality

Residents Çatalca Neighborhood Improve their livelihood and keep in check the environmental, health and safety impacts of project Çay-su Neighborhood

Sultangazi Neighborhood

NGOs Istanbul Province Environmental Protection Foundation Improved public health, environmental and social considerations (including livelihood impacts)

Istanbul Environmental Volunteers Platform(SOS)

Istanbul Environment Council Federation

Sustainable Environment and Tourism Supporters (SURCEVTUR)

Source: Images by Author

On local level, our priority group will be the residents of Catalca and sultanghazi. Our goal is to improve their livelihood and other living conditions for them to attain a healthy life

Target Groups

Target groups

Ecotourists are people who want something different from their lives, they’re interested in the natural world and different cultures, they’re people who care about the environment Or people who simply just want to get away from the stresses of their daily lives

The market of ecotourism comprises of four segments that have different needs:

• Adventurers: are looking for something different from their normal lives.

• Nature enthusiasts: are interested in the natural world and different cultures and subcultures that exist within it.

• Conservationists: are people who care about the environment and want to preserve it.

• Relaxation seekers: are people who just want to relax and get away from the stresses of their daily lives.

The segments

Source: Images by Author Source of Information: https://amplifyxl.com/target-market-for-ecotourism/

Interventions: Implementation and Visualisation

7.1 Environmental Regeneration: Çay-Su Quarry

7.2 Economic Revitalistion: Muratbey Quarry

7.3 Anthropocenic Revolution: Işıklar Quarry : Çay-Su Quarry

7.4 Mobility Restoration: Işıklar Quarry : Çay-Su Quarry : Muratbey Quarry

7.1 Environmental Regeneration

Landscapes play a vital role in not only improving the micro-climate, but also acting as seepage grounds and barriers against the Disasters(Floods, Droughts, Heat Waves).

If these vital grounds are degraded, the effect spreads onto the human settlements as well as the biodiversity. In case of Cay su Quarry these landscapes need to be Regained, Conserved ,Organised and connected in order to Restore the balance between the biodiversity and human settlements while acting as Environment Resilience Landscapes to mitigate the unforeseen Disasters. When revived these landscapes will also respond to climate change and enhance the Urban Climate , hence promoting comfortable and healthy livable cities.

Environmental Regeneration/ Eco-tourism

Source: Images by Author

Eco-Tourism

Green Infrastructure

4-Principles of Eco-Tourism

Source:

Environmental Regeneration

Forests, Greenlands and meadows

Landscapes play a vital role in not only improving the micro-climate, but also acting as seepage grounds and barriers against the Disasters(Floods, Droughts, Heat Waves).

Blue Infrastructure Catchment basins, Rivers,

Elements of Climate

solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind

Small Scale Interventions

Small

Catchment Areas

If these vital grounds are degraded, the effect spreads onto the human settlements as well as the biodiversity.

Forest

Sultangazi (Urban Settlement)

Green Infrastructure Forests, Greenlands and meadows

Blue Infrastructure Catchment basins, Rivers,

Elements of Climate solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind Sultangazi

Source:

Environmental Regeneration and Resilience Catalogue

Environmental Regeneration and Resilience Catalogue

Climate

Climate Response/Urban Climate

Climate Response/ Urban Climate Reservoir/

• Trees and other plants help cool the environment , making vegetation a simple and effective way to reduce Urban Heat Island effect.

• Gaseous exchange helps reduce down air pollution levels.

• Increasing the area of Pervious layer allows excess water during heavy rain to seep underground while recharging the ground water and preventing Urban floods and Droughts.

• Evapotranspiration along with prevailing wind direction from NE leads to Greater cooling of the surrounding Urban settlements.

Source: Images by Author

Rainy Season

Source: Images by Author

• An artificial pond designed with vegetation around the perimeter. It is used to manage stormwater runoff, for protection against flooding, for erosion control, and to improve water quality in adjacent bodies of water.

• Storm water is typically channeled to a retention basin through a system of street and/or parking lot storm drains, and a network of drain channels or underground pipes.

• The basins are designed to allow relatively large flows of water to enter, but discharges to receiving waters are limited by outlet structures that function only during very large storm events.

