Olympus 2.0 : Where Human Beings Surpass the Limits

“As an architect, you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is essentially unknown.�

- Norman Foster -

Colophon

OLYMPUS 2.0 Where Human Beings Surpass the Limit Author Hizkia Firsto Giovanni - 1286544 Contributors for Rozenburg Analysis Aleksandr Karpov Aryan Mandozai Chanachai Panichpattanakij Heali Cho Inga Siderevičiute Lineke van der Wal Lotte Jonge Sahin Akyol Shilong Liang Zita van Rossum Tutors prof.ir. Juliette Bekkering dr. Jacob Voorthuis ir. Jan Schevers Graduation Studio ‘Real Futures; Literary and Architectural Scenarios for an Urban Wilderness’ Chair of Architecture Design & Engineering and Architecture History & Theory Department Architectural Urban Design and Engineering (AUDE) Faculty of Built Environment Eindhoven University of Technology 2018/2019

a product of

Graduation Studio

REAL FUTURES

IMAGINE.....

What if there is no more disability?

What if there is no more weakness?

What if there is no more genetic problem?

What if you can live longer?

What if your brain is faster than the smartest super computer?

What if you have god-like abilities?

What if human beings can upgrade themselves and surpass their limit?

PREFACE

Olympus 2.0 is a result of one year research and design of Graduation Studio ‘Real Futures: literary and architectural scenarios for an urban wilderness’ led by prof. ir. Juliette Bekkering, dr. Jacob Voorthuis, and ir. Jan Schever in the Master of Architecture program at TU Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The aim of the studio is to make a scenario and make an architecture product for the year 2050. Architecture is a tool for human beings to support their activities. Thirty years ahead might be still the same world as we live right now, but it could also be very different from the present. To be able to decide what kind of architecture to be made, a prediction of the future situation is needed.

A literature review on ‘Homo Deus: a brief history of tomorrow’ by Yuval Noah Harari was done to help understanding the possible future human agenda. One way to make a better future is by learning from the past. Therefore an analysis of an utopian project, New Babylon by Constant Nieuwenhuys, was done. In the end, a line that links the book and the project reference was drawn to decide the program that might be needed in the future and at the same time suit to the condition and the quality of the site, Rozenburg island in Rotterdam.

In Greek mythology, mount olympus is the house of the gods. Olympus 2.0 is the place where future human beings surpass the limit and achieve their god-like abilities; immortality, intelligence, and power. It’s the home of the new gods; the Homo Deus. The architectural proposition is an upgrading facility which is a cross-over between hospital, hotel, and research facilities. Those typologies have the characteristic of a controlled environment that dictates the behaviour of the users. Since this facility will be a destination where people come and stay at their own will for a long time, a sense of freedom must be injected into the building. The challenge of this project is how to create a new typology that gives freedom in a controlled environment of a hotel-hospital-research facility. Therefore freedom and control was chosen as the main research theme of this project.

Olympus 2.0 attempts to answer the question that Harari posed at the end of his book, ‘What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?’. Will human beings be subdued to Artificial Intelligence? It is proven throughout the history that human beings have always succeeded dealing with the threats faced. This upgrading facility could create superior beings by taking the advantage of technology. Humankind will evolve and rise once again.

5

CONTENTS Preface

5

Chapter I - Observing the Present

1. Homo Deus

a literature review

2. Rozenburg, the Isolated Island

a site analysis

10 14

Chapter II - Learning from the Past

1. New Babylon : a Lesson about Freedom and Control

an analysis about an utopian project

30

Chapter III - Predicting the Future

1. Collage of Future City

a preliminary exercise

2. The Equation

background and research question

42 46

Chapter IV - Designing for the Future

1. The Vessel

a side assignment

2. Rozenburg, the Island of Proclivity

a groupwork masterplan

54 58

Chapter V - Olympus 2.0

1. Introduction 2. Lessons learned from New Babylon 3. Typology Research 4. Site Location 5. Preliminary Ideas 6. Concept Development 7. Final Design

72 73 74 86 88 90 92

Conclusion

134

Acknowledgment

135

References

136

8

CHAPTER I

OBSERVING THE PRESENT

9

1 10

HOMO DEUS

A Brief History of Tomorrow - a literature review -

“This is the best reason to learn history: not in order to predict the future, but to free yourself of the past and imagine alternative destinies.�

- Yuval Noah Harari -

Olympus 2.0

12

Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow

The aim of Graduation Studio ‘Real Future’ is to design something for the future community in the year of 2050. The question is then what kind of facility or architecture would be needed to support the activities of human beings 30 years from now. Will they need the same facilities as we have right now? Will they even live in the same way as us at the present time?

No one can tell the exact future, but one can make a possible scenario. A literature review was done as a tool to help understanding the current development of humanity and the possible futures we might live in.

In Homo Deus, Harari tried to make predictions about the future of human race by extrapolating facts and conditions from more than 70,000 years of human history. The book consists of three chapters. The first chapter, ‘Homo Sapiens conquer the world’, tells the history how human beings can grow into the strongest animal in the planet and have complete dominance over other species. It also tells that our beliefs have also evolved from time to time, from animism during the hunter-gatherer period to theism or so called religion during the agricultural revolution.

The second chapter. ‘Homo Sapiens give meaning to the world’ focuses mainly on how today human beings are able to overcome famine, epidemic, and war with the help of science and technology,.During this scientific revolution, there was a shift in the belief; from Theism to Humanism. God is slowly eliminated from the picture. Human beings can achieve and create so many things that make them dominate the world, all without the help of the God. Humanism put human beings at the center of everything, and individual freedom is one’s greatest asset. In this chapter Harari also mentions that Humanism might push human kind to pursue immortality, happiness, and power as the new meaning of their life.

‘Homo Sapiens lose control’ conclude the book with some disturbing predictions about the future.

1. Homo Sapiens evolve to Homo Deus

In the future, there will be elites who dedicate their life to achieve new superhuman abilities and transform into god-like beings. Through the help of science, bio-engineering and artificial intelligence, homo sapiens try to pursue immortality, happiness, and

[1] Harari, Y. N. (2018). Homo deus: A brief history of tomorrow. New York: Harper Perennial.

Observing the Present

Homo Deus

Fig. 1.1.1 Illustration of Human Evolution

13 power. Harari also gives a logical reasoning behind this prediction.

“No clear line separates healing from upgrading. Medicine almost always begins by saving people from falling below the norm, but the same tools and know-how can then be used to surpass the norm”, wrote Harari in the book.

2. The rise of ‘Useless Class’

Automation in the labour world will erase the need for man ual works which means that humans being might not have to work anymore. While some elites are trying to pursue superhuman abilities to become Homo Deus, and the other are trying to find a new meaning for their life, there will be a group of people who do nothing and have no ‘use’ in the new society.

3. Artificial Intelligence rule over humankind

One day, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will be superior and beat human beings. Human beings will rely too much in technology until they know us better than ourselves.

4. Dataism and the end of humanity

The last prediction foretell that in the future, dataism will replace humanism. Human beings will lose their place in the world.

They are just algorythms in the universe where big data is the center of everything. In the end humanity that already transformed into semi-bionic organism will break free from their carbon based biological chain and perish into a sea of data.

The book ends with an intriguing question, ‘What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?’.

The first prediction where human beings will pursue superhuman abilities is picked as the starting point to develop this research.

2 14

ROZENBURG The Isolated island - a site analysis -

Observing the Present

Rozenburg

15

Fig.1.2.1. Location Map

Site Location

Some part of this analysis is a part of a collective research done together with following contributors Aleksandr Karpov Aryan Mandozai Chanachai Panichpattanakij Heali Cho Inga Siderevičiute Lineke van der Wal Lotte Jonge Sahin Akyol Shilong Liang Zita van Rossum

This project takes place in Rozenburg Island, a part of Rotterdam Municipality, in South Holland province, the Netherlands.

This island is located in the middle of the port of the Rotterdam surrounded by industrial areas. Covering an area of 6.5 km2, the island is occupied only by 12,419 inhabitants (2018).

Surrounded by waterways almost on all direction, the island is quite isolated and disconnected from the surrounding. The only connection with other land is on the South-East part where the island attach to the port area. This part is also where the center of the settlement in Rozenburg takes place.

The island is divided into two parts. The first one is the main ‘thick’ body, where the village is located. On the west side it’s just a very long and slender promontory flanked by landscape and sea on both side that goes all the way to the open tip that is completely exposed to the sea.

Despite the close proximity to the city of Rotterdam, Rozenburg gives a vibe of remote place because of the limitation of the access to the site.

Olympus 2.0

16

N

0

1

2

5 km

Fig.1.2.2. Rozenburg island and the Surrounding Area

Observing the Present

Rozenburg

Legend Sand Low Green High Green Water Road Industry Buildings

17

Situation

The red marker on figure 1.2.2 shown the functional buildings on the area. As seen on the map, the building cluster inside Rozenburg island is quite isolated from other building clusters on the surrounding. It’s rather enclosed by the port of Rotterdam and industrial area on the Southern part, marked with grey color.

However, the building block inside the island is surrounded by heavy greenery which become a transition and buffer between the village and the outside world.

The waterway on the North of the island goes further

through the city of Rotterdam and beyond. Water level on this side is controlled by giant water gate located along the promontory of the island crossing the sea to the land on the North. The land on the Northern part of the shore is mainly farms and food production area.

The Southern shore stops at the half length of the port at the point where a piece of Rozenburg island meet the land on the Southern part.

Olympus 2.0

Characteristic

Fig.1.2.3. Photo Compilation of Village Area in Rozenburg Island

18

Fig.1.2.4. Photo Compilation of Promontory Area in Rozenburg Island

There is a clear distinction between the characteristic between the village area and the promontory. The village is mainly dominated with low landed housings and some addition of apartment blocks on the outer part. Heavy landscape and big trees can easily be found anywhere in this area. They give sense of protection to the inhabitants inside.

Eventhough the village is located next to the sea, the waterfront is not visible from this point. However, there is a canal cutting through the settlement area.

Inside the village, ones also won’t notice that it’s actually surrounded with industrial area. The low level of the ground and the heavy landscape help to get the bad image of the industrial area off the frame.

Getting out of the built environment area, one is welcome by the openness of the long promontory.

There is only one straight road going to the tip of the island. This road is flanked by grass on both side and dense trees at some points. Since the landscape is relatively low, the sea on both sides of the pier are clearly visible. The port and industrial area across the sea on the Southern part can be seen from this point as well as the farming area and small settlement on the Northern part. The 10 km promontory ends with a huge open space that have free view to all direction.

Observing the Present

Rozenburg

Land Height in m i.r.t NAP +7 - +12 +5 - +7 (-2) - (-1) (-3) - (-2)

N

0.5

0

1

2 km

Fig.1.2.5. Topography Map

19

Topography and Landscape

The topography of Rozenburg Island varies from 3 meter under the sea level until 12 meter above the sea level.

The lowest part of the island is the village area, which is overall located 3 meter below the sea level. To protect the village from flood, 12 meter high dike is built on the perimeter of this low ground.

The promontory part is rather flat with the height between 5 - 7 meter above sea level. It means this area is also safe from the flooding line.

The island brings lush greenery to the port of Rotterdam. It provides a peaceful and tranquil environment in the middle of the dry port. Almost whole surface of the island is covered with landscape. The settlement area is surrounded by heavy forestry to protect the village from the noise and pollution outside. The long pier is completely enveloped by greenery except where the main road takes place and the tip of the promontory.

Legend low green forestry

N

0

0.5

1

2 km

Fig.1.2.6. Landscape Map

Olympus 2.0

Depth [m under NAP] 20 - 22 18 - 20 16 -18 14 - 16 12 - 14

8 - 10 6-8 4-6 2-4 0-2

N

0

1

2

5 km

Fig.1.2.7. Water Depth

20 Flooded area in the Port of Rotterdam in the scenrio of sea level rises by 85 centimeters in 2100 Flooded area

N

0

1

2

5 km

Fig.1.2.8. Flood Prediction in 2100

Observing the Present

Water

The island has direct connections with the water. There are two waterways that stream next to the island, one on the North and one on the South. Figure 1.2.7 shows the difference in the water depth. The shore on the South part is quite deep ranging from 20 - 22 meter below the surface level. This depth is needed for the big cargo ships to be able to pass the waterway to the port.

This stream stops at the left half of Rotterdam port.

On the other hand, the depth of the sea on the North side of the island is almost half of the one from the South, ranging from 12 - 14 meter below the surface level. However, this stream continue to the city of Rotterdam and further turn into smaller channels.

