Urban Precinct Studio - Craigieburn West PSP

ABPL30060 Urban Precinct Studio Craigieburn West Precinct Structure Plan Heng Kin Chow (Harry) 837343

2

Acknowledgement

Subject Coordinator: Hyungmin Kim Tutor: Kiran Shinde Studio 04: Craigieburn West

Team members that contributed in Technical Assesment and Issues & Opportunities: Tiffany Copeland 833574 Mackenzie Taylor 836730 Lachlan Waddell 722161 Heng Kin Chow 837343

Traditional Land Owners: I would like to acknowledge the Wurundjeri Gunung-Willam-Balluk people are the traditional custodians of the land of which the City of Hume and surrounding municipalities are now located. I pay tribute to the existing family members of the Gunung-Willam-Balluk and to Elders past and present.

Principles Partners and Information Sources: The Craigieburn West Precinct Structure Planner has worked closely with the following agencies and bodies to collect data for site analysis. The precinct structure planner will continue the effort to collaborate with these organizations, in order to implement any forthcoming plans.

Team members that prepared the Vision and Objectives and the Master plan: Romanie Barca 833274 Erin Sartori 832874 Yingli Xiao 860002 Heng Kin Chow 837343

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Index Acknowledgement 3 Introduction 5 Purpose

Metropolitan context

Urban Analysis in Craigieburn context

Strategic context

Planning process undertaken Technical Assessments

6-27

Metropolitan Context 6

Precinct Structure Plan Area 7

AOI - Site 3 8 Land-use Zoning 9

Hume City vs Craigieburn catchments 10

Age-sex Pyramid 11

Community Profile - Craigieburn 12-13

Craigieburn History Timeline 14

Development History 2002 - 2018 15

Cultural Significance, Indigenous, Heritage 16

Cultural Heritage & Ancestry 17

Urban Elements 18

Proposed Mixed-use Development 19

Depth to Watertable 20

Strategic Biodiversity Level 21

Vegetation coverage (trees) 22

Public Facilities 23

Commute to CBD 24

Craigieburn Transportation 25

Travel time to Major Amenities 26

Government Proposed Activity Centres 27 Issues and Opportunities Summary 28-35

SWOT Analysis 28

Issues 29

Issues - Primary School 30

Schools Catchments 31

Proposed NAC 32

Opportunities 33 Vision and Objectives

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34-35

Urban Design Theories & Concepts

Child friendly City

Sustainable Urbanism

Lively, Safe, Sustainable and Healthy City

Dwelling Types

36-37 38 39 40

Benchmarks 41

Strategic Directions 42

Land-use development

Provision of Access and Movement

Establishing Public Space Preliminary Design For Evalutation of Scope and Efforts Involved

Master Plan

Craigieburn West PSP Land-use budget

PSP Employment + Site 3 Land-use budget and Employment

Site 3 - Land-use Plan

Housing Typology in Site 3

Road Hierachy

Site 3 - Road Networks Plan

Street Sections

Craigieburn West PSP - Bus Route Plan

Site 3 - Bus Route Plan

Craigieburn West PSP - Bike Path Plan

Site 3 - Bike Path Plan

Craigieburn West PSP - Open Space Plan

Site 3 - Open Space Plan

Public Space and Recreation

Conservation Area

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50-51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Implementation - Actions & Timeframe 60

Summary 61

Reference 62-63

Introduction Purpose

Metropolitan context (see page 4)

Strategic Context

Planning process undertaken

The purpose of this report is to understand and analyse the precinct site, identify key issues and opportunities for the precinct under investigation, formulate planning strategies and develop innovative, engaging and informative planning outcomes in development (land use plan), access & movement, and public spaces.

Craigieburn is a suburb within the City of Hume inside metropolitan Melbourne.

It is located just about 26 km north of Melbourne’s CBD and 10 km west of Melbourne Tullamarine Airport. With a population of 50,347, Craigieburn as a suburb has undergone significant and sustained development, especially over the past 15 to 20 years. It is now recognized as one of the fastest growing suburbs of Melbourne. Because of this increasing population, substantial development is expected for Craigieburn, especially to the west of the suburb, where greenfield sites locate just within the urban growth boundary.

According to Oxford Dictionaries Online (Oxford University Press, 2018), a ‘plan’ is defined as ‘a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something; an intention or decision about what one is going to do’.

‘Planning’ can then be defined simply as the action of creating a plan.

Strategic planning is defined as ‘the process which defines the long-term objectives of a company and the means by these objectives are to be achieved’ (West et al., 2010:51).

Urban Analysis in Craigieburn context The urban analysis consists of two perspectives, namely the suburb of Craigieburn which is located in the outer suburbs of Melbourne, and a sizeable greenfield site found west of Craigieburn, which has been identified as an area of interest by the Victoria Planning Association.

The Craigieburn West precinct’s location on the urban periphery is considered strategically important as it presents an ideal opportunity to accommodate Melbourne’s growing population and significantly reduce urban sprawl by introducing new cohesive and sustainable communities in this undeveloped area.

According to Oxford Dictionaries Online (Oxford University Press, 2018), ‘strategy’ is defined as a ‘plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim’.

According to Mintzberg (1987), organizations need strategies so as to set direction, enable collective action, provide consistency, to reduce uncertainty and promote efficiency.

The Craigieburn West precinct’s location on the urban periphery is considered strategically important as it presents an ideal opportunity to accommodate Melbourne’s growing population and significantly reduce urban sprawl by introducing new cohesive and sustainable communities in this undeveloped area.

Planning strategies formulated in this study will thus be used to guide the development and implementation of sustainable communities in the Craigieburn West precinct.

In the context of this study of the development of Craigieburn West precinct, four basic questions need to be addressed in the planning process, namely, where are we now? — to understand the environment in which the planning organization, i.e. VPA, runs its planning work based on urban analysis of Metropolitan Context, statistical data collection, technical assessment, SWOT analysis etc.

Where do we want to be? — to define the organization’s objectives (based on SWOT analysis), and goals (based on industry benchmarks, academic reports on land use plan, access & movement and public spaces); How can we get there? — to develop rational plans to implement the goals including formulating strategic directions, actions, time line and schedule of implementation; and Did we get there? — to evaluate performance and take control measures, i.e. regular review on progress of implementation.

Introduction by H.K.Chow (2018) Source: H.Mintzberg. (1987). D.West (2010).

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Technical Assessments

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Legend:

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Freeway Railway line Encumbered Open Space 500 1000 2000m Significant Regional Open Space Water course Waterbody Airport 8000m CBD0 2000 4000 Craigieburn West Precinct

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Metropolitan Context Base map by H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Freeway Arterial Roads Residential Connectors Streets Railway line Encumbered Open Space Passive Open Space Active Open Space Native Vegetation Protection Area Water course Waterbody Education Facilities Town Centre Neighbourhood Activity Centre Major Employment Area Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3 Site 3

The assigned site for this study, site 3, is positioned in the middle of the Craigieburn West PSP, involving an area of roughly 118 hectares and adjoining two main roads, i.e. Craigieburn Road and Mickleham Road.

This undeveloped greenfield area is 4 km from the centre of the suburb of Craigieburn.

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Precinct Structure Plan Area Base map by H.K.Chow (2018)

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Technical Assessments

Legend: Arterial Roads Cadastral Building footprint Water course Waterbody Craigieburn West PSP - Site 3

AITKEN CREEK

Site 3

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AOI - Site 3 Base map by H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Arterial Roads Cadastral Building footprint Water course Waterbody Contours Green Wedge Zone Farming Zone General Residential Zone

This data has been extracted from the Victorian State Government Planning Schemes online website.

The planning schemes comprise of both maps and ordinance.

As shown by the contour lines on this map, the AOI is reasonably flat and there are only moderate changes in its topography. This makes the site suitable for development as it is a relatively level base upon which to build a new city.

As the map is broken up into zones and overlays, it shows which specific planning policies and written clauses apply to each area. As you can see, the AOI is a Farming Zone which is surrounded to the left by a Green Wedge Zone and to the right by a General Residential Zone. When developing the AOI, it is necessary to abide by the guidelines and requirements of the Farming Zone as stated in the Hume Planning Scheme. If there is a need to take any actions which may be affected by a planning scheme requirement, it is necessary to consult either a council planner or planning professional.

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Land-use Zoning Map by T.Copeland (2018). Modifed by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: State Government of Victoria (2018)

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Technical Assessments

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Freeway Railway line Encumbered Open Space 500 1000 2000m Significant Regional Open Space Water course Waterbody Airport 8000m CBD0 2000 4000 Craigieburn West Precinct Craigieburn Catchment Hume City Catchment

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Hume City vs Craigieburn catchments Plan by T.Copeland & H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Age-sex pyramid Hume City

Craigieburn

Male

Female

Male

85+

Female

80 - 84 75 - 79 70 - 75 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5-9 0-4 6%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%

% of persons

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

6%

Age Group

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

% of persons

This shows the age-sex pyramid of Craigieburn and Hume City Council. The data from Hume City Council is used for comparison to check if the ages and sexes of people living in the surrounding suburbs of Craigieburn are similar or different to those of Craigieburn. It also displays what percentage Craigieburn has of these male and female populations.

