MÓDULO MELIPONICULTURA GRADO NOVENO

Page 1

Cátedra de educación para la cultura ambiental

9°

Módulo

Meliponicultura

&¡WHGUD GH (GXFDFL³Q SDUD OD &XOWXUD $PELHQWDO

*UDGR p 0³GXOR GH 0HOLSRQLFXOWXUD

&251$5( &$5/26 0$5,2 =8/8$*$ *Ð0(= 'LUHFWRU *HQHUDO (30 -25*( /21'2f2 '( /$ &8(67$ *HUHQWH *HQHUDO +(51É1 -$9,(5 0$57Ì1(= %$55(5$ &RQVWUXFFLyQ 3HGDJyJLFD H ,OXVWUDFLRQHV <20$5 $1'5(< *$/($12 &,52 5HYLVLyQ 7pFQLFD 68%',5(&&,Ð1 '( 3/$1($&,Ð1 &251$5( 68%',5(&&,Ð1 '( ('8&$&,Ð1 < 3$57,&,3$&,Ð1 62&,2$0%,(17$/ &251$5( 2),&,1$ '( &2081,&$&,21(6 &251$5( 2),&,1$ '( &2081,&$&,21(6 (30 2),&,1$ '( ('8&$&,Ð1 (30 &RRUGLQDFLyQ (GLWRULDO &251$5( < )81'$&,Ð1 18(675$ *(17( )RWRJUDItDV 38%/,&$&,21(6 6$1 $1721,2 6 $ 6 ,PSUHVLyQ <8'< $1'5($ 5(675(32 +(1$2 'LDJUDPDFLyQ

(VWD HV XQD LGHD RULJLQDO GH &251$5( FRPR DSXHVWD DO GHVDUUROOR GH OD UHJLyQ HQ HO PDUFR GHO SRVFRQÁLFWR &XDOTXLHU UHSURGXFFLyQ TXH VH KDJD GH HVWH PyGXOR GHEHUi FRQWDU FRQ HO SHUPLVR GH &251$5(

3UHVHQWDFL³Q /D HGXFDFLµQ DPELHQWDO GHEH VHU HO HVFHQDULR HQ HO FXDO VH WHMDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV VLPELµWLFDV HQWUH ORV VHUHV YLYRV \ VX HQWRUQR (Q HVWH PµGXOR VREUH PHOLSRQLFXOWXUD SDUD HO JUDGR QRYHQR VH FRQWLQXDU£ HO HMHUFLFLR GH VHQVLELOL]DFLµQ VREUH HO FXLGDGR GH ODV DEHMDV FRPR VHUHV GH JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD HQ HO HFRVLVWHPD &RPR OR KHPRV PRWLYDGR GHVGH ORV JUDGRV DQWHULRUHV OD REVHUYDFLµQ VHJXLU£ VLHQGR OD EDVH IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH VREUH ORV EHQHÄ‹FLRV TXH DSRUWDQ ODV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV DO PHGLR DPELHQWH SHUR WDPEL«Q VHU£ XQD JUDQ RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD SHUFLELU HQ VX DFFLRQDU HMHPSORV D VHJXLU TXH IRUWDOHFHU£Q OD FRQVWUXFFLµQ GH QXHVWUD SHUVRQDOLGDG SDUD XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VRFLDO P£V SURGXFWLYR 8QR GH ORV REMHWLYRV GH HVWH PµGXOR HV PRWLYDU OD LQYHVWLJDFLµQ IRUWDOHFLHQGR OD FDSDFLGDG REVHUYDGRUD \ OD GHVWUH]D GH OOHYDU D OD SU£FWLFD ODV LGHDV TXH VXUJHQ GHVSX«V GH XQ SURFHVR TXH LQFOX\H HO WUDEDMR FRRSHUDWLYR \ OD FUHDWLYLGDG &RPR VLHPSUH OD UHFRPHQGDFLµQ HV KDFHU XQD OHFWXUD SDXVDGD TXH SHUPLWD OD FRPSUHQVLµQ \ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH SURSRQHU QXHYRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV VXUJLGRV D WUDY«V GH OD REVHUYDFLµQ \ OD LQIHUHQFLDFLµQ