• The Retention pond is landscaped with a variety of grasses, shrubs, and/or aquatic plants to provide bank stability and aesthetic benefits. Vegetation also provides water quality benefits by removing soluble nutrients through uptake.

Key takeaways:

- Rural settlement

- Rapid deforestation

The Çatalca area is home to rural settlements and their main source of income is farming. Over the years, the area has gone under massive deforestation due to mining.

5.2 Economic Revitalisation

Key takeaways:

Source: Images by Author

- Rural settlement

- Rapid deforestation

All these aspects make the Muratbey quarry the ideal site for agro-eco tourism, which will generate far more income for the locals than traditional farming, and provide long term economic benefits. The quarries can be divided into four and we’ve organized quarry number 2 with the following strategies for economic revitalization.

The Çatalca area is home to rural settlements and their main source of income is farming. Over the years, the area has gone under massive deforestation due to mining. Source:

The concept is to regain the local communities while conserving the nearby farmlands, national forest, and Büyükçekmece Lake. The Çatalca area is home to rural settlements and their main source of income is farming. Over the years, the area has gone under massive deforestation due to mining.

Strategies for Economic Rvitalisation

Strategies for economic revitalization

The economic strategies have been developed centered around the concept of agro-eco tourism. These will help stabilize the local economy, create new market niches, offer a wider range of farm employment opportunities and promote local heritage. The strategies are visualized through community supporting activities such as workshops on farming and conservation, inexpensive tourist stay-ins, farmers market, local festivals and fairs, community farming, and supplying local produce to restaurants and hotels.

Muratbey Limestone Quarry

Muratbey Limestone Quarry

Interventions | Economic Revitalisation Interventions | Economic Revitalisation

Muratbey Limestone Quarry- Small scale Interventions

Muratbey Limestone Quarry - Small scale interventions

Images by Author

Source:

The Muratbey quarry achieves the goals of regaining, conserving and organizing for economic revitalization. To regain quarry landscape with terrace farming, and then organize through interaction points which will bring economic benefit to the locals. These interaction points have different qualities that appease to eco tourists and citizens alike, and a seasonal programme where we see the colors of Istanbul change throughout the year.

Source: Images by Author

Muratbey Limestone Quarry

Muratbey Limestone Quarry - Small scale interventions

In typology 1, farmer’s market will open up opportunities for locals to sell their produce to eco tourists and citizens alike. The festivals and fairs that will promote the local heritage.

Anthropocenic Revolution

The applications and interventions carried out for the Anthropogenic Revolution have been applied for the su-çay and Işıklar quarry areas. The common point of the solutions and designs realized in these areas is that while realizing the four main principles of eco tourism, it has been tried to improve the situation of biodiversity damage, which is a major problem of Istanbul, and being in a weak state in the face of climate change. In general, due to its potential and quality, it is planned to carry out applications such as Tea-Water quarry, birds resting hub and wetland for such applications; while it has been decided to carry out created flora and fauna applications due to the presence of forest and green natural resources around the Işıklar quarry area. During all these interventions, mobility part was added for the purpose of accebility to the areas.

While considering how the quarry areas can be developed taking into account environmental benefits and how to follow a path under the heading of eco tourism, solutions and designs have been sought in this direction in these areas where improvements have been made to the destruction after the use of humans and their environment, solutions and designs have been sought. In this part of the project and later, more detailed solutions are described. While trying to explain these explanations with medium and small scale maps in this booklet, proposal sections have been created for the field. In addition, it has been visualized how the atmospheric views in the areas will look after the inspections and what kind of experience awaits for the visitors.

Çay-Su Quarry

Source: Images by Author

Since the presence of water and natural resources in the immediate vicinity of this site, wetland, and walking route applications around this mine area were deemed appropriate. It is also designed to be located close to the urban settlement, to protect and rehabilitate the existing natural area and to be connected to the natural elements of the city. With these interventions, it was aimed to support the eco tourism vision, which is the main theme. At the same time, these interventions made the area more attractive for visitors. All the while, local biodiversity has been enhanced and spaces have been designed for resting and watching migratory birds.

The bird observation towers and resting hubs applied to this area were created due to the fact that the area is on the bird migration routes. With these implementations, it is also aimed to protect, develop and revitalize local species. It is aimed to observe local bird species by using these towers for visitors visiting this area.