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1%

The shape of the pyramids suggests that Hume City has a more even distribution of population ages as its pyramid slowly progresses to the top vertex. Whereas Craigieburn’s 0-4 and 30-34 year-old ages brackets were significantly higher percentages which suggests there are a large number of young families with kids living in Craigieburn.

Age-sex Pyramid by T.Copland (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Data from Hume City Coucil (2016)

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Technical Assessments

Community Profile - Craigieburn Demographics

Ancestry

Religion

Top responses

Top responses

Dwelling Types

56613

4092

Total Population 14.3% Indian

50.2%

11.1% Australian

28.4% Catholic

10.5% English

6.0% Turkish

4.6% Italian

Language Top responses

3

7.8%

Average people per household

Punjabi

Birthplace Top responses

30

Median Age

$1504

Median Weekly Household income

0.3%

Indigenous Population

12

Total Dwellings

15.5% No Religion

49.8% Gender

11.9% Islamic

10.5% Australia

6.0% India

4.6% Iraq

4.6% Turkish

4.6% Arabic

3.4% Sinhalese

3.3% Hindi

Household Compositions

85.5% Family 10.5% Sri Lanka

6.0% New Zealand

4.6% Turkey

12.5% Single 2% Shared

85.5% Seperate dwellings

12.5% Semi-detached

2% Flat or apartment

Based on collected data, information about demographics, size, lifestyle, ethnical and religious backgrounds of the population in Craigieburn is shown. The information is relative as it shows the types of people who will most likely be living in a certain type of dwelling in the AOI once it is developed.

Language spoken / use is also useful as it indicates the necessity to consider creating things such as signage in languages other than English within our precinct.

Similarly, the data for this study reminds that a large proportion of Craigieburn residents are Indian or of an Indian descent, and that the second largest religious faith is Islamic, which means that it may be necessary to consider in our future plans certain cultural and religious elements in developing the AOI.

Content & Theme by T.Copland (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Data from Hume City Coucil (2016)

Technical Assessments

Community Profile - Craigieburn Education

Employment

Transport

Forecast

Car Ownership

59.6%

6.4%

Work Full Time

Pre-school

21.7%

6.1%

4.1%

PrimaryGovernment

PrimaryCatholic

PrimaryOther Non Government

3.0% None

18.4%

Top 3 Trades

16.6% 14.1%

3.7%

3.2%

SecondaryGovernment

SecondaryCatholic

SecondaryOther Non Government

34.7% One motor vehicle

Professionals

13.4% Three or more motor vehicles

46.1% Two motor vehicles

Housing Tenure For this study, the most popular method of transport is cars in the suburb of Craigieburn. Accessibility by car including road design will be looked at in greater detail in this report.

14.0% ClericalAdministrative Workers

12.3%

6.3%

14.0%

University or other Tertiary Education

Techinical or further Education Institution

Technicians & Trade Workers

14.6% Fully Owned

54.9% Mortgage Top 2 Methods of Travel to Work

27.4% Rented

Disabilities

18.4%

% of people with Bachelor Degree Level and Above

65.5%

Car, as driver

6.8% Train

Population increase expected for 2018-2041

2333

People need help in their daily life due to disabilities

According to statistics, there is a large number of people in Craigieburn with a disability, thus signifying a need to incorporate accessibility design in places like parking, passenger loading zones, travel path, ramps, entrances, elevating devices and washrooms as well as signage and wayfinding (Victorian Infrastructure Plan, City of Ottawa Accessibility Design Standards).

As the forecast suggests the population of Craigieburn will grow by 19.07% by 2041, the accessibility design for the AOI should be forwardthinking and be able to meet future demand growth.

Content & Theme by T.Copland (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Data from Hume City Coucil (2016)

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Technical Assessments

Craigieburn Historical Timeline

In dig e 2- 4.5 million years ago Basalt plans created by lava flows

40,000 years ago Evidence of Aboriginies in Victoria

100,000 years ago Rivers cut through Hume creating valleys such as the Jackson and Deep Creek valleys

Merri Creek over thousands of years is honoured as a sacred landform forms a part of creation stories for Wurrundjerri or Wioworung tribes Inhabitants of the Wurundjerri or Woiworung tribe and more specifically the Gunung-Willam-Balluk people use the area for its natural resources especially along Merri Creek tributaries such as Aitkens Creek

1835 Melbourne region is settled by John Batman who explores Sunbury John Fawkner follows and establishes farming industry within the area 1846 ‘The Craigie Burns Hotel’ open 1851 Gold Rush- sees ‘New Sydney Road’ east of current day Mickleham road 1866 Craigieburn post-office opens 1874 North East Railway line extends through Craigieburn to Woodonga

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Pos t-

R e c e n t Hist

Er F e d e r a ti o n 1824-1825 Hamilton Hume (which the City of Hume is named after) and William Hovell explore the area and report on its viability as a settlment area.

1901 Craigieburn West is used as an agricultural area 1905 Greenvale Sanatorium established 1911 Craigieburn town hall erected and used as a public meeting venue 1920 Craigieburn platform and timber station buildingerected

or

y

E

a

s nou

odern Er /M a ar w

ial Era on l o

ra

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Historic er P

1950 Craigieburn township takes shape around a Craigieburn Railway station- includes town hall erection, general store and Catholic church (Our Lady’s Parish) 1956 Broadmeadows declared a City by the Governor 1970 Melbourne Airport opened 1970 Housing developments change landscape dramatically and cause influx of young families of predominately European decent 1994 Hume City established with amalgamations of areas from Shire of Bulla, Keilor and Whittlesea

1999 Aitken College opened 2007 Craigieburn Station rebuilt 2009 Mt Ridley College opened 2012 Craigieburn Library opened 2013 Craigieburn Central completed 2013 St.Thomas Jacobite Orthodox Church opened 2017 Splash Aqua Park opened 2017 Newbury Primary School opened

Timeline by L.Waddell (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Craigieburn Historical Interest Group (2009), Hume City Council (n.d), Hume City Council (2011), Hume Libraries (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Development 2002-2007 Development 2007-2012 Development 2012-2018 Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

This map shows the development in mainly Craigieburn and part of the neighbouring areas from the beginning of 2002 to 2018. History of evolution is charted in three different stages, i.e. 2002-2007, 2007-2012 and 2012- 2018. Throughout these periods, there has been a time of rapid development with Craigieburn growing by over 35,000 residents from 2001 to 2016. In order to serve the needs of local inhabitants, several key developments have taken place, including the forming of a town centre around Craigieburn Central which was completed in 2013 and adjoins the Splash Aqua Park (2017) and Craigieburn Library (2012).

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Development History 2002 - 2018 Plan by L.Waddell (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Google Earth (2018)

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Technical Assessments

Legend: Heritage Site Aboriginal Site Church Temple Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

The traditional custodians of the precinct area were the Gunung-Willam-Bulluk people of the Wurundjeri.

The Wurundjeri community was the original occupants with camping sites across the Hume area for around 40,000 years. Wurundjeri people have an exceptional interest in conserving not just their cultural objects, but the natural landscapes of cultural importance, which cover, among other things, a variety of landforms, ecological niches and habitats as well as cultural practices. Crucial to the distinctiveness and wellbeing of the Wurundjeri people is everyone’s acknowledgement of the need to protect their indigenous culture and values, i.e avoidance of harm to cultural heritage, and should it be inevitable, then the disruption of those values should be properly managed. (Wurundjeri Tribe Council, n.d.)

There are a number of Aboriginal Sites throughout the area which are listed on the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register. These sites fall under the Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council as the registered party in charge of the area (Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register, 2018).

According to Victorian legislation regulations, land within 50 metres of a registered cultural heritage site is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity (Chief Parliamentary Council, 2018). In addition, waterways, prior waterways and land within 200 metres of waterways and prior waterways are also areas of cultural heritage sensitivity. For development involving areas of cultural heritage sensitivity, a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) will need to be prepared by a heritage advisor to highlight significant sites and potential impacts of developing the site area (State Government of Victoria, 2017).

These regulations and sites will need to be carefully managed in any proposals for the site area (Chief Parliamentary Council, 2018).

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Cultural Significance, Indigenous, Heritage Plan by L.Waddell (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Heritage Council of Victoria (2004) (2005), State Government of Victoria (2002), Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (2018)

Technical Assessments

Cultural Heritage & Ancestry 35

Cultural Site The Saint Thomas Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church and the Daham Niketanaya Buddhist Temple are the two important cultural sites that can be found within the precinct area.

The Church was built at the end of Whites Lane in 2013 and is within Site 3 Area. A large group of people with mainly Indian and Middle Eastern cultural heritage assemble regularly at the church. The presence of religious buildings signifies demographic trends within the area.

The period between 2001 and 2016 represented large population growth within Craigieburn of over 35,000 people and significant development growth throughout the area as displayed by the development map. As shown on the Ancestry Graph during this period, the percentage of people with Australian ancestry has decreased from 34.7% in 2001 to 18.3% in 2016 in Craigieburn whilst the proportion of people from other ethnic groups has increased, e.g. people of Indian origin has risen in the same period by 11.8%, Assyrian and Chaldean have risen by 4.5% and Turkish has risen by 3.5%. As such any proposal for the site will need to serve this increasingly diverse community (Hume City Council, 2016).

