Urban Report: Research Paper, Master of Urbanism

ARCH9092 Urban Report Unpacking Social Implications of Urban Consolidation : The loss of Identity and belonging Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning

Himanshi Taneja 480473929

Introduction Change is inevitable. With the new age of evolution and increasing population, the continuous change in urban fabric is a byproduct of the demand for new, in the field of urban design and planning. With the ever influencing dynamics of a city, development is ongoing to its maximum power, to bring that change and make a better place to live and work.

Population growth and the need for more space has put pressure on transport, housing, education, liveability and economy of Sydney. As a response, Urban consolidation has been undertaken by the state government as a tool to limit growth by supplying space efficient land use practices. Since then it has been marked as a golden tool to tackle issues related to environmental resources, ecological footprint, liveability and accessibility. It has been well argued in the urban and social form studies, that whilst urban consolidation is a positive change, it affects stakeholders like planners, local government, developers , agencies and the residents (Johnson, 2006) (Bunker et al., 2002).

Society and community have been the subject to these transformations and get affected the most due to these substantial alterations to their local environments (Johnson, 2006). This current trend of urban life and demand for high dense spatial configurations usually affects the place-ness of the space, which ultimately changes its social sustainability. The most substantial implication of this rat’s race is loss of identity and sense of belonging of the community, which comes about unknowingly with the changes in the place.

The impact of such development on the community is the major concern where the residents’ sense of identity gets diminished. It has been recognised that people identity with the place where they live and work. (Manzo, 2003) (Heather, 2008). However, the socio-cultural principles has faded over time and urban consolidation developments have involved range of responses from the local citizens. Whilst the practice today focuses more on qualitative analysis and are often based on current social parameters , the situation seems to take a different turn when you see the development happening at the cost of losing something valuable. Hence planners need to anticipate the response tackling the needs of local community and achieving the broader economic and social goals.

The aim of the report is to investigate and analyse the social implications of urban consolidations, through the lens of theoretical tools. The research unpacks how aspects of identity and sense of place gets affected due to an urban consolidation development, with the help of place-theory and social theories by Durkheim’s and Habermas. It will also in the process, throw light on the current planning process which is built on the ideology of replacing rather than retaining a space.

The research draws from the case of Barangaroo, to investigate the aspects of sense of place and identity. The word ‘community’ has been used dynamically in the research, wherein it refers to the people who are working and visiting Barangaroo and develop a relationship with that place, rather than the usual meaning of community, which relates to their static dwellings.

The research focuses on social dynamics only in terms of its two major aspects, that is , place attachment and identity . The analysis of the Barangaroo case on the basis of theories and literature reveals the general trend of planning with the discussions based on the social impacts. It also highlights the paradigm shift in design and planning , from a top to bottom approach to a bottom up one.

The structure of the report starts by the literature review on the concepts and theories related to Urban consolidation and Sense of Place. Once the background is understood, in depth characterisation of aspects of sense of place is done using theories. The literature collected with the case of Barangaroo, forms the major part of the data, which is analysed and tested using qualitative research methodology and the framework of social impacts by Parkinson.

The findings with the research limitations are further synthesised in the discussion section leading to the conclusion which draws on the research question, and provides a way forward for future research and literature.

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Literature Review

Figure 1: Structure of Literature Review (Author)

SYDNEY AND URBAN CONSOLIDATION Sydney’s urban fabric and form showcases the sum of its past. With the increase in population in the first 160 years of settlement, the focus on planning and strategic implementation was needed more than ever. Combination of land shortage, rising housing prices and population growth has put significant pressure to focus on long term planning to mitigate growth. As a response, urban consolidation is adopted for the past 40 years for a more inclusive use of available land.

Urban consolidation is defined by the NSW State Government as: “increasing density of dwellings or population, or both. It does not refer to one single policy, but rather a number of related land use measures and housing initiatives that can increase residential densities.” (NSW Department of Environment and Planning, 1984).

