LIVING CONDITIONS OF FEMALE MAIDSERVANTS IN INFORMAL SECTORS – A CASE STUDY AT ILKAL, BAGALKOT DISTR by IASET Journals

InternationalJournalofBusinessandGeneral Management(IJBGM)

ISSN(P):2319–2267;ISSN(E):2319–2275

Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;1–10 ©IASET

LIVINGCONDITIONSOFFEMALEMAIDSERVANTSININFORMALSECTORS–A CASESTUDYATILKAL,BAGALKOTDISTRICT,KARNATAKA

AjitKBijjal&Dr.RobinManoharShinde2

1AssistantProfessor,SVMVVSSInstituteofManagementStudies,Ilkal,Bagalkot,Karnataka,India

2Ph.D,DepartmentofManagement,MHRM,NET&AssistantProfessor,SRINIVASCollegeofManagementandComers, Karnataka,India

ABSTRACT

Indiaisarichcountrywithpoorpeople.Wecomeacrosswiththelivingconditionsoftheformalsectorarebetterthanthe informalsectors.Itisessentialtosearchforajobforalivelyhoodforthemaidservantsandespeciallyforfemale maidservants.Mrs.IndiraGandhi,thethenprimeministerofIndiaintroduced“GRIBIHATAVO”.

ThepresentprimeministerintroducedtheNAREGASYSTEMSwithguaranteedminimumwagesforinformal sectorworkersandmaidservantsandalsoatthefreecostgivengasconnectionunderUjjwalaschemetothefemale membersofthehouseholdtoimprovethelivingconditions.Comparetothepre-independenceandpost-independenceand themodernpresentsituationthefemalemaidservantsaremoreandtheycomeoutfromtheirhouseforthelivelyhood.

Accordingtothecensusreport,itisraisedto3%intotalityfromthepast10yearssurvey.Improvementinthe fieldofeducation,employment,attitudes,behaviourespeciallyinfemalemaidservants.Governmentschemessometimes createidlethinkingamongfemalemaidservants.ItisobservedthatYoungunmarriedmaidservantsaremoreinthesociety andforwantofmoneyeventheyarenotinterestedforcedtowork.Northzoneareaconsistsofthemorefemale maidservant

KEYWORDS:LivingConditionsofMaidservants–InformalSector,Urbanization

ArticleHistory

Received:11Jul2022|Revised:14Jul2022|Accepted:15Jul2022

INTRODUCTION

Theupper-classsocietyill-treatedthelowerincomegroupofpeopleorbelowthepovertylinegroupofpeople.

Thepeoplewhostayatoneokplaceandexecutethejobiscalledasformalsectorandpeoplewhoaresearching forajobeachdayatdifferentplacesiscalledinformalsectorworkers.AfemaledomesticworkerintheVictoriaerawas thesecond-largestdomesticemploymentinIndia.Itwascontinuedinalltheplacesandiftheworkisnotsuitableforthe maidservants,theyusetochangethemasters.Maidservantshaveagreedtoallthejobswhateverthemasterassignswithout refusingevenasingleworkandill-treatthemalso.

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Thelivingconditionisverypitifulandunimaginable.Hencethenecessityarisesforemploymentforsurvival

Thewomenhaverestrictionstonotliveinthehouseatanycost.Thosedayshavegoneandenteredthefieldof competitionworldforemploymentalongwithmale-dominantworkers.

Theglobalwitnessthetotalchangeintheattitudes,values,aspirations,andwaysoffeelingandactingthe effectiveparticipationinallwalksoflife.Thefemalemaidservant’scontributiontosocietyiswitnessedinallthewalksof lifeintheentireglobe.

NowDaysmenarealsoverycooperativeforthesaidpurpose.Theeconomicconditionhasimprovedgradually asemploymentopportunitiesarecreatedwithreservationpoliciesinbothformalandinformalsectors.Femalemaid servantshavealotofchallengesintheworkandsometimesverymiserableconditionsfromeverycornermakehertakethe decisiontocontinueorsustainthetortures.FormalsectorsarecoveredbyvariouslegislationsandActswhereasinformal sectorswillnotregisteratallandhowtoidentifythem?Thereisnoroasterforfemalemaidservants.Thegovernmentmade anattempttoimprovetheirlivingconditionsonacase-to-casebasisbecause94%ofemployedbelongstoinformalsectors. Whytheyresponsibilitiessaymasterwillbeheldresponsibleevensubordinateorservantscommitamistake. Thereisnomaidservant’sassociationinthepresentsociety

LITERATUREREVIEW

 Saradevi1985:inherbook“workingconditionsoffemalemaidservants”pageno14printedandpublishedat SaraprintersandpublishersinFranceexplainedveryclearlythatmaidservantswillstarttoworkasearlyas possiblestartingfrom5-00AMandworktillnight9-00PMalmosteverydayandoccasionallyextendedworking hoursonfunctionsandspecialeventsonthemaster’shouse.Oneoftherestlesspeopleormostbusypeoplefor thesociety.