Percentage of Population

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001 Australian

2011

2006

Indian

Assyrian

2016

Turkish

European Heritage Subject to heritage overlay and listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, there are three heritage sites that locate within the precinct boundary. They are the Dunhelen homestead and barn, the Mickleham primary school building classified as State school 1051 and a plaque outside of Mickleham primary school which commemorates the beginning of the Mickleham Avenue of Honour. Each of these sites imparts to the character of the precinct and references the area’s cultural past.

Contributing to the historical landscape of the area for early European settlement, the Dunhelen homestead and barn were erected around 1860. The barn is of particularly historical significance as an unusual vernacular farming structure with most

distinctive architectural design e.g. walls in random coursed bluestone, roof cladded in corrugated iron.

When the school burnt down in 1973, it was rebuilt in its exact form but with steel framing rather than timber (Heritage Council of Victoria, 2005).

Constructed mainly of bluestone, State school 1051 is a classical revival design. It was built in 1871 as a school building and continues to serve that function within Mickleham primary school even now (Heritage Council of Victoria, 2004).

The Mickleham Avenue of Honour begins at Mickleham primary school, within the precinct boundary, and stretches 2.6 kilometres in

to Mickleham. In the early 1900s the school children of Mickleham planted eucalyptus trees along the avenue which deteriorated over time but were replanted in 2002 by Mickleham primary school to commemorate the district’s contribution to World War Two. River Red Gums and Sugar Gums may be seen along the avenue with name plates at the base of each tree paying tribute to individuals from the local area who died during the war. The commemorative plaque notes that the planting of the trees signified the ‘early township’s civic pride and appreciation of Australian flora.’ It is the longest avenue of mature Eucalyptus within Hume council (State Government of Victoria, 2002).

Graph & Content by L.Waddell (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

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Technical Assessments

Legend: Path Node Edge District Landmark Building footprint

1. Path - All roads within the site has no concrete reinforcements 2. Node - The busy Intersection of Mickleham Rd and Craigieburn Rd 3. Edge - Fences indicate the boundary of the subdivisions 4. District - Seperating Dwellings is the only type of dwelling in dwelling in residential area 5. Landmark - Syrian Orthodox Church

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Urban Elements Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Arterial Roads Cadastral Building footprint Water course Waterbody Proposed Mixed-use developement

The land use of the highlighted “premium corner� of Micklemham Road and Craigieburn Road on the map will be developed for mixed-use purposes.

This is proposed by Core Projects (2018).

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Proposed Mixed-use Development Plan by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Core Projects (2018)

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Technical Assessments

Legend: Less than 5 metres 5 - 10 metres 10 - 20 metres 20 - 50 metres Greater than 50 metres Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

From this map of Craigieburn, majority of the area of the site are coloured in orange and red, that means the depth to water table being less than 10 meters, is on the low side. Based on site observation, most of the site area is covered by thick grass and few areas with tall trees, which needs a good supply of water to survive.

Also, there are many ponds in the AOI, hence it can be inferred that there is a much lesser depth to groundwater in the nearby areas. As such, the implication is that soil pollution can easily reach and contaminate groundwater in these areas, in particular for places with less than 5-meter depth.

Precautionary measures should therefore be taken to prevent soil pollution and groundwater contamination.

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Depth to Watertable Plan by H.K.Chow (2018) Source: DELWP (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend:

(Score)

> 90 -100 (>0.81 - 1.00) > 80 - 90 (>0.64 - 0.81) > 65 - 80 (>0.42 - 0.64) > 50 - 65 (>0.25 - 0.42) > 40 - 50 (>0.16 - 0.25) > 25 - 40 (>0.06 - 0.16) > 15 - 25 (>0.02 - 0.06) 1 - 15 (0.00 - 0.02) Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

For analysis, the “0 to 100 ranking of each location is squared and then converted to a score between 0 and 1. The result of this calculation is the strategic biodiversity score.� (DELWP, 2018) The strategic biodiversity score is from low to medium (i.e. light green: from 0.25 to 0.42 on a scale of 0 to 1) for areas shown with native vegetation, and very low to low (i.e. yellowish green: from 0.06 to 0.16) for areas containing no native vegetation / covered by grass in this site.

It can thus be inferred that the native vegetation in the site could be strategically important as the best habitat for certain threatened species. Therefore, plan should be devised to conserve the native vegetation in the development of the site.

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Strategic Biodiversity Level Plan by H.K.Chow (2018) Source: DELWP (2018)

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Technical Assessments

Legend: Arterial Roads Cadastral Building footprint Water course Waterbody Evergreen River Red Gum

During the observation, the two main vegetations are identified as Evergreen and River Red Gums.

For this plan of Site 3, tree coverage accounts for only 7%(10ha) of the site (150 ha) that means it is scarcely distributed.

According to the urban forest strategy (City of Melbourne, 2011), the tree coverage in 2011 was 22% and this should be increased to 40% by 2040.

7% of tree coverage in our case is far below the standard.

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Vegetation Coverage (trees) Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Commerce Transport Community (welfare, wellbeing & safety) Sports & Recreation Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

According to Victoria State Government (2016), “In a 20-minute neighbourhood people have the choice to live locally, with the ability to meet most of their everyday needs including access to shops, childcare and schools, parks, doctors and public transport, within a 20-minute walk, or alternatively cycle or local public transport trip from their homes.

There are public facilities available in the neighbourhood, including commerce and government provided facilities such as transport, community centre, sports & recreation centres, and police and fire station. However, when equating a 20-minute walk with a distance of 800 metres, they are not within walking distance to the site as shown in the map. Hence, to achieve the goal for 20-minute neighbourhoods, well-conceived urban planning for Craigieburn West is required.

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Public facilities Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

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Most direct route Technical Assessments

Legend:

Access to Site from Melbourne CBD: Flinder St Station (Most Direct route)

Freeway Craigieburn Line Train station Craigieburn Train station CBD Craigieburn West Precinct

43min

1h 38 min

via Pascoe Vale Rd/ State Route 35 Includes tolls

Flinder St Station to Craigieburn Station Bus Route 533 650m walk

Access Accessto toSite Sitefrom fromMelbourne MelbourneCBD: CBD:Flinder FlinderSt StStation Station Most Mostdirect directroute route Travelling by car is the quickest and most convenient way for travelling from Craigieburn to other places in Victoria, this justifies the high ownership of car in statistics recorded.

As Craigieburn Train Station is a principle transport hub for the suburb and the only train station located in Craigieburn, train is the most popular form of public transport commuting from Craigieburn to the Central Business District of Melbourne, with over 3,000 recorded boardings a day.

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1h 1h38 38min min

via via Pascoe Pascoe Vale Vale Rd/ Rd/ State State Route Route 3535 Includes Includes tolls tolls

Flinder Flinder StSt Station Station toto Craigieburn Craigieburn Station Station Bus Bus Route Route 533 533 650m 650m walk walk

Flinders St Station

2h 2h17 17min min via via Moonee Moonee Ponds Ponds Creek Creek Trail Trail

While Craigieburn continues to develop and its residential populations keep growing, boarding numbers at the station are anticipated to more than double by 2021 to over 8,000 boardings a day and continuing to increase further to over 14,000 daily passengers by 2031.

400m 200 100 In order to accommodate this projected increase in the use of the Station, significant improvements will be needed to enhance bus services feeding the station from the Craigieburn as well as Mickleham and Lockerbie areas.

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Flinders Flinders StSt Station Station

Commute to CBD Plan & Graphics by M.Taylor (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Bike path Bus Route Railway line Main Bus Interchange Closest bus stop to precinct (900m) Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

There are currently six different bus routes of service to Craigieburn, most of which circulating the suburban streets, with only two routes reaching out into surrounding suburbs. These existing routes make people moving around the suburb easy, enabling residents’ quick access to main public amenities such as Craigieburn central shopping centre and Craigieburn train line, both of which are supported by bus interchanges. However, travelling elsewhere besides Craigieburn via bus routes is restricted. Moreover, there is no direct bus route to the CBD. While cycle lanes are present, they are disconnected and intercepted by driveways, therefore making them unsafe. Bike paths have also been established throughout the suburb, however these are mostly trails along park areas and water bodies that run throughout the suburb. These trails are typically a scenic cycling route rather than an efficient mode of transport to help residents easily reach destinations in the suburb.

Finally, it should be noted that the Craigieburn West PSP is not served by these bus and cycle routes. The closest bus stop to the overall PSP is 900m from the 400m 200 100 0 specified site.

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Craigieburn Transportation Plan by M.Taylor (2018). Modifed by H.K.Chow (2018)

25

Technical Assessments

Legend: Route to Craigieburn Central/Bus Interchange Route to Craigieburn Train Station Craigieburn Central Craigieburn Central Bus Interchange Craigieburn Train Station Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

Craigieburn’s car dependency can be ascribed to centralization of public amenities. In relation to the AOI, the Craigieburn train station is on the other side of the suburb. While it is over an hour walk to reach the station from the AOI, it is only a 14-minute drive. Likewise, Craigieburn Central, the principle shopping complex which was intentionally designed to be easily accessible to all residents, is a 45-minute walk from the PSP, however it is only a 12-minute drive. While access to both amenities is facilitated by some bus and cycle routes, these routes do not serve the Craigieburn West PSP. There were investments in the public realm of the centre and the amenity of Craigieburn Road, together with construction of walking and cycling connections along Craigieburn Road and from the train station. They were established during the construction of the complex to promote greater local access and frequent use of the centre. However, as Craigieburn continues to sprawl and grow, especially in the Western vicinity of the suburb, it is necessary that this high-quality public realm and efficient pedestrian movement is sustained.