The theoretical context of urban consolidation has been drawn from the wider concept of Bill Randolph and Raymond Bunker, where they outline the framework adopted for consolidation in Sydney, tracing back to the 1950’s, where more power was delegated to the local governments to monitor urban sprawl (Bunker et al., 2002). Glen Searle also tracks the efforts of urban consolidation back to 1940’s , in his paper ‘Sydney's urban consolidation experience: power, politics and community’. He states that the first strategic plan, the Country of Cumberland plan was released in 1948, focusing on decentralisation of growth into district centres. After that, the 1988 metropolitan plan of Sydney was developed, where the strategy to curb and contain growth outlines urban consolidation as a key policy to meet economic, environmental and social needs (Searle, 2011).

Since then the development in Sydney has struggled to satisfy global audience and the needs of the local community. The darling harbour and bicentenary projects of 1988, saw the overpowering of global imperative over the local government, resulting in an urban form seeming like a world fair (Kane, 2017). Such over development and planning strategies, forms

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urban directions to attract global capital, while de-powering local government to provide public open spaces for the citizens. In 2006, Barangaroo development was another such development that was repeatedly justified as ‘reshaping Sydney’s skyline to maintain relevance in the global market’ (Kane, 2017).

URBAN CONSOLIDATION AND SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES The dynamics of urban consolidation have grown to become an important issue, highlighting the city’s environmental and economics aspects. Substantial amount of research has already been done, focussing on the implications of urban consolidation and the outcomes of higher and denser developments. The research of Bunker, Randolph and Holloway in ‘The expansion of urban consolidation in Sydney: Social impacts and implications’, shows how the increase in density has impacted environmental aspects of a neighbourhood at many levels (Heather, 2008). This is often done at the expense of the cultural appearance of suburbs and flora and fauna in the area (Bunker et al., 2002).

In the debates regarding how much urban consolidation enhances environmental, economic and social aspects of cities e.g. Bunker, Holloway, & Randolph 2005, Crane & Crepeau 1998, Gray, Gleeson, & Burke 2010, Palmer 2007, sustainability is used as the common ground, to provide justification for consolidation strategies. But the question then becomes, in what ways does it impacts the community and their liveability? (McCrea and Walters, 2012) Furthermore, studies like “Style wars: revolution in the suburbs’ by Johnson shows that the equilibrium has not been established between the social, environmental and economic implications of such developments (Johnson, 2006). In particular, not a lot has been explored about the social complexities related to consolidation, specially the one the creates or disrupts identity (Bunker et al., 2002).

The general perception that the social consequences will be dealt with, while addressing the economic and environmental implications, leads to a place, where social structure of the society gets affected. Planners need to focus on a broad range of social issues that influence communities, therefore affecting the social cohesion and identity of that place.

SENSE OF PLACE AND IDENTITY The concept of place is physical and phycological. The physical form, activity and meaning are mixed together to form the sense place (Dowler, 2009). Place is often defined by a physical form constructed on the inter relationship of individual’s physiological and social process.

Arefi explains that in addition to the commodification of place , the roots of place-ness lies in the layers of globalisation. The outcome generates various urban forms that can either threaten the quality of space or lead to a place enhancing social cohesion. Relph (1976) describes placeless as “ an environment without significant places and the underlying attitude which does not acknowledge the significance in places.” The globalised development phenomena affects the local identity and community identity of urban spaces, hence there is a need to approach and understand the complexities of what gives place an identity (Adolphson, 2009).

The creation of cultural and historical features of a place affect the social dynamics of a neighbourhood, benign in sense of place an identity to that region. Urban consolidation is a strategy that impacts the socio-cultural aspects of a community, either by stabilising or destabilising it (Heather, 2008). To understand the existence and impacts to the community, socio-political tools can be used. Parkinson, in his paper ‘The diminishing significance of initial contributions to property’ highlights how socio-political tools can help analyse how ‘balanced’ the outcome is. The paper also talks about the balance between the centrifugal or the tangible and the centripetal or the intangible forces, which have the potential to establish or ruin an identity (Parkinson, 1999).