6($026 š7,/(6 $/ 0(',2 $0%,(17( &202 /$6 $%(-$6 0(/,321$6 /DV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV QRV LQYLWDQ D VHU ¼WLOHV DO PHGLR DPELHQWH FRPR HOODV OR VRQ 6HJ¼Q HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV SRU OD XQLYHUVLGDG QDFLRQDO GH &RORPELD ODV DEHMDV VRQ ODV HQFDUJDGDV GHO GH OD SROLQL]DFLµQ GH HVSHFLHV QDWLYDV \ GHO GH OD ÄŒRUD GH WRGD OD VHOYD $PD]µQLFD SHUR ODVWLPRVDPHQWH OD SREODFLµQ GH DEHMDV KD GLVPLQXLGR D FDXVD GH OD GHIRUHVWDFLµQ \ OD H[WLQFLµQ GH HVSHFLHV YHJHWDOHV 7DPEL«Q HV LPSRUWDQWH UHFRUGDU TXH HQ GLFKRV HVWXGLRV VH DÄ‹UPD TXH XQ WHUFLR GH OD DOLPHQWDFLµQ TXH FRQVXPLPRV GLDULDPHQWH HV SURGXFWR GH OD SROLQL]DFLµQ GH DEHMDV 6HJ¼Q RWUR LQIRUPH OODPDGR ê(O GHFOLYH GH ODV DEHMDVë HQWUH \ ODV SREODFLRQHV GH DEHMDV GLVPLQX\HURQ XQ \ HO GHFOLYH FRQWLQXD DFWXDOPHQWH 1R VµOR HQ QXHVWUR FRQWLQHQWH VLQR HQ WRGR HO PXQGR ‹VWD GHVDSDULFLµQ DODUPDQWH GH ODV DEHMDV WDPEL«Q VLJQLÄ‹FD TXH ODV FRVHFKDV \ OD SURGXFFLµQ GH DOLPHQWRV HVW£Q HQ ULHVJR 9DULRV VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV TXH KDQ FRQWULEXLGR DO GHFOLYH GH ODV DEHMDV /DV SU£FWLFDV GH OD DJULFXOWXUD LQGXVWULDOL]DGD WDOHV FRPR HO PRQRFXOWLYR \ HO HPSOHR GH ORV SHVWLFLGDV \ ORV KHUELFLGDV HVWR HVW£ OOHYDQGR D FDER OD S«UGLGD GH K£ELWDWV GH ODV DEHMDV \ D ODUJR SOD]R FRQWULEX\HQ DO FDPELR FOLP£WLFR (Q FXDQWR D ORV SHVWLFLGDV XQD LQYHVWLJDFLµQ UHFLHQWH KD GHPRVWUDGR TXH HO XVR GH SURGXFWRV TXH OOHYHQ QHRQLFRWLQRLGHV WLHQHQ XQ LPSDFWR VLJQLÄ‹FDWLYR HQ OD GLVPLQXFLµQ GH ODV DEHMDV < HO PD\RU \ P£V SUHRFXSDQWH FDVR TXH DGYLHUWH VREUH OD GLVPLQXFLµQ GH HVSHFLHV PHOLSRQDV HV OD WDOD LQGLVFULPLQDGD GH ERVTXH UHFRQRFLGD HQ QXHVWUR PHGLR FRPR OD H[SDQVLµQ SHFXDULD TXH FRQVLVWH HQ WXPEDU HO PRQWH SDUD ORJUDU JUDQGHV H[WHQVLRQHV GH SDVWR SDUD HO OHYDQWH GH JDQDGR (V HO PRPHQWR SDUD TXH FRPLHQFH D VHPEUDUVH HQ QXHVWUD FRQVFLHQFLD HO YDORU TXH WLHQH OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GHO ERVTXH \ OR LPSRUWDQWH TXH UHVXOWD HO FXLGDGR GH ODV HVSHFLHV GH DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV SDUD HO HFRVLVWHPD

7,326 '( 32/,1,=$&,“1 <D KHPRV DSUHQGLGR OR LPSRUWDQWH TXH VRQ ODV DEHMDV SDUD OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GHO ERVTXH JUDFLDV DO SURFHVR GH SROLQL]DFLµQ $KRUD DSUHQGHUHPRV TXH H[LVWHQ WUHV WLSRV GH SROLQL]DFLµQ SROLQL]DFLµQ DQHPµÄ‹OD SROLQL]DFLµQ KLGUµÄ‹OD \ SROLQL]DFLµQ ]RµÄ‹OD 3ROLQL]DFLµQ $QHPµÄ‹OD HVWH WLSR GH SROLQL]DFLµQ HV FXDQGR HO WUDQVSRUWH GHO SROHQ GH XQD ÄŒRU D RWUD VH GD SRU PHGLR GHO YLHQWR 3ROLQL]DFLµQ +LGUµÄ‹OD HVWH WLSR GH SROLQL]DFLµQ HV FXDQGR HO WUDQVSRUWH GHO SROHQ GH ÄŒRU D ÄŒRU OR UHDOL]D HO DJXD 3ROLQL]DFLµQ =RµÄ‹OD FRPR VX QRPEUH OR LQGLFD HV OD TXH VH GD SRU PHGLR GH OD LQWHUDFFLµQ DQLPDO VHJXUDPHQWH HVWH WLSR GH SROLQL]DFLµQ HV OD P£V IUHFXHQWH \ HQWUH HOOD OD P£V FRP¼Q HV OD SROLQL]DFLµQ HQWRPµÄ‹OD TXH HV SUHFLVDPHQWH OD SROLQL]DFLµQ D WUDY«V GH LQVHFWRV \ HQWUH HOORV OD GH PD\RU LQFLGHQFLD HQ HVWH SURFHVR QDWXUDO VRQ VLQ GXGD DOJXQD ODV DEHMDV (QWHQGHU HO IHQµPHQR GH SROLQL]DFLµQ FRPR XQR GH ORV HMHUFLFLRV QDWXUDOHV GH PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD SDUD OD YLWDOLGDG GHO HFRVLVWHPD QRV D\XGD D FRPSUHQGHU TXH HV QHFHVDULR FXLGDU ODV HVSHFLHV EHQ«Ä‹FDV TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV SDUHFHQ VHU LQVLJQLÄ‹FDQWHV D VLPSOH YLVWD $O LJXDO TXH XQD DEHMD GHEH VHU QXHVWUD LQFLGHQFLD HQ HO HFRVLVWHPD QR LPSRUWD OR GLPLQXWR TXH SDUH]FDPRV DQWH OD VRFLHGDG SHUR QXHVWUR DSRUWH DO PHGLR DPELHQWH GHEHU£ FRQWULEXLU GH PDQHUD HVSHFLDO D OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GH OD QDWXUDOH]D SDUD EHQHÄ‹FLR GH WRGRV (Q QXHVWUD YLGD SRGHPRV SROLQL]DU D QXHVWURV DPLJRV URWDQGR ORV EXHQRV PHQVDMHV GH SHUVRQD D SHUVRQD EDVWD FRQ XQD VRQULVD SDUD TXH ODV SHUVRQDV TXHGHQ LPSUHJQDGDV GH IHOLFLGDG $O LJXDO TXH ODV DEHMDV QRVRWURV WHQHPRV HO GHEHU GH OOHYDU GH SHUVRQD HQ SHUVRQD HO SROHQ GH OD SD] \ OD IHOLFLGDG KDJDPRV D ORV GHP£V VROR FRVDV TXH ORV IDYRUH]FDQ DV¯ VHQWLUHPRV TXH HO PXQGR FDPELD D IDYRU GH WRGRV *UDFLDV DO GLPLQXWR SROHQ TXH XQD DEHMD OOHYD GH XQD ÄŒRU D RWUD FUHFHU£ HO P£V IURQGRVR £UERO GHO ERVTXH TXH VHU£ HO K£ELWDW GH PXFKDV HVSHFLHV HO SXOPµQ GH OD KXPDQLGDG OD EHOOH]D \ HQFDQWR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D