Source: Images by Author

Quarry: Small Scale Interventions

Atmospheric Images

For small scale applications; A thematic and experience route was created in the field of çay-su. While this path makes the whole area experience as a pedestrian, it also transforms into certain interaction areas. At the same time, this path provides wetland transportation and helps visitors experience this area. Four different principles of eco-tourism have been realized through interventions. While the first step of four different principles, “conserve”, was carried out to preserve the existing biodiversity, the “regain” part was achieved by revitalizing the existing landscap. Moreover, the “connect” part of the area was realized with the walking path, and the last principle, the “organise” part, was realized with the interaction points, camping areas and information spots created in the area. In addition, an island was designed at the points where water accumulates in the quarries, and these areas are designated as resting points for bird species. These points are designed to be observable from different points of the walking path. By crating a section of this site, was tried to explain it further.

Source: Images by Author

Source: Images by Author

Quarry

Due to the fact that the site of this quarry is surrounded by forest and natural resources, it was decided to use this area for the creation of fauna and flora. It is considered to carry out certain practices and interventions both to complete the forests and not to break the connection, to realize the regain situation and to open this area for public use. At the same time, with the camping and production areas to be built, it is aimed to meet the green space needs that Istanbul feels the lack of. While these are realized, the eco tourism vision is also supported and it is aimed to support the local economy. The water resources in this area are important for applications and interventions. It is planned to use these resources as a water source in the created flora. This is designed to increase sustainability and beneficial for climate change.

Işıklar Quarry- Small Scale Interventions

In the Işıklar quarry area, for small scale interventions; this area is designed for fauna and flora designs. In this area as well, certain interventions have been made to improve the four different principles of eco-tourism. For the “conserve” part, which is the first of the principles, fauna and flora were created for the protection and development of local species, while the existing landscapi was revived for the “r”egain” part.Moreover, a walking path was created to realize the “connect” part of the vision and this Every corner of the area was tried to be experienced with the path.The last principle, the “organise” section, was created with the flora exibitions created in the area and the fauna that can be visited. In order to increase the quality and use of the area, a mobility hub was created in the part facing the main road and this hub was connected with the walking path in the quarry. While all these practices were taking place, the part of the main theme was for the “economy” , so that the local people could work in these areas and provide support for themselves.

Source: Images by Author Source: Images by Author

Atmospheric color palette through time

With the applications made in this area, an atmosphere has been created where visitors can observe and experience which species of living things in different seasons and seasons. Along with this situation, what and how visitors can encounter is also organized and designed. Moreover, the different atmospheric colors that may occur with the change of seasons in the area were also considered and designed according to the desires of the visitors. With this application, it is aimed to keep the ecotourism vision alive by attracting different types of visitors to the area in different time periods.

States of Being Present

Flora and

Source: Images By Author

In the created flora system, certain systems have been developed to ensure the sustainability of the design and the area. One of them, the irrigation system of the flora created in the Işıklar quarry area, was carried out by transforming the rain water. With this intervention, it was aimed to minimize the effects of global warming and climate change on the area. The different elements that emerged with the practices and interventions carried out as the Anthropogenic Revolution are designed to support the four different principles of eco tourism. In addition, these applications were produced in the hope of being a solution to the threat of loss of natural reserves, which is a major and important problem of Istanbul. While biological diversity and climate change continue to be a major problem in Istanbul, solutions produced under the name of eco tourism have been made to reduce these situations.

Source: Images By Author

Vision

The overall mobility vision for the peninsula deals on several levels in order to solve the problems on different scales to provide a seamless, stress free and fast mobility option for the urban districts to the

Regional Level:

Intervention Sites

The mobility vision on this scale mainly deals with high speed mobility. The aim is to find the voids and gaps within the high speed network of Istanbul in relation to the urban centers and the quarry areas and provide the solutions based on the analyses in order to enhance the user experience.

Intermediate level:

Intermediate level deals with the provision of the mobility hubs on different levels which will link the site level and the regional level within different contexts they are located in and according to the needs of the city.