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Figure 2: Framework for balance of social dynamics. Source: (Heather, 2008)

THEORIES Theoretical development and contemporary observation of the tangible aspect of “identity” has been done majorly through theoretical perspective of Durkheim and Habermas. The intangible aspect of ‘identity’ is dealt with understanding the place-theory. Supporting text from other academics have been incorporated to apprehend the aspects that affect sense of place or identity formation.

TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF ‘PLACE’ The theory of social morphology by Durkheim’s states that if the every individual shares the society collective consciousness. Any place or space where people meet- workplace, cafes, parks, houses, has an influence on the formation of collective knowledge or identity.

(Adolphson, 2009).

From Durkheim’s perspective, the social dynamics can be categorised into three sets of social facts: “ social morphology”, “ institutionalised norms’ and “ social currents” It further explains that the social morphology has aspects such as population and buildings and the shape of the built environment (Adolphson, 2009). Habermas, also outlines the social structure and its interdependency on an individual or a community a whole. He emphasises ‘that a changed urban structure will alter opportunities for people to meet and thereby changes the identity formation and social solidarity’ (Habermas, 1987: 133,134,137-141) (Adolphson, 2009).

In contrast to Durkheim’s , Habermas acknowledges individual freedom to some extent and suggests that while urban structure is one major influential factor, but it is time dependent and may be varied through its meeting points in space.

In essence, both Habermas and Durkheim’s reasons that the spatial configuration of an urban fabric or structure influences social relations and identity formations and visa versa (Adolphson, 2009).

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INTANGIBLE ASPECT Focussing on the intangible aspects of sense of place, the literature extracts key themes from the place-theory to further demonstrate their parameters. 'Sense of belonging is closely tied with the identity one may have to a particular place’ (Dowler, 2009).

According to the study of Moore , in his paper "Placing Home in Context”, he states that ‘place identity is similar to place attachment and it concerns the relationship between people and place(sense of belonging)... concerning how places form part of the self-identity” (MOORE, 2000). Community’s sense of belonging also leads to identity formation of an individual and vice versa. He further explains by stating that a community event, park, local church can be the catalysts for place connection, relating them to the neighbourhood, its heritage and history.

(MOORE, 2000) Similar observations have been expressed by Easthope in the paper ‘A place called home’. He states that ‘one‟s sense of place can be a very influential force in one‟s life . If people are able to identify and see themselves in a place, then they will be able to envisage themselves becoming a part of that place, it's history, present and future’ (Easthope, 2004). The attachment to place is seen through nostalgia, time passed and memories seen, the physical and emotional aspects.

This section highlights an appraisal of the relevant scholarly literature on urban consolidation shows how it’s carried out in Sydney’s framework. It argues the implications of such developments on the socio-cultural aspects of the society. It also reviews why sense of place and identity is important and how the preservation of such attributes in local community is explored. Furthermore, the theories incorporated debates how the urban structure impacts the place attachment and identity formation of an area, outlining the tangible and intangible forces attached to it. Lastly, the understanding to the concepts and theories argues that the past has an important role to play in identity formation of a place, leading to a secure future.

Methodology RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES With the goal of achieving the economic and environmental sustainability by urban consolidation, the social consequences have been usually overlooked by the designers, planners and the place makers. The impact of such development on the community is the major concern where the residents’ sense of identity gets diminished. Hence there is a need to analyse the social implications of urban consolidation, particularly related to identity, belonging and sense of place.

The aim of the report is to understand and analyse the social implications of urban consolidation through the lens of place-based and social theories. The research will investigate how the nature of urban consolidation affects the tangible and intangible aspects of sense of place and identity, that in turns affects the local community.

The research will unpack two major questions: • How the nature of urban consolidation is responsible for the loss of sense of identity?