(/ -$5' 1 0(/ )(52 6L ODV DEHMDV VRQ WDQ LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD HO PHGLR DPELHQWH GHEHPRV SURSLFLDU XQ K£ELWDW DGHFXDGR SDUD VX FRQVHUYDFLµQ /RV VHUHV YLYRV QHFHVLWDPRV GH DOLPHQWR SDUD SRGHU H[LVWLU SHUR HO DOLPHQWR GHEHU£ FRQWDU FRQ SURSLHGDGHV HVSHFLDOHV TXH SXHGDQ VXSOLU ODV QHFHVLGDGHV QXWULFLRQDOHV GH FDGD HVSHFLH /DV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV DO LJXDO TXH RWUDV HVSHFLHV HQWRPROµJLFDV GHSHQGHQ QXWULFLRQDOPHQWH GHO Q«FWDU \ HO SROHQ GH ODV ČRUHV SHUR D FDPELR GH HVWH QXWULWLYR DOLPHQWR ODV DEHMDV OH UHWULEX\HQ D ODV SODQWDV FRQ OD SROLQL]DFLµQ (Q HVWD OHFFLµQ FRQRFHUHPRV DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV GH ČRUD PHO¯IHUD TXH SRGU£Q VHPEUDUVH FHUFD D ODV FROPHQDV SDUD D\XGDU D ODV DEHMDV D OD UHFROHFFLµQ GH Q«FWDU \ SROHQ SHUR WDPEL«Q HV LPSRUWDQWH TXH QRV FRQYLUWDPRV HQ H[FHOHQWHV REVHUYDGRUHV SDUD ORJUDU LGHQWLċFDU FX£OHV VRQ ODV ČRUHV P£V IUHFXHQWDGDV SRU ODV DEHMDV H LQYHVWLJDU TXH RWUDV HVSHFLHV SXHGHQ FRQVLGHUDUVH SDUD IRUWDOHFHU HO MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR (V LPSRUWDQWH FRQVLGHUDU TXH HO MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR GHSHQGHU£ GH ODV FDUDFWHU¯VWLFDV FOLP£WLFDV GHO WHUULWRULR SXHV QR WRGDV ODV HVSHFLHV ČRU¯VWLFDV FUHFHQ FRQ OD PLVPD LQWHQVLGDG HQ GLIHUHQWHV FOLPDV 7DPEL«Q HV LPSRUWDQWH FRQVLGHUDU TXH ODV ČRUHV P£V DSHWHFLGDV SRU ODV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV VRQ DTXHOODV FX\RV HVWDPEUHV VRQ ODUJRV \ WLHQHQ PD\RU DFFHVLELOLGDG \ SRU OR JHQHUDO ODV DEHMDV SUHċHUHQ ODV ČRUHV FRQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH HVWDPEUHV HVWR GHELGR D TXH HO SROHQ VH HQFXHQWUD HQ ODV DQWHUDV GH OD ČRU $OJXQRV FRQFHSWRV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD UHFRUGDU VRQ

