Case Study No. 5-Pasig river open channel in aquaculture

ADAMSON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CE 428-WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

CASE STUDY NO. 5-PASIG RIVER OPEN CHANNEL IN AQUACULTURE PRESENTORS: JUNMEI RIVERA NICOLE ANNE DOMING KEVIN RECTO

JOHN CARLO GUILLERMO PRESENTED TO: DR. TOMAS U. GANIRON, JR

WHAT IS OPEN CHANNEL? An open channel is a waterway, canal or conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface. Open channel flows are found in Nature like rivers as well as in man-made structures like canals.

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TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL Natural Channels -- Include all channels that exist naturally on the earth. They are generally very irregular in shape.

EXAMPLES:

NATURAL RIVERS TIDAL ESTUARIES

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TYPES OFOF OPEN CHANNEL TYPES OPEN CHANNEL

Artificial Channels -- are the channels developed by men.

They are usually designed with regular geometric shapes.

EXAMPLES:

IRRIGATION CANALS ROADSIDE GUTTER

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PASIG RIVER ➢HISTORY ➢VIDEO ABOUT PASIG RIVER ➢PHYSICAL FEATURES ➢AQUACULTURE OF PASIG RIVER ➢ISSUES AND PROBLEM ➢SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

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HISTORY The Pasig River served as an important means of transport; it was Manila's lifeline and center of economic activity. When the Spanish established Manila as the capital of their colonial properties in the Far East, they built the walled city of Intramuros on the southern bank of Pasig River near its mouth.

Massive population growth, infrastructure development and increased economic activities after the World War II in 1940s led to the deterioration of the water bodies in Metro Manila. In 1990, ecologists had already pronounced the Pasig River as dead and incapable of sustaining marine life. As of 2003, four more rivers were formally declared by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as biologically dead; the NavotasMalabon-Tenejeros-Tullahan (NMTT) River, ParaĂąaque River, Marikina River and San Juan River. Apart from water lilies and janitor ďŹ sh, hardly any life forms are able to survive its murky waters. Many of its tributaries are clogged by household garbage from Metro Manila. Increasing poverty in the rural areas has driven rural people to migrate to Metro Manila to seek better income opportunities. The river banks are the most logical areas for new settlements because many of the other squatter colonies in the metropolis are already overpopulated. From being a recreation venue and a source of food and livelihood, the river has become the dumping ground of informal settlers living along the banks of the river and its tributaries, as well as by almost all surrounding establishments. The river is also the catchment basin of oodwaters from several tributaries from upstream areas of Metro Manila.

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HISTORY DUCK PONDS/FARM There was a time when ducks found the waters of Pasig River clean enough to drink and bathe in it. In fact, a community of duck raisers is said to have blossomed from the banks of the river. The business thrived for many decades, specifically in the areas of Pinagbuhatan and Kalawaan where many families relied on ducks for their bread and butter.

Duck farm on the Pasig – near Pateros, 1900/1930.

Photo Credit: Everett Thompson photograph collection (University of Michigan Special Collections Library)

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HISTORY PUBLIC BATHS In India, bathing in the Ganges River is a holy ritual practiced by the Hindus.

Although the river today is threatened by pollution, the water is tolerable enough for people to take a dip in it. Our very own Pasig River used to be like this–a place where people could clean themselves and escape Manila’s sweltering heat.

Pasig River bathing place at Quiapo, Manila, circa 1900.

Source: Pearl of the Orient: Discover Old Philippines.

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HISTORY SALAMBAW There was a time when ducks found the waters of Pasig River clean enough to drink and bathe in it. In fact, a community of duck raisers is said to have blossomed from the banks of the river. The business thrived for many decades, specifically in the areas of Pinagbuhatan and Kalawaan where many families relied on ducks for their bread and butter.

Photo Credit: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 9

HISTORY HOUSEBOATS Anyone who has seen an old photograph of Pasig River should know what a casco looked like. It’s a flat-bottomed boat with a roof made of split bamboo or rattan. This traditional Filipino watercraft was used to carry freight and passengers throughout Manila and nearby provinces.

House Boats on the Pasig River, Manila, P. I. Copyright by the Keystone View Company. The original slides are housed in McConnell Library’s Special Collections.

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HISTORY COCONOT RAFTSS In the 19th century, people in Laguna and nearby provinces relied on Pasig River to transport their goods to Manila. They would usually fill their cascos with their produce, varying from rice, sugar, and vegetables to wine, molasses, and baskets of fruits. After forming a circular raft, the coconuts would float across Laguna de Bay and down to the Pasig River. With the help of estuaries throughout Manila, the coconut rafts would easily reach the mills where they’re processed into coconut milk and coconut honey, among other products.

Coconut raft, Manila, circa 1900s. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. LCDIG-ggbain-30479

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HISTORY PEOPLE WASHING CLOTHES Pasig River not only provided people with a means to bathe themselves but also a place where they could wash their clothes.

As a result, signs of pollution had been evident in Pasig River as early as the 19th century. In 1850, for example, a Spaniard noticed that the river was slowly losing its pristine quality, partly because of rampant laundry washing by the natives. So that the water wouldn’t lose its potability, it was suggested to use sand and charcoal as a filtering method.

Natives washing clothes along the Pasig River, early 20th Century, Manila, Philippine Islands. Source: Memories of Old Manila Facebook Group.

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HISTORY ELEGANT SPANISH-ERA HOUSE Manila’s canals and esteros used to be brimming with life. An endless line of cascos carrying freight and passengers populated the busy Pasig River, then considered the lifeline of the city. The elegant houses are no longer there, as the rich were replaced by the urban poor.

Some say that the status of the river is a reflection of the civilization that formed around it. I guess that only means we’re growing backward. Or are we?