•

Investigate how the social dynamics , especially the sense of place and belonging gets affected due to consolidated development?

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METHODICAL FRAMEWORK The framework of the research has been undertaken by a mixed methodological approach.

Qualitative research method , involving dependency on existing studies and literature review was adopted which was further applied to the case of Barangaroo, to evaluate the relationship between an urban consolidated project and its social dynamics.

Figure 3: Structure of the report (Author) The research started by understanding the literature on the concepts of Urban consolidation and sense of place. A theoretical toolkit was gathered while understanding the implications of development on sense of place. It outlined that the impact on social dynamics of a place has both centrifugal (tangible) and centripetal (intangible) forces attached to it. Thereafter, two major theories - Durkheim’s theory of urban morphology (for tangible forces) and the placetheory( for intangibles forces) was studied to understand the physical and physiological boundaries of sense of place.

The data collected for the case of Barangaroo is secondary data , comprising of literature review through journal studies, reports, newspaper publication and keyword search. To understand the identity aspects of Barangaroo, an extensive study of its historical timeline was done for a rigorous understanding of ‘was there even a place to begin with?’. Also, site visits and physical observations were incorporated to better understand the feeling and nostalgia of the place. Amalgamating these with a brief understanding through policy review, the case of Barangaroo was tested for analysis.

The data collected on case of Barangaroo was then analysed by two methods- Literature testing- comprising of the two existing theories and a framework of ‘Centrifugal and Centripetal forces which impact the social stability’ by Parkinson. ‘Socio-political factors are influential in determining how balanced is an outcome’ (Heather, 2008). The framework has been adopted as a conceptual tool to analyse the balance of forces at a given place. It has been used by various authors for their testing of social attributes and was first developed by Unpacking Social Implications of Urban Consolidation

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Parkinson in 1999 for his study of ‘The diminishing significance of initial contributions to property’ in Australia. ‘It analyses how work within a community influencing perceptions and offering insights into community behaviour. This tool describes the competition between centripetal forces intended to unite a community and centrifugal forces which have the potential to divide a community’ (Parkinson, 1999).

The methodology selected for a parallel analysis of qualitative data by framework and literature was developed due to the complexity of the development and due to the range of data available, which was not qualitatively comparable. The framework of the report and the research method will result in collation of literary resources, further helping in addressing the question posed. The methodology of research will link the theoretical principles of social sphere to the planning practice adopted in Metropolitan Sydney. It will provide a different perspective on urban consolidation, through the eyes of the key stakeholder i.e the people, which will have a fundamental value to empower the community.

DATA ANALYSIS The case has been divided into three major segments: First being Barangaroo as an identitywhich outlines aspects of sense of identity and its relation to the case. Second being Barangaroo as a place, which further covers aspects of sense of place and attachment. First two parts deal with the two hypothesis question. Using culmination of existing literature and data, the third part focusses on the assessment of the case, on the social impact framework by Parkinson.

BARANGAROO AS AN IDENTITY The inception on Barangaroo in 2004, marked the starting of conflicts, highlighting the development prioritising privatisation over public interests. Barangaroo is a 22 hectare piece of land, that has been used for variety of proactive facilities over the last 150 years and well before that. It has always held an important place in the historical timeline of Sydney.

Since the Eroa age, this key part of Sydney has been central to the life of Indigenous Cadigal people. It was used as a fishing and hunting ground for over 10,000 years, before it was colonised by the Europeans. Engravings dated bak to 6000 years have been found stating the same (Barangaroo, 2019).

From the 1850’s the Industrial revolution changed the face of Sydney. The shipyards were developed and the area became a major transport hub (Jabour, 2019). The 1820’s saw the first shipping wharf here, and historical features like the Munn’s sandstone and Cuthbert Sandstone seawall started to come up (Barangaroo, 2019). Millers point started to become a workers dominated area, and the maritime an industrial activities flourished.