(O SROHQ HV HO SURS£JXOR PDVFXOLQR GH ODV SODQWDV FRQ ČRU RU (V SURGXFLGR SRU ORV HVWDPEUHV GH ODV ČRUHV

(O Q©FWDU HV XQD VROXFLµQ DFXRVD VHJUHJDGD SRU ODV WHV HV OD SODQWDV TXH FRQWLHQH VREUH WRGR D]¼FDUHV \ DURPDWL]DQWHV HV OD EDVH IXQGDPHQWDO GH OD PLHO SURGXFLGD SRU ODV DEHMDV

/RV QHFWDULRV VRQ ODV JO£QGXODV TXH SURGXFHQ HO Q«FWDU \ VXHOHQ HVWDU DU \ VXHOHQ HVWDU HQ OD EDVH GH ODV ČRUHV FRUROD DXQTXH WDPEL«Q SXHGH YDULDU VX ORFDOL]DFLµQ IXHUD GH «VWDV OODP£QGRVH HQWRQFHV êQHFWDULRV H[WUDČRUDOHVë

$/*81$6 3/$17$6 0(/ )(5$6 (V PX\ LPSRUWDQWH VDEHU TX« WLSR GH SODQWDV SRGHPRV VHPEUDU HQ QXHVWUR MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR GH HVWD PDQHUD QR VROR HVWDPRV JDUDQWL]DQGR OD SHUPDQHQFLD GH ODV DEHMDV HQ ODV FROPHQDV VLQR TXH SRGHPRV JDUDQWL]DU XQD EXHQD SURGXFFLµQ GH PLHO FRQ SURSLHGDGHV HVSHFLDOHV $TX¯ VXJHULPRV HVSHFLHV GH SODQWDV TXH SRGHPRV SURPRYHU HQ QXHVWUR MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR WHQJDPRV HQ FXHQWD TXH ODV HVSHFLHV SXHGHQ YDULDU GHSHQGLHQGR HO FOLPD GRQGH QRV HQFRQWUHPRV (VWH DUEXVWR HV FRQRFLGR FRQ HO QRPEUH GH /DYDQGD \ HV SRWHQFLDOPHQWH OODPDWLYR SDUD ODV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV VH FXOWLYD SULQFLSDOPHQWH D OD OX] VRODU \ SUHIHULEOHPHQWH HQ VXHORV K¼PHGRV 8QD GH ODV YHQWDMDV GH HVWH DUEXVWR HV TXH VX ČRUDFLµQ HV FDVL SHUPDQHQWH \ HQ WLHPSR VHFR QR VH GHELOLWD

(VWD SODQWD VH FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH =LQQLDV R 'DOLDV VRQ EDVWDQWH FRORULGDV \ VX FUHFLPLHQWR VH GD I£FLOPHQWH EDMR OD OX] GLUHFWD GHO VRO DXQTXH VH SXHGHQ DGDSWDU I£FLOPHQWH D SROLVRPEUDV $GHP£V GH VHU XQD SODQWD PHO¯IHUD HV XQD RSRUWXQLGDG GH RUQDPHQWDFLµQ YLVXDO GHO MDUG¯Q

/D %RUUDMD HV RWUD GH ODV SODQWDV SUHIHULGDV GH ODV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV DGHP£V HV XQD SODQWD PHGLFLQDO TXH SXHGH RIUHFHU YDULDGRV EHQHċFLRV WDPEL«Q HV PX\ I£FLO GH FXOWLYDU \ FXDQGR HV IUHFXHQWDGD SRU ORV LQVHFWRV SROLQL]DGRUHV VXHOH FRPSRUWDUVH FRQ PXFKD IURQGRVLGDG

(O OODPDGR DOJRGRQFLOOR HV XQD GH ODV SODQWDV TXH P£V OHV JXVWD D ODV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV SRU VX DWUDFWLYR PXOWLČRUDO (VWD HVSHFLH HV GH I£FLO FXOWLYR \ VX UHSURGXFFLµQ QR UHTXLHUH GH PXFKRV FXLGDGRV

/RV F¯WULFRV VRQ RWUD GH ODV SODQWDV GH PD\RU SUHIHUHQFLD GH ODV DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV (V EXHQR FRQVLGHUDU OD VLHPEUD GH OLPRQHV QDUDQMDV \ OLPDV HQ HO KXHUWR PHO¯IHUR HVWR KDU£ TXH OD PLHO SURGXFLGD SRU QXHVWUDV DEHMDV WHQJD FLHUWR JUDGR GH YLWDPLQD & \ XQ VDERU EDVWDQWH SDUWLFXODU

6H FRQRFH SRU ORV QRPEUHV YXOJDUHV GH &DPSDQLOOD D]XO &RUUHKXHOD 'RQGLHJR GH G¯D R 0DUDYLOOD 6RQ SODQWDV EDVWDQWH UHVLVWHQWHV D SODJDV \ HQIHUPHGDGHV SHUR QR DO H[FHVR GH KXPHGDG

&/$6,),&$&, 1 '( /$6 3/$17$6 0(/ )(5$6 /DV SODQWDV PHO¯IHUDV VH FODVLċFDQ HQ 1HFWDU¯IHUDV \ 3ROLQ¯IHUDV ODV SULPHUDV VRQ ODV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ HQ VX PD\RU¯D Q«FWDU PLHQWUDV TXH ODV VHJXQGDV SURYHHQ D ODV DEHMDV HO SROHQ 3DUD ODV DEHMDV HVWRV GRV DOLPHQWRV VRQ YLWDOHV HO Q«FWDU SRU DSRUWDU HQHUJ¯D \ HO SROHQ SRU DSRUWDU JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH SURWH¯QD DPEDV QHFHVDULDV HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH SHFRUHR