Craigieburn Central was planned in order to accommodate the local and higher order shopping and leisure needs of residents in the Craigieburn, Greenvale and Roxburgh Park area now, and for the growing population in the foreseeable future.

44 mins 12 mins

1h 18 mins 14 mins

Therefore, in order to maintain the vitality and popularity of Craigieburn Central among the proposed residential area of the Craigieburn West PSP, it is a justified investment to build new bus and cycling routes from the west to the shopping complex. 0 400m 200 100

0

26

500

1000

2000m

Travel time to Major Amenities Plan by M.Taylor (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Technical Assessments

Legend: Existing Town Centre Existing Neighbourhood Activity Centre Proposed Neighbourhood Activity Centre Catchment for proposed NAC Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

While it is pivotal that growth in Craigieburn should leverage the already existing infrastructure of Craigieburn Central, the City of Hume has also admitted in their spatial strategy plan released in 2015 that in order to have a livable, walkable suburb it is inefficient to only have one main centre for all retail and entertainment purposes. In this spatial strategy plan the City of Hume discussed the importance of NAC’s - neighbourhood activity centres. These centres are not large-scale shopping complexes but characterized as a local shopping strip easily accessed by those living in the immediate vicinity.

There is currently only one NAC is Craigieburn, however the council has plans to make these more of a point of interest throughout Craigieburn.

The data displayed on the map was taken from the information presented by the council regarding their plans to implement more local shops with the intention of decreasing the community’s high car dependency. One of the proposed NAC’s falls within the AOI, with a second NAC to the east, whose estimated catchment also falls within the precinct.

It is interesting to see that the council has already considered this specific site as a focal point for small scale commercial activity to increase the livability of 400m 200 100 area.

0 residential the projected

0

500

1000

2000m

Government Proposed Activity Centres Plan by M.Taylor (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

27

Issues and Opportunities Summary

SWOT Analysis

Strength

1. Flat land topography

Weakness

Opportunities

2. Low flood rate

1. No transport links to the rest of the suburb including train line and shopping centres

3. Surrounded by primary schools

2. Far from Melbourne CBD

2. Build new residential developments

4. Close to Craigieburn train station

3. Far from facilities

3. Create employment opportunities

5. Culturally diverse

4. High car dependency

4. Possibility for green space

6. Greenfield site

5. Lack of infrastructure

7. Young population

6. Surrounded by busy roads

5. New parks and playgrounds for young families

8. Large number of families

7. Lack of local employment opportunities

9. Rich heritage sites

8. Distance from education facilities

Threats

1. Fast development in surrounding areas

1. Losing native vegetation and biodiversity with development 2. High unemployment

6. Water sensitive urban design 7. Incorporate indigenous heritage sites and areas of cultural significance

3. Not using active transportation 4. Bushfires 5. Cultural isolation 6. Pollution 7. Loss of indigenous and other heritage sites 8. High speed roads

8. Dedicated bicycle lanes, paths and infrastructure 9. Reduce car dependency 10. Location of amenities and facilities within 20 minutes walking distance

28

SWOT Analysis by T.Copland, M.Taylor, L.Waddell & H.K.Chow (2018). Data from Hume City Coucil (2016)

Issues and Opportunities Summary

Legend: Congested Road Bus Route Bus stop Closest bus stop to precinct (900m) Aboriginal Heritage Area Conservation Area Future Employment Area Employment Area Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

Conservation Area Contrary to both the density goal of the precinct (20 dwellings per hectare) and proposed mixeduse of the site, DEWLP considers this area is a place with high strategic biodiversity values. To avoid repercussions and to minimize environmental impact, the area will need to be ecologically designed and balanced.

One of the key issues for the precinct is connectivity with activity centres and employment centres. There is a need to reduce car dependency as much as possible and facilitate easy access to local activities and employment. The E2 and E3 precinct structure plans are currently being worked on by the VPA to create employment hubs to the East and North East of the site.

Another key issue related to transport is the high car dependency in Craigieburn as seen in the site analysis where 65.5% of the Craigieburn population are currently using a car to get to work.

According to The Hume Corridor Integrated Growth Strategy, Mickleham Road is anticipated to see traffic volumes in this precinct exceeding 22,000 vehicles per day by 2021 and 25,000 vehicles per day by 2026.

Aggravating the problem of car dependency, bus connectivity is limited from the AOI to activity centres and future employment hubs. Being a more sustainable option and the best alternative to car travel in the area, bus lines must be extended to connect future residents in the AOI to 400m 200 the eastern0 sites. 100

0

500

1000

2000m

Transport As the main artery through the suburbs, major activity centres, and employment centres to the east (along the Hume Highway), Craigieburn Road will suffer increased traffic demands in the future, which are further worsen due to the high car dependency locally. In the precinct, traffic volumes are anticipated to exceed 22,000 vehicles per day by 2021, and 25,000 vehicles per day by 2026. Plans are being conceived for three and six lanes roads in Craigieburn to ease traffic demands on arterial routes, however this is an issue regarding sustainable transport options.

Issues Plan by L.Waddell (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

29

Issues and Opportunities Summary

Legend: Mickleham Primary School Aitken Creek Primary School Aitken Hill Primary School Mickleham Primary School Enrolment Zone Aitken Creek Primary School Enrolment Zone Aitken Hill Primary School Enrolment Zone Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

Both Mickelham Primary School and Aitken Creek Primary cover the catchment area of the precinct.

Mickleham Primary School covers the majority of it, but its capacity is small with 126 students currently enrolled and only 5 full time teachers. This means that the school will need to be expanded to meet demands of expected population growth generated by the Craigieburn West Precinct. As an alternative, the Aitken Creek Primary School has a ceiling of 1100 students with 970 current enrolments.

For reference, the Hume area has a younger population than the Metropolitan average with a higher proportion (29%) of residents aged 15 years or younger. (Victorian State Government, 1987; 2016).

0

0

30

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

Issues - Primary School Plan by L.Waddell (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Australian Public Schools (2018)

Issues and Opportunities Summary

Legend: Secondary School Primary School Primary School in construction 1000m catchment 700m catchment 600m catchment Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

The Plan shows the secondary schools and primary school which are either existing or currently under construction. According to the book “Shaping Neighbourhoods: A Guide for Health, Sustainability and Vitality�, the dashed circles represent the relevant accessibility standards for each school based on a gross density of 80 persons per hectare.

As it can be shown, there is opportunity for new schools to be set up in the precinct.

0

0

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

School Catchments Plan by T.Copeland (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Australian Public Schools (2018), B uise (2004), Google (2018)

31

Issues and Opportunities Summary

Legend: Proposed NAC in Craigieburn West PSP Area Town Centre Neighbourhood Activity Centre Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

It is pivotal that growth in Craigieburn should leverage the already existing infrastructure of Craigieburn Central. Roads, cycles and bus routes have already been built in support of this sustained growth of Craigieburn.

As more people living in different parts of Craigieburn, and in order to fulfil our vision of having livable, self-sustaining neighbourhoods, it becomes inefficient and uneconomical for everyone in Craigieburn to travel to one main centre for all retail and entertainment activities. This is why it is justified to have another smaller activity centre.

This centre is not a large-scale shopping complex, but characterized as a local shopping strip easily accessed by those living in the immediate vicinity.

0

0

32

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

Proposed NAC Context & Plan by M.Taylor, Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Issues and Opportunities Summary

Legend: Potential Main Street Potential Local Facilities and Amenities Area Potential Conservation Area Potential Residential Development Heritage Site Aboriginal Site Church Temple Craigieburn West PSP Area Area of Interest - Site 3

Opportunities

1. Fast development in surrounding areas 2. Build new residential developments 3. Create employment opportunities

Opportunity exists for residential development in the AOI as the Craigieburn R2 Precinct Structure Plan has a goal to achieve an average of at least 15 dwellings per Net Developable Hectare throughout the Precinct Structure Plan area.

These new residential areas will be supported by a possible new main street with local facilities and amenities such as a supermarket, post office, news agency, and bakery. Not only would such possibility provide local facilities and amenities to meet daily needs, but also create local job opportunities.

A more central location of the main street will enhance accessibility by no more than a 20-minute walk for the majority of the local residents, hence reducing car dependency in Craigieburn West.

Moreover, the opportunity to expand current arterial roads and incorporate a bike lane would help minimize car dependency. There is also the opportunity for green space in the north and south of the precinct as there is a large amount of native vegetation there that could be integrated into a green space. This green space could also be transformed into new parks and playgrounds which are essential as the local community profile illustrates that 85.5% of household compositions are families0 in Craigieburn.

400m 200 100

0

500

1000

2000m

4. New facilities i.e. bakery, cafe, supermarket 5. Possibility for green space 6. New parks and playgrounds for young families 7. Water sensitive urban design 8. Incorporate indigenous heritage sites and areas of cultural significance 9. Dedicated bicycle lanes, paths and infrastructure 10. Reduce car dependency 11. Location of amenities and facilities within 20 minutes walking distance

Opportunities Context & Plan by T.Copeland (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

33

Vision and Objectives

Vision

Craigieburn West will be a liveable and child friendly community, which also ensures ecosystem sustainability and comprises of efficient accessibility and mixed-use development.