Figure 1.2.8. visualizes flood prediction in 2100. By 2100, the sea level will rise around 85 cm. As seen on the map, Rozenburg island won’t be affected by the sea water rise except for a small part on the most Southern end of the island. The 12 m high dike that surround the village and the relatively high ground of the promontory can keep the water out of the island at least until the next 80 years.

Rozenburg

21

Olympus 2.0

N

0

22

1

2

5 km

Fig.1.2.9. Access to the Island

Transportation

Although it is in close proximity from Rotterdam city center, the access to Rozenburg island is very limited. There are only three access points into the island, which 2 of them are by ferry.

The first one is by taking metro from Rotterdam to Maasluis, then use ferry to cross the shore to the Northern part of Rozenburg village. There is also a ferry connection from Hoek van Holland to the tip of the promontory of Rozenburg. The only land connection is from the Southern part of the village where the island meets the mainland. It can only be accessed either by private car or a bus from Spijkenisse. The journey from Rotterdam will take approximately one hour.

The limitation of the public transportation makes this island kind of disconnected and isolated from the infrastructure network of the Rotterdam municipality. On the other hand, limited entrances bring sense of security and exclusivity to the inhabitants of the island.

There is not many option of means of transportation within the island as well. Bus route only passes some points in the

village. To be able to explore the pier, a private vehicle is needed.

However, a sufficiently big bike lane is provided on the perimeter of the whole island.

In the future, there will be additional tunnel that directly connects Rozenburg with the Northen mainland that allows bus and private cars enter the island from that point (figure 1.2.11). Another extra entrance dedicated for freight will also be added on the South part of the island.

Observing the Present

Rozenburg

N

0.5

0

1

2 km

Fig.1.2.10 Transportion in the Island

23

N

0

0.5

1

2 km

Fig.1.2.11. Future Additional Access

Olympus 2.0

N

0

0.5

1

2 km

Fig.1.2.12. Settlement Map

24

Demography

POPULATION: ROTTERDAM VS ROZENBURG

Rozenburg 2050 13166 (+6.01%)

Rozenburg 2018 12419

Rotterdam 2018 638181

Rotterdam 2030 659580 (+3.35%)

POPULATION BY AGE

97177 4334

2719

21.89%

2018

65+

19.06%

0-17

18-22 55-64

1601

12.89%

12419

11.01% 65+

2367

3211

9.72%

0-17

3288 18-22

5.64%

19.25%

65+

0-17

55-64

700

122874

15.23%

3815

12.51%

9.49%

73134

11.46%

55-64

638181

34647

18-22

44170

6.92%

23-54

23-54

23-54

5032

40.52%

19999

57.72%

300826

47.14%

ROZENBURG

CENTRUM 5874

65+

23.04%

(+10.35%)

2030

55-64

1788

13.58%

2804 65+

21.30%

0-19

13166

(+15.58%)

20-24

(+5.67%)

692

5.26%

(-1.16%)

3991

10.50%

0-19

20-24

37995

(+8.81%)

(+10.46%)

21.61%

(+13.78%)

65+ 0-17

4222

55-64

(+19.54%)

(+17.20%)

(-2.22%)

(+26.22%)

142516

17.79%

9.82%

15.46%

3033

ROTTERDAM 117370

3732

11.11%

(+22.12%)

76234

11.56% (+4.07%)

55-64

659580

18-22

(+3.24%)

25-54

23-54

23-54

4849

36.83% (-3.77%)

20176

53.10% (+0.88%)

275369

41.75% (-9.24%)

Fig.1.2.13. Population Comparation

48091

7.29%

(+8.15%)

Figure 1.2.12 shows where the cluster of settlements take place. The settlement in the island is centralized on the east part of the island. There is another cluster of settlement on the Northern mainland right across the village area of Rozenburg. On the other hand, there is no cluster of settlement that facing the open promontory. The Northern mainland is occupied by farms while the Southern mainland is the part of Port of Rotterdam. This map helps to position a new building based on its need and relation with the surrounding.

The population of Rozenburg by 2018 is 12,419 people. It is predicted by 2050 the island will have an insignificant growth in population. The ratio of old people to inhabitant with productive age is higher compared to the city of Rotterdam. The number of people above 54 years old is around 34,5% of the total inhabitants. This number will even slightly increase by 2030. It will affect the life cycle of the population in the island.

There are only less then 16% of the people in productive age in Rozenburg that have the chance to do tertiary education. The rest are low educated people. Therefore most of them end up working at the Port of Rotterdam. The unemployment rate of the inhabitants of Rozenburg is one of the lowest in the Rotterdam area, which is below 10%.

Observing the Present

Rozenburg

Tertiary education attainment < 16% 16% -25% 26% - 35% 36% - 40% > 40%

Fig.1.2.14. Education

25

Unemployment Rate (Age 15-64) < 10% 10% -13% 14% - 16% 17% - 19% > 19%

Fig.1.2.15. Unemployment Rate

Olympus 2.0

Levels of EC 0.7 - 0.11 0.11-0.15 0.15-0.19 0.19-0.23 0.23-0.27 No data

N

0

1

2

5 km

Fig.1.2.16. Air Quality

26

Air Quality

Windmills 15

MW h kW 15 MW 15 MW 15 MW 15

22 Wh

k 15

15

15

MW 22

22

MW 15 MW 15

15

MW MW

15

15

MW

MW

W W MW 2 MW 2 M 2 M 1 1 1

MW 22

MW 22

MW

MW 22

W

6M

MW W M MW 15 15 12

Existing Authorization irrevocably In procedure In study phase

12

MW

12

MW

W

6M

MW

12

Renewable Energy

MW

12

MW 12

MW MW W 24 M 24

24

MW 24

MW 24

MW 24

Fig.1.2.17. Windmill Location

Despite the location that is in the middle of industrial area, the data in figure 1.2.16 surprisingly shows that the air quality in Rozenburg is in very good condition. The quality is far better than the air quality inside the city center of Rotterdam. It seems that the heavy greenery of the island helps to purify the pollution from the industrial area nearby.

MW 24

MW MW 24

As part of the Port of Rotterdam authority that is fond of renewable energy, Rozenburg island has 10 windmills along the promontory. In the near future there will be 3 more windmills built in the closer proximity to the village. While it is good for the island to have its own energy source, it limits the location of the land that can be built along the promontory.

Observing the Present

Rozenburg

Conclusion

From the analysis, some points are highlighted to help developing the next phase of the project.

1. Landscape is one of the main essence of the island.

When developing a new project, it is better to keep greenery as the main spirit in the concept.

2. The island is flanked by two shores. There is a potential to utilize the Southern shore as well to access different points in the island. It helps especially with logistic traffic since the water is deeper on this side.

3. The limitation in accessing the island makes Rozenburg isolated and disconnected from the surrounding.

4. The promontory has the ambience of isolated, disconnected, and exclusivity, while the village has more intimate and close atmosphere.

5. The growth of the population is stagnant. Most of the inhabitants work for the port of Rotterdam. If in the future manual work in the port is replaced by machines, there will be many inhabitants of Rozenburg lose their job.

6. The air quality inside the island is great that make it possible to bring any new program into the island.

7. Rozenburg is one of the communities that is eager to utilize renewable energy. The location give the advantage of sea breeze that can easily be transformed by windmills into energy.

However windmill produces noise. The more windmills exist, the less built area is available in the island. A certain distance has to be kept from a building if there is a windmill nearby.

27

28

CHAPTER II

LEARNING FROM THE PAST

29

1 30

NEW BABYLON A Lesson about Freedom and Control - an analysis of an utopian project -

Fig. 2.1.1 View of New Babylon Sectors

Olympus 2.0

Air Traffic

Network of Elevated Mega Structures

Supporting Columns and Cores

32

Existing Buildings and Infrastructures

Fig. 2.1.2 Illustration of New Babylon Project

New Babylon

New Babylon is a visionary idea of a future city from a Dutch artist and painter, Constant Nieuwenhuys. The project was inspired by Homo Ludens, a book from Johan Huizinga, who wrote that playing is a primary part of human life that plays important role in the culture and society. Based on an idea that in the future work might be replaced by machines and human beings are liberated from manual labors, Constant developed cities where man can dedicate his time fully to play and the development of creative ideas.

New Babylon is a connected network of mega structures that covers the surface of the earth. The structures are elevated far above existing buildings, roads, and infrastructures on the ground level, where some cores are placed to support the buildings as well as to connect the ‘old’ world below and the ‘new’ world above. While all of the necessary works are done by machines on

the ground level, people will adapt a new nomadic lifestyle in New Babylon that replaces their need of work. Away from the traffic, New Babylon offers free space to have social interaction and to do creative activities or fun things. Human beings have the freedom to construct and re-construct spaces regarding their need and interest. There will be no more private ownership since everything is collectively owned. The labyrinthine interior forces people to keep moving and roaming to discover new spaces and fun activities.

After dedicating almost 20 years of his life to make models and drawings of the project, Constant realized that his vision could end up as a dystopian city. Providing space where man has full freedom to use it for fun without having any control could lead to chaos because their instinctual drive would take over.

Learning from the Past

New Babylon

Fig. 2.1.3. Model of Hanging Sector, New Babylon

The Fascinating Idea

The idea of New Babylon is to provide infinity space for people to play and to socialize with others. The current city planning doesn’t support this because the social space are marginal and separated by traffic and infrastructure. The concept of New Babylon is to create a network of elevated city supported by big columns and cores. It will create an endless unobstructive space that maximizes the social experience of people. People have freedom to play and to do creative activities within this structure.

Constant himself wrote, ‘the project of New Babylon only intends to give the minimum conditions for a behaviour that must remain as free as possible. Any restriction of the freedom of movement, any limitation with regard to the creation of mood and atmosphere, has to be avoided. Everything has to remain possible, all is to happen, the environment has to be created by the activity of life, and not inversely’ [1].

The idea of elevated space for public use is indeed a splendid idea. Away from traffic and infrastructures, the public space can offer freedom and endless possibilities to the users. This idea still inspire many architects and urban designers even until now; 4 decades later. Recently this principle is applied in different architecture and urban designs. Some of the examples are High Line Park in New York and Seoullo 7017 Skygarden in Seoul.

The Failure

In his vision of New Babylon, Constant proposed that there will be no more private ownership. Everything will be collectively owned. Each individual has the same right to claim a space, construct or re-construct a space, and use it for their interests.

There will be no limitation. The absence of rules could lead to uncontrolled freedom. It’s even worse because this interconnected city will cover the whole surface of the earth. It means that the structure rejects the idea of country and political border. The users will bring different backgrounds and norms with them. Imagine if all of those people gather in one space where they are free to do whatever they want without any control measurement.

In Homo Deus, Harari mentions that human beings can live peacefully with each other because they share intersubjective understanding such as norms, cultures, and laws. In a place without control like New Babylon, people will be back to their original nature; start thinking individually and for their own benefit only. The strong rules. Instinctual drives might also take a lead and transform this utopian project completely into dystopia.

‘Every man is presumed to seek what is good for himselfe naturally, and what is just, only for peaces sake, and accidentally.’

- Thomas Hobbes [2].

‘.... that though in the state of nature he hath such a right,

[1] Wigley, M. (1998). Constants new babylon: The hyper-architecture of desire. New York: Rotterdam.

[2] Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. England.

33

Olympus 2.0

The Importance of Freedom and Control

yet the enjoyment of it is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others: for all being kings as much as he, every man his equal, and the greater part no strict observers of equity and justice, the enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure.’ - John Locke [1].

By the end of this project, Constant himself realized that his vision might end up as a chaotic world. He made a series of painting that shows the destruction of this new world where murder, rape, and crime are everywhere. Le Massacre de My Lai (figure 2.1.4) shows dead bodies in front of the crumbling structure of New Babylon.

` Freedom is one of the most discussed topic in the history because it’s a part of human beings’ nature. Erich Fromm [2] and Isaiah Berlin [3] had similar concepts of freedom which they divided freedom into positive freedom (freedom to) where one is free to self-actualize and control own interests, and negative freedom (freedom from) which is being free from external interferences.

Architecture as a container that supports human activities has a close relation with the users. In architecture, the first type of the freedom can be translated into space where the users use it for their interests while the later can be translated as the architecture form itself that gives protection to the function from external interferences. The idea of freedom in architecture can be seen in the principle of universal space by Mies van der Rohe. Users have the freedom to utilize the open space and reconfigure it based on their own needs and interests. By providing this freedom, architecture doesn’t limit its use only to a certain function or specific behaviour.

Nowadays, the idea of open plan are used a lot because it gives the flexibility to re-use and transform the function of a building in the future.

At the same time, there is no absolute freedom. Freedoms are relative to social values and personal values. Hobbes [4] and Locke [1] believed that control is always needed to prevent excessive freedom and keep everything in good order. With a proper design, architecture can also be a tool that shapes human behaviour.