Site level:

The vision on this scale is to provide the non motorized mobility option within the quarry areas in the form of soft mobility to enrich the user experience and provide the options for the local community to get the benefits from it.

Mobility: Proposed regional connections

Mobility: Proposed regional connections

-Develop Halkali as the the city.

-Develop Halkali as the the city.

-Extension of the marmaray Halkali station to establish link between the old airport airport.

-Extension of the marmaray Halkali station to establish link between the old airport airport.

-Revival of the non functioning west of the Halkali station.

-Revival of the non functioning west of the Halkali station.

Source: Images by Author

Source: Images by Author

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that there are some voids in the regional mobility in Istanbul and these voids were identified and filled with the best possible solutions. The following possible solutions have been provided in order to improve the regional mobility which will benefit the urban centers and the mining areas of the peninsula in the long run.

-Based on the mobility analysis of Istanbul the first regional intervention is to revive the Halkali sta tion as the main railway station of the city and revive the abandoned rail lines to restore the high speed mobility and cross border connections.

-As identified in the analysis that there is a missing integration between the old airport and the new airport therefore a new high speed rail connection has been proposed between these two hubs. This connection will not only link the two airports but also the quarry areas within the vicinity will be easily accessible.

Interventions on intermediate level: Regional Mobilty Hubs in context of Istanbul

Regional mobility hubs

On an intermediate level the concept of mobility hubs has been adopted to provide an integrated mobility approach for Istanbul. This approach has been adopted because according to Deloitte’s global automotive consumer research in 2019, Turks have the highest percentage of people (roughly 27%) who use multiple modes of transportation on the same trip. The graph belows shows the percentage of car owners in different countries who use multiple modes of transportation during their trip.

mobility hub (Yenikapi transit station)

Main goals:

-Provide the facilities which are currently insufficient for the users to enhance the user experience.

-Improve the quality of public transportation.

-improved accessibility and the integrated mobility approach.

-Strengthen the road infrastructure system and make it more resilient and sustainable.

Types of mobility hubs:

Based on the research and analysis of the city, the mobility hubs will have three different types based on the context they are located in. Each type will have different transportation amenities and will be integrated with the existing infrastructure. The following graph shows the three different typologies of the mobility hubs along with the amenities they need to be integrated.

Mobility hubs

Key points:

-Mixed used mobility options (E-bikes, E-cars, car share, Park and ride etc)

-Provision of smart logistic area

Source: Images by Author

Source: Images by Author

-Reduced speed limit.

-These will be large scale station areas in either dense urban areas or end of line stations where they connect to other regional transit providers. One such example can be Yenikapi transit station which has the following characteristics:

-Integrated green open space.

-Mostly mixed used and commercial areas.

-Economic importance.

-Priority for pedestrians and cyclist.

-Close to the historic center.

-Potential for economic vitality.

Source: Images by Author

Yenikapi transit station

Multiple usage of transportation mode among car users ((Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020).

Central Mobility Hubs in Context of Istanbul

Central mobility hubs

mobility hubs

Neighbourhood Mobility Hubs in context of Istanbul

Neighbourhood mobility hubs

Key points:

-located in a more urban context, and encompass one or more stations/ bus stops.

-Integrated with the surrounding amenities and neighbourhoods.

Key points:

-Bike share and bike parking.

-Priority for pedestrians and cyclist.

-Opportunities for local residents

-Local identity

These will be the Small scale stations with basic amenities located in low density areas. They will be easily approachable within walking distance. One such example can be Catalca neighborhood mobility hub which has the following characteristics:

-Mostly residential areas surrounded by open green areas.

-Local identity.

Source: Images By Author

Sultan Gazi central mobility hub

Source: Images by Author

Site Level Interventions / Soft Mobility

Mobility interventions on the site level will be based on the concept of soft mobility or the non motorized mobility. The concept of soft mobility will be integrated with the regional mobility and intermediate mobility levels but it will be more focused on the quarry areas.

Main goals:

The main goals of the soft mobility interventions are as follows:

-Reduction of the noise and air pollution surrounding the quarry areas.

- Provide the opportunities for the locals to uplift their economic conditions.

-Health and safety for the visitors and locals.

-Information and education for all.