$ VLPSOH YLVWD ODV ÄŒRUHV SDUHFHQ SURYHHU GH DPEDV VXVWDQFLDV D ODV FRORQLDV GH DEHMDV SHUR OD YHUGDG HV TXH GH DFXHUGR FRQ VXV FDUDFWHU¯VWLFDV I¯VLFDV ODV ÄŒRUHV SRVHHQ PD\RU FDSDFLGDG SDUD SURSRUFLRQDU SROHQ R Q«FWDU 3RU HVWD UD]µQ HV LPSRUWDQWH TXH HQ QXHVWUR MDUG¯Q 0HO¯IHUR SRGDPRV WHQHU SODQWDV WDQWR 1HFWDU¯IHUDV FRPR 3ROLQ¯IHUDV SDUD OR FXDO VH UHFRPLHQGD REVHUYDU HO VLJXLHQWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR /DV ÄŒRUHV 1HFWDULIHUDV VXHOHQ SRU OR UHJXODU PDQWHQHU VX SRVLFLµQ KDFLD HO Ä‹UPDPHQWR OD PD\RU¯D WLHQHQ GLVH³R FµQFDYR \ SRVHHQ SRFRV Ä‹ODPHQWRV HVWDPEUHV OR TXH KDFH TXH FRQWHQJD PHQRV SROHQ \ PD\RU Q«FWDU DOUHGHGRU GH VX HVWLJPD /DV ÄŒRUHV 3ROLQ¯IHUDV VXHOHQ SRUWDUVH P£V OLEHUDOHV HQ VX FUHFLPLHQWR DOJXQDV FUHFHQ PLUDQGR DO SLVR \ OD PD\RU¯D SRVHH PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH Ä‹ODPHQWRV HVWDPEUHV SURSRUFLRQDQGR PD\RU SRVLELOLGDG GH SROHQ HQ VXV DQWHUDV 6L HQ HO MDUG¯Q 0HO¯IHUR VH SURSRUFLRQD EXHQ DOLPHQWR SDUD ODV DEHMDV WHQGUHPRV OD FHUWH]D GH TXH OD FRORQLD VH DPD³DU£ HQ VXV FROPHQDV \ VH HYLWDU£Q «[RGRV ODPHQWDEOHV ([LVWHQ RWUDV ÄŒRUHV TXH SRGU¯DPRV FODVLÄ‹FDU FRPR PL[WDV HQ HO SURSµVLWR PHO¯IHUR FRPR SRU HMHPSOR HO 6DQ -RDTX¯Q 4XH SURSRUFLRQDOPHQWH RIUHFH GH PDQHUD HTXLOLEUDGD HO Q«FWDU \ HO SROHQ

32/(1

1‰&7$5

8QD LQYHVWLJDFLµQ UHDOL]DGD SRU OD XQLYHUVLGDG QDFLRQDO DUURMµ HO VLJXLHQWH FXDGUR TXH YDOH OD SHQD DQDOL]DU 7DEOD &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH SODQWDV YLVLWDGDV SRU 0HOLSRQD HEXUQHD 2ULJHQ 1DWLYDV