One of the example is the modernist architecture principle; form follow function. Rather than giving freedom to the users, buildings are designed to contain only a specific purpose and limit the users’ behaviour.

The final question is whether it’s better to create an architecture that provides freedom for the user or architecture that really has the power to shape the behaviour of the user. Since none of them is better than the other and none of them is independent from the other, the best solution for a future ideal city is to create balance by making an architecture that provides possibilities for the users to do their own interests while at the same time contains the activities in a controlled environment.

[1] Locke, J. (1689). Two treatises of government. England: Awnsham Churchill.

[2] Fromm, E. (1941). The fear of freedom. United States: Farrar & Rinehart.

[3] Berlin, I. (1958). Two concepts of liberty. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[4] Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. England.

34 Fig. 2.1.4. Le Massacre de my lai, 1972, Constant Nieuwenhuys

Learning from the Past

1. Example of city planning. The public spaces where people can socialize are limited and marginal. They are also disturbed by the traffic.

New Babylon

2. New free grids

3. New elevated buildings supported by columns and cores located on the open space at the ground floor.

Fig. 2.1.5. Illustration of New Babylon Project Masterplan Process

35

How the architecture of New Babylon defines freedom & control A. Freedom

Freedom in architecture mostly talking about two different things. The first one is about how the user can freely utilize and interpret the space. The other one is about the how the building itself can freely express itself to the context and liberate the function it contains from external interferences.

1. Negative Freedom (Freedom from) 1.1. Freedom from External Interferences

New Babylon basically consists of two main elements, core that separates the existing infrastructures on the ground and the new elevated world above, and the network of the elevated structure itself. By having elevated typology, New Babylon is liberated from the traffic and infrastructure interferences. Human beings can completely use this free space to play and do other creative activities. Figure 2.1.5 shows the illustration of New Babylon typology.

1.2. Freedom from Limitation of Site Planning

Figure 6.6 explains the concept behind the masterplan of New Babylon. The current typology of city planning doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really support social activity since there are limited open space. They are marginal and separated by roads and traffic. A completely free new grids are layed on top of the city. Cores are then positioned on the open spaces at ground level to support the new elevated structure.

Usually a designer starts with a site planning because the design sit on a context. The output might be limited because of the limitation of the site. Since New Babylon is elevated above the existing buildings on the ground level, it is free from the limitation of the site planning. Therefore any kind of grids and shapes can be applied to the design of the city.

Olympus 2.0

36

2. Positive Freedom (Freedom to) 2.1. Freedom to (re)Construct Space

The inhabitants of New Babylon have the freedom to claim a space, construct and re-construct a space to make a room they need to support whatever activities they want. This freedom can lead to a dynamic space where the forms and the functions are ever-changing.

The basic concept is more or less like the universal space of Mies van Der Rohe where the users can adjust the open space to meet their needs.

2.2. Freedom to Move

The encounter with Guy Debord inspired Constant a lot. The principle of derive or wandering around is applied to the development of New Babylon. A new nomad lifestyle will replace the need of work. Human beings can explore the labyrinths and the ladders to discover new spaces and have endless fun.

Figure 2.1.7. shows the illustration in the freedom of movement in term of deciding your own routing.

2.3. Freedom to Express the Forms

New Babylon is a city without an architect. The inhabitants free to express their creativity in building their own community.

Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why there is no fixed design of how New Babylon will look like. Constant made a lot of model of different sectors in New Babylon to show that there is endless possibility to develop the typology and the building forms.

Fig. 2.1.6. Illustration of freedom to (re)construct space

Fig. 2.1.7. Illustration of freedom to move

Learning from the Past

Fig. 2.1.8. Model of big yellow Sector

New Babylon

Fig. 2.1.9. Model of Red Sector

Fig. 2.1.10. Model of Mobile Ladder Labyrinth

37

Fig. 2.1.11. Model of a Fragment of a Sector

Olympus 2.0

Fig. 2.1.12. Illustration of Control in Movement

38

Fig. 2.1.13. Illustration of Control in Activity

B. Control

Control in architecture can be translated to how a building or a space inside the building can shape the behaviour of the users. At the same time, control also means that the design is intended only for a specific purpose or purpose. Users can not easily modify and change it into something that is not meant to be.

1. Control in Movement

The labyrinthine space inside New Babylon control how the users spend their time in the space. This narrow and linear space forces people to keep moving from 1 spot to another spot.

2. Control in Activity

Since everything is collectively owned and there is no private ownership, the type of activities are also limited to social activities. People are forced to meet other people and interact with each other. Private activities are difficult to do inside New Babylon because there is less privacy and someone can interfere your space at any time.

Figure 2.1.13 shows the atmosphere of the New Babylon where most space are used for social interaction.

3. Control in Comfort / Spatial Experience

New Babylon is a place where the inhabitants have the freedom to construct and reconstruct space based on their need. In other words, the configuration of the spaces and the form of the rooms will follow their functions. That will limit the comfort and give bad spatial experience for the users because the space might end up as a narrow and long labyrinth that connects rooms with different scale and forms which leads to disorientation.

Zaha Hadid said that architecture is not only about function but also spatial experience. ‘Architecture is really about well-being. I think that people want to feel good in a space … On the one hand it’s about shelter, but it’s also about pleasure.’

Learning from the Past

New Babylon

39

Fig. 2.1.14. Mobiel Ladder labyrinth, 1967, Constant nieuwenhuys

40

CHAPTER III

PREDICTING THE FUTURE

41

42

1 COLLAGE of FUTURE CITY - a preliminary exercise -

“I think to be creative you have to resist taking the easy path. Be innovative. Don’t listen to the tried and tested wisdom. Take a risk!”

- Daniel Libeskind -

Olympus 2.0

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Fig.3.1.1. The New Eden

Architecture and Collage

Architecture has an inseparable connection with drawing.

Architecture has been always thought of, formed by, and communicated through drawings. Therefore a good visualization helps to explain the idea of an architect. In some cases, architects have difficulty to translate their imagination into a drawing. It may be caused by the limitation of the skill to produce a good visualization, or simply donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know where to start.

Collage is a technique to stitch and assemble different existing pictures together into 1 new picture showing completely different image. This technique has been used as well by architects in order to help translating idea into a drawing. Big names such as Le Corbusier and Daniel Libeskind are fond of using this method.

Collage has been proven as a research method that can produce intriguing and interesting results. The possibilities achieved from combining different drawings are limitless. This method is also relatively quick exercise to make a visualization compared to making a design from a scratch.

Predicting the Future

Collage of Future City

In the very beginning of the Graduation Studio, after visiting the site, a quick preliminary exercise was done using the collage technique. The task was quite simple; how one imagines what can be done with the site in the future after observing the condition of the island. No progam requirements and no limitations were given.

It resulted in three different collages with three completely different approaches and imaginations.

Fig.3.1.2. The Cloud City

Fig.3.1.3. The Bended World

` 1. The New Eden

New Eden envisions a new safe haven for many species in the middle of Rotterdam. The island is surrounded by heavy forestry to protect the island from the industrial pollution. The main function is research facilities that focus in bio diversity that try to recreate important extinct species. It also has a big underwater structure that purifies water under the structure so sea organisms can have a new place in the port area.

2. The Cloud City

Like the name reflects, Cloud City is a new city which rise so high above the cloud line leaving all of the air pollution zone beneath it. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s completely a new city that is disconnected from the context. The city can be accessed by tall circulation cores with high speed elevators from the ground. The idea is there will be many of these cities and they are connected by floating bridges.

People will start abandoning the land where the nature will slowly take over.

3. The Bended World

The idea of the Bended World is to create a completely controlled environment. Human beings will start to live under a huge dome structure where climate, air quality, and other necessary quality can be controlled at will. There will be separate smaller buildings inside the dome that can function as anything since every things can be manipulated. For example, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible to construct an artificial beach next to a jungle.

Eventhough the collages were done in relatively short period of time, many interesting ideas appeared. These gave inspiration to the development of the project.

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46

2 T H E E Q U AT I O N

- background and research question -

Predicting the Future

The Equation

Homo Deus + New Babylon + Rozenburg

In order to find out the most appealing and appropriate program for 2050, a link was drawn to connect the understanding of the present situation, the prediction of the future in Homo Deus book, the lessons about freedom and control learned from New Babylon, and the current condition of Rozenburg. The line of thought that leads to the program for this project is shown in figure 3.2.1.

Homo Deus mentions that scientific revolution changes the whole world. Technology development is progressing in an extraordinary speed, and soon artificial intelligence will replace human beings in almost all field. This situation will lead to automation where human beings don’t have to work anymore.

The automation scenario is the foundation of New Babylon project by Constant. Being liberated from the need of working, human beings will have freedom to play and to do fun things. The question is whether human beings can do only fun things and have a meaningless life. According to Harari, there will be 2 kinds of class, the useless class who will just live their life, and the elite who will try to find a new meaning to their life. Harari believes that the future human agenda is to pursue immortality, happiness, and power.

At the same time New Babylon talked about providing a freedom. But what is a freedom actually? Both Isaiah Berlin [1] and Erich Fromm [2] had similar view about the concept of freedom; which is divided into positive freedom and negative freedom. Positive freedom means being free to self actualize. This type of freedom traces back to the statement about human beings give new meaning to their life. The architecture proposition of this

project will be a place where human beings have a freedom to selfactualize and give meaning to their life by pursuing immortality, happiness, and power. Superhuman upgrading facility is chosen as the answer. It is a destination where future human beings can have the freedom to ‘upgrade’ their body to achieve super-human skills, as mentioned in one of Harari’s prediction. At the same time, it is also a research facility where people are free to pursue new knowledge in developing medicine and technology to upgrade human beings.

The second type of freedom is negative freedom, which means being free from external interferences. In New Babylon, this kind of freedom is achieved by creating a disconnection with the context. However, Thomas Hobbes [3] and John Locke [4] agreed that there is no absolute freedom. Constraints are needed. In architecture, it is translated as controlled environment. Both controlled environment and a separation from the context describe the characteristic of an isolated area which perfectly matches with the condition of Rozenburg.

Rozenburg Island is the home of people who work at Port of Rotterdam. If the automation came, most people will lose their jobs. Therefore a completely new program could be applied to the island. Being surrounded by the sea and industrial area, the island is quite isolated from the nearby settlements. It makes Rozenburg island is a perfect place for an experimental facility such as superhuman upgrading facility.

[1] Berlin, I. (1958). Two concepts of liberty. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[2] Fromm, E. (1941). The fear of freedom. United States: Farrar & Rinehart.

[3] Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. England.

[4] Locke, J. (1689). Two treatises of government. England: Awnsham Churchill.

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Olympus 2.0

Homo Deus

Technology Development & Artificial Intelligence change the world

New Babylon

Automation - Human beings donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to work anymore

Free time to do fun things (Homo Ludens) Freedom to do whatever you want

What is Freedom exactly??

48

Concept of Freedom

Being free from external interferences or constraints

Place of Freedom without interfering others or being interfered by others

No Freedom is absolute.

Authority and Limitation are required

Controlled Environment

Being free to self-actualize

Fig.3.2.1. Line of Thought

Predicting the Future

The Equation

Future human agenda: Immortality, Happiness, Power

Human beings give new meaning to the life and to the world

Can human beings spend their whole life doing only fun things and have a meaningless life?

NO

Maybe Yes

The raise of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Useless Classâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Superhuman Upgrading Facility

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Isolated area

Experimental program

Completely new program for the island

Automation in Labour Work

Living area for the employees of Port of Rotterdam

Rozenburg

Olympus 2.0

What if human beings don’t have to work anymore?

Human beings try to find a new meaning for their life how?

Human beings pursue new knowledge; something that exists only in the imagination before

50

Human beings try to achieve immortality, happiness, and power

Human beings can cure diseases.

Same principles could be used to enhance abilities.

CURRENT CONDITION

“No clear line separates healing from upgrading. Medicine almost always begins by saving people from falling below the norm, but the same tools and know-how can then be used to surpass the norm.” Harari ASSUMPTION

Human beings start doing research in developing superhuman abilities

Human beings start upgrading their body to achieve superhuman abilities

What if there is a structure that offers freedom to human beings to develop superhuman abilities and at the same time confines the activities inside so it doesn’t harm outsiders?

Fig.3.2.1. Scenario Diagram

Predicting the Future

The Equation

Research Theme

The scenario to make a superhuman upgrading facility started with a premise ‘what if human beings don’t have to work anymore?’. In this scenario, human beings will try to find a new meaning for their life by seeking new knowledge or pursuing immortality, happiness, and power.