34

Vision by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Vision and Objectives

Objectives

Ecosystem Sustainability

1. Preserving the native vegetation

Liveability

2. Considering integrated water management provision

1. Quality of life-developing different type housing for a range of different people to cater population growth and potential demographics

3. Allowing vegetation and wetlands to co-exist with infrastructure on site

2. Safety-designing street to ensure the safety of pedestrians and cyclists

Community Growth

1. Establishing recreational facilities for the community 2. Providing facilities for different levels of education

Social & Economic Activity

Accessibility

1. Well integrated public transport network to encourage usage of public transport 2. Creating a walkable and cycle-able precinct to encourage active transport 3. Developing permeable and connect street, which ensure the connectivity between housing and facilities

1. Providing mixed-use development which merges residences with commercial or retail spaces 2. Establishing an activity centre and generate sufficient local working opportunities 3. Providing places that facilitate local employment

Objectives by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018)

35

Urban Design Theories & Concepts

Child Friendly City In order to document design criteria with regards to urban planning, a desktop review was conducted on urban design reference documents that inform design criteria for sustainable development.

Child icon

Indicator

Goal for AOI

A place supporting play and has playgrounds A place that keeps and protects nature A place where we create communities

Icons and meaning of indicators are based on Table 1.1 in p. 18 of “Designing Cities with Children and Young People – Beyond Playgrounds and Skate Parks” (Kate Bishop & Linda Corkery ,2017)

A place that allows you to be active

A place that promotes learning

A place that is safe and clean

A place that values children

A place that has pathways

36

Child Friendly City by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: K.Bishop (2017)

Urban Design Theories & Concepts

Child Friendly City Child Friendly Cities – A model of planning for sustainable development (Malone, 2017) “The principles of sustainable development clearly demand that the simultaneous achievement of the goals of sustainability should meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations.” (p. 12) “As one of the most vulnerable groups in our community, there is a lot at stake for children in these goals. The detrimental impacts of unchecked urbanization, where principles of sustainability are not considered, affect children profoundly and limit their potential for a future life.” (p. 13)

How to engage young people in designing a child friendly city (Pretty, 2002)According to Oxford Dictionaries Online (Oxford University Press, 2018), community-minded means “Interested in helping the wider community; socially concerned.”

Engaging young people early in community work of Craigieburn will increase their “sense of community and community attachment” (p. 183).

“Experiences in the residential community … will contribute to the maturation of a community-minded self” (p. 183) and pave the way for participation in designing Craigieburn as child friendly city.

Participation of children and young people are key.

“Consultation techniques used with adults are largely unsuitable and impractical for engaging with children and young people”. (p. 181) “When should children and young people be involved? Very early in the design process; participation at the moment of idea generation.” (p. 181) Another valuable opportunity for involvement of children and young people in the design process is during construction of a project. (p. 183) “While we would like children and young people to participate in all stages of the design process, it is seldom practical or affordable to do so”. (p. 183)

Child Friendly City by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: K.Malone (2017). G.M.H.Pretty (2002).

37

Urban Design Theories & Concepts

Sustainable Urbanism In order to document design criteria with regards to urban planning, a desktop review was conducted on urban design reference documents that inform design criteria for sustainable development.

Following are findings from Farr (2011) Sustainable urbanism is walkable/ cyclable and transit-served (e.g. by buses/trams) urbanism combined with high-performance buildings and highperformance infrastructure which use up few to no resources, e.g. high energy-efficient and turn out little to no waste, e.g. carbon dioxide. (p. 89)

In order to meet daily necessities on foot which people prefer, community development should combine five characteristics, namely, “definition” which means a well-defined settlement with centre and borders, is near, and is diverse in terms of dwelling types, people, and needs (p. 91); “compactness” (relative high housing development density, i.e. a minimum of 20 dwelling units per hectares so as to set up critical mass for support public transit service, e.g. bus) (p. 96); “completeness” (inclusion of diverse types of land uses, building and residence to meet daily and long-term needs) (p. 100);

In connecting people to nature and natural systems, mature tree cover can cool outdoor summer temperatures between 3 to 6 degree Celsius, grow the value of adjoining property by 3 – 6 percent. the ability to witness and involve where resources go from production to disposal after consumption actively encourages a human lifestyle better merged with the natural world. (p. 111) roads must span over or tunnel under habitat corridors to create channel for nonhuman species to go through.

In considering high-performance infrastructure and integrated design (p. 120) The goal of sustainable urbanism is to integrate all of the human and natural systems which build a neighbourhood or corridor.

A compact model of infrastructure reduces construction materials and ongoing maintenance cost.

A prerequisite for design integration is a critical mass of people living within the limits of a entire neighbourhood. (p.

120)

“connectedness” (i.e. integrating transportation and land use, e.g. sidewalks on both sides of the street, no longer than 100-130 metres for the distance between intersections, maximum automobile speed of 40-50 km per hour on street, and no more than two travel lanes between curbs, pre-school should either be located in the centre of a neighbourhood or extend across adjoining neighbourhoods) (p.

101–104), and “biophilia” (connecting people to nature and natural systems to increase in health and happiness) (p. 111)

38

Sustainable Urbanism by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: D.Farr (2011)

Urban Design Theories & Concepts

Lively, Safe, Sustainable and Healthy City Building a lively city -

Building a safe city –

Building a sustainable city –

Build a healthy city –

“Concentrated around a limited number of main streets connecting key destinations (e.g. in Venice) and a strict hierarchy of major and minor squares. The whole city is built around a simple network that provides the shortest routes and few but important spaces. When important spaces are few and routes logically follow the obvious desirable lines for walking, more effort can be put into the quality of the individual space”. (p. 67)

“In choosing street types and traffic solutions, it is important to start with the human dimension. People must be able to move comfortably and safely in cities on foot or by bicycle, and when traffic solutions are adopted special consideration must be given to children, the young, the elderly and people with disabilities. Quality for people and pedestrian safety must be key concerns.” (p. 93)

“A walking and bicycling city – an important step toward greater sustainability…use fewer resources and affect the environment less than any other form of transport…users supply the energy, and this form of transport is cheap, near-silent and nonpolluting…

A car consumes 60 times more energy than a bicycle and 20 times more than walking… pedestrian and bicycle traffic do not crowd city space.” (p. 105)

“a sedentary life behind steering wheel and computer screen, life model nowadays, in which many people do not have natural opportunities for using their bodies and energy on a daily basis” (p. 111)

“The actual and perceived safety of pedestrians must always be the determining factor.” (p. 94).

“Good walking and bicycle routes and good amenities at stations are important elements – by day as well as by night – for ensuring comfort and a feeling of security.” (p. 107)

“Goal is to make it simple, uncomplicated and safe to walk any time of day or night” (p. 113)

“Key words for encouraging life in the city are: compact, direct and logical routes; modest space dimensions; and a clear hierarchy where decisions have been made about which spaces are the most important”. (p. 67) “Lively cities require compact city structure, reasonable population density, acceptable walking and biking distance and good quality city space”. (p. 69) “Slower traffic means lively cities”, e.g.

Venice. (p. 71) “Soft edge…with shops lined up, transparent facades, large windows, many openings and goods on display.” (p. 79) “Soft edges in residential areas… pedestrians see and experience when they walk through the area.” (p. 82) “Of all the registered activities, 69% took place in or around the semiprivate front yards. The remaining 31% of the activities took place in the streets”. (p. 83) This justifies building lively cities with soft edges.

“If we reinforce city life so that more people walk and spend time in common spaces, in almost every situation both real and perceived safety will increase.

The presence of others indicates that a place is acceptably good and safe. There are ‘eyes in the street’ and often ‘eyes on the street’ as well because it has become meaningful and interesting for people in nearby buildings to follow what is going on in the street. A lively city becomes a valued city and thus also a safer city.” (p.

98-99)

“Give various group in society equal opportunities for accessing common city space and getting around town” (p. 109)

“Introduce broad, carefully conceived invitation to people to walk and bicycle as much as possible in connection with their daily activities.” (p. 113)

“A change in planning culture – plans for new cities must start by designing the shortest, most attractive walking and biking connections and then address the other transport needs” (p. 114) “City life, sustainability and healthy as an integrated city policy” (p. 114)

“Life in the street has an impact on safety, but life along the street also plays a significant role. So even if the street is deserted, lights from windows in residential areas send a comforting signal that people are nearby.” (p. 99) “The marking and detailing of structure and sense of affiliation on all the levels mentioned helps strengthen the feeling of security for groups as well as individuals.” (p. 102)

Sustainable Urbanism by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: D.Farr (2011)

39

Urban Design Theory & Concepts

Dwelling Type

40

Lower-Medium Density Housing

Higher-Medium Density Housing

Mixed-use development

Dual Occupancy Detached Dwellings

Dual Occupancy Attached Dwellings

Semi-detached Townhouses and Terraces

Building Heights

Building Heights

Building Heights

11m Building Heights maximum 2 Storey maximum

11m Building Heights maximum 2 Storey maximum

11m Building Heights maximum 3 Storey maximum

Dwelling along non-declared street (Connectors, access level 2 street & level 1)

Dwelling along non-declared street (Connectors, access level 2 street & level 1)

Dwelling along non-declared street (Connectors, access level 2 street & level 1)

3m minimum setback 5m maximum setback

3m minimum setback 5m maximum setback

3m minimum setback 5m maximum setback

Dwelling along Arterial Roads

Dwelling along Arterial Roads

Dwelling along Arterial Roads

4.5m minimum setback 10m maximum setback

4.5m minimum setback 10m maximum setback

4.5m minimum setback 10m maximum setback

Dwelling Type by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: Hume CIty Coucil (2018). Low-Rise Medium Density Design Guide (2018)

Benchmarks

Benchmarks

Local benchmark: Christie Walk, Adelaide, Australia Christie Walk is pioneering sustainable urbanism in South Australia to realize the vision of an “EcoCity�. As it includes all the important elements of a good sustainable design, It can be used as a small-scale template for benchmarking.