+iELWR ÈUERO

)RUiQHDV

,QGHWHUPLQDGR

$UEXVWR

+LHUED

%HMXFR R /LDQD

6LVWHPD VH[XDO

+HUPDIURGLWD

7LSR GH LQÀRUHVFHQFLD

0RQRLFD

'LRLFD

,QGHWHUPLQDGR

5DFLPRV VLPSOHV

(VSLJD

3DQtFXOD

&DStWXOR

&LPD

&LDWR

)RUPD GH OD ÀRU &HSLOOR

5HGXFLGD

6ROLWDULDV

*ORPpUXOR

$PHQWR

8PEHOD

&RULPER

,QGHWHUPLQDGR

'LVFR

7XEXODU

&DPSDQXODGD

*DUJDQWD

%DQGHUD

,QGWHUPLQDGD

9LROHWD

,QGHWHUPLQDGR

5RVDGDV

&RORU GH ODV ÀRUHV %ODQFDV &UHPD $PDULOODV

9HUGH FODUR 5RMR

,QGHWHUPLQDGR

27526 7,326 '( )/25$ 0(/ )(5$ (63(&,(6 &8/7,9$'$6 $JXDFDWH 3HUVHD DPHULFDQD &RFRWHUR &RFRV QXFLIHUD

'XUD]QR 3UXQXV SHUVLFD

-RFRWH 6SRQGLDV SXUSXUHD 0D¯] =HD PD\V

0HOµQ &XFXPLV PHOR

3HSLQR &XFXPLV VDWLYXV

&DI« &RIIHD DUDELJD

&KD\RWH 6HFKLXP HGXOH

)ULMRO 3KDVHROXV YXOJDULV

/LPµQ &LWUXV DXUDQWLIROLD

0DQJR 0DQJLIHUD LQGLFD

1DUDQMR &LWUXV VLQHQVLV

(63(&,(6 251$0(17$/(6 $OPHQGUR 7HUPLQDOLD FDWDSSD %DQGHUD &DQQD JODXFD &DSLW£Q OLOD 3HWUHD YROXELOLV

'DOLD 'DKOLD SLQQDWD

(VWURSDMR /XIID F\OLQGULFD

$UJHQWLQD ,[RUD FRFFLQHD %HOO¯VLPD $QWLJRQRQ OHSWRSXV

&DSXO¯Q 0XQWLQJLD FDODEXUD

'RPEH\D 'RPEH\D ZDOOLFKLL 0DODFDWH EODQFR 0RQWDQRD [DQWKLLIROLD

7LPEUH $FDFLD DQJXVWLVVLPD YDU DQJXVWLVVLPD

0XUDOOD 0XUUD\D SDQLFXODWD

$ELRER &RUQXV GLVFLČRUD

$5%2/(6 $UERO GH FXHWOD +HOLRFDUSXV WHUHELQWKLQDFHXV

%RMµQ &RUGLD DOOLRGRUD &DQHOR &DO\FRSK\OOXP FDQGLGLVLPXP

&ROD GH SDYD &XSDQLD GHQWDWD

&RUFKR FRORUDGR 7ULFKRVSHUPXP PH[LFDQXP

&KDSHUQR EODQFR /RQFKRFDUSXV VDQWDURVDQXV

&KXFDPD\ 6W\UD[ DUJHQWHXV

*XDPXFKLO 3LWKHFHOORELXP GXOFH

0DMDJXD +HOLRFDUSXV DPHULFDQXV

%DUED GH PDQWHO %DXKLQLD GLYDULFDWD %UDVLO +DHPDWR[\OXP EUDVLOHWWR &RFRLWH *OLULFLGLD VHSLXP

&RUFKR +HOLRFDUSXV GRQQHOO VPLWKLL

&UHVWD GH JDOOR 3LWKHFHOORELXP ODQFHRODWXP &KLTXLQD\ EODQFR /LSSLD P\ULRFHSKDOD

*XDFKLSLO¯Q 'LSK\VD ČRULEXQGD -DERQFLOOR 6DSLQGXV VDSRQDULD 0DMDJXD D]XO +HOLRFDUSXV DSSHQGLFXODWXV

1DQJXLSR &RUGLD GHQWDWD 3£MDUR ERER ,SRPRHD DUERUHVFHQV

0H]TXLWH 3URVRSLV MXOLČRUD

1LFK EDW +HOLRFDUSXV RFFLGHQWDOLV

)/25$ &21 &$3$&,'$' 1(&7$5,)(5$ < 32/,1,)(5$ 3RPSµP ČRU &RFKORVSHUPXP YLWLIROLXP

7DUD\ (\VHQKDUGWLD SODW\FDUSD

7URQD IUHQWH 7HFRPD VWDQV

%RUGµQ GH YLHMR 9HUEHVLQD FLQHUDVFHQV &LKXDSDWOH 3OXFKHD RGRUDWD &KDW« %LGHQV VTXDUURVD

)ORU EODQFD $JHUDWLQD OLQJXVWULQXP

)ORU GH URFD :LJDQGLD XUHQV

+LHUED GH 6DQ 0DUW¯Q $OR\VLD EDUEDWD

+LHUED RORURVD /LSSLD FDUGLRVWHJLD

/HQJXD GH YDFD 9HUEHVLQD SXQFWDWD

0DUJDULWD 0RQWDQRD IUXWHVFHQV

0RVTXLWR (XSDWRULXP VROLGDJLQLIROLXP

0XPR FLPDUUµQ 3LSHU SDQVDPDODWXP

7]DMDOQLFK )XFKVLD

7]LTXHVFXLMR\R 9HUEHVLQD KHWHURFDUSD 6DQJUH GH SHUUR &URWRQ GUDFR

7HSHVFRKXLWH 0LPRVD WHQXLČRUD

+,(5%$6

$JXDWRVD 7ULGD[ SURFXPEHQV %RUUDMµQ 6LPVLD IRHWLGD )ORU DPDULOOD 6DQYLWDOLD SURFXPEHQV

*LUDVRO 7LWKRQLD WXEHDIRUPLV

0DOYD :DOWKHULD DPHULFDQD

0LUDVRO &RVPRV VXOSKXUHXV 9DULWD EODQFD $OWHUQDQWKHUD PLFURFHSKDOD

$UQLFD 7LWKRQLD GLYHUVLIROLD &KLFDORWH $UJHPRQH PH[LFDQD

)ULMROLOOR 5K\QFKRVLD PLQLPD

/DQXGR $JHUDWXP KRXVWRQLDQXP

0DVWLV %LGHQV DXUHD

9DUD GH FRKHWH 9LJXLHUD GHQWDWD

$5%86726 &DQDQLFK 9HUEHVLQD YLUJDWD

&RUGRQFLOOR 3LSHU [DQWKRVWDFK\XP

&KDW« DPDULOOR %LGHQV FKLDSHQVLV

)ORU GH PXHUWR :HGHOLD IHUWLOLV

*LUDVROLOOR 2WRSDSSXV WHTXLODQXV YDU JULVHXV

+LHUED GHO SHUUR &DOHD XUWLFLIROLD

-R\R DPDULOOR 2WRSDSSXV YHUEHVLQRLGHV

/HQJXD GH YDFD 9HUEHVLQD WXEDFHQVLV 0DUJDULWD GH £UERO 0RQWDQRD OHXFDQWKD VXEVS DUERUHVFHQV

0R]RWH GH FDEDOOR 7ULPXIHWWD ERJRWHQVLV

6DOYLD 6DOYLD VKDQQRQLL 7]LTXHVFXL 9HUEHVLQD K\SDUJ\UHD

=DU]D 0LPRVD DOELGD

(15('$'(5$6 %DUED GH OHµQ 6HQHFLR FKHQRSRGLRLGHV &DPSDQLWD EODQFD -DFTXHPRQWLD QRGLČRUD &HSLOOR &RPEUHWXP IDULQRVXP

(QUHGDGHUD EODQFD &DUGLRVSHUPXP KDOLFDFDEXP %HMXFR 3DXOOLQLD FRVWDULFHQVLV &DPSDQLWD OLOD ,SRPRHD ċVWXORVD

&XQGHDPRU 0RPRUGLFD FKDUDQWLD

3X\¼ ,SRPRHD WULORE

7DOOHU SHGDJ³JLFR 6HQVLELOL]DFL³Q FRQ D\XGD GH QXHVWURV FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV UHDOLFHPRV XQ HMHUFLFLR GH REVHUYDFLµQ HQ QXHVWUR MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR \ KDJDPRV XQ OLVWDGR GH WRGDV ODV SODQWDV TXH LGHQWLÄ‹FDPRV FRQ ORV QRPEUHV SRSXODUHV

6RFLDOL]DFL³Q FRPSDUWDPRV FRQ QXHVWURV FRPSD³HURV XQD OLVWD GH YDORUHV TXH FRQVLGHUHPRV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD QXHVWUD YLGD \ TXH SXHGDQ VHU LQVSLUDGRV SRU ODV ÄŒRUHV &RQ HO SURIHVRU WHQGUHPRV XQ FRQYHUVDWRULR PRWLYDGR SRU HO WHPD TXH QRV FRPSHWH

&DSDFLWDFL³Q HQ HVWD RFDVLµQ UHVDOWDPRV OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH FRQRFHU HO VLJQLÄ‹FDGR GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRQFHSWRV -DUG¯Q 0HO¯IHUR ORV MDUGLQHV PHO¯IHURV VRQ DTXHOORV FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR SURYHHGRUHV GH Q«FWDU \ SROHQ SDUD ODV DEHMDV HV HO FRQMXQWR GH SODQWDV TXH OH SHUPLWHQ D ODV DEHMDV SURGXFLU OD PLHO )ORUHV 1HFWDU¯IHUDV VRQ DTXHOODV TXH DSRUWDQ JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH Q«FWDU D ODV DEHMDV VL ELHQ WDPEL«Q VRQ SROLQL]DGDV SRU HVWRV LQVHFWRV VX PD\RU SRUFHQWDMH GH VHUYLFLR VLPELµWLFR HVW£ HQ SURSRUFLRQDU Q«FWDU D ODV DEHMDV )ORUHV 3ROLQ¯IHUDV VRQ DTXHOODV TXH DSRUWDQ JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH SROHQ D ODV DEHMDV WDPEL«Q SURSRUFLRQDQ Q«FWDU SHUR HQ PHQRU SURSRUFLµQ TXH ODV SODQWDV QHFWDU¯IHUDV *O£QGXODV QHFW£ULDV HVWDV JO£QGXODV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD EDVH GHO SLVWLOR \ SRVHHQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH VHJUHJDU XQD VXVWDQFLD GXOFH TXH FRQRFHPRV FRP¼QPHQWH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH Q«FWDU VLHQGR HVWH HO SULQFLSDO LQJUHGLHQWH SDUD OD SURGXFFLµQ GH PLHO GH DEHMDV

$FFL³Q 3DUWLFLSDFL³Q QR KD\ DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLÄ‹FDWLYR VLQ OD GHPRVWUDFLµQ GH VDEHU KDFHU OR TXH KHPRV DSUHQGLGR /D LQYLWDFLµQ HV D SUDFWLFDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH HVWD FDUWLOOD \HQGR DO MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR \ SURSRUFLRQDQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV HVSHFLDOHV TXH HVWH GHEH WHQHU SDUD FXPSOLU FRQ VX REMHWLYR 2EVHUYHPRV FXDQWDV SODQWDV QHFWDU¯IHUDV SRVHH QXHVWUR MDUG¯Q \ FXDQWDV SROLQ¯IHUDV GH LJXDO PDQHUD LGHQWLÄ‹TXHPRV ORV QRPEUHV GH ODV SODQWDV \ DPSOLHPRV HO Q¼PHUR GH HVSHFLHV GH QXHVWUR MDUG¯Q