With the help of scientific revolution and technological development, humanity can cure diseases. Harari argued that there is no clear line that separates healing from upgrading; “Medicine almost always begins by saving people from falling below the norm, but the same tools and know-how can then be used to surpass the norm” [1]. Based on that argument, an assumption was made that in the future there will be a group of people who will start doing researches in developing superhuman abilities, while at the same time there will be another group who want to upgrade their body to achieve those god-like skills. This scenario led to a question what if there is a structure that offers freedom to human beings to develop superhuman abilities but at the same time confines the activities inside so it doesn’t harm outsiders.

The architectural proposition is a cross-over between hospital, hotel, and research facility. Hospital is a classic example for building that dictates the behaviour of its users. Everthing is controlled. It is somehow close, clinical, formal, and sometime depressing. The same thing goes to research facility and hotel.

They have quite limited flexibility since everything is pretty much defined. However, this facility will be a destination where people go there and stay for a while at their own will. It has to be open, bright, vibrant, alive, and free. So a sense of freedom need to be integrated in this controlled environment. Therefore freedom and control was chosen as the main research theme of this project.

The challenge layed on how to create a good balance between freedom and control and to create a new typology that combines 3 different typologies. The main research question of this project was ‘How can Architecture define freedom and give new meaning to the future human beings in a completely controlled environment?’. The design of Olympus 2.0 tried to find an answer to a specific question ‘How can Architecture improve the limitation of a completely controlled hospital-research facility environment and give freedom for its users?’.

[1] Harari, Y. N. (2018). Homo deus: A brief history of tomorrow. New York: Harper Perennial.

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CHAPTER IV

DESIGNING FOR THE FUTURE

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1 54

THE VESSEL - a side assignment -

Designing for the Future

The Vessel

1

The Vessel

2

Rainwater Overflow

3

Natural Filter and Absorption

4

Rainwater Reservoir

A New Observation Tower of Rozenburg

The Vessel is a result of a short assignment during one-year research in Graduation Studio ‘Real Futures’. The goal was to create a new observation tower in Rozenburg Island.

Rozenburg has a long promontory that ends on a big open space surrounded by sea. Standing on the tip of the island and seeing nothing but the sea feels like one is standing at the end of the world. Therefore ‘the end of the world became the main theme of the design.

As an observation tower, The Vessel is made on the tip of the promontory of Rozenburg. Being 40m high, one can have free overview of the surrounding. It reflects the identity of the site; water and landscape. The building is not only an observation tower but it is a water vessel that store rainwater and purify them into clean water.

Being at the end of the world means one can not go anywhere further and can only watch. So the building is developed with the principle of self-sufficiency. It can generate energy, water, and food supply for its cycle and for the users.

Wind turbine at the top of the building provides the electricity. The Vessel harvests rain water from the inlet of the balconies and store them in the rainwater basin where the water is the processed into clean water to supply the whole building.

Excessive rainwater will flow over as waterfall to the garden behind. If the rainwater in the building is not enough, the building takes water from the retention pond and then processed further. Micro farming are provided on the bridges and balconies as the food source.

The Vessel is a symbol of hope that offers a new oasis and life at the end of the world.

1

4

55

2

3

Fig.4.1.1. Birdeye Perspective of The Vessel

Olympus 2.0

Wind Turbine to generate energy

Wind Turbine

Rainwater get into the building through inlet on the balconies Micro Farming for Food Supply Residence - 25 m2 Balcony & Rainwater Inlet If the water reach maximum level, it flows outside as waterfall to the garden

Research Area - 36 m2

Rainwater Tank

Rainwater basin

Purifying Tank Rainwater is processed into clean water

Farming Bridge Clean Water Tank

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Clean Water Supply

Clean Water tank Entrance & Equipment 36 m2 Staircase If the raw water supply is not enough, the building takes raw water from the retention pond

Fig.4.1.2. Axonometric Section

Fig.4.1.3. Self Sufficiency Diagram

The observation tower is divided into 3 main storeys. The ground floor is used as entrance and equipment storage. The circular staircase will take people straight to the 1st floor at the height of 20 meter above the ground. The 36 m2 floor is dedicated as a research and working area. Ground floor and first floor are separated with a water purifying tank. The second floor is a living place for the resident. Both working and living area have 180 degree glass facade to provide free view of the sea. The back side have outdoor balconies facing the island itself.

Designing for the Future

The Vessel

Fig.4.1.5. Model Photograph

57

Fig.4.1.4. Site Plan

2

ROZENBURG

58

Island of Proclivity - a groupwork masterplan -

This masterplan is a groupwork in collaboration with : Chanachai Panichpattanakij Inga SidereviÄ?iute Sahin Akyol

Designing for the Future

Rozenburg : Island of Proclivity Rozenburg

2018

Port of Rotterdam Portâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employers are replaced by machine Unemployment Inhabitants receive basic income

What if ...

2050

People are free to live following their desire with these modes of living

Work

Entertainment

Scientific knowledge

Creativity

Theme park

Research and experimental facilities

City for art, design and creativity

Mini Las Vegas

Fig.4.2.1. Masterplan Scenario

Scenario

The first step in designing the project was to determine a new future for the whole island itself. A masterplan design was made in collaboration with 3 other students based on a scenario shown in figure 4.2.1.

Most of the inhabitants of Rozenburg island work for Port of Rotterdam. When the automation happened, the labour works would be replaced by machine and it would leave the inhabitants of the island jobless. In this scenario, it is assumed that in the future everyone will recive universal basic income. Then the question is what people will do if they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to work but still receive adequate amount of money.

The proposal was to transform Rozenburg into an experimental place where people are free to follow their desires by providing 3 different modes of living. Considering that in the future there will be people who still want to give meaning in their life and people who just want to enjoy the life that they have. A vast plot dedicated for entertainment purpose only is provided to cater

the need of those who seek fun and pleasure. This area will be a minature of Las Vegas. The current village of Rozenburg will be transformed into city of art, design, and creativity where they can do informal works. A new research area will be developed to provide possibility for people who want to pursue new knowledge and do formal works.

Nevertheless, the intention is not to cluster people into groups and divide them into separate districts. We understand that each individual is unique and have own tendency in doing things.

By giving 3 modes of living, the inhabitants are free to use their time in any of those modes of living. Ones can use 100% of their time only for entertainment life, while the others dedicate their life to do creative activities. Ones can also combine different modes as they want. The choice is up to the people themselves. This will be the future for Rozenburg in 2050; the Island of Proclivity. The objective is to see in which modes of living future inhabitants of Rozenburg are more inclined to.

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Olympus 2.0

Valley of Knowledge

Avenue of Entertainment

60

N

Designing for the Future

Rozenburg : Island of Proclivity LEGEND Main boulevard (Boulevard of Creativity) Main boulevard (Avenue of Entertainment) Main boulevard (Valley of Knowledge) Existing building with intervention New open space Entertainment facility Building under dikescape

Boulevard of Creativity

Fig.4.2.2. Masterplan

Masterplan

The island will be divided into three different areas: Boulevard of Creativity, Avenue of Entertainment, and Valley of Knowledge. These three district will be connected by a single continuous path stretching from the Boulevard of Creativity to the tip of Valley of Knowledge. In every part, the pathway has different identities.

In Boulevard of Creativity, the path connects the interventions and new open spaces made in the existing village. Relatively narrow path flanked by buildings create more intimate atmosphere to this section. The boulevard is intended as a space to meet people, exhibit arts, and engage daily social activities.

The boulevard continues and changes to the avenue where it passes massive buildings and scenic bay. The scale change drastically from an intimate â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; scale to a vast commercial boulevard where the crowd comes to seek fun.

In the Valley of knowledge, the boulevard brings people closer to nature. The side of the buildings that face the boulevard blend with landscape as if one walks through the nature itself.

The path opens up and ends at the big open space at the tip of the island with an icon of the whole island.

Under the main walkway path, a new underground tunnel for public transport and private vehicles will be built to connect all three different parts of the island. Along the route, there will be several station that connects the tunnel to the boulevard above. This underground structure is also connected with the network on the Northern mainland.

Different functions are assigned to the dike surrounding the island, creating a continuous dikescape on the whole island. The dikes around the village are quite high and disconnected from the settlement. It will be used as walking trail and bike path to explore the island. The dikes on the avenue of entertainment area will also function as public space that bring people closer to the water. On the valley of knowledge the dike will merge with the architectures and become the roof or a part of a building itself.

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Olympus 2.0

Fig.4.2.3. Transportation Mode

G DIN

SPACE LIC

DIKE AS PA T

DIKE AS PU B

DIKE = BUI L

62

Fig.4.2.4. Dikescape

AY HW

Designing for the Future

Rozenburg : Island of Proclivity

63

Fig.4.2.5. Plan of Boulevard of Creativity

Boulevard of Creativity

The first district in the future masterplan is boulevard of creativity. It takes place in the existing village of Rozenburg. The idea is to transfom the settlement area into a creative city like Venice and Vienna where creative activities can be easily found in every corner of the city. When the inhabitants of the Rozenburg donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to work anymore, they will have the chance to express themselves through creative activities such as art, music, stage performance, etc.

The intervention is started by making one main boulevard that cut through the city and further connected with the other districts. Under the pedestrian, a new underground tunnel is created for vehicles and public transportation. New creative functions such as art center, museum, theatre, music hall, etc are added

either by transforming unused buildings, combining old buildings with newer structures, or building completely new architectures along the main route. New public spaces are also provided to support the new creative functions as well as offering public nodes within the town. This new creative hub is not intended only for the local people of Rozenburg. It also offers spaces for young or poor artists who canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afford to live in Rotterdam city or other big cities.

Therefore new cluster of residential towers will be added on the outskirt of the current village.

Low rise buildings, hybrid architectures, intimate roads and open spaces filled with art and creative activities will be the typology of boulevard of creativity.

Olympus 2.0

64

1. Main boulevard

2. Underground network

4. New public spaces

5. High rise residential towers

3. New creative programs

Fig.4.2.6. Concept Diagram of Boulevard of Creativity Boulevard of creativity

Creative facility Existing housing

Creative facility

Underground autonomous transportation network

Fig.4.2.7. Typology of Boulevard of Creativity

POTENTIAL OF BUILDING INTERVENTION FOR CREATIVE FACILITIES

65

Fig.4.2.8. TVisualization of Boulevard of Creativity

Olympus 2.0

Entertainment complex

stadium aqua dome

sea resort

beach dome

66 forest dome

nature attraction

Fig.4.2.9. Concept of Avenue of Entertainment

Avenue of Entertainment

The second district is dedicated for entertainment purposes only. It occupies a vast plot of land in between the village and the promontory where the ground level is high enough and not surrounded by the dikes.

Thie atmosphere of avenue of entertainment is the exact opposite of boulevard of creativity. The big scale architectures and commercial avenue are intended to overwhelm visitors and make them immersed in enjoyment. The architecture of the Avenue of entertainment is joyful and organic. Big scale buildings with a va-

riety of functions, from casino and water parks to waterfront residentials and thematic hotels in closed ecosystem domes spread around the area to give endless fun to the visitors. Public spaces are also created along the waterfront to bring people closer to the water.

The main pedestrian way becomes much wider than the boulevard of creativity to give a balance to the massive architectures in this area and to accommodate the crowds. This road then goes further to the valley of knowledge.

Designing for the Future

Rozenburg : Island of Proclivity

FLOODING LEVEL

Underground autonomous transportation network

beach dome

67

forest dome

Underground autonomous transportation network

Fig.4.2.10. Typology of Avenue of Entertainment

Olympus 2.0

nature trail

Icon of Rozenburg

Energy / nature / science research center ecotourism

nature trail

68

central park

water gate

Maritime research center Living labs / classified research center

To ave nue of E N

TER TAI NM EN T

Fig.4.2.11. Concept of Valley of Knowledge

Valley of Knowledge

The third district is the valley of knowledge that stretches along the 10 km promontory. It is a concentration of research centres which merge with the landscape. This new area acommodates the need of future inhabitants of Rozenburg to give new meaning to their life by pursuing new knowledge. The area are divided based on the research topics such us energy, maritime, living lab, and classified research. Valley of knowledge also features natural walking trail, central park, ecotourism, and a new icon for the island on the tip end of the peninsula.

All architectures in this district are hidden under sloping landscapes that also act as the roof of the buildings. The building s are exposed only to the sea side. Walking on the main boulevard, ones will be enclosed by nature and wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be obstructed by building facades. In addition, the new buildings will also serve as secondary dikes.