The 1900’s saw the great depression and the decline of the city started to begin. Even with the decline, the are of Barangaroo saw another identity propping up. Hundreds do men went from wharf to wharf in search of food and Hickson Road came to be known as the Hungry Mile (Barangaroo, 2019) With the 1960’s stepping in, the dependency on Port at Barangaroo became less and the industries around the city began to decline. The shipyards were shifted to Port Botany and for the first time, Barangaroo site became redundant (Jabour, 2019).

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Figure 4: Historical timeline of Barangaroo (Author) Irrespective of having an identity at every phase, the proposal of Barangaroo does not incorporate or acknowledge the history to its utmost potential. The economic quotient oversewed the spatial implication of the development (Kane, 2017). ‘Looking at the project of Barangaroo, place identity and heritage seem to matter little in the context of finance and debt’ (Kane, 2017).

The design explicitly intends to eradicate the memory of the place and erases the workingclass past of the foreshore.The most important is the removal of cruise ship terminal from Barangaroo, whereas many Millers point residents wants to preserve the cruise ships at the hungry mile wharf, as a link to its maritime history (Barnes, 2019). The community not only wants to preserve the unique identity of Miller point but also wants to protect the historical fabric of its area for social significance.

The historical study of Barangaroo highlights that the economic and global factor of the project overpowered the public benefit and led to a development wherein less importance was given to the existing heritage and identity. Place theory states that ‘the past has an important role into identity formation of a place or a community’. Applying the theory to a globally driven project like this, it can be clearly stated that while these developments offer international standards and political profits , they often disrupt the link to its past and impose a ‘blank state’ style development.

BARANGAROO AS A PLACE Barangaroo development has three overlapping themes which are impacting the social dynamics specially in terms of place equity and place making (Kane, 2017).

The coming up of the casino resort in the last modification , the sale of public housing in Millers Point, the ‘ natural headland’ foreshore development with the cleavage of public spaces within the Barangaroo estate (Kane, 2017).

Private interest over Public The drive for consolidation has changed the built form of the site vision to totally eradicate the fine grain vision. Ten years and so many protests later, the built up floorspace in Barangaroo has almost doubled. The council has time and again asked for lower towers, more affordable housing and more public spaces (Jabour, 2019).

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Casino, as a public function?

The approval of the modification proposal no 8, with the inclusion of casino at the foreshore, on the land originally set aside for public park, the project has taken different turn, all in the name of public benefit. As stated in one of the articles in Guardian, ‘Baranagroo has been called contemptuous and a shocking breach of public trust’ (Jabour, 2019). The submission by city of Sydney also criticises the lack of community engagement, public interest and the public benefits of the casino (Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au, 2019).

Even when the legislation restricted Sydney to one casino and that one already exiting in Darling harbour, didn’t change the approval of the process. Casino being built on public land that was supposed to be for public good, doesn’t suffice the logic in any way. “ Each increasing the development density and height , confirms the inherent defects in the current planning system” as stated by Philip Thallis (Jabour, 2019).

The history of casinos and slot machines in Australia have been clearly depicted as the generators of socio economic dividers of the society (Kane, 2017). Provision of such a function on a public piece of land clearly depicts that community was not kept at the centre of design , rather it was treated as an outcome for a globally profitable function.

Contextual destruction ?

One of the major impacts of Barangaroo has been the destruction of millers point housing.

With the greed to brand Barangaroo as a global icon, the irresistible temptation to capitalise on the Miller point social housing has been in the picture (Kane, 2017). With the relocation of social housing, the potential loss of heritage will lead to displacement of people, which will impact their place attachment leading to loss of sense of place.

How natural is the headland?

Figure 5: Natural headland- before and after. Source: (Jabour, 2019) To compensate for the takeover on the foreshore for the public, northern part of the site was taken to provide , in the name of public benefit. The vision for the natural headland was to destroy the straight line of water developed overtime due to the container deck and shipyards,

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and carve out something that resembles the headland in the early years of European settlement years ago in the European settlement (Jabour, 2019).

