DIGITAL ISSUE 8C | 2024
SOUTH AFRICA’S PREMIER DOG MAGAZINE
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FOOD M PET
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Welcome to our February edition of DQ Magazine! We’ve got lots of great articles for you this month, including a look at the Shiba Inu, an ancient, spirited and intelligent breed; a piece on why dogs make the best valentines (obviously!); a selection of tips for spoiling your dog; an article of oral hygiene; and much, much more. We’re currently on the lookout for doggy events to attend and feature in the magazine, so if you are hosting an event or have any recommendations for events we should attend, get in touch, and we’ll see you there. All we need is a date, time and place, and our team will descend with cameras! As always, if you have another suggestion about content you’d like to see featured in the magazine, just email us at lizzie@dqmagazine.co.za or reach out on Instagram or Facebook. We’d love to hear from you! Until next time!
Lizzie and the DQ team xxx
Dr Lizzie Harrison | Editor
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Designer: Anne Royden-Turner
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DIGITAL ISSUE 8C | 2024
CONTENTS The Shiba Inu A spirited and independent canine
Pampered pooches Spoiling our dogs
Dogs make the best Valentines Here’s five reasons why
Hit the road safely Tips for travelling in the car with your dog
Mastering the art of stay
Ask DQ
Teaching your dog to ‘stay'
Your questions answered
Unleash the excitement A beginner's guide to dog agility
Products we love
Peering into canine vision Understanding the anatomy and function of a dog's eye
Dog breath Prioritising your pet's oral hygiene
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BREED PROFILE
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BREED PROFILE
The Shiba Inu A SPIRITED AND INDEPENDENT CANINE
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BREED PROFILE
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he Shiba Inu is a charismatic and spirited breed known for its fox-like appearance, confident demeanour, and unwavering loyalty. Originating from Japan, this ancient breed has captured the hearts of dog enthusiasts worldwide with its distinctive personality and striking looks. In this article, we'll explore the history, temperament, physical characteristics, and care requirements of the Shiba Inu.
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BREED PROFILE
HISTORY The Shiba Inu is one of Japan's oldest and most iconic dog breeds, with a lineage that can be traced back over 3000 years. Originally bred for flushing out and hunting small game in the mountainous regions of Japan, including wild boar, birds, and small mammals, the Shiba Inu developed into a versatile and agile hunter prized for its keen senses and independent nature. In fact, the breed's name 'Shiba Inu' roughly translates to 'brushwood dog' in Japanese, reflecting its ability to navigate dense bush while hunting.
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Despite facing near-extinction during World War II and subsequent population declines, dedicated efforts by breed enthusiasts in Japan and abroad helped revive the Shiba Inu's numbers and preserve its heritage.
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DID YOU KNOW? Shiba Inus tend to be vocal and may bark or 'talk' to communicate their thoughts and feelings. They are specifically known for their unique vocalisations, which include a distinctive 'Shiba scream' or 'Shiba yodel.' This vocalisation is a high-pitched, piercing sound that Shiba Inus may use to express excitement or frustration or seek attention.
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BREED PROFILE
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TEMPERAMENT Shiba Inus are renowned for their spirited and independent personalities. They are highly intelligent and can be pretty determined. They are known for their strong prey drive and may not get along well with other pets unless raised together from a young age. They are commonly aloof and reserved with strangers but form deep bonds with their families and are fiercely loyal and devoted companions. They are known to be affectionate and protective of their loved ones, making them excellent family pets for those who understand and appreciate their unique temperament.
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Ultimately, early socialisation and patient and consistent training are essential to channel the breed's energy positively and help them develop into well-rounded, happy and relaxed pets. Shiba Inus are not suitable for first-time dog owners.
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APPEARANCE The Shiba Inu is a small to mediumsized breed with a well-balanced and muscular build. Key physical characteristics of the breed include: • Size: Adult Shiba Inus typically stand between 34 and 42cm tall at the shoulder and weigh between 7.5 and 10.5kg. • Coat: The Shiba Inu has a double coat consisting of a soft, dense undercoat and a straight, harsh outer coat that is water-resistant. Common coat colours include red, sesame (red with black-tipped hairs), black and tan, and cream. • Tail: Shiba Inus have distinctive curled tails carried high over the back, giving them a regal and confident appearance. • Expression: The breed's almondshaped eyes and triangular ears give the Shiba Inu a fox-like expression that is both alert and intelligent.
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DID YOU KNOW? Shiba Inus are known for their intelligence and problem-solving abilities, which can sometimes translate into impressive escape artist antics. They are very skilled at finding ways to explore, and many think nothing of jumping fences or digging under barriers to go and see the outside world. For this reason, secure fencing is a must, as is plenty of exercise and minimal time spent alone.
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CARE REQUIREMENTS Shiba Inus are relatively lowmaintenance in terms of grooming, thanks to their naturally clean and selfsufficient nature. They are known for their fastidious grooming habits, often licking themselves clean in a manner similar to cats. This natural inclination towards cleanliness means they spend a significant amount of time grooming themselves to keep their coats in pristine condition.
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However, they do shed moderately year-round and will benefit from regular brushing to keep their coats in good condition.