Designing for the Future

Rozenburg : Island of Proclivity

SOUTH

SOUTH

FLOODING LEVEL

FLOODING LEVEL

Underground autonomous transportation network

SOUTH

SOUTH

FLOODING LEVEL

FLOODING LEVEL

Underground autonomous transportation network

Fig.4.2.12. Typology of Valley of Knowledge

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70

CHAPTER V

OLYMPUS 2.0

71

Olympus 2.0

Fig.5.1.1. Council of the Gods - Painting by Giovanni Lanfranco (1582 - 1647)

72

1. Introduction

In Greek mythology,

mount olympus is the house of the Gods. Scientific revolution puts an end to theism. God is slowly removed out of picture because humanity can achieve so many things, all without the help of the celestial Beings. Humanism that put human beings at the center of the world is currently replacing religion. But the era of humanism wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t last long. Technology is developing in a swift pace. Soon human beings will shift their agenda to pursue immortality, happiness, and power. With the help of science and technology, human beings will try to acquire superhuman abilities. Homo sapiens will soon evolve to Homo Deus.

Olympus 2.0 is a superhuman upgrading facility for the year of 2050. The facility is the home to future scientists where they have freedom to do researches in developing superhuman abilities. At the same time, it is also a place where future human beings come to undergo treatments, trainings, or/and operations in order to achieve god-like skills. Therefore Olympus 2.0 is a hybrid architecture that combines the typology of hospital, hotel, and research facilities.

Research and Lab

Hospital

Hotel

Fig.5.1.2. Typology of Olympus 2.0

Introduction

2. Lessons Learned from New Babylon

As mentioned in previous chapter, hospital, research facili-

1. Role of Open Space

4. Void

2. Isolation

5. Continuity

3. Visual Connection

6. Open Space Variety

Fig.5.1.3. Lessons Learned from New Babylon

ty, and hotel are the example of controlled environment. In order to be able to create an architecture that gives freedom in a controlled environment, some lessons about freedom that were learned from New Babylon were applied during the design process of Olympus 2.0.

1. Open space has an important role for social interaction. It gives more freedom and flexibility for the users. While linear space or corridor gives more control and force people to move. It is more of space of going than space of staying.

2. Isolation or disconnection from context can give freedom inside an architecture. At the same time it’s also a mean of control to contain whatever happens inside.

3. Visual connection gives more freedom for people to move because they know what is happening and they can choose where they go. On the other hand, long corridor control the movement of people. They use it because they need to not because they want to.

4. Visual connection between floors makes people and function more connected. It also engages people to explore the space.

5. It’s better to break corridor with open spaces or to use open spaces to connect different zones or function instead of using corridor. The continuity of open space could create an endless combination of experience. It’s not something dull.

6. Too much freedom could end up as chaos. Control is still needed. Instead of having a big open space for all activities, several open spaces with specific purposes could offer a controlled freedom.

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Olympus 2.0

3. Typology Research 3.1 Hospital Typology

In order to creata a new typology for Olympus 2.0, a bet-

Fig.3.3.1. Zoning Diagram

74

1. Linear Type

2. Deep Ward

3. Harness Type

ter understanding about current typologies of hospital is needed.

A theoritical study in hospital typology is done by analysing two books: Architect’s Data [1] and Metric Handbook: Planning and Design Data [2].

Figure 3.3.1 shows the standard zoning diagram of a hospital. Patient comes and welcome by administration and service area. The diagnosis and treatment is the center of the facility. From this central part, three different zoning can be accessed: the ward area, education and research area, and ambulatory care.

In the Architect’s Data, Neufert suggest this following room arrangement : Top Floor Helipad, Air Conditioning plant room Typical Floor Wards 1st Floor Surgical, ICU, Sterilization, Maternity Ground Floor Entrance, radiology, treatments, emergency, admin, information, cafe Basement Storage, physiotherapy, equipments

In order to get deeper insight about program arrangement, some hospital floor plans were studied.

There are three kinds of basic ward types 1. Linear Type

It is the most traditional arrangement. Everything is arranged in one large space. Each space contains 20-30 beds.

Since 1950’s the linear type was modified by giving partitions to separate bedroom within the row.

2. Deep Ward or Race Track

This type use the advantage of the depth of the building. A building is divided into 3 zones: bedrooms are placed on the side part of the building to get good ventilation and daylight while the service area such as nurse room is positioned in the middle zone.

The good point of this type is there won’t be any dead-end like in linear type.

3. Courtyard Plan (Harness, Nucleus)

This type reduces the working area needed in deep ward track and make the whole plan more compact. The use of courtyard is also introduced in this type to provide maximum daylight to every rooms. The courtyard also create a connection between indoor and outdoor spaces.

Fig.3.3.2. Ward Typology [1] Neufert, E., Jones, V., & Thackara, J. (1980). Architects data: Ernst Neufert. St Albans, Herts: Granada.

[2]Littlefield, D. (2008). Metric handbook: Planning and design data. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Typology Research

Nuffield Orthopaedic, Oxford Liberton Hospital, Scotland

Temple Uni. Hospital, USA

OT of St. Joseph, USA

Stobhill Operating Theatre

Fig.3.3.3. Hospital Plan Comparison

Berlin City Hospital

Basel Cantonal Hospital

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Admin

Pharmacy

Back of House

Back Office

Research Area

Reception

Facility

Lab

Sterile Storage

Preparation

ICU

Anaesthetic

Radiology

Operating Theatre

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Nurse Office

Recovery Clinics

Nurse Pod

Rooms

Adjacent In close vicinity

Fig.5.3.3.1. Function Relationship Diagram

Conclusion

After analysing the hospital typologies and comparing some hospital floor plans, a diagram was drawn to show the relationship between main functions that are needed for Olympus 2.0.

The solid arrows show that the connected functions need to be adjacent. The dashed arrows show functions that need to be in close vicinity but not necessarily to be next to each other.

Typology Research

3.2 Bed Number Calculation

Based on Neufert, Hospitals may be subdivided based on

the number of the beds provided. The smallest hospital type provides up to 50 beds, a small hospital can accommodate up to 150 beds, and a standard hospital provide a space for up to 600 beds.

Hospital that has more than 600 beds fall into the category of large hospital which is very few.

Further hospitals are classified into general hospital, specialist hospital, and university hospital. Since Olympus 2.0 focuses only in human upgrading, it was assumed as a specialist hospital in the purpose of calculation of bed requirements.

Neufert suggested for a typical developed country, there will be 3.6 patients of specialist hospital per 1000 inhabitants per year. The required number of bed per 1000 inhabitants is 0.6.

Olympus 2.0 is located in Rozenburg island, the Netherlands. It will be the first and the only superhuman upgrading facility in the region. Therefore the population of the Netherlands was taken as a sample, which is 17,283,008 people . However, Harari mentioned in his book that it will be the elites who will try to achieve superhuman abilities. By the elites, in this scenario it was assumed that it is a group of rich people. In 2018 the number of millionaire in the Netherlands is 1.5% of the total population [1], which is 259,245 inhabitants. This number will be the starting point of the calculation.

Based on the standard from neufert, 0,0036 of those number will be the number of annual patients. There are at least 933 patients that will go to the upgrading facility in a year. Then the facility will need to accommodate at least 156 beds.

Considering that people from neighbouring countries will also visit this building, the number of the beds provided were doubled. Olympus 2.0 in the end will feature 300 bedrooms.

[1] https://nltimes.nl/2018/09/11/number-dutch-millionaires-record-high

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Fig.5.3.3.1. View of the Blue Planet

3.3 Smooth Isolation for Waterfront Building

One of the lessons learned from New Babylon is about iso-

lation. Three waterfront architectures were used as reference to see how architecture can create an unconcious physical boundary that gives smooth isolation to the building. The relation between the building and two different sides, water and land, is also observed to find out the best approach to deal with the condition of the site.

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A. The Blue Planet, Denmark - 3XN

Fig.5.3.3.2. Entrance of the Blue Planet

Fig.5.3.3.3. Diagram orientation to the sea

The Blue Planet is Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biggest aquarium which is located on the shores of Ă&#x2DC;resund, a city in Denmark 8 kilometers away from Copenhagen. This building was design by 3XN in 2008 and built in 2013.

The whirlpool-shaped building consists of 5 curvy arms that house different specific areas. The arm that faces the mainland merges with the surrounding landscape creating a gentle slope that goes up from the ground and becomes the roof the entrance area. The rest of the arms have the orientation of its openings to the sea. The architecture has completely a close facade except at the edge of the arms that face the water. This design isolates the activities inside and create a disconnection with outside world.

Organic shape is chosen to represent water which is a reflection of the function itself. The curvy lines also work well in combination with the waterfront.

Typology Research

Fig.5.3.3.4. View of MAAT

Fig.5.3.3.5. Seafront part of MAAT

Fig.5.3.3.6. Mainland part of MAAT

B. MAAT, Lisabon - AL_A

MAAT is a museum of contemporary art, architecture, and technology in Lisabon, Portugal. It is located along the riverbank of Tagus in BelĂŠm. This building was designed by AL_A (Amanda Lafente) and built in 2016.

Like any other building located along the shore, MAAT also has two fronts; one facing the river and one facing the land. The architecture of MAAT blends with the landscape, creating a gentle slope from the land side and slowly growing and opening up at the side of the river. It makes the architecture completely close and barely visible from the city side. The building is hidden under a sloping roof deck that becomes the roof of the building. This approach transforms the roof into an outdoor room where visitors can walk over and do social activities, making the space as a physical connection between the river and the city.

On the other hand, this low-slung structure is completely exposed and visible from the riverside. The main orientation of the openings are to the water. This building looks like a gentle arch that grows out of the ground and completely a part of the landscape along the shore. The organic shape is chosen to match the characteristic of the landscape better.

Creating a sloping structure that merges with the landscape provides a smooth physical boundary that separates and hides the architecture from the context. Although the building is a part of the landscape behind, the architecture itself is isolated and exclusively connected to the water side.

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Fig.5.3.3.7. Aerial view of Green Cape Spa Resort

C. Green Cape Spa Resort, Georgia - UN Studio

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Fig.5.3.3.8. Section

Fig.5.3.3.9. View of the waterfront facade

This 34,192 m2 development is located on the seafront of Batumi, Giorgia. It was a competition entry designed by UN Studio back in 2017.

Located within a 4.9 ha landscape, the design of the resort reflect the surrounding environment. Similar to the previous precedents, this building blends completely with the landscape on the entrance area then slightly grows into layers of building that are exposed to the sea side. Figure 5.3.3.8 shows the overall section of the resort. The front part is relatively low structure that mimicks the landscape and becomes the extension of it. This gentle slope hides the architecture underneath.

All units and important functions have completely free view to the sea. Since the main orientation is to the South, terraces are provided to enjoy the sunlight and the sea. Once again, organic shape is used in this poject to blend the building with the nature.

Hidden behind the landscape and exposed only to one side isolates the resort from the outside world. The isolation results in an architecture that emphasize its role as a place of healing and focus on the inner self and disconnects from the outside stresses of daily life.

Typology Research

Surface of the surrounding slopes up and becomes the roof of the building.

Building merges with the landscape.

Building is hidden from the main road to give senses of protection, privacy, and isolation

Water

Land

Building grows to the sea side and completely exposed.

The architecture will have 2 faces which are landscape facing the mainland and building facade facing the shore.

Fig.5.3.3.10. Conclusion of Isolation for Waterfront Building

Conclusion

From three different project references can be seen that blending architecture with the surrounding landscape can create a smooth boundary between the building and the context. Isolation and disconnection from the context can be achieved since the architecture is hidden under the landscape and barely visible from the main street.

The building grows higher to the shore side and completely open up to the water. Having only one exposed side gives sense of protection and privacy to the users inside. It also provides more freedom because whatever happens inside the building wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be visible from the main land.

The other conclusion that can be taken from the reference projects is that curve lines and organic shapes work pretty well in combination with landscape and water.

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Fig.5.3.4.1. Plan of Galaxy Soho

3.4 The Role of Open Spaces in Architecture

Open space has an important role in encouraging social activities. Open space also gives more flexibility and freedom to the use of an architecture. However, the use of open space is still limited in the typologies of hospital, laboratorium, and hotel. Mostly it is used a lot in commercial projects or public buildings. In order to get the understanding about how to optimally take advantages of open space, two architecture projects were analyze.

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A. Galaxy Soho, Beijing - Zaha Hadid Architects

Fig.5.3.4.2. Indoor and outdoor open space

Fig.5.3.4.3. View of outdoor open space

Galaxy Soho is a 330,000 m2 mixed use building consists of office, retail, and entertainment. This building was designed

by Zaha Hadid Architects and was built in Beijing back in 2012.

The architecture is composed from five organic volumes linked by flowing bridges.

Each volume has its own courtyard which is connected to the others. Eventhough there are five volumes, the link between the courtyards creates a continuous open space and fluid movement between blocks. The whole building is not just rooms connected with corridor but rather a braid of continuous open space surrounded by functions. In addition, the indoor courtyards are also connected to the outdoor open spaces located in between buildings, creating another level of flexibility.