Leaving the roots of existing mourning class, an approach was taken where the existing has been overlooked to achieve something imaginary. The vision of the headland not only polarises the outcome by tweaking the heritage and history but also acts as a rhetorical way of superficial holistic approach of design (Kane, 2017).

The findings in this section clearly states the erosion of the public space and benefits through changes in both urban morphology and privatisation of public land. The rapid change due to the over done urban consolidation at Barangaroo, has in turn altered the course of density, population and the urban structure drastically. Following the deterministic approach of Durkheim’s theory of urban morphology, collective consciousness and sense of belonging is shaped or affected by such urban factors. When but fabric and its deposits are affected with a variable factor, the place attachment decreases leading to the loss of sense of place.

FRAMEWORK TESTING The framework by Parkinson, describes the conceptual tool of testing the balance between the forces in a community, as a socio political affair. The balance between the tangible and intangible forces gives insight in community behaviour, specially outlining the ability to change the social dynamics of a place. The framework suggests that if there is a change in the factors incorporated in the framework, the social layer of the urban fabric will get affected (Heather, 2008). After an in depth analysis on the socio- cultural literature relevant in the case of Barangaroo, it was tested on the following framework.

Figure 6: Framework Testing for change in Social attributes (Author)

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The outcome as shown in the framework above, clearly shows the change in the physical dnd psychological aspects relevant in the Barangaroo. The spatial agglomeration has deeply affected the built fabric of the area. The though of development of moulding the heritage and history to suit the political profits, can be seen in the affect on the intangible assets fo the community. Physical attributes such as increase in traffic, congestion, social segregation, change in built environment and physiological attributes such as place attachment, community spirit and identity , can either make or break a society. Hence, there is a need to have a balance between the approach for an outcome which overcomes the changes by building on its place attachment and identity.

DISCUSSIONS The data analysis of the case Barangaroo has revealed the impact of such development on the socio-cultural factors. Even with a strong historical timeline , at every phase, Barangaroo as a place has alway played an important part in Sydneys history. The selective retention of Barangaroo’s culture and heritage is accelerating the departure of people, whose attachment to the foreshore has always been there, leading to their loss of sense of identity.

It is a classic example of a place which might create segregation. Private greens, Less affordable housing, high end facilities and privatisation of public land may not only bring the feeling of ‘eliteness’ for that place, but may also disrupt the sense of belonging for the community.

Be it the passenger terminal, the northern headland or the nostalgic value with ‘the hungry mile’ , the development has explicitly erased the maritime working-class past of the foreshore, imposing a ‘blank slate’ style development and leading to loss of sense of identity. Within the aspects of sense of place, three distinct parameters : the casino, the sale of public housing and the overall rapid change of built fabric with less public benefits have resulted in the decline of place attachment. The results of the framework Furthermore, it also outlines that in project like these, the importance of local identity and lifestyles can easily be lost in pursuit of broader regional goals for urban consolidation.

One of the key drivers for Barangaroo has been innovation, which can be justified by what the project is delivering, but at the cost of its people. The gap in the data and policy also shows that the identification and enhancement of sense of place have not been given much consideration. The development has blended the social issues with each modification , devaluing the importance of social planning. The findings show that a development like Barangaroo, may become a global icon but the value of social equity and cohesion can be seem to somehow fade away. The dissemination of the already existing image to create a new ‘iconic’ one, fits with the global marketplace but lacks in creating a place for all.

The research also highlighted that the impact of urban consolidation is place and culture significant. The aspects of sense of place outlined the plausible connection between the tangible and intangible forces present in the urban fabric, affecting the dynamics of a community. Whilst the research is grounded predominantly by historical and current literature and data, the context of various stakeholders involved and its affect was understood. Also, the nature of social dynamics of a place getting affected by consolidation, has its overlapping layers with the economic and environmental parameters, which makes it difficult to testify quantitatively.