 SharanyaMathaji2016inherbooktitled“Maidservant’sEconomicConditions”pageno9and26printedand publishedatLakshmiPrintersandpublishers,Bangaloreindicatedthatfemalemaidservantswillstartworkat homeandproceedtosomeotherhousewhichisagreedtodothehomeworkssuchascleaningthehousewith broomsticks,washwithwater.

 Outsidethehouseporewaterandputtherangoliwashutensilsandwashclothes,preparebreakfastandlunchin twoorthreehousesandcomebackandtakecareofthechildrenandfamilymembersagaintheymaygotothe housestopreparesnacksfortheeveninganddinnermealsbythatthemaidservantwillexhaustherenergyandgo thebedforsleep.Inspiteofthis,theyearnonlyameagreamount,andiftheydemandmoremoney,theymaylose anopportunitytoworkalso.Theirlivingconditionisprettypitiable.

 JohnKithHeart1999:quotedthoseformalandinformalsectorsaretwogroupsofemployment

 FactoriesAct1948:Formalsectorsaretoberegisteredasanindustrywiththeaidofpower10andwithouttheaid ofpower20wherethelabourersworkotherwiseitiscalledinformalsectors.

2 AjitKBijjal&Dr.RobinManoharShinde

ImpactFactor(JCC):7.4543 NAASRating3.51

Urbanization

 Thesocio-economictransformationofIndiansocietyinthepresentcenturyandespeciallyinthepostindependenceperiodintheformofindustrialization,urbanization,westernization,thespreadofeducation,and enhancedemploymentopportunitiesforfemalemaidservantshavebroughtaboutaseriesofperceptiblechanges inthestatus,outlook,workviewandattitudesespeciallyeducatedmiddle-classfemalemaidservantsandwomenin general.

WorkParticipationRate

 Moremaidservantsarecomingoutofthefourwallsoftheirhomeinsearchofgainfulemploymentwhichis evidentfromtheslowbutsteadilyrisingwithaminimumof3%fromthepast10years.

InformalSector

Maidservants

 Intheformalsector,womenhavetremendousworkpressureandarenotavailabletodotheirownjobsandhence theydependonthemaidservantstofinishtheday-to-dayjobsstartingfrombroomingthedust,cleaningthehouse, washingclothes,andutensils.Eventheyhavetocareforthebabiesasafull-timeworker.

 Thewomenhavetogototheofficefortheiremploymentandtheworktobedonesimultaneouslysuchas sendingthebabytoschool,bathing,dressingpreparingbreakfast,andmakingthemeattheyhavetimeconstraint hencedependencyismustotherwisetheyhavetoleavetheirjob.withinthesalarytheyearnistobesharedasa subcontractoftheemploymenttothemaidservantsandhencetheymayofferonlylesssalaryorwages.

LivingConditionsofFemaleMaidservantsinInformalSectors–ACaseStudyAtIlkal,BagalkotDistrict,Karnataka 3

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SlNoTime Full-TimeWorkers Part-TimeWorkers Occasional/Emergency Workers 1 05 Rises Rises,collectwaterandcleans ownhouseprepareBreakfast forfamilymembers Rises 2 07 Engagedindomestic tasks,washingclothes, cleaningroom,wash, outsidethehousepour waterandputrangoli, washutensils Gototheworkplace,engagein domestictasks,washing clothes,cleaningroom,wash, outsidethehousepourwater andputrangoli,washutensils Goestoworkandengagein domesticworktasksforafew days 3 08 PreparesBreakfast Preparefoodatworkplace1 4 10 DoesOtherworks Doesotherworks 5 12 Preparefoodforlunch Attendsworkplace2andworks 6 13 Takesfood ReturnHomeandcookfor family 7 14 Washutensilsand sweepsroom Takesrest 8 15 Takesrest Attendsworkplace3washes clothes,utensils,cleaningetc 9 17 PrepareeveningTiffin Returnshome ReturnHome 10 19 PrepareDinner Preparefoodandfeedto children TakesfoodandgoestoBed 11 21 Takesfoodandgoesto Bed TakesfoodandgoestoBed

Table1:FemaleMaidservantWorkScheduleandActionPlanTimeZone24Hours

SCOPEANDNATUREOFTHESTUDY

 TimeistakentointeractwithIlkalcityfemalemaidservantsandtounderstandtheirlivingconditionsbyanalysing andexploringthepossibilitytomakethemovercometheproblemsbysuggestingtothepolicymakers

 Demographicinformationhelpedtoidentifythelivingconditionsofthefemalemaidservants

StatementoftheProblem

Thestudytitled“Livingconditionsoffemalemaidservantsininformalsectors–AcasestudyatIlkal,BagalkotDistrict, andKarnataka”

TheObjectiveoftheStudy

 Toidentifythelivingconditionsofthefemalemaidservants

 Toidentifytheneedforemploymenttothemaidservants

 Toidentifythemajordifferencebetweenthemaidservantsemployedintheformalandinformalsector

SourceofData

PrimaryDatawascollectedbyframingastructuredquestionnaireandafewsecondarysourcesofdatafromother literature,networks,etc.,

SampleSize

100samplesselectedfromsimplerandomsamplinginandaroundILKALcity

ResearchDesign

Thestructuredquestionnaireisframedanddistributedandexplainedinthelocallanguageandcollectedthedataonone-tooneinformation.Exploratory,descriptive,andanalyticalresearchmethodswereemployedforthestudy

Limitation

 ForthestudypurposeonlymaidservantsofIlkalcityconsidered

 Onlyinformalsectoristakenforstudy

ImpactFactor(JCC):7.4543 NAASRating3.51

4 AjitKBijjal&Dr.RobinManoharShinde

INTERPRETATION

Full-timemaidservantsaremorecomparedtopart-timemaidservantsandtheleastimportanceisgiventooccasional maidservants.Andinanaveragenorthzoneareareceivesmorefemalemaidservantsandsouthzoneistheleastandeast andwestfollowsaspersequencesofNEWS(N=North,E=East,W=West,andS=south).

LivingConditionsofFemaleMaidservantsinInformalSectors–ACaseStudyAtIlkal,BagalkotDistrict,Karnataka 5 www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us

Table1:WorkersParticipationinIlkalCity FullTime Worker PartTime worker Occasional Workers Percentage North 76 20 4 100 east 70 20 10 100 west 72 22 6 100 South 65 30 5 100 Source:SurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents

DATAANALYSISANDINTERPRETATIONS

Interpretation

Fromthechart,itisobservedthatlessthantheageof18aremorefemalemaidservantsfollowedbytheagegroupbetween 18-20,20-25,40andabove,respectively.

Interpretation

FromtheaboveitisbeenobservedthattheUnmarriedfemalerespondentsfonddominantwhichconstitutes60%followed byMarried,widowed,separated,divorced,anddeserted.Unmarriedhasasignificantroleinthefemalemaidservantsin Ilkalcity.

6 AjitKBijjal&Dr.RobinManoharShinde ImpactFactor(JCC):7.4543 NAASRating3.51

NoofRespondents Lessthan18 35 18-20 30 20-25 15 25-30 05 30-40 04 40andabove 11 Source:SurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents

Table2:DistributionsofRespondentsbyAge

Noofrespondents Unmarried 60 Marriedandlivingtogether 15 widowed 9 Separated 8 Deserted 2 Divorced 6 Source:SurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents

Table3:DistributionofRespondentsaccordingtotheirLivingConditionofMaritalStatus

Itisobservedfromthechartthatfemalemaidservantsborrowmoneyforday-to-dayexpenseswith40%followedbyany functionssuchasmarriagewith29%,purchasingofconsumableitemswith13%,andpurchaseoffurniture,fixtures,tv, washingmachines,etcwith10%andwithleast8%fordeathinthefamily.

Itisnotedfromthechartthat40%offemalemaidservantsaresatisfiedwiththeirworkand52%ofmaidservantsnot satisfiedintheirworkandonly8%areneutral.

LivingConditionsofFemaleMaidservantsinInformalSectors–ACaseStudyAtIlkal,BagalkotDistrict,Karnataka 7 www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us Table4:DistributionofRespondentsAccordingtoReasonsofIndebtedness Noofrespondents Daytodayexpenses 40 Buyingconsumableitems 13 Purchasingfurnitureandfixtures 10 Functionsmarriage,guests’arrivaletc 29 Deathinfamily 8 Source:SurveyDataSurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents Interpretation

Table5:DistributionofRespondentsAccordingtotheirJobSatisfaction Noofrespondents CompletelySatisfied 40 Regularworknochoiceandnocomments 8 Unsatisfied 52 Source:SurveyDataSurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents Interpretation

Interpretation

Moneylendershavemoreinfluenceonfemalemaidservantsbecause50%areborrowingmoneyfromthemandfollowedby Employers,andrelatives.Thishas18%and12%.10%equallysharedbybanksandfinancialinstitutionsandfriends.

Interpretation

Fromthischartlowwagesisthemajorreasonfordissatisfaction60%ofthefemalemaidservantscomeunderthiscategory andnoleisuretimeis7%whichistheleastreasonfollowedbyBadtreatmentwith15%,heavyworkloads10%andtimeconsumingis8%.

8 AjitKBijjal&Dr.RobinManoharShinde ImpactFactor(JCC):7.4543 NAASRating3.51 Table6:DistributionofRespondentsAccordingtotheirSourcesofBorrowing Noofrespondents Banks&FinancialInstitutions 10 MoneyLenders 50 Employers 18 Relatives 12 Friends 10 Source:SurveyDataSurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents

Table7:DistributionofRespondentsaccordingtoReasonsofDissatisfaction Noofrespondents Lowwages 60 Heavyworkload 10 BadTreatmentbyemployer 15 Time-consuming 8 Noleisuretime 7 Source:SurveyDataSurveyDataCollectedfromRespondents

Findings

 Majorityofthefemalemaidservantsarerelativelyyoungandunmarriedandlessthan18yearsofagefollowedby theagegroupof19to20years.

 Majorityoffemalemaidservantsareverypoorandilliterates

 Majorityoffemalemaidservantsworkfortheprotectionoffamily

SuggestionsandConclusions

 ThecontributionofthefemalemaidservantstoanindividualhousepeopleisacknowledgednotonlyinILKAL buttheentireworld.Therefore,itistheresponsibilityofthegovernmenttoframessomelegislationintheabsence oflegislation.

 Empowerthefemalemaidservanteconomically.Treatthemaidservantsastheirfamilymembers.Supportthem whenitisrequired.CreateagoverningbodyandBoardsseparatelyandaskeachinformalsectorworkertoenrol compulsory.

 Sincetheearningmembersarefewerandeatingmembersaremoreitimbalanceinthelivingconditions.Advise extendingsometimeforentertainmentsothattheyalsowillbehappy.Ahealthyworkerisaproductiveworker.. Ifyouwaiveofftheloansborrowedbythemtheywillbecomelazy.Seetheextractbelow.

 Theconversationbytwoyounggirlsanddepictstheirattitude.Judgeineachcaseandextendthehelpinghand onlyforthedeservedpeopleandnottoeverybody.

 Veryinterestingfiction.Perhaps,youneverstayedinvillagesandseehowthesefreebieswork.Farmersare demandingtheminimumsupportpriceandnotfewthousandasfree.Forexample,paddyasperMSPshouldbe purchasedat1850butnowinthemarket,itispurchasedatRs.1200.foreverybag,thefarmerislosingRs.650. Howmanyfreebiescancovertheloss?Allcropsarelikethat.Priceatthefarmerandmarketpricehasalarge gap.Whoisgettingbenefitted?Thinkover.

 Unfortunately,eventhehighlyeducatedpeoplethinkthegovernmentgetstaxonlythroughemployeeincometax. Inthetotaltax,incometaxisonlyafraction.Everyperson,poororrich,coolieorCEO,wheneverthey purchasesomething,paystaxthroughmerchants.Whetherthemerchantpaysallthecollectedtaxtothe Governmentis,though,doubtful

 Pleasedonotspreadincorrectmessagesaboutvillagers.

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11.Saradevi1985:inherbook“workingconditionsoffemalemaidservants”pageno14printedandpublishedat SaraprintersandpublishersinFrance

12.SharanyaMathaji2016inherbooktitled“Maidservant’sEconomicConditions”pageno9and26printedand publishedatLakshmiPrintersandpublishers,Bangalore

ImpactFactor(JCC):7.4543

NAASRating3.51

10 AjitKBijjal&Dr.RobinManohar

Shinde