Architecture of Saudi Arabia

ARCHITECTURE OF SAUDI ARABIA

Researchers Abdulrahman Abalkhail Mohammed Al-Thwuini Abdullah Aloyuni Ahmad Al-Rashed Salman Al-Nafisah Wail Mohsen

Adviser: Prof. Tomas Ucol-Ganiron Jr, PhD.

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Table of Contents 1-Building traditional housing

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2- Reach civilization of Islamic architectural styles on the facades of buildings in the traditional area of Mecca

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3- Innovation and excellence in the origination of local Architecture in the city of Abha, Saudi Arabia

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4- Architecture in Najed

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5- Madain Saleh

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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫هوا ال شك فيه ‪ ،‬أى هذا الوىضى َع هام وًافع ‪ ،‬يوس جىاًب هاهت هي‬ ‫حياتٌا فهى كالدوحت الساهقت ‪ ،‬خضزاء كاخضزار الزبيع ‪ ،‬ووجه حياتٌا‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫ًحوله عبز ًبضٌا الوسافز هع هىاكب األهل ‪ ،‬فلعلٌا ًحقق حلوٌا الجويل‬ ‫عبز الحياة األهل ‪ .‬إى أفكاري أراها تتدافع في حواست ‪ ،‬كي تعاًق هداد‬ ‫القلن ‪،‬‬ ‫لتعبز عي هذا الوىضىع ‪ ،‬وتٌثز هي األشجاى والفكز عبز سطىري ‪ ،‬التي‬ ‫أرجى‬ ‫أى تصىر ًبضي وفكزي هي خاللها ‪ ،‬كحديقت غٌاء ورودها ساهيت ‪،‬‬ ‫وأريجها ف َّىاح ‪ ،‬وثوارها هوتعت‬

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Saudi Arabia constitute the largest geographical area in the Arabian Peninsula, and has a total area of approximately 2,150,000 km 2. And confined its almost astronomical longitudes between 36-34 and 256 to the east, and between latitudes 16 and 1232 in the north, which they in the range of orbital Southwest Asia ([2]).

The infused kingdom of its geographical location this since the dawn of history, an important position of centrality between the civilizations of China, India, Ethiopia and south of the island and the coast of the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, Iraq, Syria and Egypt, and therefore a longer extension of the overland trade routes and sea passes within the geographic scope of the kingdom. Land has seen signs of the Kingdom of human settlement since the Stone Ages and evolved and flourished urban centers where over the centuries.

Studies have demonstrated that the east of the Arabian Peninsula has contributed an effective contribution in the establishment of the first civilizations of man, where he found several locations in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom indicates that ([3]), and in the north of the Arabian 4

Peninsula, we find that the area of Taima, for example, was one of the The most important commercial centers ([4]), have shown the results of surveys and archaeological excavations in most regions of the Kingdom physical evidence of ancient civilizations, through the tools and manufactures various of pottery, and jewelry, women's, and inscriptions and writings, and fees rocky, and archaeological sites, and buildings fixed palaces and castles and forts, dams, wells and eyes and channels and other relics discovered on trade and pilgrimage routes, such as coins that were in circulation in the periods dating back to the preIslamic and through Islamic eras ([5]), and evidence suggests that Saudi Arabia is rich in monuments submerged in the Gulf Gulf, Red Sea

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Building traditional housing in Saudi Arabia Building housing the traditional In Saudi Arabia In general, can identify four distinct styles of traditional houses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

These patterns have stemmed from the reality of climate variability and regional level with each other, as well as the reality of the different factors affecting these patterns, whether external or internal, but it is 6

no matter how different these patterns and varied, they are all united in the constants associated with the Islamic values and local heritage.

These four styles are: 1 - Architecture Hijazi western region of the kingdom.

2 - Building the highlands in the south-western region of the kingdom.

3 - Architecture Najd region of the Middle Kingdom.

4 - Building the region with a climate mixed with the eastern region.

Hijazi architecture: It is spread in the western region of the queen, where we find a warm wet climate on the coast, which turns into a hot, dry climate as we head east to the inside. This region includes the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jeddah, Taif and areas that fall between them. In this region, we find that the presence of the city of Jeddah port business, has had a great impact on the general character of the architecture of Hijaz, where the Jeddah center for cultural exchange and trade between the region and the various countries of the Middle East, Asia and Europe, such as this exchange impact on the construction technique in the Hijaz days ago Ottoman rule of the Hijaz, which showed the building materials - non-local - more sophisticated and stable, and introduced more advanced methods of building. Also can not overlook the impact of the movement of pilgrims entering the region via Jeddah from around the world, and so is the architecture of this region a natural continuation of Islamic architecture in Egypt and the Levant, and it 7

appears so obvious in mashrabiyya magnificent decorations mounted on vents and windows, which took about Egyptian architecture. This has evolved mashrabiyya even become rich decoration of wood, has been the impact of this character rampant in Jeddah - clearly the character of the architecture in the region, the hot dry in Mecca and Medina.

This area is characterized warm dry element architect additional imposed by the environment warmer climates the region, an inner courtyard that works moderator climate giving the highest degree of privacy, so gather rooms around the courtyard, which usually takes the form of a regular - either a rectangle or square - in the cities and take the forms of irregular in rural areas. And usually includes a yard pools or water fountains to help mitigate climate. With the use of the yard less exterior openings. The yard is generally used in large houses in the province of Hejaz, which confirms the interest inside the dwelling Arab. Usually, the courtyard surrounded by walls decorated. However, there is the coastal region a distinctive style architecture is a mix between the architecture of the Mediterranean basin and Islamic architecture, and is considered similar to those models that have emerged in Egypt since opening up to Europe a century ago. However, these models have been adapted so that the imported keeps the spirit of authentic Islamic private and family life.

Rise buildings in this region (Hijaz) up to four and five roles and sometimes the other seven innings, in response to the hot and humid climate, and so it allows the movement of air to rise through the 8

building. The buildings are generally of brick, stone and plaster with stone used as a binding agent to ensure the insulation while the floors and ceilings of wood - and usually uses wood imported from abroad, and a reflection of the nature of international business for the city of Jeddah. We also find that the interior design of the house allows the movement of air through the rooms, and describes the bedrooms and living rooms on the upper floors to give them a greater opportunity for the passage of air through it. Public buildings and rich decoration wood or plaster carved in geometric lines or floral decorative wonderful, all of which serves to provide a large plate of shadows on the facades of buildings, which strengthens the characteristic impedance of the building to the outside temperature. In general, buildings are built far apart from each other, so as to allow the movement of air around it and to give the largest possible to work flat screens to allow the passage of air inside the building, but with the exception of the development of the crowded neighborhoods that fit

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together where residential blocks.

Building heights: It is architecture style area in the mountains of the south-western region, which comprises the Asir and Taif and Abha. Have affected the nature of the high mountain area and wet climate on the attributes of architecture in the region, which is different from the rest of the architecture of the Arabian Peninsula, in the region of Asir architecture influenced by the clear architecture of the Yemeni-based tower housing the highest mountains while exploiting the

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foothills of the mountains in agriculture. Because of the difficult terrain in the region, the horizontal area of the building is considered relatively small. And then expand the building in the form of a header to accommodate all their basic needs. In spite of the similarity is obvious with the architecture of Yemen, but the villages of Asir no forts or castles - as is the case in Yemen and Hadramout - as the people of Asir took for themselves the means of other defense - to protect them from raids tribes, and by building homes the highest mountains and build a cohesive with each on narrow roads crooked.

Buildings in Asir built of mud and stone, and feature stone courses in multiple prominent at regular intervals in the form of belts full stretch around the building, and the function of these Madamik basic protection of the building from the outside of the extreme weather that be in the form of rain dense in the region by virtue of its location in the mountain ridge . Rise buildings in the area to four and five specialty roles so that the upper floors of the roles of women and domestic services and the people of the home rooms. There are some buildings are built of stone - which brings the valleys - and without mortar shapes and sizes and different colors. Such housing be role or two and to ensure consistency and coherence fillings gaps broken stones have small wall thickness up to 70 cm on the ground floor, usually such housing be fitted with an internal courtyard.

And patterns of construction deals in Asir style known style Abha - where he fashioned common in the region of Abha in this style built housing of 11

stones and mud together to be the ground floor of the stone and then topped the rest of the building walls of mud and stone, and this gives the building sturdier more.