- 11 car spaces for 27 dwellings - 7535 square feet of productive landscape, 1830 square feet of productive roof area - Retain all stormwater on-site - Solar hot water for all units - On-site effluent treatment system.

- Site close to all

Features include: - Vegetative roof - Fully functional community garden - Water supplied by collected rainwater - Use of climate-responsive design technologies (thermal mass, useroperated ventilation system, solar technologies) - On-site effluent treatment system Key sustainability thresholds - Open space - Stormwater systems - Wastewater treatment - Integration of transportation, land use and technology - Building energy usage - Car sharing - Public darkness

International benchmark: Holiday Neighbourhood Project in Boulder, Colorado, US - Dwelling units: 333, Land area: 11 hectare - Density zoned up to 50 units/hectare - 50 percent reduction in utility bills - 40 percent affordable housing - Diverse affordability: transitional housing, subsidized lease, and purchasable units - Pursuing carbon-neutrality with 40 percent reduction in water use Bus pass provided for all residents Key sustainability thresholds - Open space - Stormwater - Integration of transportation, land use and technology - Building energy usage - Walkable streets and access networks

Benchmarks by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: D.Farr (2011) P. 451-453. D.Farr (2011) P. 443-449.

41

Strategic Directions

Strategic Directions Strategic Directions Development (land-use plan)

Lively

Safe

Sustainable

D1 - Generate critcial mass through a variety of dwelling choices in order to form synergy in promoting the use of access, movement and public space

D4 - Mix functions and housing as a crime prevention strategy

D7 - Provide mix-use of land for housing and amenities to meet daily and long-term needs of residents

D2 - Aim at reasonable density and good quality city space. Not overcrowded D3 - Buildings must be lower so as to allow the sun reaches into the treelined streets Access & Movement

A1 - Enable people to have direct contact with the community around them.

A2 - Develop short logical routes A3 - Design routes with acceptable walking and biking distance A4 - Encourage developing active and interesting ground floors along important walking routes, e.g. using soft edges for commercial and residential districts

Public Space

P1 - Public space must be vibrant, with many different groups of people using it P2 - Design public space to support the processes (children playing, sight-seeing by travellers, informal meeting, famiy gatherings) that reinforce city life

D5 - Build low-rise to make sure good eye contact between residences and street space D6 - Use light flowing from the windows of shops, offices and dwellings at night to enhance the feeling of safety in the street

A5 - Acceptability of any form of traffic solution should be determined by pedestrians’ actual and perceived safety

Healthy

D8 - Engaging with children and young people to build a child-friendly city D9 - Provide road infrastructure street, walking and cycle path

A9 -Good walking and bicycle routes and good amenities nearby are important elements to ensure comfort and a feeling of security

A6 - Solutions for pedestrians and cyclists is necessary to ensure residents, especially children will feel comfortable to walk and bike

A10 - Priority should be given to design the shortest, most attractive walking and biking connections before addressing other transport needs A11 - Make it simple, uncomplicated and safe to walk any time of day or night

A7 - Make it easy for residents / travellers to find their way around A8 - Set up surveillance camera in quiet areas P3 - Being able to walk safely in city space is a precondition P4 - Put housing and residents close to public space to give a feeling of safety

P5 - Give everyone in the community equal opportunities to access common city space and getting around town P6 - Make accessible, inviting public space for organized as well as informal meetings P7 - Conserve native vegetation P8 - Conserve aboriginal heritage

42

Strategic Directions by H.K.Chow (2018). Source: D.Farr (2011). J.Gehl (2010). K.Bishop (2017).

Preliminary Design

Legend:

CRAIGIEB

URN

Arterial Roads Residential Connectors Streets Access Street Level 2 Lower Medium density Residential Area Higher Medium Density Residential Area Encumbered Open Space Passive Open Space Active Open Space RD Native Vegetation Protection Area Water course Waterbody Education Facilities Recreation/ Community Facilities Health care Place of worship Local Centre Neighbourhood Activity Centre Mixed-use Area of Interest - Site 3

Integrated across the different aims to build a lively community with self-sustaining neighbourhoods and strong connectivity to the Craigieburn, there is a unique goal in this plan to build a child friendly place in Craigieburn, which values children and promotes learning, allows children to be active, keeps and protects nature, supports play and has playgrounds with safe and clean connecting pathways for walking and cycling, and where the children can create communities and share ideas (Malone, 2017).

0

0

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

Master Plan Plan by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018). Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

43

Preliminary Design

Craigieburn West PSP Land-use budget TOTAL PRECINCT AREA (ha)

Hectares

% of Total Prec

564

100.00%

3.36

0.6%

% of NDA

Retail/ Commercial

Craigieburn West Area (ha)

Neighbourhood Activity Centre

4.5

Local Centre

2.24

Mixed-use

21.01

Community Facilities

Subtotal

27.75

Neighbourhood community centre

2.2

0.4%

0.51%

Connector Roads

Health care centre

0.5

0.09%

0.12%

Connector Road

32.28 32.28

Transport Craigieburn Road (Arterial Road)

0.79%

26

4.6%

6.12%

Total

1.76

0.31%

0.41%

Residential

3.3

0.59%

0.78%

33.76

6%

7.94%

Education Facilities

Subtotal Against NRA

Government Primary School

7.25

1.3%

1.71%

Total residential Yield against NDA

Government Secondary School

8.4

1.5%

1.99%

Aitken Hill Place of worship Tourism activity centre Subtotal

TAFE institution Subtotal

1.6

0.28%

0.38%

17.25

3.08%

4.08%

NRH (Ha)

Dwelling/NRHa

Dwellings

Higher-medium density

95.21

30

2856

Lower-medium density

269.1

20

5380

364.31

23

8236

424

19

8236

Average of people per household in Craigieburn West: 3 Projected population in Craigieburn West PSP Area: approx. 24708

Education Facilities Government Primary School

7

1.24%

1.65%

Government Secondary School

10.5

1.86%

2.47%

TAFE institution

1.8

0.32%

0.42%

Subtotal

19.3

3.42%

4.54%

15.52

2.75%

3.65%

36

6.38%

8.47%

Retarding Basin

1.54

0.27%

0.36%

Subtotal

53.06

9.41%

12.48%

Passive Open Space

17.04

3.02%

4.01%

Active Open Space

12.3

2.18%

2.89%

Subtotal

29.34

2.99%

6.9%

Total Open Space

82.4

14.61%

19.38%

425.18

75.4%

Open Space Encumbered Open Space Biodiversity Protection Area

NET DEVELOPABLE AREA (NDA) ha

44

Craigieburn West PSP Land-use budget by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018)

Preliminary Design

PSP Employment + Site 3 Land-use budget & Employment

Land-use budget of Site 3

Land-use Based Employment Generators

Measure

Government Primary School

Jobs/school

40

2

80

Government Secondary school

Jobs/school

90

1

90

TAFE institution

Jobs/school

Jobs

Quantity in PSP

Estimated amount of jobs

Hectares

% of Total Site

118

100.00%

Craigieburn Road

3.36

2.85%

3.18%

Place of Worship

0.16

0.13%

0.15%

Native Vegetation Protection Area

3.83

3.24%

3.64%

3

6.31%

7.07%

TOTAL SITE AREA (ha) Land-use budget of Site 3

Emcumbered Open Space 10

1

10

Neighbourhood Community Centre

Jobs/centre

10

1

10

Health care centre

Jobs/practioner

6

1

6

Neighbourhood Activity Centre

Jobs/1000 sq m

25

22,000 m2

Local centre

Jobs/1000 sq m

2

22,400 m

44

Mixed use (retail)

Jobs/ha

30

7.71 ha

231

Mixed use (small office)

Jobs/ha

30

13.29 ha

399

Aitken Hill recreational centre

Jobs/centre

200

1

200

Tourism activity centre

Jobs/centre

5

1

5

Aboriginal cultural park

Jobs/centre

25

1

25

Total estimated Jobs (Craigieburn West PSP)

2

550

1,650

% of NDA

Passive Open Space

2.04

1.19%

1.33%

Subtotal

16.89

14.31%

16.06%

NET DEVELOPABLE AREA (NDA) ha

105.61

89.5%

Retail/ Commercial

Site 3 Area (ha)

Mixed-use (retail)

3.11

Total

3.11

Connector Roads Connector Road

3.5

Total

3.5

Residential area in Site 3

NRH (Ha)

Dwelling/NRHa

Higher-medium density

18.86

30

566

Lower-medium density

80.15

20

1603

99

21

2169

Subtotal

Dwellings

Average of people per household in Craigieburn West: 3 Projected population in Craigieburn West PSP Area: approx. 6507 Major Employment: Mixed-use (small office) Estimated jobs: 93

Craigiburn West PSP Employment + Site 3 Land-use budget & Employment by H.K.Chow (2018)

45

Preliminary Design

Legend:

CRAIGIEB

URN

Arterial Roads Residential Connectors Streets Lower Medium Density Residential Area Higher Medium Density Residential Area Encumbered Open Space Passive Open Space Native Vegetation Protection Area RD Water course Waterbody Mixed-use (small offices) Syrian Orthodox Church

Site 3 will primarily be consist of housing development. categorised as Lower-Medium Density Residential Area and Higher-Medium Density Residential Area.