The existence of the courtyards gives a freedom to the users of the building to do activities there. Big voids are created on the upper floors to give visual and physical connections to and from the courtyards. The open spaces simply transform into the center of activity and the soul of the building itself.

Typology Research

Fig.5.3.4.4. Plan and section of Jewel Changi Airport

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B. Jewel Changi Airport - Moshe Safdie

Fig.5.3.4.5. View of the garden

Fig.5.3.4.6. View of seating area

Jewel Changi Airport is a new development completed in 2019. This new connector between existing terminals in Changi Airport Singapore was designed by Moshe Safdie. Jewel is a 137,500 m2 complex comprised of airport operation facilities, leisure attractions, retails, restaurants, hotel, and a huge indoor garden at the center of the building.

The central open space, which is the garden, has 200 m span at the longest point. This giant structure is the home of more than 200 species of trees and flora. The indoor garden also features walking trail, cascading waterfalls, quiet seating areas, and the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tallest indoor waterfall.

Unlike the previous precedent that makes open spaces as the center of the crowds and activities, the open space in Jewel is intended to get away from the bustling activities of the airport.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a place where people come to seek tranquility and to celebrate slowness and quietness.

Olympus 2.0

Rooms that need daylight are positioned at the perimeter of the building

Open Space Outdoor Space

Open Space Central Space

Open Space

Outdoor Space Open Space

Rooms that don’t need daylight are positioned in between open spaces

Fig.5.3.4.7. Diagram of link between spaces

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Conclusion

1. Center of Activity

To create fluid movement within an architecture, open spaces can be used to connect different rooms instead of corridors. A connection between open spaces creates a continuity within the building and give freedom to the users in how to explore the building. Rooms that need daylight are arranged on the outer perimeter of the open spaces, exposed to the outside. While rooms that don’t need daylight are positioned in between the open spaces.

Internal courtyards can also be linked directly to the outdoor open spaces to provide more diverse experience in the building; a limitless combination of spatial experience..

2. Away from Activity

Fig.5.3.4.8. Two types of open space

From two different reference projects, it is known that there are two types of open space:

1. Open space that is intended to draw crowds and become a center of activity. In this kind of open space, the users have freedom and flexibility in using it. It’s also a place where most social interaction happens.

2. Open space that is designed as a destination to get away from bustling routines. It’s a place where the users come to enjoy the space itself. It is a tranquil space within a busy environment.

Mostly it has a form of a garden.

Typology Research

3.5 Material and Facade Fig.5.3.5.1. View of Heyder Aliyev Center

The idea is to make an architecture that blends with the landscape. The reference projects suggest to combine the application of organic shape, the simplicity of homogenous material, and the use of a single neutral colour. A project from Zaha Hadid Architects, a firm famous with its organic designs, was picked as inspiration for Olympus 2.0.

Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku - Zaha Hadid

Fig.5.3.5.2. Indoor View

Fig.5.3.5.3. Seamless look

This modern cultural center in Baku, Azerbaijan, was design

by Zaha Hadid in 2007 and built in 2013. The concept was to give fluidity to the architecture that is reflected on its appearance, internal space, and the interrelation between spaces. Therefore this architecture is filled with continuous curve elements that flow over the spaces.

Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) were picked as cladding materials, both externally and internally. These materials have the plasticity that can respond to the demands of the architecture. The panels are moulded based on the need, therefore the size of the panels can also be adjusted. The bigger the panels, the less the seams that are visible. With additional treatment such as polymer coating, an almost-seamless look can be achieved (figure 5.3.5.3). Glass fibre reinforced polyester has a shiny look while glass fiber reinforced concrete has a matte appearance. A single colour, white, is used to let the shape of the architecture itself become the most dominant element within the space.

The Heydar Aliyev Center consists of two different structural systems: a concrete structure and a space frame system.

Space frame is used in order to achieve large-scale column-free spaces that allow the visitor to experience the fluidity of the interior, spaces.

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1

2 4 5

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1

Connected to deep water - better logistic

2

Not overly exposed - privacy

3

Seafront orientation to the south - better daylight

4

Facing no ‘life’ - sense of isolation

5

Bigger distance to industrial area

3

Fig.5.4.1. Site Location

4. Site Location

Olympus 2.0 is situated halfway along the 10 km-peninsula of Rozenburg island, on the reclamation island at the southern edge (fig. 5.4.1) to be precise. In the groupwork masterplan, this additional reclamation island is dedicated for classified and experimental research facilities.

Located at the seafront, the site has the characteristics of two worlds; water and industrial area in the South and landscape in the North of the site (see fig. 5.4.2 and fig. 5.4.3).

There are at least five reasons that make this location a perfect spot for the new superhuman upgrading facility. The southern shore has deeper water and closer to the industrial area. It gives the possibility to access the site by boat and it will also have better logistic supply route.

Unlike the tip that is exposed to all direction, this part of the

peninsula is exposed to the sea only at one side. The surrounding landscape gives more sense of privacy and not overly exposed. It suits well with the need of the upgrading facility.

The third reason is the advantage of the sun orientation. The seafront building will face south which ensure better daylight. It will be perfect condition for the hospital units.

In the future, the port will be most likely operated by machines. The southern mainland will become a ‘no-life’ place compared to the northern mainland that still have settlements and human activities. Facing this ‘no-life’ area will seclude and isolate the building from the nearby context. This can provide exclusicity and more privacy.

This reclamation island also has relatively bigger distance to the industrial area compared to the other spots along the promontory.

Site Location

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Fig.5.4.3. View of the Site

Landscape

Sea and Industry

Fig.5.4.2 Aerial Photograph of the Site

Olympus 2.0

Fig.5.5.1. Isolation

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Fig.5.5.2. Alluring

Preliminary Ideas

Fig.5.5.3. Fortress - Mixed use

Fig.5.5.4. Courtyards

5. Preliminary Ideas

In the beginning of the design process, four design alterna-

ferences to the space. The organization of the programs also have similar linear structure with the previous scheme which will give less freedom to its users.

Instead of separating the functions into block, the third options tried to combine all functions into one mass creating a fortress-like mixed use development. The main mass surrounds a big courtyard in the middle. The structure grows vertically rather than in horizontal direction. By combining functions in 1 interconnected mass, places are closer to each other, giving flexibility to the users in determining their route. At the same time the number of indoor and outdoor spaces are also limited; giving less options for the users to do their daily activities. This vertical arrangement also has limitation in creating continuity between spaces.

The last alternative was to utilize different courtyards in the building. Four different courtyards are wrapped by functions that are intertwined with each other. This creates continuity between functions and open spaces. Since everything is linked, users have the freedom to determine their circulation and how they want to use the space. Organic shape was chosen to imitate nature and provide fluid movement. However, this option doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a mean of isolation that can seclude the architecture from the outside world.

tives with different concepts are made to investigate what kind of concept suits the project the best.

The first idea is to emphasize isolation. A long wall is designed along the front boundary of the site to completely disconnect the activity inside with the context. This approach gives a sense of privacy and secrecy for the users behind the wall. The program is divided into several blocks. The main entrance takes the visitors to a concentrated upgrade and training facilities. Two wings are attached to the center facility, one for visitor center and the other one for research facilities. The housing block is separated from the main block by outdooor gardens. The weakness of this option is the isolation is too strong and obvious. The defined functions which are lineary separated into blocks give less freedom for the users.

The second alternative was the opposite idea with the first one. The intention is to allure people to the building with the architectural shape. The crescent shaped mass with a big plaza in front makes the building has a relationship with the main boulevard and keeps it in the context. In this option, users will have less freedom because of the connection to the outside world might bring inter-

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Olympus 2.0

Central Facility Immortality Intelligence Strength

1. Reflecting the Surrounding

2. Central Facility and 3 Interconnected Blocks

3. Variation of Open Spaces

Facilities Facilities

Lab and Research

4. Dike provides a smooth isolation and layer of protection

5. Orientation and View

6. Enclosing

7. Main entrance

8. Program extrusion

9. Terraces for Hospital Units

7. Special units

8. Merge with landscape

9. Connection to the sea

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Fig.5.6.1. Concept diagram

Concept

6. Concept Development

The site has two sides, one facing the Southern shore and the industrial area across the sea while the other side facing the stretched landscape of the long promontory of Rozenburg. The architectural concept of Olympus 2.0 is to reflect the surrounding context. The North part of the building will mimick the landscape while the other half represents the circular shape of silos on the industrial area. The end architectonic will be a blend between natural landscape on one side and a man-made structure on the other side. It also represents the function of the building itself as a superhuman upgrading facility; a facility that combine body (nature) with technology.

The building comprises from 4 interconnected blocks which are central facility, immortality department, intelligence department, and strength department. One of the lessons learned from New Babylon is about the importance of different open spaces.

Therefore a courtyard with specific purpose was created within each block. Links between these courtyards were created to make a continuity in the spatial experience.

The next lesson learned about freedom was about isolation or disconnection. Based on the reference projects analysis, an unconcious physical border can be created by utilizing the landscape within the context. The idea was to create a sloping landscape on the boundary of the site that will enclose the building and becomes part of the building itself. Another intention was to expose the architecture only to the seaside, while keeping the appearance from the main boulevard as natural as possible as if the building is hidden under the landscape. It can give more privacy and sense of freedom to the users inside since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s free from outside interferences. This raised landscape will also act as a secondary dike that provides protection to the promontory area from the risk of flooding.

Since the building faces the deep shore that is connected to the port area, a lot of big ships will pass through in front of it.

To limit direct view to those unattracted vessels, the main three blocks were chopped to reorientate the main view and to give more angular sight. This approach transformed the blocks into ellipsoid shapes.

The overall mass was then extended to accomodate more functions and to enclosed the outdoor spaces. Curvy lines were chosen because it is also proven from the reference projects that organic shapes blend pretty well with landscape and waterfront area. An opening was created along the dike line on the front part

of the building as the main entrance point from the main boulevard of the island. The entrance takes a form of gentle arch that comes out of the ground. The plaza in front of the main entrance features a sunken courtyard that is connected to the underground public transportation station.

The mass was then extruded to house more functions.

This low-slung structure gradually increases in the height towards the seaside and ends with the tip of the three blocks as the highets points. The curvy mass gives aerodinamicity toward the sea breeze and protect the courtyards behind. The main orientation of the building is to South which is a good direction for a residential units. All hospital rooms were arranged on the Southern perimeter of the ellipsoid masses to provide rooms with sea view and abundant daylight. Outdoor terraces were provided in front of the rooms so the users can maximally enjoy the sea and the sun.Considering that the immortality block has the most prominent view and caters more leisure functions, this part of the facility most likely attract the biggest number of visitor. Dealing with that assuption, some additional floors and VIP units were added on this block.

The whole building was then covered with landscape to give continuous sloping landscape from the main boulevard to the different roof level of the building. The outdoor space features a wooden deck that bring people closer to the water and a small marina to enable people come to the facility with boat.

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12 3

4

92 11

LEGEND 1

Main Entrance

2

Sunken Plaza - Connection to Underground Station

3

Marina and Seafront Deck

4

Waterfront Park

5

Central Garden

6

Immortality Block

7

Intelligence Block

8

Strength Block

9

Outdoor Training Facility

10

General Helipad

11

VIP Helipad

12

Dike Walkscape

Fig.5.7.1. Site Plan

6

7

Final Design

2

1

9

5

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8

10

Site Plan 1:1000

Olympus 2.0

7. Final Design

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A. Masterplan

The main entrance is located along the main boulevard of Rozenburg island. The single entrance that merged with the landscape line limits the exposure to the North side, disconnecting the architecture slightly from the context. An open central garden is located at the heart of Olympus 2.0. to bring natural outdoor environment into the indoor space. The building spreads further into three ellipsoid masses that marks three different blocks: immortality, intelligence, and strength. An outdoor training facility is provided on the Eastern part of the building, enclosed by research facilities to ease the researchers in monitoring and observing their specimens. Located on the shoreline, a walking deck is created to bring users closer to the water. A small marina is built to allow visitors reaching this facility by boats. From the marina, visitors will be welcome by an outdoor garden connected to west entrance of the building.

B. Program

Olympus 2.0 is a big facility with an area of 55,000 m2 comprised of 3 storeys, a basement and 3 additional layers on top of the immortality block. This facility features 300 housing units with 3 different types, 12 residential units for in-house doctors/ scientists, 6 operating theatres, 20 intensive care units, laboratorium and research facilities, more than 20 different treatment clinics, training facilities, retails, and other supporting facilities.