Buildings and General Engineering rich decoration colored festive red and green, yellow and blue. And these motifs appear in the doors, windows and on the roof and around vents and the exterior walls are these colorful decoration of the general features of the architecture of Asir

Najdi architecture : A style of architecture in desert regions, the Arabian Peninsula , which is characterized by the central region of Saudi Arabia , and this region of hot, dry climate . The characteristic of this architectural style and presence of the inner courtyard , which does not work moderator climate , but also provides the highest degree of privacy for the family inside the home . Derived architecture of this region nature of the environment surrounding desert which is similar to the desert environment in some parts of Tunisia , Morocco and Iran, which are used courtyards solution climate is reflected in the lack of exterior openings - and when their presence be tight - while heading all the rooms and other services to the inner courtyard of the house , which opens it doors The windows are protected by a covered walkway around the yard and usually take courtyards forms irregularly clustered around the rooms. In the most 12

advanced models began courtyards organized forms either a rectangle or square and organized rooms around the buildings are generally built of mud thickness of 45 to 75 cm , and is sometimes used stones with mud and thick walls provide a high degree of thermal stability inside the building and usually uses gypsum and clay as a binding agent , and uses gypsum the bishop in white shall be of wood or palm trunks and branches . Buildings are characterized by broad and irregular lines . If the buildings from the outside is a few simple decorations and inscriptions from the inside but it is rich in decoration and inscriptions brilliant engineering , as well as the use of different colors in decorating doors, windows and ceilings , giving the home joy amid the desert environment around him .

And public housing are located coherent with each other so that the shade on some of them and this comes in response to the nature of extreme weather temperatures , while existing homes on the outskirts of the settlement we find democracy less housing aperture to avoid the intense glare of the sunlight during the day.

The simplicity of architecture Najdi can be considered stems from the simplicity of the environment surrounding desert , on the other hand can be considered a reflection of the teachings of Islam in respect for the sanctity of the home and family , do not seem Accessories home to strangers and therefore went decorations and ornaments to the interior while preserving the character of the simple exterior .

Building the eastern region of the kingdom of 13

climate mixed with : A style of architecture in the region , which is characterized by a warm climate swing between the dry and hot wet near the Gulf region and these include Dhahran , Riyadh and Dammam . The architecture is characterized by traditional housing in this region, the presence of the inner courtyard housing as an essential element . The yard in this region take forms more regular than in the desert areas . Usually built buildings closed ranks so shade groups of buildings on each other, and put the buildings in the ranks of the extended across the east - west so that the living spaces interior housing with direct north and south to be placed service rooms and storage on the west side , shall be the door and window openings on the covered walkways around the courtyard , while the exterior openings are few and narrow wooden sand barriers and provide for the protection of the domestic blank glare of the sun and dusty wind . Windows may be present indirectly to the process of changing the air without injuring of privacy or windows are placed at the top of the walls. Sometimes canceled exterior openings and completely dependent on the provision of housing and change the light air of the inner courtyard . To ensure thermal stability within the housing to be walls of stone thickness ranges between 45 and 75 cm with the use of clay and gypsum as a binding agent . In areas close to the Gulf, where relative humidity will increase used as a buffer to protect from moisture. The surfaces of the trunks of palm trees shall be placed by breaking stones and mud.

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In general, materials used smooth colors ( light ) to achieve a direct reflection of the sun's rays and materials must be fixed so as not to be affected by moisture and rain that falls on this region . The length of the housing using traditional colors such as red , blue and yellow geometric in the doors, windows and ceilings. Taken into account as well as briefing housing - if possible - a dense green bodies, on the south side and the west to reduce the severity of the incoming sunlight . In developed models to be taken into account on the floor of the building so as to allow a smooth reflection rays are not banked .

Building non-traditional housing in Saudi Arabia The contemporary architecture

Building housing in non-traditional Saudi Arabia Appear in some areas of the Kingdom of architectural models or patterns alien to the spirit of the General Building Arabia. These patterns have emerged in the southern region hot and humid in the province of Najran . Shows this pattern in the form of conical huts , with a descendant of the timber walls and roofs of mud . Shows the African influence in the construction materials and the different forms of these huts has entered these patterns to the region by the Sudanese and Ethiopians who lived and moved and settled in the area . It is characterized by the pattern that provides 15

the climatic conditions suitable for human living where allowed straw and mud to change the air and ventilation hut without any non- door openings , and allows the conical shape of the roof from the inside coated blanks smooth - the escape of hot air from the ceiling . On the other hand , protects the thatched roof mud from the vagaries of the atmosphere , thus providing a kind of shading to the surface of the mud moderating internal temperatures .

Usually interior walls of huts and ceilings decorated and colorful at the top and the top of the cone , in the form of plant and animal forms as well as geometric shapes colored blue, red , yellow and blue . Notes that the door is opening only hut However, this does not preclude the presence of adequate ventilation and lighting hut . Often surrounded the cottage courtyard exercise in which all household activities and caring for the cattle and usually huts clustered in groups of three or hut .

And back irregular clusters of villages in the region ( the region of Najran ) to the instability of these huts with age limited , therefore we find scattered isolated from each other on the coastal villages .

This pattern is growing slowly in the Najran area for the north-west coast at Jeddah and Yanbu.

Apart from the architectural styles of traditional abode in Saudi Arabia , appeared patterns (residential ) degraded in the form of housing random unauthorized associated with these patterns random primarily in cities with economic fundamentals large growth , where displaced numbers of people , often from low-income people 16

in search of sources of livelihood , and thus were not these cities are equipped or stable to receive these numbers flowing from the population , and thus appeared the so-called funds and nests , a residential patterns built of tin and timber funds , and remnants of buildings and , of course, do not enjoy such housing at the lowest possible extent of basic services . And certainly represent a black spot on the face of the modern city of Saudi Arabia . This has helped to exacerbate this phenomenon is the lack of supply of residential units in that time and the high rental value and high land prices . But what is striking enjoy some of these dwellings in Accessories indicate a relatively high level within the housing such as the presence of air conditioning and television and a private car door. This suggests , however, that this pattern of deteriorating housing although it has been linked in the first low- level access , but he eventually became the pattern for the tabernacle also possible means easy to get it free of charge and cheaper costs. And, of course , such as acceptance of this housing situation is capable of physically implies relatively low level of civilization and culture. It is noted that this is of Funds and the nests are found in a photo collage in cities near the centers of business and industry as well as to external parties for the central district of the city , the most prominent of these sites is what is behind the city of Riyadh neighborhood ministries and at the industrial area on the way to the output .

The percentage of such housing in the city of Riyadh in 1979, 3.3 % of the total number of housing units . But it notes that in spite of the 17

deterioration of the housing and the surrounding environment and the loss of all the basic components for a stable life , however, there is a healthy phenomenon can point to in this area, however, is the presence of the spirit of the home with yard in the planning cottage in spite of its small size and poor condition of the building _ as already mentioned . This indicates that the rights of the Arab saturated shades drop in maintaining privacy and proximity to nature and this is what can be provided by the yard .

The Government is implementing policies to provide housing for low-income people . Passed these policies through several stages , including the stage of granting plots of land (20 x 20 m) of the family in order to adopt them her home on its own and then set up the State Real Estate Development Fund , which has on the other hand by giving loans represent 80% of the total value of origin without any benefits and facilities major payment premiums to the extent that these offers can be described as the closest ones to the grants. On the other hand the government has established housing for lowincome people , but in some of these projects that were not consistent with the requirements of social and living conditions of the population failed completely , but we did not find accepts the housing . Such as housing project in Jeddah, which was built in the form of large groves height ( increase of 16 role ) and therefore such as low-income housing project in Riyadh, Ltd. , which in the form of building blocks from ground floor only

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Building housing the contemporary pros and cons : Attempts have emerged architectural less by what they described as successful and that was in the context of attempts to transport , innovation and slipping in attempts to renew heedlessly . Appeared patterns and architectural styles strange and far removed from the model the environment and local style , as well as exotic and far removed from the style , shape, or architectural style anywhere . Fed such attempts , urbanization early and increase liquidity and thus can not in any way that half of these dwellings as poor in terms of material was used the most and the finest varieties of finishing materials of marble and brass, and aluminum and glass , but the final outcome of this architectural forms new is the loss of personal Special building so if it grew this business cities .

And the back as well as the trend to build apartment buildings too high and apartment buildings huge , and of course , this pattern Residential will give nature an outsider to the city and represents (causing ) the problems of planning in the future is also a pattern of housing is removed from the ability to save a residential environment for family life intact.