The corner of Micklemham Road and Craigieburn Road will be developed as a mixed-use Area as proposed by Core Projects (2018). This provides self-employment opportunites.

46

0

100

200

400m

Site 3 - Land-use Plan Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

Implementation - Action

Preliminary Design

Legend:

CRAIGIEB

URN

Arterial Roads Residential Connectors Streets Access Street Level 2 Access Street Level 1 Lower Medium density Residential Area Higher Medium Density Residential Area Mixed-use (small offices) New housing development boundaries Setback 5m (along non-declared street) RSetback D 10m (along Arterial Roads)

AM

KLEH

MIC RD

CRAIGIEB

URN RD

Housing Typology in Site 3 Housing Typology by H.K.Chow (2018)

47

Preliminary Design

Road Hierarchy

Exisiting Reserve

Ultimate Reserve

Access Management Policy

Traffic Lanes

Median

Speed Limit

Bus compatible

Property Access and Parking

Tree Reserve

On Road Cycle Lane

Shared path

Responsibility

Craigieburn Road

20m

31m

Limited Access

6

YES

70 km

YES

NO

NO

YES

NO

VicRoads

Mickleham Road

21m

28m

Limited Access

4

YES

80 km

YES

NO

NO

YES

NO

Hume City Coucil

Mt. Ridley Road

20m

31m

Limited Access

6

YES

80 km

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES

Hume City Coucil

Residential Connector Streets

0

27m

N/A

2

NO

50 km

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

Hume City Coucil

Access Street Level 2

0

25m

N/A

2

NO

50 km

NO

YES

NO

NO

YES

Hume City Coucil

Access Street Level 1

0

18m

N/A

2

NO

40 km

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Hume City Coucil

Road street

48

Road Hierachy by H.K.Chow (2018)

Strategic Directions - Preliminary Design

Legend: Arterial Roads Residential Connectors Streets Access Street Level 2 Access Street Level 1 Signalised Intersection Roundabout Median Break Bridge

The road networks plan is designed based on road hireachy. The whole precinct is connected with a residential connector streets.

The spot where the residential connector street intersects with Craigieburn will require a traffic light system.

0

100

200

400m

Site 3 - Road Network Plan Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

49

m

Preliminary Design

0

1

2

4

4m Nature Strip

2m Pedestrian Path

Private Realm

Craigieburn Road, Arterial Road

8m

2.3m Parking Space

1.5m Bike Path

3.5m Lane

3.5m Lane

1.5m Bike Path

2.3m Parking Space

4m Nature Strip

Private Realm

2m Pedestrian Path

7m Carriageway

27m Road Reserve

4m

0

01

12

Private Realm

2m Pedestrian Path

2

3.5m Shared Path

4 4m

8m 4m Nature Strip

4m Nature Strip

2.3m Parking Space

2.3m Parking Space

3m Lane

3m Lane

1.5m Bike 6m Carriageway Path

2.3m Parking Space

24.6m Road Reserve

4m Nature Strip

3.5m Lane

3.5m Lane

3.5m Shared Path

1.5m Bike Path

Private Realm

2.3m Parking Space

4m Nature Strip

2m Pedestrian Path

Private Realm

7m Carriageway

27m Road Reserve

4m

0

1

2

Connector Street, Residential

4m

50

Street Sections by H.K.Chow (2018) 3.5m Shared

4m Nature Strip

2.3m Parking Space

3m Lane

3m Lane

2.3m Parking Space

4m Nature Strip

3.5m Shared

Private Realm

Preliminary Design

0

1

2

4

8m

4m Nature Strip

2m Pedestrian Path

2.3m Parking Space

1.5m Bike Path

3.5m Lane

3.5m Lane

1.5m Bike Path

2.3m Parking Space

4m Nature Strip

Private Realm

2m Pedestrian Path

7m Carriageway

27m Road Reserve

4m

0

1

2

Access Street, Level 2

4m

4m Nature Strip

3.5m Shared Path

3m Lane

2.3m Parking Space

3m Lane

2.3m Parking Space

4m Nature Strip

Private Realm

3.5m Shared Path

6m Carriageway

0

1

2

4

8m

4m Nature Strip

2m Pedestrian Path

2.3m Parking Space

24.6m Road Reserve

1.5m Bike Path

3.5m Lane

3.5m Lane

1.5m Bike Path

2.3m Parking Space

4m Nature Strip

Private Re

2m Pedestrian Path

7m Carriageway

27m Road Reserve

4m

0

1

2

4m

Access Street, Level 1 Street Sections by H.K.Chow (2018)

51

Preliminary Design

Legend: Express Bus Lane Craigieburn West Bus Route Arterial Road Bus Route R2 Proposed Bus Route Existing Bus Route Area of Interest - Site 3

0

0

52

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

Craigieburn West PSP - Bus Route Plan Plan by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018) Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Preliminary Design

Legend: Express Bus Lane Craigieburn West Bus Route Arterial Road Bus Route Express Bus Lane bus stop Loop Bus Route bus stop Arterial Road Route bus stop R2 Proposed Bus Route

As the corner of Mickleham Road and Craigieburn Road will be developed as a mixed-use zone, the bus stops from different bus lines will be placed in this area making this a transport hub.

An Airport express bus lane that will operating on Mickleham Road is proposed for easy access to the airport.

Bus line along Craigieburn Road will be connecting few major activity centres, such as Craigieburn Central and Craigieburn trainstation.

Lastly, a Craigieburn West Bus Loop Route is proposed to connect the whole precinct from North to South.

0

100

200

400m

Site 3 - Bus Route Plan Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

53

Preliminary Design

Legend: Bike Path - Arterial Road On Road Bike Path Shared Path R2 Proposed Bike Path R2 Proposed Shared Path Existing Bike Path Area of Interest - Site 3

0

0

54

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

Craigieburn West PSP - Bike Path Plan Plan by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018) Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Preliminary Design

Legend: Bike Path - Arterial Road On Road Bike Path Shared Path R2 Proposed Bike Path

The designated on road bike path will be only on the central connector street and Craigieburn Road.

Shared path is distributed through all access level 2 street and along aitken creek for recreational purposes.

0

100

200

400m

Site 3 - Bike Path Plan Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

55

Preliminary Design

Legend: Emcumbered Space Passive Open Space Active Open Space Native Vegetation Protection Area Open Space catchment Area of Interest - Site 3

0

0

56

100

500

200

1000

400m

2000m

Craigieburn West PSP - Open Space Plan Plan by R.Barca, E.Sartori, Y.Xiao & H.K.Chow (2018) Modified by H.K.Chow (2018)

Preliminary Design

Legend: Emcumbered Open Space Passive Open Space Native Vegetation Protection Area Green Corridor (Full-time Pedestrian Street) Open Space Catchment (400m)

The open space is strategically placed with at least 400m catchment away from each open space.

Two passive open space is proposed for residents on the west side and the east side of the site.

As the emcumbered open space (Aitken Creek) was a aboriginal heritage spot and the native vegetation protection area will be kept as their original form and only allow minimal infrastructure development.

The green corridor, which will be a full-time pedestrian street (no vehicular access) is proposed to connect the community by having self-sustain community garden along the corridor.

0

100

200

400m

Site 3 - Open Space Plan Plan by H.K.Chow (2018)

57

Preliminary Design

Legend: Passive Open Space Footpath Playground Full time Pedestrian street Trees Small scale vegetation Syrian Orthodox Church Lower Medium density Residential Area Higher Medium Density Residential Area New housing development boundaries

CRAIGIEB

URN RD

The main function of this open space is to allow childrens to engage and be active.

This is a proposed church square that requires the permission from the church owner to agree on opening the church area to the public.

The concept is to emphasize the Syrian Orthodox Church as a landmark and people can use this public space as a leisure area, a meeting space and a place to worship.

A playground is located within the residential area on the east of Church square

Public Space & Recreation 58

Passive Open Space by H.K.Chow (2018)

Preliminary Design

Legend: Native Vegetation Protection Area Emcumbered Open Space Footpath Full time Pedestrian street Carpark Shared Path Trees Small scale vegetation Lower Medium density Residential Area Higher Medium Density Residential Area New housing development boundaries

CRAIGIEB

URN RD

This area is significant in native vegetation which will be preserve and remain a public space but not for developments.

The Native Vegetation Park is designed for BBQ activities and picnics.

KLEH

MIC AM

The creek will remain its original form allowing minimal infrastructure development to construct the shared path for recreational purposes and commuters.