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In terms of exercise, Shiba Inus are active and energetic dogs that require daily physical activity to keep them mentally stimulated and physically fit. Regular walks, interactive play sessions, and opportunities for offleash running in a secure area are recommended to help meet their exercise needs.
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As with any dog breed, proper nutrition, routine veterinary care, and regular dental hygiene are essential for maintaining the health and wellbeing of Shiba Inus. Additionally, providing mental stimulation through puzzle toys, obedience training, and interactive games can help prevent boredom and the development of undesirable behaviours in these very active and intelligent dogs.
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CONCLUSION The Shiba Inu is a captivating and charismatic breed that embodies the spirit of the ancient Japanese hunting dogs from which it descended. With their unique blend of independence, intelligence, and loyalty, Shiba Inus make excellent companions for experienced dog owners who appreciate their spirited nature and distinctive personality. By understanding the breed's history, temperament, and care requirements, prospective owners can ensure a fulfilling and rewarding relationship with their Shiba Inu for years to come.
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POOCHES
P A M P E R D E D
SPOILING OUR DOGS
D O G S AT H O M E
ogs hold a special place in our hearts, offering unwavering love, loyalty, and companionship. As devoted pet parents, it's only natural to want to spoil our furry friends rotten. From tasty treats to outdoor adventures, there are countless ways to indulge your canine companion and make them feel like royalty. In this article, we explore some of our favourite options.
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Gourmet treats One of the simplest yet most effective ways to spoil your dog is by treating them to delicious gourmet snacks. Whether it's homemade treats or high-quality, all-natural goodies from the store, there's something for every pup's palate. Consider offering a variety of flavours and textures to keep things exciting, and don't forget to include some extra special treats for birthdays or holidays.
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Adventure time If your dog is the adventurous type, why not indulge their sense of adventure with regular outings to new and exciting locations? Take them for scenic hikes in the mountains, leisurely strolls on the beach, or romps through the local park. Not only will these outings provide valuable exercise and mental stimulation, but they'll also strengthen the bond between you and your dog as you explore the world together.
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Cosy bedding After a long day of play and exploration, every dog deserves a comfortable place to rest their weary head. Invest in a cosy bed or blanket where your pup can curl up and relax in style. Make sure the bed is the right size and shape for your dog and accommodates their sleeping preferences – are they a stretcher or a snuggler? Add some extra pillows or blankets for added comfort, and watch as your dog drifts off into dreamland with a contented sigh.
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F O U R Interactive toys Keep your dog entertained and mentally stimulated with a variety of interactive toys designed to challenge their problemsolving skills and keep boredom at bay. From puzzle feeders to treat-dispensing toys, there are endless options to choose from that will keep your pup engaged for hours on end. Rotate their toys regularly to keep things fresh and exciting, and consider introducing new toys to keep their curiosity piqued.
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Spend time We saved the most important for last, and that is spending time with your precious pooch. Spoiling your dog isn't just about showering them with treats and toys—it's about showing them love, affection, and appreciation for all the joy and companionship they bring into your life. Most dogs are at their happiest when interacting or relaxing with their pawrents, so make sure to prioritise quality time together as regularly as you can.
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FINAL THOUGHTS Valentine's Day may be over for 2024, but you don't need a reason to spoil your canine companion, so have some fun with the tips here. Spoil them in whatever way feels right for you and them, and watch your bond strengthen. So go ahead, indulge your pooch and watch as their tail wags with delight at all the love and attention you have to offer.
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DOG LOVE
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DOG LOVE
best Valentines
DOGS MAKE THE
HERE’S FIVE REASONS WHY
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n Valentine's Day, the world goes crazy looking for love. And, yet, for us at DQ Magazine, one companion stands out as the ultimate Valentine - our dogs. Dogs offer unconditional love, loyalty, and companionship like no other, making them the perfect partners for every day of the year. In this article, we'll explore the five reasons we believe dogs make the best Valentines.
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DOG LOVE
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UNCONDITIONAL LOVE Dogs are the masters of unconditional love, offering limitless affection and acceptance to their human companions. They don't care about material possessions, societal expectations, or superficial qualities—they love us for who we are, flaws and all. Whether we're having a good day or a bad day, our dogs are always there with wagging tails and wet kisses, reminding us that we are loved unconditionally.
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DOG LOVE
2 CONSTANT COMPANIONSHIP One of the greatest joys of having a dog as a Valentine is the constant companionship they provide. Dogs are always there to greet us with enthusiasm when we come home, eager to spend time with us no matter what. Whether going for a walk, curling up on the couch, or simply enjoying each other's company, having a dog by our side brings comfort and joy to every moment.
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EMOTIONAL SUPPORT Dogs have an uncanny ability to sense when we're feeling down or stressed and offer unwavering emotional support in times of need. Whether we're dealing with heartache, stress at work, or simply feeling overwhelmed by life, our dogs provide comfort, solace, and a listening ear (or a sympathetic head tilt). Their presence alone calms our emotions, reminding us that we're never alone in our struggles.
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DOG LOVE
4 JOYFUL ADVENTURES Dogs have a natural zest for life and a contagious sense of adventure that can brighten even the dullest of days. Whether exploring the great outdoors, playing fetch in the garden, or watching a movie together, our dogs remind us to embrace the simple joys of life and live in the moment. With a dog as our Valentine, every day is an opportunity for new adventures and unforgettable memories.