Perhaps the most prominent of what was said in the field of modern architectural styles from the big cities of the oil states what has been written in the locality of " Domus " which translated text as follows :"In the last ten years has turned the country's Arabian Gulf region , or rather the country's oil 19

wealth - has turned her own free will to a large playground exercise the architectural work and technical prowess . Stadium course not frequented by only world champions which is equipped with all the supplies to ensure that training and exercise in safety Tam far cry from the looks of inquiring from cultural circles in the country of the players themselves . , and as this happens without how possible and kind of jamming becomes him talk about trades and traders skilled easier to talk about architecture and architects . has also become fashionable to link the architects traders and between architecture such as the trade . " Thus appeared " architectural style ready-to- use ," which allows the rapid planning and construction of any project of any size and in any place and then add some of the decorations or false minaret to make the building simulates skillfully local architectural traditions . However, it is rare to respect Islamic traditions or taken into account as a basis for planning and thus the value of details generally like the value of sounds like the voice of the water or the music or the wind or the harmony of colors , or the possibilities of light or other small things such as the importance of poetic room as in Islamic architecture all those values slaughtered a niche experiments and Western technology .

Thus, all that is wonderful and lasting shows like temporarily like in the gallery industrial huge when it seems everything is like a beautiful work and everything fit for use - let's hope that when he returns oil to being a Zeta , not gold, to succeed the interaction between man and the desert in erasing 20

those residues extraneous that do not belong to no culture at all.

It is serious attempts in the light of this confusion experienced by the great architect in the cities, particularly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states in general , was Has to be the emergence of the return of consciousness local architectural inherent There were serious attempts and honest character of the old neighborhoods and maintain the personal characteristic of Islamic architecture in the city . Has exceeded these efforts residential architecture to architecture the city , whether in the form of government facilities or building services , and the experience is occurring in the city of Jeddah about rooting values local architectural in contemporary architecture , as well as impart character of the local architectural style on the above properties, held previously was a far cry for this character , the experience of an adult and built on this path . As well as efforts are being made towards the preservation and protection of the ancient city of Jeddah , where he was already planning her situation and the restoration of most of the buildings and the municipality has allocated a special subset

Haram al-Sharif: Is the Sacred House and the old house is the first mosque established for the people, since the builders of Abraham and his son Ishmael, and the campus is a kiss to the faithful and Hanafi of 21

northern countries of the world. The floods destroyed the Kaaba several times and rebuilt several times, one of them when he was a young man of the Prophet, and the development of its pillar: the black stone on his clothes, and most recently in 1627 AD The Kaaba built stone of Mecca gray color in the form of a parallelogram and Mqamatha about 21:00 in length x 7 ‫ م‬offer x 10 meters higher, and the ceiling horizontal laptop on wooden poles from the inside and has a single door on the east side high from the ground level, and Taxi Kaaba Bastar Quranic and leave taboo (naked) for Day 15.

The Kaaba until the reign of the Caliph Abu Bakr enclosed courtyard space to cruise followed by housing and the demolition of the Caliph Umar for housing around (around the year 17 AH) and the area around the circle circumnavigation into a mosque (Zlat) around the Kaaba for the first time since then, following expansions and improvements to the Grand Mosque in many eras at the hands of the rulers, many of whom recall the caliph al-Mahdi and plum Sultan and Sultan Ghouri and Sultan Suleiman, also rebuilt after the Ottoman Turks complete torrent raided the year 1626 AD came up to recent expansions undertaken by Saudi Arabia now. Has retained its recent expansion part of the corridors of the domes of the Ottoman stone and covered endeavor between Safa and Marwa and made from Doreen and annexed to the body of the mosque and said the corridors of the other two floors and renovated walls and doorways and Ksthe marble, as Gzt floors marble heat insulator instead 22

of grit. It has built seven new minarets to replace some of the ancient minarets. Almost like minarets Persian in its entirety but it differs in proportions and details.

The well of Zamzam was completely covered with water and pulled the tubes, especially outside the mosque. It is worth mentioning that these expansions Haram al-Sharif was a significant influence on the radical urbanization in Mecca, all of these efforts in order to facilitate the Hajj and develop campus affect everything that surrounds planning year. So I took all the Kingdom provide its advanced technology to re-layout of the city provide them with whatever may facilitate the pilgrimage of roads and tunnels and facilities.

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Prophet's Mosque : Mediates the Holy Mosque Medina , has built the Prophet peace be upon him his mosque in the early migration to the city for the various functions , was the house of the emirate and a mosque of the Islamic groups, emerging as it was also the center of spiritual , intellectual, and the group's political symbol of its unity , is subject to the Prophet leads prayers University , meets it with his companions and his message to his tribe of Muslims. And then it was a recipe for this mosque buildings gathered around him , bringing the recipe in Arab cities .

The mosque was built at a rectangle projected prone arm 60 and its length from north to south and 70 arm was not done out completely orthogonal among themselves . Was attached to the rear of the canopy in the courtyard of the mosque in the south , is home to immigrants who do not house them , no shelter , and he was surrounded by a fence a little rise. The accepted toward Jerusalem .

The basis of the mosque of stone , surmounted by a wall of mud-brick , has been the mosque and worked his columns from the trunks of palm trees , and put on the symptoms and covered by palm leaves , wicker , and then covered with mud after a period of rainfall to the congregation . When turning to the direction of the Holy Kaaba in 2 AH / 624 AD shut the door in the southern wall was replaced by a 25

door in the north wall and worked three corridors to the south along the lines of those Steering northern and keep to sections . The mosque continued unchanged until the Prophet died and was buried chamber Ms. Aisha . Has increased Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab mosque in the area and Well in its construction. Were removed such, in the era where life has become not need it anyway after the stability of immigrants. He was buried with each Messenger of Allah ( PBUH ) . As Osman was used stone instead of milk to increase the robustness of the Prophet's Mosque when expanded and replaced the trunks of palm columns of stone sculpted put out pieces of iron coated with lead melt ( which is the way I found in Byzantine architecture in the Dome of the Rock ) did not change anything in the original design of the mosque , but I worked paper whiteness of the internal plaster and opened energies in the walls of the mosque for the first time and not for the trappings of a place in the mosque until his time . In succession Waleed bin Abdul Malik demolition worker Omar bin Abdul Aziz rooms mothers lived Muslims and build on chamber Aisha make it five irregular fearing that received by people as they receive the Kaaba. The Sultan Qalawun had filed a dome renewed several times and was covered with plates of lead in green color even taken the name " green dome ." The Alwaleed Bin Abdul Malik has sent construction workers who described in some accounts as of " the Copts " (the ratio of the Egyptians and their followers not to doctrine Coptic ) and other than that they are "Roman " to do the work of the mosaic. Line is that 26

the beginnings of external influences on building the Prophet's Mosque . It was one of the most important additions newborn crowns gilded columns and columns are covered with a layer getting fatter whites made them resemble marble . She also worked minarets in the four corners of a square style lighthouses in Egypt and Syria for the first time . As shown in the mihrab hollow wall using for the first time also during this expansion .

In the era of the Mahdi Abbasi Zaid also in the area of the mosque and decorated with mosaics and burned the Prophet's Mosque in 654 AH and in 886 AH terrifying built Sultan al-Ashraf Vaitbaa in the Mamluk era Marine , has been building the minaret Alsnjaria for semi Prince Singer Jawali They follow in the shape of the minaret Egyptian Mamluk even in the presence of the Corniche Pharaonic out They are very similar minaret Qalawoon and Shaikhoun Nazareth.

In the Circassian Mamluk era has been replaced by wooden bridges decades of wage -style contracts in the construction of the Egyptian . It also set up a school and a mooring adjacent to the western wall of the mosque between Pape peace and compassion. Teem Ottoman era many expansions and reforms to the campus of the Prophet demolishing some of minarets and held other and changed the internal cladding of the mosque and tomb decorated kindergarten and floors covered with straw colored .

When the Kingdom began to King Abdul Aziz AlSaud in the expansion of campus , began to demolish the buildings surrounding the change 27

projected Ottoman little , and keep wing direction and set up the expansion as a building structural concrete slab is a column bearing contracts pointed divide the ceiling into squares , formed on the pattern of wooden roofs and decorated with floral motifs and covered domes , but came round columns with capitals of bronze and marble bases covered .