The ground floor is basically occupied by the upgrading facilities, offices, research facilities, and clinics that are divided into 3 blocks based on the purpose: immortality which is related to health and beauty treatment, intelligence, and strength. Different

courtyards with different functions can be found on this level as well.

The basement level accommodate programs that support the three main block. Pool area for the immortality block, library and workshop for the intelligence block, and training hall for the srength block. However all functions are linked to each other, creating a continuity of spaces with different functions. A big auditorium is located under the central garden. The rest of the basement level is occupied by parking space and machineries to support the operation of the whole building.

First floor features the first layer of the hospital units, intensive care units, nurse office, and retail area. The second floor contains patient accommodations and doctor residences. The rest of the upper floors will be dedicated only for the patient accommodations.

Final Design

LEGEND Patient Accommodation

Immortality Department

Doctor Accommodation

Intelligence Department

Hospital General Facilities

Strength Department

Supporting Facilities

Research Facility

Typical Floor Patient accommodation

Doctor/Scientist Residence

1st Floor Patient accommodation ICU Nurse Office

Cafe and Lounge Retails Workplaces

Ground Floor Back of House

95

Restaurant Immortality Department

Lab and Staff Area

Operating Theatres Info Point and Reading Area Intelligence Department Strength Department

Meeting Rooms Research Labs Outdoor Training Facility

Basement Pool Hydrotherapy Sauna Library Workshop Training Hall

Fig.5.7.2. Programatic Diagram

Auditorium Parking Machinery

Olympus 2.0

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Fig.5.7.3. Access to the Building

C. Accessibility and Internal Circulation

Olympus 2.0 can be reach by several mode of transportations. There is one single entrance on the front part of the building facing the main boulevard of the island. The front plaza also features a sunken courtyard that connects to the underground publi transportation station not far from the site. From the same underground tunnel, private cars can go directly to the parking area on the basement level. Afterward visitors can take elevator directly to the lobby on the ground floor. This complex also features a marina that allows visitors reach this facility by a boat. There are also 2 helipads inside the premise, one for general purpose of the hospital and the other one for VIP guests that use private helicopter.

Since this architecture is a hybrid between several typologies, there are many users with different interests collide in this building. Some functions are limited to specific user only. In some cases, one group of user needs to move from one place to another without being seen by other group of users. Therefore some circulation scenarios were created to accomodate the needs of the main users of the facility without having to interfere others.

Apart from the common lifts and escalators, doctor and scientists also have special lifts that directly connect their residential units, offices, laboratoriums, back of house, and parking area.

If they need to move to a certain spots without being seen by the patients, they can take elevator to the basement, use the route on the basement, and pop out to their desired destination using lifts and staircases provided on several spots.

The patients basically can access general lifts provided in the central part and on each block to reach clinics, facilities, hospital rooms, and parking space.

The nurse can use common circulations as well as special lifts that connect nurse offices, supply rooms, intensice care units, and operating theatres.

This facility is more than just a hospital. People will stay here for a while. So this building also features retails, working spaces, auditorium, meeting rooms, restaurant, cafe, and green houses that are accessible for all users. The use of escalators are added in these social activity zones.

Final Design

Rooms Visited Vertical Circulation Doctor Entrances

1. Doctor Circulation

Rooms Visited Vertical Circulation Scientist Entrances

3. Scientist Circulation

Fig.5.7.4. Circulation Diagram for Different Users

Rooms Visited Vertical Circulation Doctor Entrances

4. Staff and Nurse Circulation

Rooms Visited Vertical Circulation Patient Entrances

2. Patient Circulation

Social Spaces Vertical Circulation Access to Deck

5. Social Activities

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Olympus 2.0

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Fig.5.7.5. Aerial View of Olympus 2.0

Chapter Name

Chapter Name

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y Ba l tai De Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fig.5.7.6. Ground Floor Plan

Final Design

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Ground Floor Plan 1:1000

D. Fluidity to Emphasize Freedom

All public functions within Olympus 2.0 were designed as an open space. This open spaces flow fluidly from one function to others, creating a world of continuous open spaces. These open spaces also replace the need of corridors to connect different rooms. The internal open spaces are also linked to the outdoor open spaces, generating a series of indoor-outdoor relationship.

The spatial fluidity gives freedom for the users to decide where they want to go and the route how to go there. These intertwined open spaces are also providing chances for users to meet and interact.

Coming into the premise, one is welcome by a lobby connected directly to the restaurant on the West wing and to the lounge and information center on the East part. The restaurant has access to outdoor garden and marina while the lounge is linked to outdoor training facility. The lobby, restaurant, and lounge surround the central garden which is hidden behind the circulation core. This garden then links further to three different courtyards in the middle of the ellipsoid hospital blocks. Those courtyards are connected with intermediate indoor garden and seating area as well as outdoor pocket gardens that have access to the sea deck.

Olympus 2.0

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Fig.5.7.7. View 1 - Restaurant

Chapter Name

Chapter Name

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Olympus 2.0

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E. Upgrading Facility

Functions related to the upgrading process can be found mainly on the ground floor. Six operating theatres become the center point of the facility.

Each block comprises of clinics and rooms related to the main purpose of the block. Immortality block features spa, skin treatment, CRISPR room, nano-bot injection, manipulative treatment, and many other functions related to beauty and health. Intelligence block consists of implant room, brain monitoring, meditation room, computer room, etc. Within the strength block, one can find fitness and training center, physiotherapy, vr room, implant room, and many more.

An outdoor training facility is located next to the strength block. The laboratorium and research facility strip has direct view and access to the outdoor training facility so that the researchers can monitor and observe their specimens.

Final Design

Fig.5.7.8. View 2 - Operating Theatre

Fig.5.7.9. View 3 - Outdoor Training Facility

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Fig.5.7.10. View 4 - Central Garden

F. Role of Different Open Spaces

The courtyards within Olympus 2.0 have different specific purposes. Instead of drawing crowds and being the center of activities, the central garden is a place to get away from the crowd and bustling activities inside the building. Despite the central location, this courtyard is hidden behind the circulation cores and operating theatres, making it possible to create a tranquil atmosphere.

The central garden is a place to sit, relax, contemplate, and to be immersed in yourself. The garden is partly indoor and the rest is outdoor. Organic shapes are also applied in the interior design.

The ceiling melts down and merges with the columns while some parts of the floor pop out and become benches.

Courtyards with similar purposes are also positioned in the back of house and office area. It provides get-away spaces for the staffs out off their routine.

Each block has a courtyard with specific function dedicated to support the main program of the block. The immortality block

features a garden courtyard with thermal baths that has direct access to pool area underneath. The intelligence blockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s courtyard is occupied by digitalized labyrinth and exhibition space. A basketball court and a climbing wall mark the courtyard of the strength block.

Courtyards in every blocks are connected by transition garden and seating area that have view to the sea. The spots are designed as waiting area as well as places to enjoy the sea.

The section on figure 5.7.12 shows the continuity of open space. The open spaces also has void to the upper floors, allowing vertical visual and physical connections within the space. The whole roof of the building is a single continuous sloping landscape where users can access it from different points and walk over it.

Olympus 2.0 features open spaces with different role that offers freedom for the users to choose.

Final Design

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Fig.5.7.11. View 5 - Courtyard of Immortality Block

Section A - Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1:1000

Fig.5.7.12. Section

Olympus 2.0

108

Fig.5.7.13. First Floor Plan

Final Design

109

1st FLOOR PLAN 1:1000

G. Social Interaction

Olympus 2.0 is not a mere hospital. It is a destination where people come to stay for longer period at their own will. They are not sick, so they can still do daily activities. Therefore this building is equipped with facilities such as retails, workplaces, cafe, meeting rooms, and greenhouses to support day to day life of the patients. Most facilities can be found on the first level of the building. this floor is also connected to the ground floor with escalators that can be found on every void.

The existence of hospital rooms start from this level. In between different blocks, there are common area to encourage social interaction of the patients. Intensive care units can be found on this floor as well. This units are located next to nurse office and have direct connection with the operating theatres underneath.

Olympus 2.0

110

2nd Floor Plan 1:1000

Fig.5.7.14. Second Floor Plan

Final Design

111

Fig.5.7.15. Studio Type Hospital Unit

H. Accommodation Units

There are three types of accommodation units spreading from the first floor to the top floor. All patient accommodation units are arranged on the outer part of the ellipsoid shapes, providing sea view and abundant daylight into the units. The first type is studio with the size of 35 m2. The second type is one bedroom unit with the size ranging from 65 m2 to 80 m2. The biggest type is the 120 m2 loft-type VIP suites that are located on the top floor of every blocks. All units feature an outdoor terrace with view to the sea. Olympus 2.0 has in total 300 accommodation units.

Level 2 of the building is where the doctor/researcher residences take place. There are in total 12 housing units provided for in-house doctors or researchers. This complex faces the North, having a view of the mainland landscape and the Northern shore.

This residential area has its own garden and indoor lounge that are separated from the patient area.

Olympus 2.0

112

Basement Floor Plan 1:1000

Fig.5.7.16. Basement Floor Plan

Final Design

113

Fig.5.7.17. Swimming Pool View

I. Supporting Facilities

Basement floor is occupied by supporting facilities. There are four major functions on this level. Swimming pool and sauna can be found under the immortality block. The swimming pool is at the same level with the sea. The full glass facade creating an infinity effect as if someone swims in the sea. Water body in between the glass facade and the sea deck is dedicated as a natural swimming pool where visitors can swim during warm days.

Library takes place under the intelligence block. The library is divided into 2 parts, open library with glass facade to the sea and quieter closed library at the back part. Still at the same area, a workshop provides a space for the patient of intelligence block to create something.

On the right-end of the basement, there is a complex of training facilities that have direct connection to the strength block above it.

The center part of the basement is occupied by an auditorium with the capacity of 300 persons. This auditorium has a skylight that is located on the central garden above.

The rest of the basement is dedicated for parking spaces, loading docks, and machineries.

Olympus 2.0

LEGEND Shear Wall

Supporting Shear Wall

Concrete Column

Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall

1m Thick Concrete Bed

Interlocking Sheet Pile

Beam Bridge

Space Frame

Pontoon

114 Fig.5.7.18. Structure Diagram

J. Structure

Olympus 2.0 is built using several structural systems. The structure of the ellipsoid parts of the building comprises of radially arranged curve shear walls that are supported by 1 meter deep concrete bed and beam bridge to transfer the load to the big pillars that go through the water. The roof was designed using space frame structures to overcome the big span problem.

The rest of the buildings are supported with concrete columns and concrete slabs. The vertical cores are made from shear walls to provide stability and fireproofing.

The site boundary is fortified by reinforced concrete retaining walls. To provide strengthness and water tightness, interlocking sheet piles are used as the main structure of the basement wall.

Pontoon serves as the base of the waterfront deck and marina so the deck can flexibly adjust its height to the sea water level.

Final Design K. Blending with Nature

The front part of Olympus 2.0 was designed to blend with the surrounding landscape. The garden along the main boulevard slopes up and becomes the roof of the building. Some holes and slits were created on the surface of the sloping garden to allow daylight penetrates the building underneath. The new raised landscape line was cut with a curvy line in the middle to create a gentle arch as the main entrance to the facility.

From the main boulevard, ones can only see pieces of the building hidden behind the landscape. But once they climb up and walk over the sloping garden, they will discover the complete architecture.

As seen on the elevations shown on figure 5.7.20 until figure 5.7.23, the landscape dominates the sides where the building is connected to the mainland. On the other hand, the architecture is completely exposed on the seasides.

115

Fig.5.7.19. View from Main Boulevard

Olympus 2.0

Fig.5.7.20. South Elevation

116

Fig.5.7.21. North Elevation

Final Design

South Elevation 1:1000

North Elevation 1:1000

Fig.5.7.22. East Elevation

Fig.5.7.23. West Elevation

117

East Elevation

1:1000

West Elevation

1:1000

Olympus 2.0

Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester

Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete

L. Materialization

Engineered Bamboo Fins

Black Window Frame

Bamboo Vynil

White Painted Wall

White Marble - Rose Gold Veins

Polished Concrete

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Fig.5.7.24. Material Board

The materials used in the architecture of Olympus 2.0 are shown on figure 5.7.24. Glass fibre reinforced polyester is used for the facade. This material is used in most of Zaha Hadidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s projects. The material is light, shiny, customizable and weatherproof thus suitable for the outer skin of an organic architecture. Since the panels are moulded, the size and the shape of the modules can be adjusted based on the need to reduce the number of the seams.

Polymer coating is then applied on top of this material to create a seamless look. Glass fibre reinforced concrete is used for the curve elements in the interior part. This material has similar characteristic with glass fibre reinforced polyester except the matte surface.

White painted wall becomes the choice for the interior wall.