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UNBREAKABLE BOND Perhaps the most profound reason why dogs make the best Valentines is the unbreakable bond we share with them. Through thick and thin, good times and bad, our dogs remain steadfastly by our side, offering unwavering loyalty, devotion, and love. The bond between humans and their dogs is sacred, built on trust, mutual respect, and an unspoken understanding that transcends words.
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DOG LOVE
CHOOSE YOUR DOG D G With Valentine's Day 2024 behind us, let's take a moment to celebrate the special bond we share with our canine companions all year round. From their unconditional love and constant companionship to their unwavering support and joyful spirit, dogs genuinely embody the essence of what it means to be the best Valentines. So, whether you spent Valentine's Day with a significant other or flying solo, remember that the greatest love of all can be found in the form of a furry, four-legged friend.
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ON THE ROAD
Hit the road safely 36
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ON THE ROAD
TIPS FOR TRAVELLING IN THE CAR WITH YOUR DOG
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ON THE ROAD
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ravelling with your canine companion can be a rewarding experience, but it's essential to ensure his safety and comfort, especially when hitting the road. Whether embarking on a crosscountry road trip or running errands around town, taking proper precautions when travelling in the car with your dog is crucial. In this article, we'll discuss some tips and best practices for travelling safely with your dog.
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1. USE A SECURED CRATE OR HARNESS One of the safest ways for dogs to travel in a car is inside a secured crate or using a specially designed harness that attaches to the seatbelt. Crates provide containment and protection in case of an accident, while harnesses prevent dogs from moving around the car and reduce the severity of an injury in the case of an accident. Some kind of restraint is vital for safety to avoid your dog wandering around the car and distracting you from what is happening on the road, so choose whichever option is best suited to your dog.
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ON THE ROAD
NOTE Harnesses that attach to the seatbelt are far safer than collars that attach to the seatbelt. Be very wary of attaching your dog to the seatbelt with just his collar, as in the event of an accident the impact would be borne by his neck, risking severe injury.
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2. GET YOUR DOG ACCUSTOMED TO CAR RIDES Before embarking on a long journey, gradually acclimate your dog to car rides by taking short trips to fun destinations like the park or the beach. Offer treats and praise to create positive associations with car rides and help alleviate any anxiety or fear your dog may have.
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3. ENSURE PROPER VENTILATION It is important to keep the car wellventilated to prevent your dog from overheating, especially during hot weather. However, you must not allow your dog to put his head out of the window, as it puts them at risk of getting trapped (during an escape attempt), being hit by debris or causing an accident by distracting you or another driver. It also goes without saying that you must never leave your dog in a parked car, even with the windows cracked open, as temperatures inside can quickly rise to dangerous levels.
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4. TAKE BREAKS FOR TOILETING AND STRETCHING: Plan regular stops along your route to allow your dog to relieve themselves, stretch their legs, and get some exercise. During these breaks, it is a good idea to offer water and a light snack to keep him hydrated and comfortable.
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5. SECURE LOOSE ITEMS IN THE CAR Secure any loose items in the car that could become projectiles in the event of sudden stops or accidents. Sharp objects, heavy luggage, or loose gear pose a danger to both you and your dog during travel. 6. BRING ALONG FAMILIAR ITEMS Pack familiar items such as your dog's favourite blanket, toys, and treats to provide comfort and reduce stress during the journey. Familiar scents and objects can help your dog feel more secure in an unfamiliar environment.
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IMPORTANT Dogs should never ride unrestrained in the back of a bakkie, as they are at risk of injury from falls, flying debris, or accidents. Use a secured crate or harness inside the cab of the bakkie to ensure your dog's safety during travel.
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FINAL THOUGHTS Travelling in the car with your dog can be an enjoyable experience, but safety should always be a top priority. Following these tips and taking proper precautions ensures that your canine companion stays safe, comfortable, and happy during car rides. So buckle up, hit the road, and enjoy the journey with your furry friend by your side!
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DOG TRAINING
MASTERING THE ART OF STAY TEACHING YOUR DOG TO 'STAY'
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DOG TRAINING
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he 'stay' command is one of the most valuable skills you can teach your dog. Not only does it promote safety and obedience, but it also enhances communication and strengthens the bond between you and your furry companion. Here, we'll delve into the step-by-step process of teaching your dog to stay, along with tips, techniques, and troubleshooting strategies to help you achieve success: Step 1: Confirm your 'sit' Before introducing the stay command, ensure your dog understands the basic 'sit' command.
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Step 2: Start small with short durations Begin training in a quiet, distractionfree environment where your dog feels comfortable and focused. Ask your dog to sit, then give the verbal cue 'stay' while using a hand signal, such as an open palm facing your dog. Start with short durations of one to two seconds initially.
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DOG TRAINING
Step 3: Reward success As soon as your dog remains in the stay position for the designated duration, praise them enthusiastically and offer a high-value treat as a reward. Repeat the process, gradually increasing the duration of the stay while continuing to reinforce the behaviour with treats and praise. Step 4: Introduce distance and distractions Once your dog has mastered the stay command in a stationary position, introduce distance and distractions gradually. Step back a metre or two from your dog while maintaining eye contact and giving the stay command. If your dog stays in place, reward them with treats and praise.
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Step 5: Practice in various settings Practice the stay command in different environments and situations to generalise the behaviour and ensure reliability. Start in familiar settings with minimal distractions, then gradually progress to more challenging environments such as parks or busier areas.
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DOG TRAINING
TIPS FOR SUCCESS: • Use high-value treats and plenty of praise to motivate and reinforce the stay behaviour. • Keep training sessions short and engaging to prevent your dog from becoming bored or frustrated. • Use a consistent verbal cue and hand signal for the stay command to avoid confusion. • Be patient and persistent – NEVER punish your dog for mistakes. • Practice the stay command regularly to maintain proficiency and reliability. ADDRESSING COMMON CHALLENGES • If your dog struggles to stay in place, try reducing the duration or
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distance and gradually build up to longer stays. • If your dog breaks the stay command early, calmly return them to the starting position and try again. • If your dog becomes distracted or loses focus, increase the distance gradually and use higher-value treats to regain their attention. GET PRACTISING Teaching your dog to stay is a valuable skill that promotes safety, obedience, and effective communication. By following these step-by-step instructions, you can help your dog master the stay command and become a wellbehaved and reliable companion in any and all situations!
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DOG AGILITY
Unleash the excitement A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO DOG AGILITY
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DOG AGILITY
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og agility is a thrilling and dynamic sport that showcases the athleticism, intelligence, and teamwork between dogs and their handlers. From leaping over hurdles to weaving through poles and navigating intricate obstacle courses, agility competitions test skill, speed, and precision. In this article, we'll explore the basics of dog agility for those who are new to the sport, shedding light on what makes it such an exhilarating activity for dogs and their owners alike.
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WHAT IS DOG AGILITY? Dog agility is a competitive sport where dogs navigate obstacle courses under the guidance of their handlers. The courses typically consist of various obstacles, including jumps, tunnels, weave poles, A-frames, seesaws, and more. The goal is for the dog and handler to complete the course as quickly and accurately as possible, without making mistakes or incurring penalties.
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DOG AGILITY
YOUR ROLE Handlers play a crucial role in dog agility, guiding their canine partners through the course using verbal cues, body language, and hand signals. Clear communication and trust between the dog and handler are essential for success in agility competitions. Handlers must also strategise the most efficient route through the course, anticipating their dog's strengths and weaknesses to achieve optimal performance. COURSE DESIGN Agility courses can vary in complexity and design, ranging from straightforward courses suitable for beginners to challenging courses designed for advanced competitors.
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Courses may include combinations of obstacles such as:
zigzag pattern, testing their agility and precision.
1. Jumps: Dogs must leap over hurdles of varying heights and distances, testing their speed and jumping ability.
4. Contact equipment: Contact equipment such as A-frames, dog walks, and seesaws require dogs to touch designated contact zones while ascending or descending, demonstrating control and balance.
2. Tunnels: Dogs navigate through flexible tunnels of different lengths, shapes, and configurations. 3. Weave poles: Dogs weave in and out of a series of upright poles in a
5. Tyre jumps: Dogs jump through a suspended tyre frame, showcasing their agility and ability to navigate tight spaces.
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DOG AGILITY
THE DIFFERENT FORMATS Dog agility competitions encompass various formats and classes, each designed to test the different skills and abilities of dogs and their handlers. Here are the most common types of dog agility competitions: Standard agility: Standard agility is the most traditional and widely recognised form of agility competition. Dogs navigate various obstacles such as jumps, tunnels, weave poles, A-frames, dog walks, and seesaws. The goal is for the dog and handler to complete the course as quickly and accurately as possible without incurring faults, such as missed obstacles or refusals. Jumpers with Weaves: Jumpers with Weaves, also known as agility jumping or agility rounds, focuses primarily on jumping and weaving skills. The course typically includes jumps of varying heights and distances, along with weave poles. There are no contact obstacles (such as A-frames or dog walks) in Jumpers with Weaves courses, allowing for faster-paced runs with an emphasis on speed and agility.
Kennel Club (AKC) that tests a dog's ability to work away from the handler and make strategic decisions on the course. The course includes a mix of obstacles, and handlers must choose which obstacles to complete within a specified time frame, earning points for each successfully completed task. The handler must also send their dog away from them to perform certain obstacles, adding an extra level of challenge. Gamblers: Gamblers is another agility class that challenges dogs and handlers to strategise and accumulate points within a set time frame. The course features a series of numbered obstacles, each assigned a point value. Handlers must plan their route to accumulate as many points as possible within the allotted time, often requiring strategic decision-making and fastpaced execution. Snooker: Snooker is a unique agility game combining accuracy, speed, and strategy elements. The course features a series of red, numbered,
and bonus obstacles arranged in a snooker-like pattern. Dogs and handlers must complete a sequence of red obstacles in numerical order, followed by a combination of numbered obstacles to earn points. The challenge lies in planning an efficient route to maximise point accumulation while avoiding faults. Pairs/team agility: Pairs or team agility involves two or more dogs and handlers working together to navigate a course. Teams may consist of dogs of different sizes or breeds, and each team member takes turns running part of the course. Pairs/team agility emphasises teamwork, communication, and coordination between dogs and handlers. These are just a few examples of the different types of dog agility competitions available. Each format offers unique challenges and opportunities for dogs and handlers to showcase their agility skills, teamwork, and bond.
FAST (Fifteen And Send Time): FAST is a special class introduced by the American
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DOG AGILITY
BENEFITS OF AGILITY Participating in dog agility offers many benefits for both dogs and their owners. Not only does it provide physical exercise and mental stimulation for dogs, but it also strengthens the bond between dogs and their handlers. Additionally, agility training can improve obedience, coordination, and problem-solving skills in dogs while promoting teamwork and communication with their handlers.
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GETTING STARTED If you're interested in trying dog agility with your canine companion, many resources are available to help you get started. Look for local agility clubs, training classes, or workshops in your area where you can learn the basics of agility training and practice on agility equipment. Start with simple obstacles and gradually increase the difficulty as your dog gains confidence and skill.
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GIVE IT A GO! Dog agility is a thrilling and rewarding sport celebrating the unique talents and abilities of dogs of all breeds and sizes. Whether you're looking for a fun way to bond with your dog, improve obedience and agility skills, or compete in organised competitions, agility offers something for everyone. So, grab your lead, lace up your trainers, and get ready to unleash the excitement of dog agility with your furry friend!
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THE BEST OF THE BEST IN DOG AGILITY Several prestigious dog agility competitions are held worldwide, showcasing the talents of dogs and their handlers. Here are some of the most famous dog agility competitions: AKC National Agility Championship (USA): Organised by the American Kennel Club (AKC), this annual event brings together the top agility competitors from across the United States. Dogs compete in various height divisions and classes, including Standard Agility, Jumpers with Weaves, and FAST (Fifteen And Send Time). Crufts Agility Championships (UK): Held annually as part of Crufts, the world's largest dog show, the Crufts Agility Championships attract top agility competitors from around the globe. This prestigious event features challenging courses and fierce competition across multiple categories, including singles, pairs, and team agility.
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European Open Agility Championships (Europe): The European Open Agility Championships (EO) is one of the most prestigious agility competitions in Europe, featuring top competitors from European countries. Dogs compete in various classes, including individual agility, team agility, and biathlon (a combination of agility and jumping). Agility World Championships (IFCS and FCI): The Agility World Championships are the pinnacle of international agility competition, with two major organisations hosting separate events: the International Federation of Cynological Sports (IFCS) and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). These championships bring together top agility teams from around the world to compete for titles in various categories.
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D O G H E A LT H
PEERING INTO CANINE VISION UNDERSTANDING THE ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF A DOG'S EYE
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D O G H E A LT H
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he eyes are an essential sensory organ that plays a crucial role in a dog's perception of the world. Understanding the anatomy and function of a dog's eye not only enhances our appreciation for these remarkable creatures but also helps us better care for their ocular health. In this article, we delve into the intricate structure and fascinating functions of a dog's eye. THE ANATOMY A dog's eye may seem simple at first glance, but it's a marvel of biological engineering. Here's a breakdown of the main components:
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DID YOU KNOW? Dogs have a third eyelid called the nictitating membrane, which is a translucent membrane that moves across the eye horizontally from the inner corner. The nictitating membrane helps protect the eye, distribute tears, and remove debris without obstructing vision.
1. Cornea: The transparent, domeshaped outer layer of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. The cornea helps focus light onto the retina and protects the inner structures of the eye.
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2. Iris: The colourful part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. 3. Pupil: The black centre of the eye that expands and contracts in response to changes in light levels. In dim light, the pupil dilates to allow more light in, while in bright light, it constricts to reduce the amount of light entering the eye. 4. Lens: A transparent, flexible structure located behind the iris that helps focus light onto the retina. The
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lens changes shape to adjust the focus of the eye, allowing dogs to see objects at different distances. 5. Retina: The innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. These cells detect light and convert it into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. 6. Optic nerve: The bundle of nerve fibres that carries visual information from the retina to the brain, allowing dogs to perceive and interpret the world around them.
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FUNCTIONS A dog's eye functions much like a camera, capturing images and sending them to the brain for processing. Here's how it works: 1. Light enters the eye through the cornea, which bends and focuses it onto the lens. 2. The lens further focuses the light onto the retina at the back of the eye, where photoreceptor cells detect the incoming light. DID YOU KNOW? Contrary to popular belief, dogs are not colourblind. While they don't perceive colours in the same way humans do, they can still distinguish between certain colours, primarily shades of blue and yellow. The major difference between humans and canines in terms of colour vision, is that dogs' colour vision is dichromatic, meaning they have two types of colour receptors (cones) in their retinas, whereas humans have three.
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3. Rods and cones in the retina convert the light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. 4. In the brain, the visual signals are processed and interpreted, allowing dogs to perceive shapes, colours, motion, and depth.
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In addition to these visual capabilities, dogs also possess certain adaptations that enhance their vision in various ways:
DID YOU KNOW? Dogs blink much less frequently than humans. While humans typically blink 15 to 20 times per minute, dogs may only blink a few times per minute.
1. Peripheral vision: Dogs have a wider field of view than humans, allowing them to detect movement and objects in their peripheral vision more easily. 2. Low-light vision: Dogs have a higher density of rod cells in their retinas, which makes them better suited for seeing in low-light conditions. They also possess a tapetum lucidum, which is a reflective layer behind the retina, enhancing their ability to see in low-light conditions.
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This reflective layer acts like a mirror, bouncing light back through the retina, and gives the eyes a characteristic 'glow' when illuminated in the dark. 3. Motion detection: Dogs are highly sensitive to motion, thanks to specialised cells in their retinas that detect movement.
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OCULAR HEALTH Dogs are susceptible to various eye conditions and issues that can affect their vision and overall well-being. Some of the most common include: CONJUNCTIVITIS (PINK EYE) Conjunctivitis, or pink eye, is a common eye condition in dogs characterised by inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye. Causes of conjunctivitis in dogs include bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants, or foreign objects. Symptoms may include redness, swelling, discharge, squinting, and excessive tearing. Treatment
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typically involves topical or oral medications to reduce inflammation and combat the underlying cause. CORNEAL ULCERS Corneal ulcers are injuries to the outermost layer of the eye, the cornea, and can result from trauma, foreign objects, infections, or underlying conditions such as dry eye or eyelid abnormalities. Symptoms of corneal ulcers may include squinting, pawing at the eye, excessive tearing, redness, and cloudiness of the cornea. Treatment often involves topical medications, protective eye ointments or drops, and sometimes surgical intervention in severe cases.
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CHERRY EYE Cherry eye is a condition in which the gland of the third eyelid prolapses or protrudes, causing a red or pink mass to appear in the corner of the eye. While the exact cause is unknown, cherry eye is thought to be related to genetic predisposition or weakness of the connective tissue supporting the gland. Treatment typically involves surgical correction to reposition the gland and prevent recurrence. GLAUCOMA Glaucoma is a serious eye condition characterised by increased pressure within the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential vision loss. Primary glaucoma is hereditary and often affects specific breeds, while secondary glaucoma may result from other eye conditions or systemic diseases. Symptoms of glaucoma
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in dogs may include redness, pain, squinting, dilated pupils, cloudiness of the cornea, and vision loss. Treatment aims to reduce intraocular pressure through medications, surgery, or a combination of both to preserve vision and alleviate discomfort. CATARACTS Cataracts are a common cause of vision impairment in dogs and occur when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque, obstructing the passage of light to the retina. Cataracts may develop due to genetics, ageing, diabetes, trauma, or underlying health conditions. Symptoms of cataracts in dogs include cloudiness or opacity of the lens, changes in eye colour, and vision impairment. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cataract and placement of an artificial lens to restore vision.
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DRY EYE (KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA) Dry eye is a condition featuring inadequate tear production, resulting in dryness, irritation, and inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. The causes of the disease include autoimmune disorders, certain medications, congenital abnormalities, or nerve damage. Symptoms include redness, discharge, squinting, pawing at the eye, and corneal ulceration. ENTROPION AND ECTROPION Entropion is a condition where the eyelid rolls inward, causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea, leading to irritation and corneal ulcers. Ectropion is a condition where the eyelid rolls outward, exposing the inner surface of the eyelid and increasing the risk of eye infections and irritation. Both conditions
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can be congenital or acquired and may require surgical correction. The key to handling any eye issue is prompt identification of any signs or symptoms and appropriate rapid treatment. Speed is of the essence with eye issues, as quick action is required to preserve vision and prevent complications.
FINAL THOUGHTS By understanding the anatomy and function of a dog's eye, we can gain valuable insights into their behaviour, communication, and overall well-being. Proper care and regular veterinary check-ups are essential for maintaining healthy eyes and ensuring that our canine companions continue to enjoy the wonders of sight throughout their lives.
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TEXT: AMELIA CAMPBELL-HORNE
DOG BREATH PRIORITISING YOUR PET'S ORAL HYGIENE
DID YOU KNOW?
Approximately 70% of pets experience periodontal disease by the age of three.
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D O G H E A LT H
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any of us would argue that few smells are more pleasant than puppy breath. But dog breath... well, that's a different story. You might be surprised to learn that bad breath is not the norm for dogs and that it could, in fact, be a sign of dental problems, which may affect not only your desire for their kisses and love but also their health and welfare! In this article, we focus on periodontal disease, one of the main causes of bad breath, to enlighten us all on the importance of routine dental care for our four-legged friends.
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DOG TOOTH ANATOMY
WHAT IS PERIODONTAL DISEASE? Periodontal disease is one of the most common disorders experienced by dogs, and bad breath is a major indicator that a dog is struggling with this condition. So, what exactly is it? Periodontal disease is a plaqueinduced disease of the periodontium, the specialised tissues that surround and support the teeth, keeping them firmly attached to the jaw bones. This disease is typically designated into four stages:
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STAGE 1: GINGIVITIS. This stage is caused by plaque build-up on the teeth and along the gum line. This plaque contains bacteria which release toxins and can cause gum irritation, inflammation, and reddening. Common symptoms are bad breath, swollen gums and occasionally a red line seen in the gums at the base of the teeth. At this stage, the condition is still reversible through appropriate homecare and medical treatment.
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D O G H E A LT H
DID YOU KNOW?
Research suggests that dogs with healthy teeth need active methods of dental homecare at least three times per week. If your dog has signs of dental decay, they require this care daily.
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D O G H E A LT H
DID YOU KNOW?
Sometimes, dogs may not exhibit pain symptoms associated with periodontal disease. This is likely associated with their pack mentality, whereby dogs that show weakness in the wild can be abandoned by their packs. Therefore, even dogs with severe periodontitis may show little sign of pain externally.
STAGES 2: EARLY PERIODONTITIS If no treatment is received, gingivitis will develop into early periodontitis. This is when the inflammation and bacterial infection progress below the gum line, compromising the bone and soft tissue that hold the teeth in place. With the progression of the infection, you might notice more swelling and redness, and your dog might experience mild pain, specifically when eating. Once the disease has progressed past the first stage of gingivitis, the damage is irreversible and may require invasive treatment by your veterinarian under anaesthetic.
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STAGE 3: MODERATE PERIODONTITIS This is the next stage of disease as the infection causes further damage to the tissues supporting the teeth and reaches the roots of the teeth and surrounding bone. At this stage, you might notice loose teeth, and also abscesses may form. This is accompanied by worsened breath, bleeding gums, and your dog not wanting to eat or play with toys.
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STAGE 4: ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS This is the ultimate and most severe stage of the disease, and by this stage, there is widespread supportive tissue damage. This results in teeth becoming loose and falling out, which leaves severely painful ulcers and infections in the mouth. Dogs may exhibit difficulty eating and weight loss, and in very severe cases, the bacterial infection from the mouth can enter the bloodstream, causing general health issues.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT How can you ensure good oral health for your dog? By providing effective homecare, as well as periodic vet checks and applying treatment where necessary. As in most cases, prevention is better than cure, so the main goal of dental care is to prevent disease. If disease has set in, do not fear it as it may not be reversible, but it can be managed.
METHODS OF DENTAL HOMECARE Method Active
Toothbrushing
Textiles and wipes Dog toothpaste
Passive
Chew toys and bones
Dental diets e.g. Oral care dry food Special dental chews
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Advantages The best method for controlling plaque build-up and preventing disease Beneficial while training for brushing Flavour can aid with your dog’s willingness to have their teeth brushed May assist with plaque removal
Disadvantages Its benefits depend on how well and frequently you do it.
Does not clean below gum-line. Buy the right brand to ensure that toothpaste does not wear their enamel. Risk of dental damage, fractures and upset tummies. May aid in control of No evidence that it plaque will improve existing periodontal disease. Limit plaque Benefits can be formation, and as they dependent on breed are treats owners are and size, and if fed in more likely to use excess could cause them weight gain!
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D O G H E A LT H
DID YOU KNOW?
Bad breath is abnormal for pets and can be a sign of dental problems.
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So, what should you do to help ensure your dog’s oral hygiene? 1. Regularly inspect your dog’s teeth and gums. Look out for the warning signs such as bad breath, redness, swelling and plaque. If you identify irregularities, consult your veterinarian immediately. 2. When you take your dog to the vet for their annual vaccines or check-up, ask your vet to perform a quick dental examination so you can identify any early signs of periodontal disease. 3. Begin a regular dental home care routine, brushing their teeth regularly
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with a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste. 4. You can also give your dog dental treats (just read the label to ensure they don’t overindulge) and safe chew toys. 5. Know your dog’s breed and whether they are predisposed to periodontal disease. Some breeds, such as smaller dog breeds, short-muzzled breeds, toy breeds, Dachshunds, Collies, Greyhounds and Whippets, are more susceptible to dental disease and may require additional professional cleaning to maintain their oral health.
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D O G H E A LT H
DID YOU KNOW?
Dental issues are not always obvious but always require careful attention.
FINAL THOUGHTS Periodontal disease is a common yet often overlooked issue in our dogs. Thankfully, there are lots of options available for treatment and management to ensure your dog remains comfortable, healthy and happy – oh, and with lovely doggy breath too!
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A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO BRUSHING YOUR DOG’S TEETH When just starting, there are four basic yet essential steps to brushing your dog’s teeth: STEP 1: Place your non-dominant hand in a ‘C-shape’ around your pet’s muzzle to close the mouth. With the mouth completely closed, gently lift the upper lip on the side of the mouth you plan to brush. STEP 2: Use toothpaste that is formulated for dogs. Apply a pea-sized amount of paste with your finger around the gum and outside surfaces of the teeth. Do this without a brush at first to get your dog used to having his teeth touched and also to show him that the toothpaste tastes nice! Once your dog is comfortable with this step, you can move on to Step 3.
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STEP 3: Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and dampen the bristles with water, before adding some toothpaste. Then, place the brush at the level where the teeth and gums meet. Be sure to angle the bristles of the brush at 45 degrees in relation to the gumline to brush along and even just underneath the sulcus. STEP 4: Move the brush in a circular motion, applying mild pressure on the surfaces (enamel) of the teeth on the outside. Be careful not to use too much pressure as this can irritate or damage the gums. Please note that mild bleeding may occur during the first several episodes of brushing. This is normal. STEP 5: Always remember that when you are finished brushing your dog’s teeth, reward them with their favourite treat or give them extra love and attention.