And continue to expand the work and studies that increase the area of the Holy Mosque to this day extends business to improve the campus and supplied with all the services and expanded to allow for the largest number of worshipers to pray in it. It is noted that extensions are always from the east and south into account only because the tomb of the Prophet always remains at the tip of the mosque , fearing that turns into a kiss worshipers prevented strife better than suppressed

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Indians mosque in Taif : The history of this mosque to more than 150 years , as is evident from its name was built by Indian Muslims when he pitched on this site - and the mosque is located in the central area of the city of Taif , located in the western region of Saudi Arabia , it imposes itself upon as a key and prominent within the region - and play a minaret prominent role in identifying trends as a ground characteristic - the mosque is located in the commercial area of old city and surrounded on all sides and in the image of a cohesive , traditional shops that trade in perfumes and incense and manufactures products and local Bedouin - features a mosque printer architecture , which tends to simplicity in design or in the formation and distinctiveness minaret of a local nature unique .

The deterioration in the case of the mosque recently , which was invited to start immediately in the renovated and is surrounded by and with the need to increase the area and linking it with other elements necessary for the integration of functions 30

with the surrounding environment .

Has been the number of design for the development of a mosque Indians in the light of the study steric and study land use prepared for the area , branches forming the vacuum of the area and quality of commercial activity and the character and architectural style prevalent out - also takes into account the respect of climatic factors and Islamic traditions in the design and planning . Then came the new design of the mosque , stressing the functions of the mosque, social, religious and educational - The mosque contains a chapel for men and another for women , also can use the mosque as a meeting place to discuss things Muslims As for the educational function has provided the mosque at the Library of public religious and lounge for also working as a teacher for the memorization of the Koran , can be accessed from outside the mosque , and the integration of the mosque is created shops so that drainage of the proceeds on the running costs of the mosque and periodic maintenance , as well as be provided with the mosque housing units suitable for the accommodation of the front and the muezzin and served the mosque has been prepared by the architectural design of the building in line with the broad outlines components of the boundaries of the former buildings Active , as well as taking into account the stability of uses that existed on the sides of the corridors , in every location

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Najdi religious architecture: The architectural style of the purest Najdi architectural styles in the Kingdom due to its distance from many of the external influences of civilization, came to agree to the hot, dry climate of the area and building materials available with a clay material and other desert, was a distinct authentic without other kingdom.

Characterized mosques Najdi many elements mosque consists of a square dish often, followed by the umbrella or pergola covered with hand portico dome, roof horizontal mud Cast on the wooden beams of the trunks of palm trees, surrounded the mosque fence topped with battlements serrated triangular, by tiny holes deep, square-shaped or triangular, at the higher end of the mud wall, and perhaps the most important characteristic of Najdi mosque minaret is the cohesion of the body with perimeter fence and comes as an extension of the body of the mosque towards the sky, giving a tendency to block the mosque to confer on the simplicity and purity of showing strength and dignified.

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Reach civilization of Islamic architectural styles on the facades of buildings in the traditional area of Mecca The reality of contemporary architectural thought for contemporary facades of buildings in the area of Mecca Interface is an integrated system of function and beauty , have been successful in the traditional environment and failed to achieve in the new environment , as a result of tradition and followers of Western thought .

In the facades of buildings in contemporary Mecca influenced by many factors on the culture of thought architectural her , after the advent of oil in the early fifties and the economic recovery experienced by the region entered the local culture in the field of friction and external friction with foreign cultures are different in religion , customs and traditions through three doors : 1 - the entry of foreign labor as a client of the petroleum wealth , has led to experience the foreign culture with local and acquire some of the attributes that are either new and have a valid .

2 - Door density travel to foreign countries and to increase missions led to the interaction of these individuals with those of foreign cultures and acquisition and to return to the homeland .

3 - revolutionized communications and transportation technology that facilitated the process of cultural friction and made it more interactive and influential .

All this cultural friction had a significant impact on architectural and urban areas which recorded observations in the late sixties and early seventies , where constructed several architectural projects that do not reach unrelated to local identity for Architecture 34

Hijazi , according to the designs of the western schools after attempts to adapt to the models in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .

Valenazer to contemporary urban environment feels in front of an exhibition of architectural models and shows the contrast between the facades of the buildings and the different height in a clear and strong , there is no similarity between the interfaces and harmony , and the interfaces between the physical environment and local communities.

In contemporary architecture replaced Alrouachin what is new on the urban environment , in the first instance has been replaced by wooden windows , which is on the one hand and functional practical and feasible dramatically in terms of letting air and light into the inner emptiness while providing privacy for the family , but it lacks the aesthetic side of it is free of Islamic motifs and patterns , then replaced those wooden windows with glass windows , one of the citations of foreign architecture , which lacks provide full privacy for the family , in addition to that it does not allow the passage of air but Bfaththa .

It also introduced a new part in Muscat interfaces buildings of modern architecture , a balcony , and is considered an architect a new architecture of Hejaz and a component architecture foreign , except that this element has not been exploited and functionally in the home , but became a big factor in the distortion of the facades of buildings , has packed many users to cover those balconies and exploit the spaces in the inner emptiness in different ways in the building even one formed a distorted picture of the facade of the building.

In addition to the use of many of the Vocabulary 35

Bank to cover the holes , and the lack of attention endings interfaces , and in terms of mass of the buildings are high-volume and high-altitude vary in size , and constructed of materials constructivism imported and modern urban environment local , has been the use of glass as a new construction and excessively especially in cover the openings .

Also used as a construction material of iron in the construction process All of this has led to large differences between the facades of the buildings here , everyone is trying to stand-alone application every thought and culture without self- retention of social belonging and local cultural , which produced the architecture is similar in terms of the architectural details are often identical in form with Western architecture .

Components that influenced the thought of architectural facades of buildings in the traditional area of Mecca: Considered interfaces is the outer cover of the building, and the element apparent to the public in the built environment , and show the culture of the community, which is the strongest elements that reflect the architectural character of an area , they are the first thing that meets the viewer and prints his mind as it represents an optical with the meaning stems from the values of the local and containing distinct architectural vocabulary that allows the recipient to easily distinguished them.

The thought of architectural any area as a result of environmental influences , historical , cultural, social , technical and aesthetic and others, contribute to the formation of the general character of the built environment of local , have affected these components

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on the thought of architectural facades of traditional architecture in the region of Mecca , as follows: First, the environmental component: It is the middle or the circumstances surrounding that affect the life and growth of all the objects of varying terrain and from plant and human The mountainous necessitated to Mecca vertical urban sprawl around the Grand Mosque to accommodate residents and pilgrims alike with very narrow streets and roads and the lack of spaces and open spaces .

The bloc has taken the vertical direction for two reasons: 1 - reduce the amount of area exposed to the sun because the sun lying directly above the Mecca in the summer.

2 - Lack of flat spaces around the Haram al-Sharif and careful to stay near him made the increase and expansion of housing in the vertical direction to take .

The traditional buildings rising up in Mecca to five innings in height , which created the architectural division of the interfaces and processed many of the vocabulary of distinctive character .

It also affects the local climate for each urban area in the formation and determine the character and appearance of the composition of natural and urban .

The absence of the inner courtyard as a regulator of temperature , ventilation and lighting in a traditional house in the cities of the Hijaz to be heading home to the outside opens it with large windows may include fullinterface single-storey often been used Alrouachin and blinds to cover the windows.

This is an architectural element of the most prominent features and interfaces of traditional architecture in the cities of the Hijaz and gives her an 37

expression of acclimation and adaptation of architectural composition of the house with the climatic conditions while preserving the religious and social values of the Muslim community , it also works to mitigate air temperature window and provide proper ventilation and natural lighting of spaces interior and protection the strength of dazzling , and the reflected rays , along with that Alrouachin increase of depth with elevation , which earns the facades of the building and the street cast limit of high temperature and that these fragments allow reception of wind shaded narrow streets where collide Peixrat building Vikhall the air, which earns interfaces moisture and cooler Second, the historical component: The Arabian Peninsula was the cradle of civilizations extinct mentioned in the Koran and the emergence of Islam faded effect of different civilizations to replace the effect of a uniform is the impact of the Islamic civilization , which has been credited with the largest in the smelting contradictions Arab region of cultural and linguistic in one pot and legalization one characteristic by which distinguish them from other civilizations .

There is historical evidence is clear that at the time of the descent of the Islamic message , the Hijaz was where at least three cities thriving commercially and culturally , a Mecca rich in its trade , and Yathrib , located on the trade route between Mecca and Yemen , a cultural center is important, and Taif , a city task famed richness which made people wrap around them Ihsnoha walls and castles .