RD

CRAIGIEB

URN RD

Conservation Area Conservation Area by H.K.Chow (2018)

59

Implementation - Actions & Timeframe

Implementation - Actions and Timeframe Type of Action R- Research D- Design and Build P- Policy A- Adovocacy Action

Type of Action

Strategic Direction

Time Frame S - Short Term (1-5 years) M - Medium Term (5-10 years) L- Long Term (10+ years)

Responsibility

Time Frame

Development (land-use plan) Prepare the estimated cost of development

R

D1, D2, D7

VPA/Hume City Council

S

Execute the construction of residential housing

D

D1, D2, D5, D7

Developers/Hume City Council

L

Execute the construction of housing in mixed use area

D

D1, D2, D5, D7

Developers/Hume City Council

L

Execute the construction of road infrastructure

D

D9

VicRoads/Hume City Council

L

Design soft edge for housing

R/P

D3, D5, D6

VPA

S

Define locations for trees on the streets

P

D3, D9

Hume City Council

S

Organise young people to particiapte in community awareness programme

A

D8

Hume City Council

S-L

Access & Movement Design road networks with road hierachy

D/P

A2, A3, A10

VPA

M

Design walkable community and bike path

D

A2, A3, A5, A6, A10

Hume City Council

M

Design routes connecting public space

D

A2, A7, A9

Hume City Council

M

Design bus routes connecting to remote areas

D

A2

PTV/Hume City Council

M

Design bus routes connecting major activity centre in Craigieburn

D

A2

PTV/Hume City Council

M

R/P

A8

Hume City Council

M-L

Define location to install surveillance cameras Public Space Design public space

D

P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6

VPA

M

P/A

P7

VPA/Hume City Council

S

Conserve aboriginal heritage spots

P/A

P8

VPA/Hume City Council

S

Design car-free zones

D/P

P2

VPA

M

Design community garden

D

P2

Hume City Council

S

Negotiate with the church owner to open the church to public

A

P2

Developer/Hume City Coucil

M

Conserve native vegetation

60

Implementation - Actions & timeframe by H.K.Chow (2018)

Summary

Summary

To accommodate Melbourne’s growing population and significantly reduce urban sprawl, a strategic plan is formulated with a view to introduce new cohesive and sustainable communities in Site 3 (i.e. AOI) of Craigieburn West precinct.

A technical assessment of the site is undertaken, with findings being examined using a SWOT analysis.

Issues/weaknesses and opportunities thus identified are used to generate a list of strategic directions in the four perspectives – livability, safety, sustainability and healthy for improvement.

The strategic directions are defined in such a way as to take advantage of the opportunities by overcoming weaknesses.

In line with the strategic directions, preliminary design is conducted to evaluate scope and effort involved; and action items for implementation are defined with timeline in terms of development (land use plan), access & movement, and public space.

Examples of action items include design and building different types of housing through mix-use of land, a safe and child-friendly city, good walking and bicycle routes and safe roads, and public space which supports different functions, as well as conservation of native vegetation and aboriginal heritage.

Examples of development projects both local and international are also provided for benchmarking and improvement, with supporting theories, concepts and some useful design criteria provided.

There are some limitations in this study, including targets to be determined for benchmarking and progress review. In addition, sustainability issues including water management, food production, energy efficiency monitoring and reduction in carbon dioxide should be examined too.

Summary by H.K.Chow (2018)

61

References Aitken Creek. (2018). Aitken Creek. Retrieved from School Enrollments: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/52abff_8871a47e0fa44221b4a8849b804b40f7.pdf Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Craigieburn. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics: http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20657?opendocument Australian Public School. (2018). Victoria, Melbourne Primary School Zone (Catchment) Map. Retrieved from Australian Public School: http://www.schoolcatchment.com.au/?p=2742 Australian Public Schools. (2018). Victoria/Melbourne Public School Zone Map. Retrieved from Australian Public Schools: http://www.schoolcatchment.com.au/?page_id=825 Barton, H., Grant, M., & Guise, R. (2004). Shaping Neighbourhoods: A Guide for Health, Sustainability and Vitality. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Bishop, K and Corkery, L. 2017, Designing cities with children and young people, Oxon: Routledge.

Bus Australia. (2018). Craigieburn Central. Retrieved from Bus Australia: http://www.busaustralia.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=76074 Chief Parliamentary Council. (2018). Authorised Version No. 001 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations . East Melbourne: Chief Parliamentary Council.

City of Melbourne. (2011). Urban Forest Strategy Making A Great City Greener 2012-2032. Melbourne: City of Melbourne.

Craigieburn Central. (2018). Our Centre. Retrieved from Craigieburn Central: https://www.craigieburncentral.com.au/ Craigieburn Historical Interest Group. (2009, June 28). Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc. Retrieved from CHIG: http://www.chig.asn.au/ Department of Infrastructure. (2018). Melbourne 2030 planning for sustainable growth. Melbourne: State Government of Victoria.

Englart, J. (2018). Plans for Upfield train line reopening to Craigieburn. Retrieved from Sustainable Fawkner: https://fawkner.org/2016/06/06/plans-for-upfield-train-line-reopening-to-craigieburn/ Farr, D 2011, Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design With Nature, Hoboken: Wiley.

Gehl, J 2010, Cities for people, Washington, DC: Island Press, c2010.

Google Earth. (2018). Google Earth. Retrieved from Google Earth: https://www.google.com/earth/ Heritage Council of Victoria. (2004, May 13). State School No 1051. Retrieved from Victorian Heritage Database: http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/65935 Heritage Council of Victoria. (2005, June 27). Barn - Dunhelen Homestead. Retrieved from Victorian Heritage Database: http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/65934 Hume City Council. (2011). Natural Heritage Background Paper. City of Hume: Hume City Council.

Hume City Council. (2015). Hume Corridor Integrated Growth Area Plan (HIGAP). City of Hume: Hume City Council.

Hume City Council. (2016). Craigieburn Population and Dwellings. Retrieved from .idcommunity: https://profile.id.com.au/hume/population?WebID=150&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR Hume City Council. (2016). Hume City Council Community Profile. Retrieved from Profile ID.: https://profile.id.com.au/hume/age-sex-pyramid?WebID=150 Hume City Council. (2016). Hume City Council Population Forecast. Retrieved from .idcommunity: https://forecast.id.com.au/hume Hume City Council. (2017). Craigieburn Ancestry. Retrieved from .idcommunity: https://profile.id.com.au/hume/ancestry?WebID=150 Hume City Council. (2018). Building, Renovations and Extensions. Retrieved from Hume City Council: https://www.hume.vic.gov.au/Building_Planning/Building_Renovations_amp_Exten-sions/Building_Forms Hume City Council. (2018). PSP. Retrieved from Hume Council: https://www.hume.vic.gov.au/files/sharedassets/hume_website/building_and_planning/strategic_planning/new_folder_1/psp_map.pdf Hume City Council. (n.d.). Hume – A Human History. City of Hume: Hume City Council.

Hume City Council. (n.d.). Hume – A Natural History. City of Hume: Hume City Council.

Hume Libraries. (2018). Timeline since 1824. Retrieved from Hume City Council Hume Libraries: https://www.humelibraries.vic.gov.au/Reading_Research/Local_Family_History/Histo-ry_of_Hume/ Timeline_since_1824 Open Street Map. (2016). Threatened Species Richness Across Australia. Retrieved from Australia State of Environment: https://soe.terria.io/#share=s-nIhrThvVcvOUkFyJJphMz90hyVE State Government of Victoria. (2002). Mickleham Avenue of Honour. Hume City: State Government of Victoria.

State Government of Victoria. (2017). Cultural Heritage Management Plans. Retrieved from Aboriginal Victoria: https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/heritage/planning-and-herit-age-management-processes/cultural-heritage-management-plans.html State Government of Victoria. (2018). Hume Planning Scheme. Retrieved from Victoria State Government Environment, Land, Water and Planning: http://planning-schemes.delwp.vic. gov.au/ schemes/hume

62

References by H.K.Chow (2018)

References State Government of Victoria. (2018). Nature Kit. Retrieved from Victoria State Government Environment, Land, Water and Planning: http://maps.biodiversity.vic.gov.au/viewer/?view-er=NatureKit State Government of Victoria. (2018). Planning Maps Online. Retrieved from Victoria State Government Environment, Land, Water and Planning: http://services.land.vic.gov.au/maps/pmo.jsp Victorian State Government. (1987). HUME PLANNING SCHEME AMENDMENT C205 EXPLANATORY REPORT . Melbourne: Victorian State Government.

Victorian State Government. (2016). Mickleham Primary School Strategic Plan 2016-2019. Melbourne: Victorian State Government.

Victoria State Government. (2018). Current Projects. Retrieved from Plan Melbourne 2017-2050: https://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/current-projects/20-minute-neighbourhoods Victoria University Melbourne Australia. (2018). Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies. Retrieved from Victoria University Melbourne Australia: http://vises.cerdi.edu.au/vis-es_map.php# Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register. (2018, July 26). Aboriginal Victoria. Retrieved from Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register: https://achris.vic.gov.au/#/onlinemap VVG. (2018). Depth to Water Table. Retrieved from Visualising Victoria’s Ground Water: http://maps.cerdi.com.au/vvg.php Wikipedia. (2007). Craigieburn Railway Station. Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigieburn_railway_station

References by H.K.Chow (2018)

63