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CONCLUSIONS The research aim presented in the paper was to investigate how an urban consolidation development is responsible for the change in social dynamics of a place, specially in the context of place attachment and loss of identity. Using existing literature and data, the overlapping complex inter-relationship of an urban consolidation development to sense of place was understood. In order to assess the configuration of the change in dynamics, an explicit literature study was done for the aspects affecting ‘place’.

The data gathered clearly outlined that the economic and political benefits of urban consolidation is usually achieved at the expense of compromising social cohesion ,which emphasis the poor outcome for urban planning in the current age. Further, with the help of the case and evidence driven from it, the shift in character was also highlighted.

Urban consolidation indeed is a rapid catalyst for change, which might disturb the existing built fabric and thus community’s connection with place. Consequently , the social stability might get affected if the development is not done sensitively, as in the case of Barangaroo. Urban consolation strategies and plans needs to be responsive to both overloading and identifying what ‘place’ means to the local citizens. The conflict between the qualitative and quantitative parameters of a development , has increased the gap between the community and profitable needs of a development. Better consideration of interaction between ‘people’ and ‘space’ should be made and integration of all stakeholders is required, to deliver a place which responds to the local as well global needs.

The concept of sense of place is indeed complex one, and it encompasses various economic, cultural, social and environmental overlapping layers. Hence, it's difficult to measure the results.

The theoretical background covers tangible and intangible aspects of the impact on the sociocultural dynamics, but not one tool or framework exists to measure the intensity or gap of it.

Understanding the complex nature of it, quantification of testing the social dynamics can be difficult, but some framework should be developed that can assess the ‘intensity’ of change in socio-cultural aspects of a place.

When projects are focussed to become global icons and are run by the government for political an economical gain, the community gets affected. The loss of sense of identity is a byproduct of the implications of such developments. The general trend of planning being focussed on the built environment and land use, portrays the vulnerable side of urbanisation and governance. Urban consolation projects like these may result in an internationally renowned built environment, yet they’ll always feel soul-less. The current planning and design paradigm should shift towards a bottom up approach where the people - who make the community are the focus of development, rather than a victim of current age planning system.

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Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ __data/assets/pdf_file/0003/254901/City-of-Sydney-FINAL-submission-MOD-8-toBarangaroo-Concept-Plan.pdf [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

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Easthope, H. (2004). A place called home. Housing, Theory and Society, 21(3), pp.128-138.

Heather, C., 2008. Urban Consolidation- Its impact on sense of place, Sydney: University of New South Wales.

Jabour, B. (2019). The rise and rise of Barangaroo: how a monster development on Sydney harbour just kept on getting bigger. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https:// www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/sep/30/the-rise-and-rise-of-barangaroo-how-amonster-development-on-sydney-harbour-just-kept-on-getting-bigger [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

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McCrea, R. and Walters, P. (2012). Impacts of Urban Consolidation on Urban Liveability: Comparing an Inner and Outer Suburb in Brisbane, Australia. Housing, Theory and Society, 29(2), pp.190-206.

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Parkinson, P. (1999). The diminishing significance of initial contributions to property. Australian Journal of Family Law, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 52 – 82.

Pham, Kane 2017, Examining the development of public space in foreshore Sydney:Barangaroo case study, MRes thesis, University of Technology Sydney Searle, G. (2011). Urban Consolidation and the Inadequacy of Local Open Space Provision in Sydney. Urban Policy and Research, 29(2), pp.201-208.

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REFERENCING| FIGURES FIGURE 2: Easthope, H. (2004). A place called home. Housing, Theory and Society, 21(3), pp.

128-138. Heather, C., 2008. Urban Consolidation- Its impact on sense of place, Sydney: University of New South Wales.

FIGURE 5: Jabour, B. (2019). The rise and rise of Barangaroo: how a monster development on Sydney harbour just kept on getting bigger. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https:// www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/sep/30/the-rise-and-rise-of-barangaroo-how-amonster-development-on-sydney-harbour-just-kept-on-getting-bigger [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

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