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YOUR DOG QUESTIONS ANSWERED
I’ve just got a new puppy. What is the best way to socialise him?
Congratulations on welcoming a new puppy into your life! Socialisation is a crucial aspect of raising a well-adjusted and confident canine companion, so it’s great that you are thinking about this from the very start. Here are our top tips for socialising your puppy: • Chat to your vet first: Don’t socialise your puppy without permission from your vet. Vaccinations are
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crucial for safe socialisation, so make sure your vet is happy for your dog to socialise in terms of his current vaccination status. • Start early: Socialisation should begin as soon as possible. The first few months are termed a critical period, and this is when puppies are most receptive to new experiences and less likely to develop fear or anxiety towards unfamiliar people, animals, and environments. • Positive experiences: Focus on creating positive experiences for your puppy during socialisation. Introduce them to a wide variety of people, including men, women, children, and individuals of DQ|8C
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different ages, and appearances. Encourage gentle handling and interactions, offering treats and praise to reinforce positive associations. • Expose to different environments: Take your puppy to various environments, including parks, beaches, stores, and streets. Expose them to different surfaces, sounds, sights, and smells, gradually increasing the level of stimulation as they become more comfortable and confident. • Introduce to other dogs: Arrange playdates with other well-socialised and vaccinated dogs to allow your puppy to learn appropriate social behaviours and canine communication skills. Choose dogs that are friendly, gentle, and tolerant of puppies, and supervise interactions to ensure safety and positive experiences for all parties involved. • Enroll in puppy classes: Puppy socialisation classes provide a structured environment for puppies to interact with their peers under the guidance of experienced trainers. These classes offer valuable opportunities for socialisation, obedience training, and learning essential skills such as bite inhibition, impulse control, and basic manners. • Expose to different stimuli: Introduce your puppy to various stimuli they may encounter in everyday life, such as loud noises, traffic, bicycles,
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vacuum cleaners, and grooming tools. Use positive reinforcement to help your puppy develop confidence and resilience in the face of new and potentially scary stimuli. • Monitor body language: Pay close attention to your puppy's body language during socialisation encounters. Look for signs of stress, fear, or discomfort, such as cowering, trembling, lip licking, yawning, or avoidance behaviours. If your puppy shows signs of distress, remove them from the situation and try again later in a more controlled and gradual manner. • Be patient and consistent: Socialisation is a gradual process that requires patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement. Take your time and allow your puppy to progress at their own pace, celebrating each small success along the way. Remember that socialisation is an ongoing process that continues throughout your dog's life. By following these tips and providing your puppy with positive experiences and gentle guidance, you can help them develop into a happy, confident, and well-socialised canine companion. Enjoy the journey of socialisation and bonding with your new puppy; we wish you lots of luck!
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Q&A
How can I ensure my dogs all receive equal attention? Ensuring that each of your furry companions receives equal attention is essential for maintaining harmony and happiness in a multi-dog household. Here are some strategies to help you achieve balance and fairness in your interactions with your dogs:
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Establish individual time: Set aside dedicated one-on-one time with each of your dogs to bond and engage in activities tailored to their preferences. Whether it's a walk in the park, a game of fetch, or a snuggle session on the couch, individual time allows you to focus exclusively on each dog's needs and strengthen your bond with them.
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dogs. This includes giving praise, petting, treats, and verbal cues to acknowledge good behaviour and reinforce your bond with each individual dog. Individual training sessions: Incorporate individual training sessions into your routine to work on obedience, tricks, or behaviour modification with each of your dogs separately. This allows you to address specific training needs and challenges while giving each dog focused attention and opportunities for mental stimulation. Fair distribution of resources: Ensure that resources such as toys, beds, food, and attention are distributed equitably among your dogs. Monitor interactions to prevent resource guarding or bullying behaviour, and intervene if necessary to maintain a peaceful and fair environment. Group activities: While individual attention is important, group activities can also strengthen the bond between your dogs and provide opportunities for socialisation and enrichment. Plan activities such as group walks, playtime sessions, or training classes where all of your dogs can participate together. Observe body language: Pay attention to your dogs' body language and behaviour to gauge their feelings and needs. Look for signs of stress, anxiety, or insecurity, and adjust your interactions accordingly to ensure that each dog feels comfortable and valued.
Rotate attention: Rotate the focus of your attention among your dogs throughout the day to ensure that no one feels left out. This might involve spending time with one dog in the morning, another in the afternoon, and rotating again in the evening. Equal opportunities for affection: Make a conscious effort to offer equal opportunities for affection and positive reinforcement to each of your DQ|8C
Monitor interactions: Supervise interactions between your dogs to prevent conflicts or bullying behaviour. Intervene calmly and assertively if you notice any signs of tension or aggression, and redirect their focus to more positive activities. By implementing these strategies and being mindful of each dog's individual needs, preferences, and personality, you can ensure a balanced attention split between all your canine companions.
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