Implementation of soft mobility concept in the quarry areas

-The concept of soft mobility will be implemented in the quarry areas in the form of thematic or story trails which will be linked via cycling, walking, tracking and green ways.

-These thematic/story trails are important because according to the combined report by the European union and European regional fund development “the protected natural areas also have an educational component and they are valuable educational tools for the environment and local community. They also determines change in the visitors behavior” (infrastructure elements in sustainable ecotourism, Cristina Iliescu,Andrei Blumer,Bogdan Papuc, 2009)

Soft mobility in Cay su quarry:

The concept of soft mobility has been adopted in all of the quarry areas and one detailed example is the quarry of Cay su. This quarry has the following characteristics:

-It is located in the close context of the urban areas of Sultan Gazi.

-It also touches the forest areas and the water bodies in the northern side.

Infrastructure elements for Soft mobility:

The concept of soft mobility can be implemented in a variety of ways. The following soft mobility options will be implemented on the selected quarry sites of Istanbul.

-Cycling and walking routes

-Green ways

-Tracking

-Canoe/Kayak

-supporting infrastructure for soft mobility for example common public amenities.

Source: Images by Author

Mobility: Overview

-It is also located in close proximity to some of the historical landmarks and settlements of Istanbul. -This quarry will also be the main target place for the conserve and regain part of the vision and it is also an important site to integrate the local communities to get the benefits from the development of this area.

Source: Images by Author

Source: Images By Author

Project Timeline

PROJECT TIMELINE

Project Timeline

8

Source: Images by Author

• The international ecotourism society

• Sustainable Travel Report by Booking.com 2018

• Sustainable Development Goals

• http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/cities/view/Istanbul

• Article:Over-Agglomeration and Its Effects on Sustainable Development: A Case Study on Istanbul

• Evaluation of the environmental impacts of urbanization from the viewpoint of increased skin temperatures: a case study from Istanbul, Turkey

• Simulated historical climate & weather data for Istanbul,Meteoblue

• https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Stochastic-Environmental-Research-and-Risk-Assessment-1436-3259

• Sustainable management of aggregate resources in Istanbul 2016

• Source of Information: https://journo.com.tr/controversies-surround-istanbuls-new-airport

• ravelatelier.com/blog/migratory-birds-turkey/

• howtoistanbul.com/tr/birds-of-istanbul

• Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Smart and Green Mobility in Istanbul, 2020

• https://amplifyxl.com/target-market-for-ecotourism/

• https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FR340

• https://eos.com/blog/terrace-farming/

• statistics from https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-249306/2019.html

• https://westsidepark-atl.com/

• http://www.iba-see2010.de/en/verstehen/projekte/projekt10.html

• https://www.leag.de/en/business-fields/mining/cottbuser-ostsee/

• Stakeholders’ Perception of Istanbul’s Historical Peninsula as a Sustainable Destination

• İSTANBUL İLİ MADEN VE ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI

• District based flood risk assessment in Istanbul using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process

• https://connectusfund.org/10-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quarrying-limestone

• The Land Use In The Water Reservoirs Areas Of Istanbul

• Investigating urban heat island intensity in Istanbul

• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Istanbul-area-generated-a-Vulnerability-map-b-Hazard-mapand-c-Flood-risk-map_fig5_346021347

• https://info.wesslerengineering.com/blog/stormwater-basins-detention-retention-ponds

• https://www.climatechangepost.com/turkey/flash-floods-and-urban-flooding/

Now, that we all are aware and understand how Eco-tourism enhances the wellbeing of both Humans and Biodiversity, we are one Now, that we all are aware and understand how Eco-tourism enhances the wellbeing of both Humans and Biodiversity, we are one step closer to our main Goal!

Now, that we all are aware and understand how Eco-tourism enhances the wellbeing of both Humans and Biodiversity, we are one step closer to our main Goal!

Now, that we all are aware and understand how Eco-tourism enhances the wellbeing of both Humans and Biodiversity, we are one step closer to our main Goal!

Now, that we all are aware and understand how Eco-tourism enhances the wellbeing of both Humans and Biodiversity, we are one step closer to our main Goal!

Now, that we all are aware and understand how Eco-tourism enhances the wellbeing of both Humans and Biodiversity, we are one step closer to our main Goal!