Natives washing clothes along the Pasig River, early 20th Century, Manila, Philippine Islands. Source: Memories of Old Manila Facebook Group.

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FROM JONES BRIDGE

TO C6 ROAD—BRIDGE/ NAPINDAN BRIDGE

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MANUEL A. ROXAS MEMORIAL BRIDGE NEAR TO FORT SANTIAGO

C6 ROAD--BRIDGE

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AQUACULTURE OF PASIG RIVER THEN NOW

Before pollution destroyed the aquatic ecosystem, Pasig River served as the habitat for 25 varieties of fish and 13 different types of aquatic creature. After the World War II in the 1940s, the water quality begun to deteriorate, and in 1990, Pasig River was declared dead and incapable of sustaining marine life.

A part of Pasig River showed great improvement when residents were able to catch NOW tilapia, a common freshwater fish. However, the fish caught in the Pasig River is said to be toxic and unsafe to be eaten.

The PRRC’s rehabilitation efforts to revive Pasig River, won its first Asia River Prize awards last October 16, 2018. The river needs 14 more years to be fully alive once again, the commission said.

THEN

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FEATURE OF PASIG RIVER

•PASIG RIVER, RIVER DRAINING LAGUNA DE BAY, THE LARGEST LAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES, INTO MANILA BAY AT MANILA. IT FLOWS NORTH-NORTHWEST THROUGH THE MARKET TOWN OF PASIG AND BISECTS MANILA, THEN ENTERS THE BAY BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH HARBORS. ITS LENGTH IS APPROXIMATELY 15-17 MI (25-27 KM).

-A TOTAL OF 19 BRIDGES CURRENTLY CROSS THE PASIG RIVER.

•THE TOTAL DRAINAGE BASIN OF PASIG RIVER, INCLUDING THE BASIN OF LAGUNA DE BAY, COVERS 4,678 SQUARE KILOMETERS (1,806 SQ. MI).

•AN AVERAGE OF 50 METRES (160 FT) IN WIDTH. THE AVERAGE DEPTH OF THE RIVER IN AROUND 4–6 M. •A WATERSHED WITH TOTAL OF 663 SQUARE KILOMETER COVERING 23 MUNICIPALITIES

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•PASIG RIVER IS AN IMPORTANT RIVER IN THE METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES, SINCE IT PROVIDES FOOD, LIVELIHOOD AND TRANSPORT TO ITS RESIDENTS, AND CONNECTS TWO MAJOR WATER BODIES; LAGUNA DE BAY AND MANILA BAY.

•HOWEVER, IT IS NOW CONSIDERED TO BE THE TOILET BOWL OF METRO MANILA DUE TO THE LARGE AMOUNT OF WASTES DUMPED INTO THE RIVER. EVEN WITH THE EFFORTS OF THE GOVERNMENT TO REVIVE THE QUALITY OF THE PASIG RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES, IT CONTINUES TO DETERIORATE OVER TIME. THAT IS WHY THEY CALL IT “BIOLOGICALLY DEAD”.

•FROM BEING A RECREATION VENUE AND A SOURCE OF FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD, THE RIVER HAS BECOME THE DUMPING GROUND OF INFORMAL SETTLERS LIVING ALONG THE BANKS OF THE RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. •THE RIVER IS ALSO THE CATCHMENT BASIN OF FLOODWATERS FROM SEVERAL TRIBUTARIES FROM UPSTREAM AREAS OF METRO MANILA. 21

•BEFORE POLLUTION DESTROYED THE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, LAGUNA DE BAY AND MANILA BAY SERVED AS THE HABITAT FOR 25 VARIETIES OF FISH AND 13 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AQUATIC CREATURE.

•DUE TO THE CONTINUOUS DUMPING OF WASTES, THE RIVERBED HAS BECOME MORE AND MORE SILTED WITH ORGANIC MATTER AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE. •IT WAS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF FOOD AND WATER; PROVIDER OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION, A STRATEGIC TRANSPORT ROUTE FOR DELIVERY OF AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER CONSUMER GOODS, A PLACE FOR WASHING CLOTHES, FISHING, BATHING, SWIMMING AND OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES. -THE WHARVES AND QUAYS AT THE RIVER’S MOUTH SERVED THE EARLY INTER ISLAND TRADE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD.

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PASIG RIVER IS HEAVILY POLLUTED WITH DOMESTIC WASTES (60%), INDUSTRIAL WASTES (33%) AND OTHER SOLID WASTES (7%).

WASTES

DOMESTIC WASTE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

SOLID WASTE

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BECAUSE OF THIS, THE RIVERBED HAS BECOME MORE AND MORE SILTED WITH NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE AND ORGANIC MATTER, RESULTING IN FLOODING AND CARRYING POLLUTED WATER TO THE NEARBY COMMUNITIES.

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SOLUTION AND INTERVENTION OF GOV’T

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GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION •1973: PASIG RIVER DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL AND PASIG RIVER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IS DEVELOPED, WHEREIN THEIR GOALS ARE TO RELOCATE INFORMAL SETTLERS AND DREDGE SILTED PORTIONS OF THE RIVER, AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE RAILINGS •1993: THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM WAS CREATED TO MONITOR BUSINESSES AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS TO HELP IMPROVE THE PASIG RIVER •1999 TO PRESENT (2019): THE PASIG RIVER REHABILITATION COMMISSION WAS CREATED TO SUPERVISE AND PLAN PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS AND ENFORCE RULES TO REHABILITATE THE RIVER.

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OTHER SOLUTION AND EFFORT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT •

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MANDATORY SEWAGE TREATMENT SANITATION PROJECTS ESTABLISHMENT OF WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS INDUSTRIAL RELOCATION PLAN EXPANSION OF COMMUNITY BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULAR GARBAGE COLLECTION

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