It brings purity and simplicity to the space. The neutral color gives balance to the organic shapes and does not overpower the whole spatial quality. Wooden element is used for the ceiling to give natural touch to the inner space. Engineered bamboo fin is used because it has good colour and texture, light, easy to fix and can be moulded based on the need. Some columns are cladded with bamboo vynil to create a continuity between the ceiling and the column. This material is also used as decorative wall in the bedroom units and some facilities.

Black window frames are used to show bold lines inside soft and curvy spaces. Since the building is located on the coastal area, all frames need to be galvanized to prevent rust and corrosion. The floor is made of white marble with rose gold veins to create a harmony with the wall and the ceiling. The floors and walls on the basement level use polished concrete to give different atmosphere with the upper floors.

Final Design M. Closer Look of Immortality Block

119

Partial Ground Floor Plan 1:400

Fig.5.7.25. Ground Floor Plan of Immortality Block

Olympus 2.0

120

Partial First Floor Plan

1:400

Fig.5.7.26. First Floor Plan of Immortality Block

Final Design

121

Partial Second Floor Plan

1:400

Fig.5.7.27. Second Floor Plan of Immortality Block

Olympus 2.0

122

Partial Basement Floor Plan

1:400

Fig.5.7.28. Basement Floor Plan of Immortality Block

Final Design

Roof garden structure

Engineered bamboo wooden fins Gypsum ceiling

Space Frame Structure

Fiber unit divider

Detail A

Fiber Glass Reinforced Polyester with steel frames Plaster wall Wooden texture vynil

Sliding glass door with hot dip coated aluminium frames

Detail B Detail C

123

1 m concrete bed and beam bridge

75 mm acrylic

Detail D Floating Pontoon covered with wooden deck

Fig.5.7.29. Axonometric Section of Immortality Block

Olympus 2.0

124

Detail A - Skylight

1:20

Fig.5.7.30. Detail A - Skylight

Final Design

125

Fig.5.7.31. 3D Section of Detail A

Fig.5.7.32. Reference for detail A

Olympus 2.0

126

Detail B - Ceiling

1:20

Fig.5.7.33. Detail B - Indoor Ceiling

Final Design

127

Fig.5.7.34. 3D Section of Detail B

Olympus 2.0

128

Detail C - Facade 1:20

Fig.5.7.35. Detail C - Facade

Final Design

129

Fig.5.7.36. 3D Section of Detail C

Olympus 2.0

130

Detail D - Pool Facade

1:20

Fig.5.7.37. Detail D - Pool Facade

Final Design

131

Fig.5.7.38. 3D Section of Detail D

Olympus 2.0

132

Fig.5.7.39. Perspective view

Chapter Name

Chapter Name

133

Olympus 2.0

Conclusion

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“What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?”. It was a question that Harari posed at the end of his book, Homo Deus. Olympus 2.0 is a project that provokes people to start thinking about the real futures. In which direction will humanity go? Many people think that the idea of superhuman upgrading facility sounds a little bit absurd at the moment. However the predictions made by Harari based on facts and actual conditions. There is logic behind his reasoning. And seeing how fast technology develops, the scenario where human beings try to achieve god-like abilities will likely to happen in the near future. Having a facility where ones can upgrade themselves and surpass the limit, human beings can evolve into superior beings.

Human beings would be able to maximize their potential; becoming even better than those non-concious highly intelligent algorythm.

The objective of this project was to find a new typology for the superhuman upgrading facility. Hospital, hotel, and research facilities were chosen as the starting points in the search of the answer. However, those typologies have too much restrictions that dictate every behaviour of the users. Unlike hospital which is intended for the sicks, the upgrading facility is a destination where people come and stay at their own will. Therefore a sense of freedom was needed inside the architecture of Olympus 2.0. Freedom and control was chosen as the main theme of the research with a question, ‘How can Architecture improve the limitation of a completely controlled hospital-research facility environment and give freedom for its users?’.

The final design of Olympus 2.0 is able to create a new typology of superhuman upgrading facility by answering the research question. Applying lessons learned from New Babylon, the architecture of Olympus 2.0 features different type of open spaces, internally as well as externally. These open spaces are connected to each other, creating a world of continuous open space that gives flexibility and freedom for the users. Functions are connected with public spaces instead of corridor. This approach is able to generate fluid movement inside and outside the building.

By merging the architecture with landscape, unconcious physical boundary that slightly disconnect Olympus 2.0 from the

context was created. This hibryd of landscape and building makes sure that the facility has its own world, free from the interferences of the outside world. The combination of the organic architecture and landscape reflects the purpose of the facility itself, to combine human (nature) and technology.

In the end a new typology was created. A hybrid between hospital, hotel, and research facility that changes the controlled environment that is close, clinical, formal, and sometime depressing into something open, bright, vibrant, alive, and free.

This project was intended to intrigue people to start a long discussion in finding the best typology of this kind of facility in order to prepare for the possible future. An architecture of freedom.

Olympus 2.0 is not the ending of the journey, it is just a beginning.

Acknowledgements

This graduation studio was an intense journey filled with many sleepless nights. Yet the joy and the lessons I received during this one year period are an irreplacable experience for me.

It develops me as an individual; both in professional and personal way. However, this thesis couldn’t be finished without the help and support of others. Therefore I want to use this opportunity to celebrate the completion of this thesis by thanking those special persons.

First of all I want to thank Juliette Bekkering for her continuous support. I really enjoyed working with you. The weekly conversation that we had always pushed me to do more. You taught me to be always critical in every design desicion that I made. Your feedbacks and encouragements helped me to discover a lot of things that made my project even better. Sometimes I felt that your expectation is really high since you demanded a lot of products.

But in the end, I even surprised myself with the amount of work that I have done. You helped me to surpass the boundary. Eventhough you are really busy, I can see your dedication in guiding the students in this studio to achieve best possible result. That made me really grateful and honoured to work with you in this studio.

I would also like to thank Jacob Voorthuis. I loved talking with you, eventhough most of the time it was a difficult conversation that left my brain burns. Thank you for all of your guidance You thought me to find a reason in everthing that I did. All of those philosophical talks helped me a lot to create a strong background story and concept for my project. You also pushed me to think critically and logically in every situation. And thank you for all of the ‘english’ lessons that you always gave to us. I’m really glad that I ever worked with you.

To Jan Schever. Eventhough we didn’t meet a lot to discuss my project, your feedbacks and questions were always helpful for the development of my project. Your eyes for the detail is very inspiring for me and I respect you for that. It was a pleasure for me to be able to get your guidance in this short amount of time.

Next I want to thank Rijk Blok for helping me with the structural issue of my project. A short talk with you gave me a good understanding and foundation to the structural system that I need for this project.

Furthermore, many thanks to the fellow students in this graduation studio: Aleksandr Karpov, Aryan Mandozai, Chanachai Panichpattanakij, Heali Cho, Inga Siderevičiute, Lineke van der Wal, Lotte Jonge, Sahin Akyol, Shilong Liang, and Zita van Rossum. Together we produced 2 great books that I believe will be helpful for any upcoming projects. Thank you for the leisure times that we spent together, inside and outside the studio. It was fun to work with each of you. I wish you all a great future ahead.

Thank you to Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) for the full scholarships that enabled me to do Master program in TU Eindhoven.

A special thank to my family. My wife, Septi Wenny Vrahara, thank you for all of your love and support that you have given to me. Thank you for all sacrifices that you have done to be able to accompany me here in the Netherlands. You always gave me push to not give up and be the best of me. I dedicate this for you. May we will get much better life after this. Thank you my little daughter, Audrey Eliora Giovanni. Thank you for always asking me to play whenever I want to start working. Being with you and seeing you grow gave me boost of energy during this tough time. I love you both.

Last, I want to thank to God, Jesus Christ. Eventhough my project is about a home for new gods, I’m a religious person.

Thank you for this great opportunity that You have given to me. I’m forever grateful and I wouldn’t be able to do all of this without the strength that You gave to me.

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References Books Berlin, I. (1958). Two concepts of liberty. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Fromm, E. (1941). The fear of freedom. United States: Farrar & Rinehart.

Harari, Y. N. (2018). Homo deus: A brief history of tomorrow. New York: Harper Perennial.

Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. England.

Littlefield, D. (2008). Metric handbook: Planning and design data. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Locke, J. (1689). Two treatises of government. England: Awnsham Churchill.

Neufert, E., Jones, V., & Thackara, J. (1980). Architects data: Ernst Neufert. St Albans, Herts: Granada.

Stamps, L., Stokvis, W., & Koolhaas, R. (2016). Constant new babylon: To us the freedom. The Netherlands: Hannibal.

Wigley, M. (1998). Constants new babylon: The hyper-architecture of desire. New York: Rotterdam.

Digital Articles 136

Daniel Libeskind. (n.d.). AZQuotes.com. Retrieved June 06, 2019, from AZQuotes.com Web site: https://www.azquotes.com/au thor/24966-Daniel_Libeskind https://nltimes.nl/2018/09/11/number-dutch-millionaires-record-high#targetText=1.9%20percent%20of%20private%20house holds,Noord%2DBrabant%20with%201.6%20percent. https://www.archdaily.com/287571/galaxy-soho-zaha-hadid-architects https://www.archdaily.com/348532/the-blue-planet-3xn https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects https://www.archdaily.com/796913/maat-al-a https://www.archdaily.com/915688/jewel-changi-airport-safdie-architects https://www.rozenburg.nl https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/10587/green-cape-spa-resort Zaha Hadid. (n.d.). AZQuotes.com. Retrieved June 06, 2019, from AZQuotes.com Web site: https://www.azquotes.com/quote/550131

Images Fig. 2.1.1 https://www.amazon.com/Constant-New-Babylon-Rem-Koolhaas/dp/3775741348 Fig. 2.1.3. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 2.1.4. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 2.1.8. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 2.1.9. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 2.1.10. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 2.1.11. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 2.1.14. https://stichtingconstant.nl/ Fig. 5.1.1 https://www.greeklegendsandmyths.com/mount-olympus.html Fig. 5.3.3.1. https://www.archdaily.com/348532/the-blue-planet-3xn/514bb8b2b3fc4b77e7000131-the-blue-planet-3xn-photo Fig. 5.3.3.2. https://www.archdaily.com/348532/the-blue-planet-3xn/57486661e58ece8b7600000d-the-blue-planet-3xn-photo Fig. 5.3.3.3. https://www.archdaily.com/348532/the-blue-planet-3xn/514bb96bb3fc4b095e0000f8-the-blue-planet-3xn-diagram Fig. 5.3.3.4. https://www.archdaily.com/796913/maat-al-a/57f7b7e2e58ece6dad00001a-maat-al-a-photo Fig. 5.3.3.5. https://www.archdaily.com/796913/maat-al-a/58012740e58ece311300008f-maat-al-a-photo Fig. 5.3.3.6. https://www.archdaily.com/796913/maat-al-a/5801276ae58ecee15200001c-maat-al-a-photo Fig. 5.3.3.7. https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/10587/green-cape-spa-resort Fig. 5.3.3.8. https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/10587/green-cape-spa-resort Fig. 5.3.3.9. https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/10587/green-cape-spa-resort Fig. 5.3.4.1. https://www.archute.com/galaxy-soho-stunning-urban-landscape-zaha-hadid-architects/ Fig. 5.3.4.2. https://www.archdaily.com/287571/galaxy-soho-zaha-hadid-architects/508ee0b828ba0d7fdb000008-galaxy-soho-za ha-hadid-architects-image Fig. 5.3.4.3. https://www.archdaily.com/287571/galaxy-soho-zaha-hadid-architects/508ee0ab28ba0d7fe4000005-galaxy-soho-za ha-hadid-architects-photo Fig. 5.3.4.4. https://www.archdaily.com/915688/jewel-changi-airport-safdie-architects/5cbf6206284dd17f4b000004-jewel-chan gi-airport-safdie-architectsFig. 5.3.4.5. https://www.archdaily.com/915688/jewel-changi-airport-safdie-architects/5cbf610a284dd1e172000004-jewel-chan gi-airport-safdie-architects-image Fig. 5.3.4.6. https://www.archdaily.com/915688/jewel-changi-airport-safdie-architects/5cbf5a7b284dd199510000af-jewel-chan gi-airport-safdie-architects-image Fig. 5.4.2. http://www.fotovlieger.nl/project/2011_maeslantkering_rozenburg Fig. 5.7.32. https://www.worldhighways.com/sections/emergent/features/peri-helping-to-build-worlds-longest-underwater-tunnel/

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The greatest scientific discovery was the discovery of ignorance.

Once humans realised how little they knew about the world, they suddenly had a very good reason to seek new knowledge, which opened up the scientific road to progress.â&#x20AC;?

-Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow-