HOT HOUSE
Prepared by Lochlan Southgate, in accordance with The HealthHabitat Research Cluster
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands at which this project lays, both where the research was undertaken, the Awabakal and Worimi people, as well as the lands in which the project is proposed, the Luritja people. I would like to extend that respect throughout Australia and recognise their continuing connection to land, waters & culture. I pay respect to the Elders past, present and emerging.
II
ABSTRACT HOT HOUSE
As climate change data continues to rise, as does the extreme heat events in remote communities of Australia. These events continue to have a serious impact on health, housing the ability to remain on country, making indigenous Australians the first climate refugees. A Kit-of-Parts including a phased suit of design strategies is proposed as response to a brief given by non-forprofit organisation HealthHabitat as part of a research cluster into Indigenous housing. Led by evidence-based design, the proposal is informed by data provided by HealthHabitat, first nations people, research into the governance, social structures and inequality of infrastructure, finance, ownership and justice. Outcomes of the design strategies are informed and supported by data received from thermal modelling software, costings and feasibilities as well as lifecycle analysis.
IV III
A HEAT + HEALTH ISSUE
In July of 2019, Alice Springs experienced an alarming 55 days with temperatures exceeding 40°C, marking the driest period in 27 years. As these issues continue to impact these communities, the risk of them becoming the first climate refugees increases.
As a result of these changing conditions, further issues begin to rise, exacerbating the living conditions of the communities, further contributing to relocation, from their homes and further off Country.
Energy insecurity occurs more often, houses are disconnected from power at a larger rate and communities are forced to pay increasingly higher prices, leaving cooling a last option. Crowding increases these issues around heat and heath, with a lack of housing infrastructure, people are forced to share more of the housing stock. This situation intensifies discomfort and raises internal temperatures within homes, offering less opportunity for respite from the external heat.
How can we as architects, students and educators contribute to assist in resolving some of these issues of energy insecurity, housing inadequacy, and environmental sustainability?
PREFACE
VI V
← Portion of rendered vignette, positioned in modification looking across to mesh screen.
AMUNTURRUGU (MT LIEBIG)
A COMMUNITY OF THE LURITJA NATION, ONE OF TOO MANY IMPACTED FROM HEAT.
HOT HOUSE THE FRAME
A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THIS CHAPTER COVERS
PREFACE VI A HEAT + HEALTH ISSUE
WHY SHOULD WE CARE
A METHOD OF DEFINING THE THE KITOF-PARTS
MACRO ANALYSIS
AN EXERCISE IN EXTRACTION
THE BRIEF
A COMPREHENSIVE SET OF REQUIREMENTS ADDRESSING A WIDER SET OF ISSUES AT PLAY
MAINTAINING A CONNECTION
A CONNECTION TO COUNTRY
HEALTH HABITAT PRINCIPLES
ONE OF THE MANY CLIENTS THE FRAMEWORK
A PRECEDENT STUDY INTO THE WORK OF KERE
THE INITIAL PROPOSAL
A PRECEDENT STUDY INTO THE WORK OF HEALTHHABITAT
A REFINEMENT AND DETAIL
A PRECEDENT STUDY INTO THE WORK OF LINDSAY JOHNSTON
AN ELEMENTAL BREAKDOWN
THE FRAMEWORK
AN ELEMENTAL BREAKDOWN
TESTING ALL OPTIONS
VIII VII ACKNOWLEDGMENT THE PROPOSAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT STUDY II 41 43 46 55 55 131 117 113 17 IV 21 19 13 29 25 37 39 15 ACKNOWLEDGMENT BUILD UPON SOLUTION
PARTS
OF REFERENCES ITERATION
THE
LIST
KIT-OF-PARTS IN_TECTONICS LIFE CYCLE COST MODELLING IN_COST
BUILD UPON CONNECTION BUILD UPON REDUCTION
INTRODUCTION
THE BRIEF
In July of 2019, Alice Springs recorded 55 days above 40°C and was the driest in 27 years. As climate change continues, extreme heat wave events occur and a greater scarcity of water, lingers over towns and communities in central and remote Australia, are becoming and will be the first climate refugees in Australia. Non-for-profit organisation HealthHabitat have engaged The University of Newcastle to form a research cluster and contribute to ongoing project work in the remote community of Amunturrngu (Mt. Liebig) in south west Northern Territory. The research is to involve a proposal of a Kit-of-Parts, a suite of design strategies that mitigate the thermal stress of the existing housing in Amunturrngu. The kit of parts is to align with Health habitat’s methodology and must address a set of wider issues such as heat on health, energy insecurity, climate justice and the importance of remaining on country. Further along the project phase, documentation and costings of proposals is to be included as part of the set, forming an argument to take to governments and governing bodies to provide outcome to these communities at risk.
13 12
Source: HLP 8. Controlling the temperature of the living environment, HealthHabitat
↖ Image of illustration of Healthy Living Practice 8, Controlling the Temperature of the Living Environment.
HEALTH HARDWARE
Health Hardware plays a major role in the outcome of ones health in remote Indigenous communities.
As illustrated on the right, Heath Hardware can be considered everything it takes to provide the opportunity to maintain a healthy practice. This includes the essential services such as power, and storage as well as the transporation through to housing the hardware systems needed, down to the parts requried to maintain the healthy practice. A methodology was developed by the Nganampa Health Council of 9 healthy living practices:
1. Washing People.
2. Washing Clothes and Bedding.
3. Waste Removal.
4. Nutrition.
5. Reduce Crowding.
6. Separation of dogs and children.
7. Dust Control.
8. Temperature Control.
9. Reduced Trauma.
Health Hardware for Housing for Rural and Remote Indigenous, Vicki Taylor, 2005
Image Source: Health Hardware, Paul Pholeros, HealthHabitat 1990
↗ The Nine Healthy Living Practices from top left, Washing people, Washing clothes and bedding, Removing wastewater safely, Improving nutrition, Reducing the impact of crowding, Reducing the impact of animals, insects and vermin, Reducing the impact of dust, Improved temperature control, Reducing minor trauma.
↖ Image of illustration of the concept of Health Hardware, broken down into simple elements.
HEALTH HABITAT
HealthHabitat is a non-for-profit company founded in 1985 by medical officer Dr. Paul Torzillo AM, Anthropologist Stephen Rainow and Architect Paul Pholeros AM. Since 1988, HealthHabitat have worked with communities in poverty in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Nepal, India and South Africa to improve the health of people and their environment.
Their process includes working closely with the residences of local communities, to start making small repairs and improvements. Data collection and recording is imperative to their process to build a statistical portfolio, facts that support funding to continue to improve housing and health. With this, HealthHabitat has well and truly adopted Professor Fred Hollows’ mantra “no survey without service”. Through their work, HealthHabitat have been able to produce research and development, academic articles, project reports and their greatest achievement so far, The Housing for Health Guide.
Source: Pholeros, Paul. HealthHabitat, Housing for Health
15 14
AMUNTURRUGU (MT LIEBIG)
Amunturrugu, known as Mt Liebig, sits on Luritja country west of the MacDonnell Ranges, 325km west of Alice Springs and the Northern Territory. With approximately 156 residences, Amunturrugu is a stopping or meeting point for families and communities in the surrounding areas of Haasts Bluff, Papunya, Kintore and Kiwirrkura with approximately five language groups of Luritja, Watiyawanu include Pintubi, Warlpiri and Arrernte.
17 16
← Outline of the Australia with cross signifying the location of Amunturrugu (Mt Liebig).
METHODOLOGY
THE FRAME
The method taken in response to the brief, involve design principles that create a level of accountability throughout the process of design to maintain an evidence-based design outcome. These principles are informed by the research undertaken into indigenous housing in remote communities and into Amunturrugu (Mt. Liebig) as a specific site. These Design Principles help to inform the proposed Kit-of-Parts, a version of a framework to which a suite of design strategies is proposed. Using the Kit-of-Parts as a framework allows the insertion of a process or phase into the proposal, aligning the methods of HealthHabitat. Through this methodology, the outcome of the proposal is to achieve the needs and requirements of the case study but also the needs and requirements of HealthHabitat as a acting organisation currently undertaking this work.
19 18
THE YARD
A space typically overlooked, the yard to these dwellings has just as much, if not a greater contribution to the social and cultural methods of inhabitation.
The yard as a space begins from outside walls of the dwelling, the porch, a third space between yard itself and the house, one of respite and security. It continues to the defined fence line and becomes a spatial preference of domestic behaviors allowing indigenous agency to preserve and adapt their cultural traditions.
This area become one of spatial relief from the dwellings, for sleeping, cooking and heating. The yard is space to continue a connection to the ground, the sky and the remaining Country, but importantly is a space for gathering, comfortably and safely which aids in the ability remain on Country and with culture.
Through the initial phase of the project, the research was undertaken remotely from the project site, from this, a greater understanding of the tangible and intelligible qualities and impacts that are at play were to be understood. A macro analysis of Mt Liebig began as an exploratory exercise of the landscape to emerge oneself and gain a further understanding of the site. A digital flaneur of an aerial image began to map the areas of the site that struck interest and required revealing. Road patterns revealed with walking pattern is the landscape show the contrast in pattern and how one moves though the landscape. Image strips form to create a language, an interpretation of the horizon and features of the area, site one in the landscape and build an understanding of its context. This is repeated through the imagery of the case study houses, to continue to reveal the built language of Mt. Liebig and the context in which our work takes place. Intangible narratives begin to fill the image, an early child health report begins to reveal the realities of the occupants of these government houses and the
A MACRO ANALYSIS
amount of people that reside in them, reflecting on the issues of crowding embedded into the housing system. These narratives continue with the digicard reader. Digicard readers are installed on all government indigenous housing and require a prepaid card that is inserted to allow power to be connect to the house. These meters have been known for years to have an impact on the autonomy of the occupants, held to the remaining balance in the meter. During severe heat waves, when prepaid cards have not been purchased, electricity becomes quickly consumed leaving the chance of black outs causing much more serious issues involving cooling, food and hygiene. This highlights itself in the emergency credit button designed into the meter, and how often it’s been used seen by the marks. Further, a chart of numbers reveals the average temperatures of every month since 2014, highlighted are the temperatures that insulation tested to Australian standards exceeds, illustrating the climate neglection of arid, central Australia.
21 20
Aboriginal yards in remote Australia: Adapting landscapes for Indigenous Housing Timothy O’Rourkea, Daphne Nashb 2018 ← Portion of rendered vignette, positioned from verandah looking along towards the yard.
23 22 EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY SETTINGS EMERGENCY CREDIT EMERGENCY CREDIT EMERGENCY CREDIT EMERGENCY CREDIT EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY EMERGENCY CREDIT SETTINGS DISPLAY B B N Bo Bo-28 30 29 27 28 29 28 28 29 26 28 28 31 29 32 12 12 14 11 13 12 11 13 10 12 11 12 20 23 17 20 24 23 21 16 17 18 19 20 20 25 26 27 22 27 27 24 27 23 25 29 28 23 30 26 28 27 27 28 22 28 25 26 27 27 16 15 18 13 18 18 15 15 13 15 16 16 15 17 15 15 17 12 13 15 15 15 16 13 28 30 29 26 28 27 28 29 27 31 29 30 25 23 22 24 24 23 25 19 26 23 26 24 26 19 24 22 20 22 21 21 19 19 24 21 22 15 11 13 12 12 12 11 12 13 14 13 29 31 27 29 31 29 29 27 30 31 29 34 10 22 23 28 25 14 16 23 27 27 19 12 23 23°15’59.6”S 131°16’17.7”E
→ Macro Analysis mapping, exploring undefined tracks, natural and built vernacular layered with micro narrative.
MAINTAINING A CONNECTION
Through the enherant nature of the project and its breif, it is easy to consider that the project is maintaining a connection to country, as revealed through previous projects and case studies, projects often fall short in fully exploring the project’s potential, how it connects and aligns to place, people and culture, resulting in a rejection of the projects and their solution, exacerbating the challenges faced by the affected communities.
Alongside the draft framework for connecting with Country by the NSW Government Architect, strategies of exploring sensory narratives through research were adopted to ensure in my own efforts, the project maintains for the occupants, a connection to Country.
The importance of constant viewline to the horizon and to the sky were two important considerations when producing the modification or kit of parts to the existing buildings. These began to shape decisions around shading and drove th idea not to enclose the exisitng structure, with more walls or heavy screening, but to look to the roof
25 24
← Images extracted from case study houses to form a language, highlighting one of the horizon and one of the sky
As the roof sits higher above , when standing, the roof is positioned so that the base begins to frame the top of the horizon. From this position, a glance up and roof sheeting separates to reveal the sky whilst facilitating the escape of heat.
← Illustration depicting the relationship towards the sky and the horizon.
↙ Diagrams showing in space, uninterrupted view lines to the roof opening and the horizon.
→ Illustration depicting the connection maintained towards the horizon.
↘ Section details showing the view line maintained through the screens, as well as restricting the direct sunlight.
Screens to the porch have been considered to shade the wall of the house as well as the porch slab whilst maintaining view lines to the horizon for security and connection.
27 26
EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN
Evidence-Based design is critical to the success of any solution when it comes to dealing with health and housing. Solutions that are supported by empirical evidence and/or surveyed data, helps to support a design that is objective in nature.
Through the initial phase of this research project, maintaining an evidence-based design strategy has helped to structure a solution, set as stages based on previous case studies and research. Through this rigorous method of design, this strategy has also supported through to the detail of materiality and construction techniques and well as methods to ensure the success of the acceptance of the project.
With support data collected from thermal modelling, the project aims to continue the evidence-based strategy ensuring true success of the project.
PRINCIPLES
The frame-work for the principles looked to research taken into Mt.Liebig and Indigenous housing throughout remote Australia, as well as methods and approaches already conducted by HealthHabitat. Broader topics and concepts extracted from the research and were distilled though the definition used; the fundamental ideas and elements that can be used to achieve a successful design. These topics or concepts include climate, environment, isolation, services, adaption and retrofitting, financial insecurity, energy insecurity, energy, water, changing climates, operational cost, embodied cost, lack or resources, crowding, overuse, cultural practices, Country, connection to Country and cultural traditions. Through these principles, the topics needed to connect and relate to as many as possible to ensure the principle was to be effective. The following outlines each principle and their definition or importance to the project and its outcome.
29 28
Why Architecture Education Needs to Embrace Evidence-Based Design, Now. Justin B. Hollander and Ann Sussman, 2018.
← Portion of rendered vignette, positioned outside of yard looking in towards the existing building.
COUNTRY-LED
The success of this kit-of-parts is embedded in its recognition, connection and continuation of culture and the practices within, for this intervention to succeed a Country-led design approach in essential. The project needs to facilitate and celebrate the need to continue traditional cultural methods of occupation, ceremony and practices. This aims to increase the likelihood of the modification to be adopted and begin to make a difference to the impact of heat on these communities’ health and keep communities on country.
“This is not a Pipe” by Tess Lea and Paul Pholeros helped re-imagine the context in which housing in indigenous communities is seen. It helped to shift my perception and understand the deeper connections to reasons why the current indigenous housing is seen as it is and the systems at play that contribute to the stereotypes the exist.
Through this paper Quilty, through impirical data, reiterates the critical levels of excessive heat, poor quality housing and energy insecurities and the governance involved that contribes to that. The lack of governace to building codes and basic design standards, resuluts in housing that functions poorly and therefor requiring reliance on energy and active cooling methods.
“I think there needs to be a Country guided research approach, through body, spiritual, a relationship of people to place, the story of place and a sense of pride”, Associate Professor Liz Cameron
“For the project to be successful, that is to be adopted by the people using it, the design has to have a Country-led approach” Associate Professor Liz Cameron
Through the conversations with Associate Professor Liz Cameron, key quotes have become embedded in the development of the design principles as well throughout the development of the proposal. Liz continued to reiterate the importance of Country being threaded throuhg the project how indoing so, leads to the success of the project.
This article brought to the surface the importance of heat stress resistance compared to the concept of energy efficiency. The article draws from a variety of building simulation results from a casestudy project and the variability between the NatHERS star rating system. This helped to the importance of resistant solution not only an efficient one.
PASSIVE
An modification that is passive in design and in operation is essential to the success of the proposal. Based on the conditions of the project site, and those that are similar, the project cannot and should not rely solely on mechanical conditioning of internal spaces. In these increasingly devastating conditions, mechanical methods of conditioning internal spaces are depended on, although in operation, are incredibly inefficient and consume large amounts of energy, bearing large costs on the occupants. This increase of dependence on mechanical methods of conditioning requires more frequent maintenance and an increasingly likelihood of failure.
31 30
Figure: This Is Not a Pipe Tess Lea and Paul Pholeros 2010
–2006 Duke University Press This Not Pipe: The Treacheries Indigenous Housing Tess Lea and Paul Pholeros here was important moment surrealist when Belgian painter René Magritte pointed simple truth that painting smoker’s pipe was pipe (see Today there still small shock had recognizing the layers automaticity embedded our conventions viewing. We react immediately. course, Magritte’s painting not itself physical device that one with fragrant tobacco, ignite, and inhale, allowing smoke curl and linger on lung, but image, complete with corrective text that refers literal status: Ceci n’est pas une pipe Then belated realization hits: the tag “This not pipe,” while subtle calligram, itself also figure, seemingly factual script, which “read” only doubly deceived. Enticing elucidate meaning, the referential deflects attention away from its own status also, like pipe, painted image. reflection text, brushstrokes surface fashioned into the shape an explanatory legend. The text that seems reveal also masks, form trickery that best captured painting’s title, La trahison des images The Treachery Images Copyright Duke University Press PHOTO-ESSAY This article draws both long-term Healthabitat data and program efforts directors Paul Pholeros, Paul Torzillo, and Stephan Rainow wider anthropological fieldwork conducted Tess Lea. Lea’s anthropological fieldwork began 2005 under scoping grant from the Charles Darwin University Research Innovation Panel. Fieldwork between 2007 2009 was made possible Australian Research Council Industry Linkage Grant. Our thanks Comino, Gillian Cowlishaw, Elizabeth Povinelli, Shane Thamm, Paul Torzillo useful comments René Magritte. Image Paul Pholeros
Figure: Climate, Housing, Energy and Indigenous Health: a call to action Simon Quilty + 2022
Figure: Heat stress-resistant building design in the Australian context, Gertrud Hatvani-Kovacs, Martin Beluskob, John Pockettb, John Boland 2017
Perspectives Climate, housing, energy and Indigenous health: call to action The convergence excessive heat, poor housing, energy insecurity and chronic disease has reached critical levels Most Australians take housing and uninterrupted electricity granted. Yet remote Indigenous communities, low quality poorly insulated housing and energy instability Most houses require prepaid power cards, resources are meagre, financial literacy low, and people often have choose between power prepaid electricity meters’ disconnection these communities, making people with chronic diseases who depend cool storage electrical equipment particularly vulnerable. convergence excessive heat, poor housing, energy insecurity chronic disease reached critical levels many parts northern Australia, multisectoral response needed avert catastrophe. Medical professionals have key role play. The Northern Territory, example, experiencing extreme heat stress The summer 2019–was 4°C above long term average, town Katherine, which previously averaged days year over 40°C, such days 2019. The year before, Tennant Creek recorded days above 40°C month, Alice Springs recorded hottest since records began. Over recent summers been too hot. Particularly them days when power off, all out the house, always outside. normally just under the sprinkler under hose, over head. Everything’s been dying here around Tennant Creek. the water rock holes went dry. The heat killed animals. Even spinifex went black, looked like been burnt poisoned. them trees around town, them native trees but cedar trees and African mahogany, them mango trees around Tennant Creek, died, nothing left. That would just come too low, heat wave killed whole lot. (Norman Frank Jupurrurla, Warramungu Elder dialysis patient from Tennant Creek) disease heat stress combine exacerbate morbidity mortality. diseases remote communities high, and many people depend heat-sensitive medications such insulin. Most medications have recommended storage temperatures below 30°C, many this may impossible achieve. Some people the outskirts Tennant Creek still tin houses and there’s running water, there’s power, there’s not even toilet, even drop toilet. Kids school from there people work “You’ll end getting cooked that house today,” that’s what There’s renal patient out there, living camp, got renal same time and the renal bus there, pick him the camp, near tin shed, take dialysis with association between health housing quality “health hardware”, such functioning refrigerator, necessary for practices healthy living. been two decades since the major survey Indigenous housing quality, when was shown that refrigerator. not known whether this has changed. Even less well understood the impact that energy poverty has function such hardware. For people experiencing energy poverty, refrigeration food medication, conditioning, power oxygen concentrators, continuous positive airway pressure machines, home dialysis equipment and become critical concerns. Health care providers need alert the implications clinical practice. Doctors should start asking question, you’ve fridge not. reckon that’s what these doctors think, every Wumpurrarni [Indigenous person] lives same whitefella and they’ve everything the same. not us fridge. When doctors people insulin and educate them, when dieticians talk them them, “You need insulin”, they don’t question have fridge? Where you stay? What kind condition you live in?” When the power disconnects because we run money prepaid meter], you have hurry up. you catch few hours, you’ll lucky, but somewhere weekend goes everything goes the fridge. When come night and find that the power’s been everything’s fridge, throw everything Current building codes provide little protection residents against environmental harms. The NT building code legislation tiers, with more rigorous requirements urban than rural areas. However, remote houses outside these building contractors not even required registered with Building Practitioners Board. result, many dwellings, particularly older ones, appropriate passive cooling design, University, Canberra, Julalikari Council Tennant Creek, simon.quilty@anu. Simon Quilty Norman Frank Jupurrurla Bailie Quilty Norman Frank Jupurrurla available mja.com.au/podcasts Energy Buildings (2018) Energy and Buildings Heat stress-resistant building design in the Australian context Gertrud Hatvani-Kovacs Martin Belusko John Pockett John Boland Accepted Keywords: Cooling consumption, cooling overheating typical single-storey Sydney. Design options plus traditional, energy-inefficient energy program. directly buildings tioning traditional, energy-inefficient buildings. conditioning present public hazard, consequently, integration Energy Rating Scheme recommended. Recommendations analysis heat resistance provided. 2017 Elsevier rights reserved. Heatwaves have negative impact natural infrastructure, human health social [1] The [2,3] electricity tioning (AC) during heatwaves [4,5] Peak electricity demand increases risk depriving the population AC electricity prices aggravating energy poverty. Energy poverty paying than their disposable income Although buildings protect heat, highlighted significant proportion population exposed heat indoors [9,10] john.pockett@unisa.edu.au Pockett), john.boland@unisa.edu.au Boland). buildings ing and heat-related health problems [12] This particularly climate change decrease heating cooling [13,14] general, energy retrofitting overheating [15] particularly inefficient homes. Howefficiency also reduce heat resistance energy may may cooling requireduring heatwave. generally accepted definition heat resistance, study, heat cooling energy consumption decreasing during energy-efficient building minimises annual overheating [12,16] comprehensive design leading both efficiency and heat stress resistance. particularly relevant mixed climates both heating shading [17] reflective roof colour [18,19] reflective foil https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.025
ROBUST
To withstand a number of factors that would impact the usability and durability of the proposal, the design must be robust in nature. Issues caused by crowding and overuse, the nature of the environment of which it operates as well as the likelihood of something being repaired promptly if it were to break, all have an impact on the conditions and livability of the space. The proposal can not add to this cycle in the way it is transported, constructed and\or occupied. Maintenance is key to the success of any material or the function of any mechanism, what is important is that this is considered and designed to minimise or
This paper helped to reveal the necessary context in which how the houses are occupied and engaged with, as well as outlining the sometimes conflicting, cultural, behavioral and climatic factors need to be considered. It began to highlight design solutions to houses that were observed, but also the way in which they are designed to withstand over-use as well as impacts of the location’s environment.
The idea of procurement through the project was informed through the concepts in this article. To be scalable and built upon in phases, the project benefits through the manufacture, installation and cost. Uncovering this embedded the concept of a systemised approach of the procurement of the project.
This research article brought to the surface the importance of heat stress resistance compared to the concept of energy efficiency. The article draws from a variety of building simulation results from a casestudy project and the variability between the NatHERS star rating system. This helped to the importance of resistant solution not only an efficient one.
This reading by Horne and Martal outlines the variability in housing conditions and locations, and the social practices of comfort. Reflecting on the variability of how comfort is perceived contributed to the idea that the proposal need to adapt and adjust to varying conditions and perceptions.
SYSTEMISED
As communities change throughout central Australia, as do the camps and the way in which they are occupied. As well as these communities, the location and climates in which they sit are dynamic, shifting from one condition to another. The proposal should consider the dynamic nature of its site, and adapt to the conditions brought upon it. Not only should the system adapt to the changing conditions of the site, but also adaptable in the sense of being scalable, to adopt or configure itself to the conditions of the existing built fabric. Achieving this increases the likelihood of this intervention to be integrated and adopted into the ways these camps are occupied.
33 32
Energy and Buildings Heat stress-resistant building design the Australian context Gertrud Hatvani-Kovacs Martin Belusko John Pockett John Boland Applied Mathematics, University Australia, Campus, Lakes, Australia, April Adaptive buildings tioning energy-inefficient buildings. conditioning present public hazard, consequently, integration Energy Rating analysis provided. rights negative impact ecosysinfrastructure, human health and social life The tioning (AC) during electricity increases risk outages, depriving population other basic facilities. Higher and frequent peaks Energy poverty paying than their disposable income meet highlighted significant proportion population exposed [9,10] Thermal conditions indoors during heatwaves Hatvani-Kovacs), Belusko), john.pockett@unisa.edu.au Pockett), john.boland@unisa.edu.au Boland). buildings problems particularly since climate change decrease heating and increase cooling overheating particularly very efficiency reduce stress resistance [1] efficiency that reduce total heating cooling during generally accepted definition heat stress resistance, this study, heat stressresistant building minimises peak cooling demand and annual during contrast, energy-efficient building used heating cooling. overheating [12,16] comprehensive design leading energy efficiency particularly relevant mixed climates requiring both heating and [18,19]
Figure: House Design in Alice Springs Town Camps
Figure: Heat stress-resistant building design in the Australian context, Gertrud Hatvani-Kovacs, Martin Beluskob, John Pockettb, John Boland 2017
Figure: Constructing and Maintaining Houses Paul Pholeros and Peter Phibbs 2012
Figure: Housing Housholds and Climate Change Adaptation in the town Camps of Alice Springs, Ralph Horen and Adnrew Martel 2015
clearinghouse Closing the gap www.aihw.gov.au/closingthegap Constructing and maintaining houses Resource sheet no. produced the Closing the Gap Clearinghouse Paul Pholeros and Peter Phibbs May 2012 Summary What we know There significant problems with the standard Indigenous housing Australia: – The percentage dwellings managed Indigenous community housing organisations (ICHO) which required major repair replacement increased from 27% 2001 31% 2006 (ABS 2007). – Data from 1999 2011 compiled by Healthabitat showed that high proportion Indigenous dwellings have fully functioning hardware (such toilet, electricity, hot water washing facilities) supported healthy living practices. The poor standard related number challenges design, construction and maintenance Indigenous housing. What works Designing constructing housing based the established standards and accumulated knowledge National Indigenous Housing Guide (FaHCSIA 2008). This includes process consultation with the local community, and designing housing that meets the social cultural needs occupants. Targeting limited-maintenance budgets for safety health items improve functional performance house. Using appropriate construction methods materials, given particular local environment, especially rural and remote locations. Using local community Indigenous labour assist with construction maintenance programs. Applied Studies Climate Adaptation First Edition. Edited Jean Palutikof, Sarah Boulter, Barnett and David Rissik. 2015 John Wiley Sons, Published John Wiley Sons, 32.1 Introduction Housing Indigenous people living remote Australia has been long characterised acute shortage dwellings, poor-quality construction and building stock ill-suited Indigenous lifestyles preferences. Progress addressing this issue has relied upon range research into the study traditional Indigenous dwellings, traditional socio-spatial properties of Indigenous settlements, the composition Indigenous ‘households’, housing and health the use inside and outside domestic space (Heppell 1979; Heppell Wigley 1981; Ross 1987; Memmott 1988; Pholeros al. 1993). As result, Aboriginal housing design Australia specialised field within housing studies, combining anthropology and an understanding cultural differences Aboriginal domiciliary behaviour along with conventional design disciplines (Memmott 1989, 115). All housing imposes conditions on households that enable the performance some practices, while hindering others. When housing constrains traditional relationships and practices, then severe stress result (Reser 1979; Memmott 1988). Ross notes, ‘Inappropriate housing and town planning have capacity disrupt social organisation, mechanisms maintaining smooth social relations, support networks’ (Ross 1987, Memmott (1988, 34) lists the housing stress factors for Indigenous people including: lack protection from weather; living squalor; overcrowding; alcoholism; domestic violence; widespread ill-health; insecudue temporary tenure; and threat forced eviction. Many these factors persist today, with the notable addition climate change. this chapter, explore the adaptive capacity Indigenous households using the case study area the town camps Alice Springs central Australia. Jurisdictionally, Alice Springs the Northern Territory where, over the last years, frequency extremely warm days nights has increased and average annual maximum temperature has increased 0.12°C decade and the minimum temperature 0.17°C per decade (Hennessy al. 2004). Alice Springs currently averages days over 35 days over °C. 2030 expected 32 Housing, households and climate change adaptation in the town camps of Alice Springs RALPH HORNE AN AN REW MARTEL College Design and Social Context, RMIT University, Australia Created from 2023-01-23 02:43:23.
Longden highlights the insecurity of energy in remote communities in South Australia, in the unavailability to access energy, the limitations to prepay power but raised something I was never quite familiar with, which was the rate of disconnections from power the camps had. Through this article and the data it reveals, it began to cement the importance of resourceful as a design principle for the project.
RESOURCEFUL
To not see is to not use, to not use it to waste and to waste is a missed opportunity. The intervention should look to consider the scarcity of resources within these communities and when given the opportunity, utilise what it gains passively, and operate with sufficiency as well as efficiency. As with the resources gained from its environment, the design and operation should be in the sense resourceful, connecting and tying into principles of Frugality and Systemised to minimise waste through a scaled approach.
This article reiterated the importance of the yard to the communities and how they should be considered as a resource which can provide culturally appropriate adaptation, a space which is typically overlooked in the maintenance and modification of indigenous housing.
For this proposal to come to fruition, the costs need to be considered and distilled to decisions that are essential. Considering the significant benefits this could provide for communities that are vulnerable, providing federal, state and regional government agencies with a detailed scope would increase the likelihood of gaining funding to put the proposal into action. This also allows NGO’s to make greater impacts to communities demonstrating the benefits outweigh the costs.
35 34
FRUGALITY
Figure: Energy insecurity during temperature extremes in Remote Australia Thomas Longden and multiple Authors 2022
Figure: Aboriginal yards in remote Australia: Adapting landscapes for indigenous Housing, Timothy O’Rourkea, Daphne Nashb 2018
Articles https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00942-2 Grand Challenge, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Research School Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Centre Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. School Regulation Global Governance (RegNet), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Tangentyere Council Aboriginal Corporation, Springs, Northern Territory, Australia. Council Aboriginal Corporation, Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, Australia. michael.klerck@tangentyere.org.au ndigenous communities remote Australia temperature extremes that increase electricity amplify their being disconnected. Energy necessary resource work, education, participation social and maintaining healthy–globally, including countries with abundance wealth – defined inability meetbasichousehold energy needs’ and broadly synonymous with concept energy poverty – Insufficient access energy been linked poor health (both mental physical) energy required maintain essential services, including food security, lighting, essential medical –experienced Australia’s remote Indigenous communities, particular role temperature plays shaping energy insecuvulnerabilities associated with energy insecuritytially basis underlying characteristics, which highly regionalized locally specific Socio-economic, demographic behavioural factors, well occupancy and structural charappliances), key drivers energy consumption; while prevailing temperature affect security electricity supply the heating cooling Temperature extremes likely risk multiplier, worsening energy insecurity those greatest ‘vulnerable households typically poorer quality housing, have least prompted governments worldwide implement policies maintainthis access, many with special attention reducing health The climate Northern Territory (NT) ranges from equatorial tropical regions north dry grassland regions Central Australia (Fig. Remote Indigenous communities the mostly off-grid unregulated guidelines the remote living residents prepay access electricity regularly experience disconnection non-payment. Distant from Australia’s urban centres major electricity grids, these communities have long relied diesel and gas-fired generators. recent years, there has been incremental integration renewable energy these isolated, high-cost electricity networks. warming climate Exposure extreme temperatures has been associated with range adverse health outcomes and – three hottest climate zones Australia, between 9.1% deaths were associated with heat-related mortalwhich estimate that much higher other Australian regions nationally) challenge maintaining thermal author N.F.J.: anything about climate change except turn power costs don’t forget Electricity, you’re using more power when turn that conditioner up!.” Temperatures even over increasinglymon climate changes There need better understand how extreme temperatures already shape the and subsequent loss essential services, there questions around how strongly disconnection events relate temperature and whether disconnections occur more frequently during extreme Energy insecurity during temperature extremes in remote Australia Thomas Longden Simon Quilty Brad Riley White Michael Klerck Vanessa Napaltjari Davis and Norman Frank Jupurrurla Indigenous communities remote Australia face dangerous temperature extremes. These extremes are associated with energy insecurity associated with prepayment exacerbate the risk temperature-related harm. Here use daily smart meter 3,300 households regression analysis assess relationship between temperature, electricity use and disconnection remote communities. that nearly households (91%) experienced disconnection from electricduring 2018–2019 financial year. Almost three quarters households (74%) were disconnected more than ten times. Households with high electricity use located central climate zones had three chance same-day disconnection very very cold days. broad suite interrelated policy responses required reduce the frequency, duration and VOL 43–54 www.nature.com/natureenergy LandscapeandUrbanPlanning ResearchPaper AboriginalyardsinremoteAustralia:Adaptinglandscapesforindigenous housing TimothyO'Rourke ,DaphneNash SchoolofArchitecture,UniversityofQueensland,QLD4072,Australia Indigenoushousing appropriatehousingdesigns,livingspacesoutsideofthehousecontinuetobeoverlookedandunder-utilised Aboriginalpeoplehavemodi edtheirbehaviourandmadechangestotheirexternallivingenvironments,often cientresources,toachievesocialandculturalcontinuity,energye ciencyandparticularlyto enhancethermalcomfort.Forthesereasons,yardsdemandgreaterattentioninthepolicy,planningandprovisionofhousingandassociatedservicesforAboriginalpeople. AssetoutintheUNcharterofHumanRights,allpeoplehavethe Peoplescomparedtothemajoritypopulationlivingindeveloped countries,includingAustralia,iscloselyassociatedwithchronicand fundamentallychangedwiththetransitiontosettlementsandhousing typesdeterminedbyeitherthechurch,thestateorprivatespeculators. viewedhousingasane ectivesettingforassimilation(Heppell,1979 Asaresult,Indigenouspeopleinsettlersocietieslostcontrolovertheir ThelimitedempiricalresearchonAustralianIndigenoushousing hasallbutignoredtheyardsandoutdoorspacesassociatedwith dwellings.Housingresearchhasfocusedonpolicy(Fienetal.,2008; cupancyrelatedtocrowding(Memmott,Birdsall-Jones,&Greenop, 2012),health(Pholeros,Rainow,&Torzillo,1993)andculturalfactors tothisfocus.Similarly,inthesparserelevantinternationalliteratureon thesocialandculturalaspectsofIndigenoushousing,whichincludes CanadianandNewZealand,researchontheuseofdomesticoutdoor spacesisnegligible. Aswedemonstrateinthispaper,AboriginalpeopleinremoteregionsofAustraliaoccupyandsometimesadjustyardstomaintain fectsofinappropriateandsubstandardhousing.Itcanbearguedthat theyhavepursuedoftensubtlesocialandspatialpracticesinand ).AcknowledgingIndigenousagency,andresistancetostateinstitutionsandplanning,Aboriginalpeopleperseverewithandadapt theirtraditions,frequentlyinwaysthatarenotnoticedorviewedas cognisedorsupported,theuseofyardsaroundhousingindicatesnot onlypreferredIndigenousdomesticlifestyles,bute ectiveadaptation 2.Background AdisparatebodyofliteratureonIndigenousAustraliansocietiesand housingprovidesampleevidencethatAboriginalhouseholdersuse erfromnon-indigenousAustralians.Thisisparticularly evidentinremoteandruralareasofAustralia,whereAboriginal housinghasreceivedmorescholarlyattentionthaninurbanareas, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.10.013 Received20April2018;Receivedinrevisedform10September2018;Accepted22October2018 LandscapeandUrbanPlanning (2019)124–132 Figure: Enforced commensuration and the bureaucratic invention of Household energy insecurity, Liam Grealy 2022 Through highlighting the policy and infrastructure of electricity currently in place in remote indigenous communities and recognising the relative autonomy of Indigenous occupation, this paper reiterated the necessity of the proposal to act frugal in its operation as well as its initial upfront costs. Enforcedcommensurationandthebureaucraticinventionof householdenergyinsecurity LiamGrealy DepartmentofGenderandCulturalStudies,TheUniversityofSydney,Camperdown,Australia; Menzies SchoolofHealthResearch,Darwin,Australia Powerdoesn tcomeforfree,butwhoshouldpaythecost?Onthe anguPitjantjatjaraYankunytjatjara(APY)Landsinnorthwest SouthAustralia,Ananguhouseholdshavenothistoricallybeen billedfordomesticenergyconsumption.Thestategovernment hasrecentlyintroducedaprepaymentregime,ostensiblytocurb supplycosts.Yetextendingthenormsofcustomerpaymentfor domesticenergyrequiressigni limitedpotentialtorecoupcoststhroughbilling.Thisarticleasks: whyisenforcedcommensurationpreferabletothestatusquo? Itdescribestheinventionofhouseholdenergyinsecurityvia policyreform,including theestablishmentofa compensatory ofcustomerpolicies,contracts, tari s,andconcessionsdesignedtomitigatetheharms producedbytheintroductionofprepayment.Withthestatus quodeemeduntenableandthetransitiontomainstreaming customerpaymentapparentlyinevitable,thearticleexamines howgeographyandraceoperateasorganisingprinciplesfor thelimitsofdi erenceamongcitizensunderlateliberal governmentinremoteAustralia. Bureaucracy;prepayment meters;energypoverty; remotecommunities;settler colonialism;policy Introduction Originallyscheduledfor1July2021,theintroductionofauserpayssystemforhousehold energyprovisionacrosstheAnanguPitjantjatjaraYankunytjatjara(APY)Landswas deferredbyoneyear.ThedelayacknowledgedthattheproposedreformswouldnegativelyimpactAnanguhouseholds energysecurity.Variouslyemployingeconomicand environmentalsustainabilityjusti cations,thereformsarenonethelessframedasnecessaryandinevitable,withthepreviousstatusquooffreeelectricityforremoteAboriginal householdersdeemednolongertenable.Congruentwithpolicye ortsacrossAustralia inrecentdecadesto normalise remoteIndigenouscommunities(Sullivan 2013 –securinglandtenure,clarifyinginfrastructuralownershipandleasing,instituting formaltenancyarrangements,andsoon – theapparentintentionisthatenergyservices inremoteAboriginalcommunitiesinSouthAustraliaaremadecommensuratewith kindredremotecontexts. CONTACT LiamGrealy liam.grealy@sydney.edu.au DepartmentofGenderandCulturalStudies,TheUniversityof Sydney,Camperdown,NSW,AustraliaMenziesSchoolofHealthResearch,Darwin,NT,Australia https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2022.2127144
Australia Multiple Aurthors, AHURi 2021 This chapter helped to re-think the potential of costing and sustainability for not only now but for the life of the building. Costs are to always to consider ongoing cost in maintenance or operation, as cheaper options initially often has higher ongoing costs, resulting in more expensive outcomes than what was previously considered. This report reveals how policy definitions sustainability consistently fail define the criteria which practices materials sustainable resilient To avoid the repetition an often-unstated assumption—that what practically sustainable governments and housing providers the under-supply substandard housing serviced inconsistent repairs and maintenance— sustainability claims should specify outcomes sought particular intervention and clarify the trade-offs which depends. These include trade-offs between upfront and ongoing costs, between profitability for developers, government subsidisation and tenant rent obligations, and between housing hardware that reduces tenant utility costs but requires ongoing maintenance housing providers. One way achieving this through the adoption life-cycle costing (LCC) frameworks. Considering housing terms sustainability requires thinking lifespan and benefits structure, within which savings might derived by strategic investments. regional remote Indigenous housing across the lifespan house. counters the tendency policy makers, builders property managers implement ‘quick approaches without attention being paid does continue suffer unpredictability service largesse parsimony within otherwise underfunded here has been modified through development Guidelines for Social Life-cycle Assessment (Dong and designs extend housing lifespans and improve housing resilience against impacts climate change. Recognising these cost arguments too, report recommends adoption life-cycle funding approach approach without detail might operate. chapter offers remedy absence, while recognising that more research policy analysis needed embed such approaches into existing funding appropriation 2. Life-cycle costing: a primer
Figure: Sustainable Indigenous Housing in Regional and Remote
PRECEDENCE STUDY
BUILD UPON CONNECTION
The community work and process of Kere Architecture has a strong connection to culture, people and place. Their projects are typically located in remote communities in Africa, experiencing poverty, government neglect and lack of support. Climatically, Africa is also experiencing extreme heat events that impact these communities, their schools, hospitals and their homes. Kere’s work is funded through their foundation and through the support of the local communities. Through this process the work builds a strong connection to place and reflects the design principle of Country-Led Those who occupy the buildings are employed to constructed them establishing a sense of ownership of the work. Materials are sourced locally and used ingenious ways connecting to Resourceful and Frugality . Throughout many projects bricks are made on site from the earth of the site, for thermal mass as well as structural load. As much as the architecture responds to the climate and environment is similar to that of Amunturrugu, the processes that supports these communities impacted by climate, and the work as a result of that is the precedent taken from this, it is as much of the methods than it is the architecture.
37 36
Benga Riverside Residential Community, Revúboé. Kere Architecture 2014
Gando Primary School, Gando, Burkina Faso. Kere Architecture 2001
HOUSE HOT HOUSE HOT
BUILD UPON REDUCTION
As part of a research and development project, Health Habitat produced design solutions with the aim to reduce the reliance on active cooling and heating throughout the year. This project outlined the problems cause by inhabitable houses due to heat, including data collect through surveying finding that on average, houses running active cooling are only 3°C cooler than outdoor temperatures. The solution consists of a cladding system at the base of the buildings where it would typically be subject to the most of direct sunlight during hot seasons. The system battens off a steel sheet vertically to allow air to flow between the steel and the masonry wall, cooling the steel and reducing the amount of heat the thermal mass in absorbing and emitting into the internal spaces. Robust steel awnings block direct sunlight onto the most vulnerable portion of the buildings, to which only 51% of the houses surveyed had any protection. A new shade structure provides shade to the entry and creates and outdoor spaces thats shaded to spill out to. The Passive nature of the solutions as well as their Frugal nature provides a precedent showing solutions that can achieve and effective outcome whilst working to strict availability of funds.
39 38
Trial Projects, Better Indoor Living Temperature Control New Pergola (hot/dry climate Installation).
Trial Projects, Better Indoor Living Temperature Control New shade wall and awning (hot/dry) climate.
BUILD UPON SOLUTION
Beginning as an experimental project of passive conditioning methods, the fly roof was a construction and design solution to mitigate the hot summers and cool winters of the Watagans National Park. The spanning roof stretches over an internal insulated roof and outdoor courtyards to buffer the intense direct sunlight. This method allows air to continue to flow around the sacrificial fly roof reducing any continuing radiation into any cavity. As a post occupancy evaluation process, internal and external temperatures were recorded to outline the success of the construction method. As a result, during the 12th of December 1996, on average the internal temperature was reduced by 8°C whilst during the 29th of June 1997 the internal temperature was up to 10°C warmer than outdoor temperatures. This method proven by data, aligning how Health Habitat operate, passively controls the internal climate of the building without and dependence of mechanical methods of heating or cooling. This is crucial to the outcome of the proposed kit-of-parts as energy insecurity is increasing in poor and remote communities.
41 40
Thermal performance of Living area during Summer, solid line is interior and dashed is external. Johnston, Lindsay, 2004.
External image of fly roof solution. Johnston, Lindsay, 2004.
THE PROPOSAL
THE PARTS
To align with Health Habitats’ survey-fix approach and the Housing for Health methodology, the Parts within the proposed Kit-of-Parts are seen as a series of phases with incremental modifications, forming a suite of design strategies.
These stages align to the survey process of health habitat and include a series of modifications consisting of MODIFICATION EXISTING , MODIFICATION BUILT , MODIFICATION + and MODIFICATION INITIATED .
The intention is that the phases are to be implemented one after the other or in any order after the MODIFICATION EXISTING phase has been implemented.
43 42
Housing for Health; The seven-stage methodology, Health Habitat, 2023
← Portion of rendered vignette, positioned inside the verandah looking out to the water tanks and mesh screen.
MODIFICATIONS TO THE EXISTING FABRIC, TO MEET CURRENT STANDARDS
BUILT MODIFICATIONS APPLIED TO STRICTLY MITIGATE HEALTHY LIVING PRACTICE 8
BUILT MODIFICATIONS RESPONDING TO HEALTHY LIVING PRACTICE 8 AND INCLUDE AN ADDITIONAL HLP
For the project to be successful, the modification needs to begin from a solid foundation. The current housing situation for remote communities unfortunately is not built to or does not meet any standards or requirements. Through the initial phase, this part would align to the consultation processes of Health Habitat, assessment of the current situation, on-site implementations, improvements and installation of data collection methods. This part also seeks to understand the way in which the remaining parts are to be arranged and applied to the existing house that is Systemised
This Part looks to use built methods to strictly mitigate and reduce the impact of heat on the occupants determined from the data collected in the previous part. Alongside design principles of Country-Led, Passive Robust and Systemised modifications aim to address both tangible and intangible effects of social, cultural, economical and environmental in relation to heat and health. Iterations of this part and every other should be Country-Led in design, connection and occupation and aim to continue a connection to Country.
MODIFICATION +
This Part aims to address the number of complex issues that Health Habitat have been engaged in, that heavily impact the people of these communities. Informed by the design principle Resourceful it takes advantage of the opportunity of the proposal by addressing at least one other Healthy Living Practice whilst responding to HLP 8. Controlling the Temperature of the Living Environment.
MODIFICATION INITIATED
BUILT MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE CAUSED AND INCORPORATE THE ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IMPOSED FROM THE INTERVENTION
This Part begins to incorporate and propose elements that use the existing and/or the proposed modifications. As addressing the design principle Resourceful it touches of the principle Frugality, as it attempts to capture and make most of the existing opportunities of the site, and those brought upon form the site and the modifications proposed. This is part is informed by the context and relationships of the location in which the site sits.
45 44 MODIFICATIONN BUILT MODIFICATION EXISTING 2 1
3
4
MODIFICATIONS RESPONDING TO HEALTHY LIVING PRACTICE 8 AND INCLUDE AN ADDITION HLP
This Part aims to address the number of complex issues that Health Habitat have been engaged in, that heavily impact the people of these communities. Informed by the design principle Resourceful it takes advantage of the opportunity of the proposal by addressing at least one other Healthy Living Practice whilst responding to HLP 8. Controlling the Temperature of the Living Environment.
Against the external wall, making use of the access to service, an existing modular kitchen system Health Habitat has implemented service the shaded yard space for sanitary needs when cooking and preparing meals outside occurs. The logistical nature of these interventions is that of an infill system. These solutions are designed to attach or apply themselves to the versatile proposed interventions once they’ve been installed.
61 60
3
MODIFICATION +
HOUSE HOT HOUSE HOT
MODIFICATION INITIATED incorporates the proposed roof structure as a structural element that supports or is supported by the modification. The addition of a larger catchment area creates an opportunity to capture chances where greater seasons of rainfall occur in an arid location. Concrete structural storm water pipes act as a structural support system whilst capturing and storing the water collected. First flush diverters would be installed to remove any debris collected on the roof to avoid collecting in the tanks. The spanning structure above supports a mesh screen fixed to the tanks and the existing structure, allowing climbing plants to grow and shade the end of the covered yard space. The existing building and the roof structure above provides support to apply an operable screen and wind block system to shade the sun in the warmer months and allow sun to enter the veranda space during the cooler months.
MODIFICATION INITIATED
BUILT MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE CAUSED AND INCORPORATE THE ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IMPOSED FROM THE INTERVENTION
This Part begins to incorporate and propose elements that use the existing and/or the proposed modifications. As addressing the design principle Resourceful it touches of the principle Frugality, as it attempts to capture and make most of the existing opportunities of the site, and those brought upon form the site and the modifications proposed. This is part is informed by the context and relationships of the location in which the site sits.
63 62
4
As extreme heat events become more often and more intense, collectively each design strategy and their Parts works to reduce and improve the impact of heat on housing and health, whilst looking to address a set of other complex issues in remote communities in Australia. The proposal aims to continue a connection to country though supporting cultural methods and traditions of inhabitation and practice. Built solutions and the incorporation of the yard aims to provide autonomy to communities to use their house in whichever way they wish regardless of condition and impact of heat. Amenity that serves duel or multi purposes aims to address issues of crowding and excessive impact on existing health hardware.
Passively, the proposal aims to reduce the reliance of mechanical methods of mitigating and maintaining internal temperatures through its construction methods and make more efficient of the mechanical methods when they are used. The lapping fly roof allows air to flow through the two roof elements to exhaust and cool the outer structure, as well as allowing smoke to work its way out allowing fires to used in enclosed spaces to cook further reducing the pressure of hardware. Water collection and storage becomes essential with the new opportunity of the catchment area, to water shading climbing plants reducing direct sun into the cover yard space.
These design strategies are essential to the kit of parts to reduce the impact of heat on health and housing for now and into the future.
65 64
67 66
← Isometric detail of components, Phase 3 Modification +.
69
THE PROPOSAL IN_TECTONICS
71 70 7 424 940 N 7 425 141 N Amundurrngu
23°15'59.7"S 131°16'17.6"E 1:1000 MODIFICATION ALLSITE
Mt Liebig
Galvanised steel roof bracket to be installed onto existing roof structure. Rubber boots to be installed and sealed.
This case study project completed by Health habitat became precedent that helped set a valuable precedent, emphasising the importance of establishing a solid foundation for any project. The minor changes implemented show though data collected the impact they have to improvements of the internal conditions of the house.
Window seals to be installed to existing windows and doors. Ensure gaps and cavities are sealed.
Rigid 125mm ducting to be installed and connected to relocated evaporative cooler. 150mm ceiling diffuser to be installed.
Existing bedrooms and living space to have specified 316 stainless steel ceiling fan installed.
R3.0 Ceiling insulationg to be installed to ceiling space.
Relocation of existing evaporative cooler. Ensure concrete drip slabs are constructed.
73 72 MODIFICATION EXISTING | IN_PLAN 1 1:100
HOUSE HOT
HOT D02 D03 D01
Figure: Temperature Control Inside the House –warm houses in cold climates, Health Habitat 2007
HOUSE
75 74
150mm Round ceiling diffuser to be installed to existing ceiling and connected to rigid ducting.
125mm Semi rigid ducting connected to relocated evaporative cooler.
1:10 MODIFICATION EXISTING | IN_DETAIL 1 D01 IN_DETAIL D01
R3.0 Bulk insulation to be installed to ceiling cavity space.
Galvanised steel plate fixed to existing roof structure, galvanised M16 bolts. Galvanised threaded rod welded to steel plate.
Data loggers in roof cavity and internal space for future data collection.
Galvanised steel tube with threaded base. Galvanised locking nut to galvanised threaded rod. Rubber weather and vermin boots to be installed.
77 76
1:10 MODIFICATION EXISTING | IN_DETAIL 1 D02 IN_DETAIL D02
Ensure pile weather strip seals are unstalled or are in working order to all sliding window portions.
Ensure gaps and openings where air can escape are well sealed with weather seals.
79 78
1:10 MODIFICATION EXISTING | IN_DETAIL 1 IN_DETAIL D03 D03
Comparing the data received from the modeling software to the existing data, is shows that including insulation to the roof spaces dramatically reduces the gains in cooling and losses in heating to the roof conduction. Beginning with this strategy will allow for further data collection that becomes more accurate tailored to each house.
Graph Results: Indicating Energy Impact from Modification to Case Study House 4, based on data collected from Alice Springs.
Data Source: Sefaira Data Source Plugin, Trimble.
81 80
1 MODIFICATION EXISTING | IN_DATA 1000 kWh\yr 2000 kWh\yr 3000 kWh\yr 2500 kWh\yr 1500 kWh\yr 500 kWh\yr 0 kWh\yr WALL CONDUCTION GAINS IN COOLING WALL CONDUCTION LOSSES IN COOLING WALL CONDUCTION GAINS ON HEATING WALL CONDUCTION LOSSES ON HEATING ROOF CONDUCTION LOSSES IN COOLING ROOF CONDUCTION GAINS IN HEATING ROOF CONDUCTION LOSSES IN HEATING ROOF CONDUCTION GAINS IN COOLING 90 kWh/m 2 /yr kWh/m 2 /yr 84
Supported by data recorded prior to and after construction, Autonomous House by Lindsay Johnston serves as a strong foundation for this project. The project not only embodies passive functionality but also showcases an elemental construction method that aligns with the projects design principles.
Inspired by its honesty, this project by Kere Architecture began to inform the structural complexities in the project. This project explored the possibility of achieving large spans, maximising shading, all while adhering to a resourceful approach.
83 82 MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_PLAN 2 1:100
Figure: Autonomus House by Lindsay Johnston, 2004
Figure: Gando Primary School, Gando, Burkina Faso. Kere Architecture 2001
700mm Reinforced concrete civil water pipe to be used as settling tank. Base pad to be sealed against pipe.
48mm Galvanised steel tube roof structure coupled to galvanised steel secondary structure.
100mm thick concrete pad to be installed, structural concrete tank to be sealed against pad.
D03 D01 D02
48mm Galvanised steel tube roof structure coupled to pre installed roof brackets.
85 84
48mm Galvanised steel tube roof structure coupled to pre installed roof brackets.
27mm Galvanised steel tube roof structure web.
1:10 MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_DETAIL 2
HOT
HOT D01 IN_DETAIL D01
ARAMAX 900 screw fixed to galvanised steel cleat, galvanised steel roofing screws.
HOUSE
HOUSE
Brass ball valve tap to inside quarter of tank, internal fitting to be sealed against concrete tank.
70mm Steel hollow tube connected and sealed against tanks to transfer settled water.
700mm Reinforced concrete civil water pipe to be used as settling tank. Base pad to be sealed against pipe.
87 86
1:10 MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_DETAIL 2 D02 IN_DETAIL D02
89 88
ARAMAX 900 profiled sheet screw fixed to underside of roof sheeting to form gutter. Roof sheeting to be punched out, gutter to be sealed against spout.
Steel swivel coupler with plate to be chemical set into concrete settling tanks.
1:10 MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_DETAIL 2 D03 IN_DETAIL D03
90mm polyvinyl spout to gutter, directed to concrete settling tank.
When introducing the modification built phase to the existing house, the modeling shows a dramatic reducing in the roof’s conduction of gains in cooling and losses in heating. Alongside this graphical data, the total kilowatts a square meter a year has reduced to just over half the existing model suggested. This indicates the importance of this phase and its impacts it will have on housing conditions as well as the demand and reliance on mechanical cooling, leading to further security in energy costs.
91 90
MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_DATA 2 1000 kWh\yr 2000 kWh\yr 3000 kWh\yr 2500 kWh\yr 1500 kWh\yr 500 kWh\yr 0 kWh\yr WALL CONDUCTION GAINS IN COOLING WALL CONDUCTION LOSSES IN COOLING WALL CONDUCTION GAINS ON HEATING WALL CONDUCTION LOSSES ON HEATING ROOF CONDUCTION LOSSES IN COOLING ROOF CONDUCTION GAINS IN HEATING ROOF CONDUCTION LOSSES IN HEATING ROOF CONDUCTION GAINS IN COOLING 90 kWh/m 2 /yr kWh/m 2 /yr 53 Graph Results: Indicating Energy Impact from Modification to Case Study House 4, based on data collected from Alice Springs. Data Source: Sefaira Data Source Plugin, Trimble.
This case study project completed by Health habitat evolved into a robust and straightforward solution that was used to build upon, lessons which have been adapted to the proposal of modification +.
Aluminium
Precedent was taken from the existing house of Case Study House 4. Already adopted, a steel mesh structure with a vine grows to provide a filtered shade. Being a cost effective and resourceful solution, ecouraging this method to be implemented as a design solution wihtin the kit of parts.
100x100x5mm Galvanised Steel mesh, fixed to TriTruss with galvanised steel straps.
Climbing Bush
Passionfruit (Passiflora Foetida) to be planted at base of steel mesh to form screen.
Galvanised steel tube frame suspended from galvanised steel hanging bracket screw fixed above to roof sheeting.
93 92 MODIFICATION + | IN_PLAN 3
Figure: Temperature Control Inside the House –cool houses in warm climates, Health Habitat 2007
Figure: Case Study House 4, Health Habitat 2022
hollow rectangular extrusion screw fixed to aluminium angle to form screen.
1:100 D03 D02 D01
Aluminium hollow rectangular extrusion screw fixed to aluminium angle. Aluminium angle to be screw fixed to steel tube frame. Hardwood F27 70x35 Timber batten screw fixed to existing patio structure. PATIO
Corrugated steel cladding screw fixed to F27 70x35 hardwood timber batterns.
95 94
1:10 MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_DETAIL 2 D01 IN_DETAIL D01
Aluminium hollow rectangular extrusion screw fixed to aluminium angle. Aluminium angle to be screw fixed to steel tube frame.
Bent steel bar catcher suspended from handing steel tube, screw fixed to roof sheeting.
Galvanised steel tube frame suspended from galvanised steel hanging bracket screw fixed above to roof sheeting.
97 96
1:10 MODIFICATION BUILT | IN_DETAIL 2
HOT
HOT D02 IN_DETAIL D02
HOUSE
HOUSE