&RPSOHWHPRV HO VLJXLHQWH WH[WR GH DFXHUGR D QXHVWURV DSUHQGL]DMHV /DV BBBBBBBBB VRQ GH YLWDO LPSRUWDQFLD HQ OD SUROLIHUDFLµQ GH ORV BBBBBBBBBB VL WHQHPRV P£V BBBBBBBBBB ORV BBBBBBBBBBB FUHFHU£Q IURQGRVRV \ GDU£Q P£V BBBBBBBBBBB 6HJ¼Q HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVDOHV VREUH HO WHPD GH OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO GH ORV BBBBBBBBBB QDWLYRV VRQ BBBBBBBBBBB SRU DEHMDV SHUR ODVWLPRVDPHQWH VH KD GHVDSDUHFLGR FDVL HO GH HVWDV SRU UD]RQHV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBB \ BBBBBBBBBBB LQGHELGD GH ORV UHFXUVRV ČRU¯VWLFRV (Q QXHVWUR DSUHQGL]DMH WHQHPRV OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH LQWHUDFWXDU FRQ ODV BBBBBBBBB PHOLSRQDV ODV FXDOHV VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU QR WHQHU BBBBBBBBBBBB SRU OR FXDO QR VRQ SHOLJURVDV \ SXHGHQ FRQYLYLU SOHQDPHQWH FRQR QRVRWURV ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV 7HQHU DEHMDV PHOLSRQDV HQ QXHVWUR FROHJLR HV XQD JUDQ RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD FRQWULEXLU DO GHVDUUROOR GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ D OD SUROLIHUDFLµQ GH ORV ERVTXHV (Q HO VLJXLHQWH HVSDFLR GLEXMHPRV XQD ČRU \ VH³DOHPRV WRGDV VXV SDUWHV HQ ODV O¯QHDV HVFULEDPRV OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQHQ ODV ČRUHV HQ HO HFRVLVWHPD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

(QFXHQWUH HO OLVWDGR GH SDODEUDV HQ OD VRSD GH OHWUDV \ FRQ HOODV FRQVWUX\D XQ HVFULWR FRQ VHQWLGR FRPSOHWR 9 4 3 1 ( & 7 $ 5 4 4 ( 0 / : <

7 1 . . ; , 8 8 $ = ' ( + + 8 1

1 ( & 7 $ 5 , ) ( 5 $ 6 3 ; 1 (

: 2 , : ' $ 0 6 ( & 9 + 0 : 3

= 1 $ 5 ' , 1 0 ( / , ) ( 5 2

2 , % 2 < 1 $ 1 ( & 7 $ 5 / 4 /

2 & & 4 . $ 1 , 4 * ; 5 , * ,

) 2 ( 4 0 7 ( 0 $ * 2 7 8 3 < 1

, 7 1 , ( 8 0 , < ; 8 ) 0 2 : ,

/ , + , ' 5 2 ) , / $ / 5 1 % =

$ 1 % + $ ) 2 ( 1 ( 2 7 $ 2 $

< 2 2 3 2 / , 1 , ) ( 5 $ 6 5 &

9 , 6 3 0 ( / ( 1 9 ( * % & 5 ,

+ ' 4 $ ( = $ 7 7 7 & < 8 % $ 2

( ( 8 6 6 $ $ ( ; ( ( % $ 8 1

& 0 ( 4 3 1 ( * ( $ : / 3 $ 6

)/25 -$5' 1 0(/,)(52 $1(02),/$ 32/,1,)(5$6 1(&7$5 +,'5 ),/$ 1(&7$5 )(5$6 =22),/$ 32/,1,=$&, 1 1(21,&27,12,'( %255$-$ 0(/,321$6 1(&7$5 1$785$/(=$ %2648(

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

5HVSRQGHU ODV VLJXLHQWHV SUHJXQWDV /LWHUDOHV 4X« HV HO MDUG¯Q 0HO¯IHUR" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 4X« FDQWLGDG HQ SRUFHQWDMH GH OD DOLPHQWDFLµQ TXH FRQVXPLPRV GLDULDPHQWH HV SURGXFWR GH OD SROLQL]DFLµQ GH DEHMDV" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

,QIHUHQFLDOHV 4X« LPSRUWDQFLD PHUHFH HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV ČRUDOHV SDUD HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH MDUGLQHV PHO¯IHURV" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &µPR GHEH HVWDEOHFHUVH XQ MDUG¯Q PHO¯IHUR" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

&U­WLFDV 7HQHU MDUGLQHV PHO¯IHURV FHUFD D ODV FROPHQDV SXHGH VHU XQD YHQWDMD R XQD GHVYHQWDMD SDUD OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GHO ERVTXH TX« RSLQLµQ OH PHUHFH D XVWHG GH DFXHUGR FRQ ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV GH OD WHP£WLFD HVWXGLDGD" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

,QWHUWH[WXDOHV &RQVXOWHPRV P£V VREUH ORV MDUGLQHV PHO¯IHURV \ ODV SURSLHGDGHV P£V VLJQLċFDWLYDV TXH WLHQHQ ODV ČRUHV GH QXHVWUD UHJLµQ

Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.