Through the historical background of the cities can be identified significant periods of civilization infused strong roots in its components , and then can be analyzed 38

to extract these ingredients and methods that can be linked to the cultural heritage of these cities planned by architecture and contemporary .

This has helped the boom Mecca in ancient times as a commercial center located on the caravan route between the West and the kingdoms of the north and the markets were crowded with traders ascending to the Levant or Habtin to Yemen Vmehroa in trade and inflated their capital and they were in the richness and facilitated large , and in many biographies that among the population of the Roman Christians and animist of Persia , and it is inhabited by communities of Egypt, Iraq, Abyssinia .

The boom period include early Islam began from the prophetic mission until the end of the Umayyad state in 132 AH During this era became residents of Mecca companions and followers pimped and soldiers in the armies of Islam in the era of the adult and the Umayyad and moved a large number of them to open country in Egypt , Syria and Iraq . The Umayyad saw the holy city, a sort of immigration and population large science students had come to them from the countries of the Islamic world to receive the flag from his companions and followers , has also seen a Mecca return of some of its sons who have left for jihad , has ballooned wealth in the present Covenant by the money that was hit open country , in addition to the data of the Umayyad generous , increasing business activity , and during the golden period experienced by adults in the era of Mecca and the Umayyad condensing hustle houses around the mosque .

As the recession extends from the early Abbasid era and end by virtue of the Mamluks , including nearly eight centuries , have been penalized for rule of Mecca in 39

this era, Abbasid and Fatimid and Ayyubid and Mamluk , has been the Mecca throughout the Abbasid era looting of wealth , and therefore did not find the political stability of a way , but in a few years in the chest Abbasid first , it was not the best of off days Fatimid and the Ayyubid and Mamluk , and the recovery period was in the tenth century when the outcome of the reins of Muslims to Al- Othman, who widened their conquests included the influence of the Two Holy , and throughout this period migration was continuing to Mecca , has resulted in the prosperity and the expansion of the the scope of the holy city to make it in the ranks of major Islamic cities , but the instability of the political and security turmoil rope and internal strife that took place at the end of this period did not help in the prosperity of the city and urban economic as befits this holy city .

The Mecca in Saudi Crown was the restoration of stability and security with the owner that the flow of oil wealth effect in evolution The frequency of this historical and cultural communication explains the diversity of vocabulary in Fine interfaces of traditional architecture in the area of Mecca and architectural variation of the others .

Third, the aesthetic component: Featuring traditional facades of buildings in the architecture of Mecca and architectural beauty of the formation , although the magnitude of the building but they are simply architectural expression .

It is characteristic of the block in the premises of Mecca traditional vertical direction , and the gradient magnitude of the cluster mass at least as we head to the top , and reaches a height of five innings given an overall height of her .

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It also marked the vocabulary of architectural and decorative rich and distinctive from the rest of the cities, we find wood engravings with intricate details and ornaments and cornices retina either drilling or unloading and artifacts of iron, and the work of whiteness , and endings characteristic of the building ( brides sky ) and various contracts , as well as blinds or berms wooden interlocking and windows chopper and balconies prominent retained .

The most important characteristic of these interfaces Alrouachin , which include earthworks rich detail and balconies sweetened curtains wood busy with decorations exquisite , and coupled with the presence of the main door of the house is made of wood contracts round and homogeneity is unique among the ornaments frescoes and sculpture on wood in geometric lines or floral decorative wonderful , and ends with a home in the role upper pasteurization or cycle built of brick colored ( Ahawaber ) which are of geometric shapes earn interface visually distinctive , and it should be noted that the excavation work , sculpture and decorative plaster and wooden heavily influenced by the styles of Indian , Turkish, Egyptian , and reflect the sizes Alrouachin as well as the quality of the work engraving, embossing and in the doors of houses and faรงades, economic and social features of their respective owners .

Is also characterized by frequent use in the building per Aforeigat

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Analytical side In this part has been selected number of interfaces traditional buildings in the region of Mecca study and analysis, and an important method adopted by the architect in the treatment of these interfaces is divided into a number of Aldkhlat and openings, giving the facades feature balance and symmetry, also contains these interfaces on many items which can be divided into architectural elements and decorative elements, and the elements of color, and we show them as follows:

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The house of Dr. Sami Angawi 47

At the time, who became Western-style building is popular in the Arab countries and we found ourselves standing in front of an architectural masterpiece in one of the streets of the city of Jeddah .... passers-by might think that they are in front of the Museum and in that design is something of Health and rare pieces at home to make it a heritage museum and the Arab Hijazi. .. but it is in fact a private home of Dr. / Sami Angawi, who used the long experience in the field of Islamic architecture to come home like this dazzling

The front of the house and a picture of Roshan Oalnuaz wood that characterize homes Hijaz old ... says Dr. Sami "I regard the design of the house make it clear that figure is only the foundation, but I was interested with my experience in architecture and placed a monument sight of the 48

importance of ventilation and the entry of sunlight each room in the house so you can see the large number of windows, as well as the house does not take the traditional form box or wall level, but there are disparities and meanders are very important to the process. "ventilation To the entrance ... which contains a masterpiece, a wooden door tradition of collection of Dr. Sami archaeological he got from a house in Mecca old and despite the passage of many years, making this the door but he held inscriptions and durability ... which is good reception for lovers of heritage when they visit for this house

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From the entrance to the main hall or center of the house, which can be watched from every room in the house ...

Bsagvh glass is characterized by high arches, windows and wooden balconies decorated with beautiful green plants that increase the vitality of the place

Highlights here wall color which resembles the color of old mud walls ... The roof is a hanging wooden sticks, including a small lamp ... and this is noticeable in the way of technical design that help light emission beautifully ... and a pot of ornamental simple earthen Old seems wonderful in this place

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Innovation and excellence in the origination of local architecture in the city of Abha, Saudi Arabia: The city of Abha, the capital of the south a Saudi Arabian cities of architectural character distinct and unique presence as a result of environmental conditions and topographical and climatic conditions, as well as decorative and aesthetic feeling among the population of this region of the Kingdom. Architecture has been in the local area Abha retain its identity and its features and distinctive architectural characteristics for long periods, and that was a result of the relative isolation and remoteness from external influences expatriate. With the recent development witnessed in the cities of the Kingdom of different since more than three decades, suffered most cities in the Kingdom to the challenges of architectural large as entered the Kingdom of trends and philosophies of new architectural and exotic far from the customs and traditions, and environmental conditions, and have been so local architecture in these cities to the loss and extinction and loss of identity. Was aware of many of the competent authorities of the seriousness that the architectural heritage of excellence in the Kingdom, was the invitations and seminars repeated calls for the preservation of heritage and rooting the local architecture to remain a witness in all regions and cities of the Kingdom of the authenticity and nobility of this architectural heritage of distinctive and benefit from it in Amartna contemporary. The city of Abha, one of the cities of

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the Kingdom of the many that have been to these challenges architecture that almost her to get lost features and attributes architecture local architecture in which, not for the catch officials in the departments and the various bodies to the need to preserve this heritage is outstanding, with the use of modern technologies and adapt them to the service architecture with commitment the values and principles of local architecture according to the requirements and demands of the times and the needs of modern man. The research report reviews the characteristics and features of the local architecture, capital city of Abha in the south of Saudi Arabia, and then review the methods of rooting out the local architecture as one of the images of creativity and excellence in architectural renaissance taking place in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Was the evolution of massive urban witnessed in most cities in Saudi Arabia for more than three decades, played a major role in increasing the amount of cities and its extension was this speed that accompanied this development impact in not letting enough to identify and codify the features of architectural heritage outstanding worthy observance and taking them and keep them for the rest witness to the authenticity and nobility of the architectural heritage in all regions of the Kingdom It was the city of Abha, the capital of the south, one of the cities of the Kingdom of the architectural heritage unique , and that has been , until recently, maintained its heritage and ancient features architectural excellence , even suffered like other 52

cities of the Kingdom to the challenges of architectural large as a natural result of the changes occurring in the group and the speed of technological development at all levels , and has become Architecture Btgazbha two trends contradictory : the first sees the need to return to the local architecture origins and values and take advantage of them and apply them in Amartna modern is the famous ( my own ) , and see the owners of this trend inevitable return to the old with all its spirit of history and authenticity of the past Kmorot social and cultural heritage should be cherished and add it to Heritable for future generations , generation after generation The other direction is the direction of raising the banner of freedom from the old where he sees those who promote it because it represents a heavy burden is impossible to return to it and must be missed ... but respect him for Aergon him!! Driven by what they see from the tremendous development in the field of construction and those developments and changes in the world and that contributed to the provision of patterns and modern techniques in the world of construction not known ancient architectural is the famous (contemporary), and that they see in this direction, an invitation to the realism architecture as they see it also an invitation to the architect today to assume their responsibilities in providing new architectural creativity And between these two was the cause of rooting the local architecture in the city of Abha, and try creative architecture with originality within the limits of the data and the possibilities of age without a 53

rejection of the attributes and features of yesteryear in every sense of the roots of civilization, with the benefit of changes occurring in the world around us and the speed of technological development at all levels and in the field of construction, in particular Features and attributes of local architecture in Abha

Abha is characterized by the features of the local architecture and distinct architectural features exist as a natural result of environmental conditions and topographical and climatic conditions , as well as decorative and aesthetic feeling among the population of the region. The materials clay , stone and wood are the basic materials in the construction process , but due to the scarcity of clay good stainless heavy rains in this region it is placed chips of rock known locally ( Balragaf ) stacked horizontally and prove to Madamik clay to form projections longitudinal interfaces mud dimensions rain wall , as well as the aesthetic value (Figure 1) It is noted that the thickness of the wall in the mud buildings at least as we head to the top of the building is like making defense towers ( leaning to the inside )

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In the mountainous areas in the building, facing slope of the farms with towers provide protection what is known locally (reed), which are often built of stones and mud with the use of rock chips (Alragaf) as well (Figure 2). It is noted in the local architecture Abha consistency of the blocks as well as the distribution studied for Windows Small interfaces where you play Alragaf and their relationship Bahaliat on Drawi building an important role in finding a relationship is consistent between horizontal and vertical direction, which baptizes sometimes to be strengthened by giving its members colors are working to confirm the highlighted clearly (Fig. 3 ) Here we offer some of the historic buildings that carry the attributes and features of the local architecture in Abha, which has been maintained to take advantage of them and apply them to try rooting the local architecture and preservation - Shada Archaeological Palace: One of the old palaces in the city of Abha with historical value and heritage large. The palace is located downtown next to the new headquarters of the emirate, which includes many of the folklore and manuscripts of ancient cultural history. Have been built this palace in 1927 at the direction of King Abdulaziz (God bless his soul), where he served a period of time the seat of the Principality, and in 1986 was restored and re-outfitted as a museum of Folk Arts and the order of the Emir of Asir region, was opened after the completion of the work of processing and restoration by Abha Municipality

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It features a short warble that takes the form of buildings rocky in the city of Abha, where the rise of the building for several floors narrowing as we head to the top of what takes the shape of the pyramid ellipse (Figure 4) as it carries many of the features and attributes of local architecture where adorn corners scrolls decorative addition to some of the cornices on upstairs, as well as the narrow longitudinal vents Palace urgent: A distinctive landmarks in the city of Abha , which represents all the characteristics of local architecture and unique features ( Figure 5 ) , is located in the courtyard of the palace of the sea in the city center , was built from local materials local stone ( igneous rocks ) with the use of child and lime mortar . It is clear that the palace was built on several stages where consists of three parts where comes the main part in the center and on the sides located parts of others, and cover rock chips ( Alragaf ) the upper parts of the building which comes mixed in color with the lower parts of the building , as well as with the CAC building, which plays to find a consistent relationship between the horizontal and vertical direction , and the notes fit the mass of the building as well as the deliberate distribution of the small windows on the faรงade It could be argued that the local architecture in Abha was adapted to the climatic and topographic conditions and achieved all the individual requirements and aesthetic as it showed the requirement for aesthetic and decorative resident of

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the region and their compatibility with the surrounding environment

creativity and excellence in the origination of local architecture in Abha: Abha has been, until recently, semi-isolated from the rest of the cities of Brea Kingdom Like all the cities of the southern region (Asir) due to the rugged mountains and valleys, that has recently been linking the region with a network of highways, bridges and tunnels penetrate the mountains However, this relative isolation was one of the factors that have contributed greatly to keep the city of Abha in nature local architectural and construction method inherited outstanding, where not facing architecture in the city of Abha challenges architectural faced by other cities were not exposed to the invasion of modern architecture greatly like other major cities in the Kingdom As mentioned , the issue of rooting the local architecture in the city of Abha and try creative 57

architecture with originality derives its values and principles of the values and principles of local architecture , but the architecture was beside another direction towards contemporary full where he sees the owners of this trend not to refer to the past and the need to take advantage of technical progress on all levels, and in spite of this apparent disparity between the two , but there was creativity and excellence and clearly has managed the owners direction ( PAM ) provide magnificent creations of the architecture of authenticity bearing the attributes and features of Amara yesterday in every sense of the authenticity of the values and principles , as could the owners of the direction of contemporary full in many of cases presenting creations imposed itself evident beauty and taste and Tnaksha around with these attempts to be a whole distinct architectural creations in the origination of local architecture in Abha Perhaps through a review of some of the projects in both directions to make it clear to him Mazhibna Photos of creativity and excellence in architectural renaissance taking place in the city of Abha direction PAM: In this direction shows the skill of the architect and his ability on the merger between the methods and construction materials and modern between roots authenticity and values fixed, and the architect that has lived his time and did not lose its own identity, and this trend is the building either beat it contemporary and have a touch of authenticity limited or vice versa be originality are predominant taking care to show contemporary 58

Abha city has seen this trend and was able architects enthusiasts of this trend to provide a wonderful creations reflect the authenticity of local architecture beauty and splendor at the same time the use of materials and methods of modern establishment. Among these projects are: 1- Village Muftaha:

The village Muftaha a residential neighborhood Old is inhabited , collapsed some buildings to fall, the decision was taken by the Governor of Abha remove buildings ramshackle while retaining other and restored and preserved style architecture featured on the re- building of the village in ways that structural modern, but with the same features and the features that they were the old village where this village was a collection of buildings adjacent to the extension lanes internal and external , which was built the traditional methods of building in the city of Abha , where small openings and thick walls and the use of ( Alragaf ) to protect the walls of the mud from the rain and the provision

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of shadows on the facade of the building as well as the value of aesthetic That is why it has taken into account in the design of the new village confirm the shape and the distinctive character of the area Abha, in order to achieve a historical continuity and maintain the traditional character to it, with the benefit of all modern technologies both in construction materials or construction methods, but this was the village is similar to the village of old, but a contemporary style according to the requirements and the requirements of the times and the needs of modern man (Figure 6) has been the work of this village is home to the Fine Arts and the soundtrack as well as the local industrial and handicraft, professional and to be so prominent incentives for tourism in the city of Abha It is worth mentioning that this village is made up of twelve suites, where each composed suite of studio and bedroom, kitchen , bathroom and outdoor seating , thirteen shops to display and sell local products , a library for the sale of the needs of artists , two halls main to display the paintings for the artists from within the village or outside , Add to a clinic , a pharmacy , a restaurant, cafeteria and the headquarters for the project management , maintenance, and another to manage the revitalization of tourism and exhibition hall with a capacity of 1000 seat next to parks and hearings and parking , came village, competing in their masses architectural and expressive true reflection of the originality of architecture in the city of Abha with giving priority to originality and thus a photo

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creativity Excellence rooting in local architecture in this city as well as tourist and historical value 2- building of the General Presidency for Youth Welfare: Architectural design of ZFP owner of one of the most architectural offices in the kingdom and the building is composed of two parts, one of three floors and the other four floors connected by an internal vacuum open the full height of the building is covered with glass to provide natural lighting elements bordering the vacuum The building of the expressive carries many of the features and attributes of local architecture in Abha, where comes the building in the form of a pyramid minus, come breakers sun on the facades of the building are (Alragaf) in the premises of Abha traditional increase of belonging (Figure 8) Play as ornaments on Drawi building and their relationship Balragaf in finding a relationship is consistent with high aesthetic value, and despite the small size of the project but it is a successful attempt at rooting local architecture using the characteristics and features and integrated methods and materials to build modern, with giving priority to originality to provide a form of creativity and excellence in the origination of architecture in the city of Abha 3- Souda tourist village: One tourist villages modern and distinctive in the city of Abha, which consists of 22 residential units in addition to the hotel comes from the three-story addition to all Amenities, administrative, religious and commercial, and constitute the village its elements different and consistency with the 61

surrounding environment where the ruins on the green spaces and open a tourist attraction wonderful The architectural character of the village showing clearly the use of the features of the architectural heritage in the city of Abha, in terms of the decorations on the Drawi buildings, as well as the horizontal lines on the facades of buildings, which suspects the form (Alragaf) in conventional buildings, helping to give the village identity homogeneous in terms of the external form and composition, color who had a major role in achieving complete harmony between the forms of buildings and formations The building is one of the successful attempts at combining the attributes and features of traditional architecture with building methods and materials with modern contemporary prevail also in providing a form of creativity and excellence in the origination of local architecture

4- Building Saudi Arabian Airlines: Building is located Saudi Arabian Airlines new Abha in the middle of prime location within the government complex in the city center , which consists of two blocks overlapping , the front office is ticket sales is a large lounge open rise Doreen accessed from the main facade overlooking the King Khaled Street , embracing Hall administrative building component three roles overlooking the first floor lounge on sales.

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Has developed a concept design of the building to be a component of the six- storey building , but has not been implemented , including a three -story , and the idea is based on that is a combination of the character of traditional architecture in Abha , methods and techniques of modern building , has successfully designed largely in combining the features and attributes architectural heritage in the city of Abha in terms of decoration on the building and Drawi narrow openings and horizontal lines on the facades of the building , which resembles ( Alragaf ) in conventional buildings and slanted walls

The interfaces different buildings with good relations and thoughtful and expressive, and the northern facade Home give a true expression where the relationship coordinated between the lounge glass main administrative building, which embraced from behind, and the openings horizontal damage to the building contributed to the creation of a relationship is consistent between horizontal and vertical direction The building appeared to clear this balance.

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Besides, it has contributed to the unique relationship between the elements of the building different to give a distinct identity to him and Architectural unique, which makes the building truly one of the buildings worthy of admiration and appreciation, and is therefore also a picture of creativity and excellence in the origination of local architecture in one of the most important cities in the Kingdom in terms of its heritage . The value of this building was also in being in a distinct tourist cities in the Kingdom and which receives a lot of the sons of the country's Arab neighbors as well as the sons of the kingdom so it represents the point of distinct cultural and architectural work unique planning and design of the central region: This project aims to develop and improve the central region Abha while maintaining the distinctive character of traditional architecture of the city, in addition to the provision of facilities altrohet and regulate the movement of vehicles and pedestrians with the coordination of the work site. The project is a design consultancy offices Arabia (environmental group) that raise the slogan of originality and preservation of cultural heritage among all engineering offices Arabia at all.

The area of the central region of about 105 hectares and is surrounded by a number of government departments as well as some business services and some traditional buildings that carry the attributes and features of traditional architecture in the city of 64

Abha, Asir region in particular and the public.

That is why the arena these determinants are considered to be a cultural and religious, cultural and commercial, has been taken into account in the design process to maintain the traditional character distinctive architecture with the aim of preserving the historical continuity, was given the surrounding buildings personal homogeneous in shape, size and color, and a confirmation of the role of the mosque in the life of the Muslim community has has been developed as a key arena (Figure 14), and the treatment was successful to the floor of the arena and color consistency, which came out with similar colors of traditional buildings big role in finding a unit design and clear space (Fig. 15).

The project is a successful attempt at rooting outstanding architectural heritage in the city of Abha and he is also a picture of creativity and excellence in maintaining the attributes and features of its traditional architecture.

Chamber of Commerce: Consists Chamber of Commerce by the building comes in the form of (L) of the four floors, which contains a set of administrative offices and showroom durable products factories national information center in addition to the library, which is considered one of the buildings of excellence in the city of Abha in the direction of PAM and despite the fact that the designer Use a large plate of glass, but 65

he was able to mergers and skillfully between the vocabulary of traditional architecture, whether horizontal lines that represent (Alragaf) or shaped openings between the methods and modern construction techniques to provide excellent model for contemporary architecture with originality.

The building, as well as a picture of creativity and excellence in the origination of local architecture in the city of Abha, although contemporary looks are predominant in this project.

Abha Literary Club: This building was designed in the city of Abha to be a meeting place for seminars, cultural, literary and poetry readings to which this is one of the most important public buildings in the capital of the south.

In this building, tried to designer introduction of features and attributes of the traditional architecture in the region, which appear in horizontal lines that damage to the building, which represents (Alragaf) in conventional buildings, as well as the shape of Aladrawi Baltharivat in the corners, but the openings came in a different form than in conventional buildings Where it came from was covered by a large semi-Mashrabia or Roshan in architecture Hijazi, was deliberately designed to give a dark brown color behind the horizontal lines to give a kind of variation in the facades of the building.

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Generally, this building is an attempt to not bad at rooting architectural heritage in the region and maintain it.

Office of the tourist guides: This is similar to the building in the shape of the outer largely Palace Shada Archeological, it comes in the form of a pyramid minus as they tend walls into the interior as we head to the top, has been used designer largely features and distinctive features of the palace where the old holes in the longitudinal and form Aladrawi, and the building in this way The reproduction of Shada Palace in shape but differs in material and construction method. modern mosque in the city center: A mosque modern and distinctive in Abha, which is keen where the designer on the combination of features and attributes Arh traditional in Abha, and it appears that the horizontal lines on the exterior walls of the mosque, which is similar to (Alragaf) in conventional buildings, as well as the form of Aladrawi and balconies in the corners, and come minaret in the form of (trachea) in traditional architecture, the designer was keen to make a type of variation in the facades of the building work of the dark brown color of the horizontal lines and including quite similar to what is found in traditional buildings (Figure 19).

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The mosque is a successful attempt at rooting the local architecture, which is also a form of creativity and excellence in the origination and Historic Preservation.

Tourist Center Zamil: The project is located Zamil tourist center on the top of one of the mountains surrounding the city of Abha on the road to Souda tourist park, the site features a beautiful view of the city of Abha and the surrounding areas on a land area of 22,000 square meters.

The project consists of 90 residential units comprising three models: Villas Doreen area of 400 m2, villas role of one area of 200 m 2, residential apartments with an area of 150 m 2.

The distributed residential units are graded to suit the nature of the surrounding mountain Active In this project designer inspired some traditional architectural elements in the architecture of Abha such narrow openings and endings stolen when Aldroh building and decoration in honor.

In this project, a touch of contemporary look stronger, but that the project represents one of the images of architectural creativity in the tourist city of Abha. contemporary full:

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This trend can not be ignored as the legacy of the present is the creativity of the past, and creativity of the present is the heritage of the future, and should not be taken on this trend not to reconcile some of the architects in the design and bring out the buildings in the garment fitting, taking refuge in some of them to ignore the past college and not taking him with the use of combinations Strange is the closest Matkon to "Recipes formality", but that does not prevent that there is in this direction creations magnificent architectural imposed itself for its beauty and architectural consistency with the surrounding, has seen the city of Abha some of the creations outstanding of contemporary architecture, which contributed greatly to give the face civilized featured on the city, despite its distance from the traditional architectural heritage, but it imposed itself on the public taste and beauty of the monuments have become distinct and unique in the region, it is optimal that: Abha Palace Hotel: Located Abha Palace on the site adjacent to the dam lake from the western side, where is the site of one of the most beautiful sites in the city of Abha, the hotel has 150 rooms in addition to the royal suites and regular, also contains a range of lounges celebrations ownership and regular, meeting rooms, restaurants and cafeterias in addition to an integrated health center, swimming pool, bowling alley, and comes horizontal projected for this hotel in irregular shape.

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The vacuum procedure, which overlooks the elements of the hotel attraction wonderful in the project have been coordinated by the two elements of water, plants, helping to give a magical ambience superb, especially with the structure Spase Frame huge, which covers the entrance hall, as well as elements of the vertical movement (elevator) overlooking the vacuum.

The building has been implemented with the latest construction methods and used the best materials, and despite the fact that this building is not carrying any attributes or features of traditional architecture in the region of Abha, but the beauty of the design may impose building on the public taste, which is also in spite of these contemporary full a picture of creativity and excellence contemporary architecture in the city of Abha, which contributed to a change in the civilized face of the city. lake tourism project: The project is located lake tourist adjacent to the dam lake from the western side, and just 2 km from the center of the city, where is bounded on three sides northern, eastern and southern Lake dam and the highlands of the western side, which had a significant impact in making aesthetic touch fantastic on the site.

Have been employed to take advantage of the site Tabowerevih and the circumstances surrounding it, and that to achieve the best architectural styles to 70

achieve direct and enjoy the view on the charming Lake Dam and the city of Abha. The project consists of 177 villas with different capacities .114 apartment with different capacities .120 studio, also contains the central area on a mosque and a hotel as well as restaurants, cafeterias and recreational services and commercial center and parking.

And all elements of the project tend to contemporary full despite an attempt designed to give a touch unconventional but lost amid the methods of contemporary design that emerged in the design of residential units or residential buildings or the mosque, although this dimension great for traditional architecture (Figure 24), but the beauty of design and good relationship Active gave an acceptance of the project.

The project is the fact that a picture of creativity and excellence has become the city of Abha, where clothes boasts of architectural innovation that embraces nature.

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Accept search features and attributes of local architecture in the city of Abha southern region of Saudi Arabia , and the research that architecture which was a reflection of the climatic conditions and topographical region , as research has shown that there are emotions aesthetic and decorative and clear to the people of the region exhibited their treatment of facades of buildings where it came inconsistent with Sheba beautiful appearance and formations .

The research that the city of Abha remained until recently maintained its heritage and ancient features distinct architectural even suffered like other cities of the kingdom to attack architecture as a result of the entry of ideas and philosophies of architecture peculiar to the Kingdom as a natural 72

result of the changes occurring in the world and the speed of technological development at all levels .

Research has shown that, accordingly, it has become the architecture in the city of Abha, like many cities in the Kingdom Etjazbha two-way first as the ( originality ) is a call to return to local architecture Bmlamhaa and characteristics which can be utilized and applied in Amartna modern on the grounds that this architecture inherited civilization must be maintained and added to it and passing it to future generations , generation after generation .

The other direction is the ( contemporary ) where he sees the owners of this trend is impossible to return to the past and it has to be missed where that can not be returned Wheel of Time driven by those huge jumps in the field of construction , as well as construction materials new luster and was able to offer , which has failed to traditional materials .

The research that between these two trends was the cause of rooting the local architecture and the attempts of creativity to make a building within the limits and possibilities of the times, has reviewed research both directions between the trend toward ( PAM ) was able to give a lot of projects that were collected between values and constants in the local architecture and between the present and its content of technological advances and new methods were considered of exquisite creations in rooting architectural heritage .

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The research also that the direction of contemporary full despite ignoring the features and attributes of local architecture , but he was able to provide in some cases clearly imposed itself creations beauty and consistency with the surrounding areas .

This confirms what we went to the (direction PAM ) made a lot of wonderful creations in the field of rooting the local architecture and preservation in the city of Abha and the direction of contemporary had a role to good in it to make some creations excellent as well, but far from rooting the local architecture .

Architecture in najd: Riyadh

Al Faisaliah Tower: Al Faisaliah Tower , is one of the most prominent buildings of Riyadh. Located on an area of 55,000 m 2 in the northern city of Riyadh Olaya district , and is bounded on the west by King Fahd and on the east by senior year , and built up area of the project is 240,000 m 2 and a total cost of one billion and two hundred million represents construction cost 950 million Saudi riyals.

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Contents 1 tower components 2 Engineering Design 3 Facts and Figures 4 External links

Tower components Consists of an office tower rising 267 meters and is ranked fortieth among the longest buildings of the world and thirty role , and rises to the top hierarchy curved edges surmounted by a glass ball , and a hall for concerts represent a void open without columns with an area of 80 m 57x m to accommodate about 4,000 people .

It includes the tower on the commercial market is made up of three roles and ground floor area of 45,000 square meters featuring 150 shops. The hotel is considered a five-star hotel and has 224 rooms in addition to the services associated with them spread over eight innings , and in the south side of the building project is located furnished apartments , up eight innings and also contains a hundred equipped apartment .

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Engineering design The foundations of the tower is the center of the largest Faisaliah rules that have poured concrete in a way where the Kingdom of continuous casting process took 6,000 cubic meters of concrete seventeen hours of continuous work began five in the evening until ten in the morning of the next day steadily and continuously.

The tower has thirty -storey floor space ranging between 1,500 m 2 in the beginning and upward to 500 m at the end of the tower constructed of readymixed concrete and concrete topping the metal structure open up to a height of 93 meters.

Facts and Figures Weighs tower about 10,000 tons and mediates the heart of the tower what looks like a vacuum tube represents an area of 26% of the area of each role is going through while the interior walls of construction such as allocated to the lifts and ramps service adds more strength and rigidity and holds the center of the tower and weight equivalent to 65% of pregnancies vertical and resist all the forces of wind The tower is designed to withstand wind speed of $ 140 km / h. The top of the tower is expected to be tended by about 450 mm (within three years of the wind ) and moving about 250 mm after about fifteen years of the effect of wind note 76

that this movement in reasonable limits and that does not feel human at all

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Palace Musmak: It was built in 1895 by Prince Abdul Rahman bin Illaan when he took the emirate of Riyadh day 78

Mohammed Abdullah Al-Rashid . Musmak was located in the northeast corner of the old Riad near the ancient wall , and is now located in the district of Deira . It was Musmak the scene of a battle to open Riyadh, which regained the Abdul -Aziz bin Saud, Riyadh for his family Al Saud of Al Rashid in 1902 ; and still have the effects of those famous battle found on the door of the palace of the Year Spear , who was killed by the son Ajlan ( factor bin Rashid the Riyadh ) where the original door still exists to the present day .

And The Palace of Musmak buildings Riyadh few remaining original to the present time , and now contains a museum inside dedicated to the unification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud .

And Musmak or Musmak construction means thick high hippocampus , has been used as a warehouse for ammunition and weapons after opening Riyadh in 1902 , and remained used for this purpose to decide to convert it to a teacher heritage , represents a stage of the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

In 1400 , prepared by the secretariat of the city of Riyadh special study for the restoration of Musmak , then adopted later the Ministry of Education ( represented by the Agency assistance for Antiquities and Museums ) in coordination with the High Commission for the Development of Riyadh a program to convert this landmark into a museum , 79

shows the stages of the establishment of the Kingdom by King Abdul Aziz , where it was opened in early 1416 , approved in 1995 under the patronage of Prince Salman Bin Abdul Aziz , Governor of Riyadh region at the time.

The reason for the label [edit] Called when built ( (Palace Musmak ) ) to the thickness of its walls and its roles and character then to Musmak .

Gate of the palace [edit] Located gate on the western side of the palace , and a height of 3.60 m, width 2.65 m , it is made from palm trunks and tamarisk , and a section thickness of 10 cm , and there on the door three beams , a thickness , each about 25 cm , and in the middle of the door , there is a slot called Nectarine , use a small gate , which is so narrow , it does not allow the passage of only one person, a curved , this section has seen fierce battle between King Abdul Aziz and his opponents , where you can see the harpoon , which broke her head in the door.

Mosque [edit] Located on the left of the entrance , which is a large room , where there are several columns , and walls shelves to put the Koran , and there is a niche 80

inside the mosque , and openings for ventilation in the ceiling , and walls.

Council ( Diwaniya ) [edit] Located in the face of the entrance, which is a rectangular room , and her neighbor , according to the traditional form of Lugar in the Najd region , and there in the West End , including openings for ventilation , and lighting , as well as on the south side overlooking the courtyard of the President.

Well [edit] There is in the north-east of the well water , it pulls water through the assigned vehicle , the wellhead , and draw water by the bucket .

Towers [edit] There is in every corner of the building Musmak four cylindrical tower shape, with a height of one of them ( 18 meters ) almost ascended by stairs , then Bslim of wood , and there are in each tower , places to throw on the perimeter of the tower, and the thickness of the wall of the tower is about ( 1.25 m) , and in the middle Musmak , square tower , called the square , overlooking the palace through the upper balcony .

There is also a head courtyard of the palace , surrounded by rooms with columns connected to 81

each other internally , and there is annihilation degrees on the eastern side leads to the first floor and surfaces , and there are three residential units , the first was used to establish the ruling , to integrate and relate to each other , and easily relate to , and the second used Beta for money , and the third dedicated to the guests' stay

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Kingdom Tower: Kingdom Tower , Tower is located in the city of Riyadh , capital of Saudi Arabia .

Completed the establishment of the Kingdom Centre in 2002 , which is located in central Riyadh on a piece of land bought by Prince Alwaleed bin Talal of 1990 . The Kingdom Center is one of the main landmarks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the most famous .

Center built on a land area of 94 230 square meters with a total area of 300,000 square meters , exceed uses of sophisticated shopping center and a hall for ceremonies to the roles of office and office suites and luxurious apartments , in addition to the Four Seasons hotel and a large number of international restaurants . Overlooking distinctive features that can be seen from the furthest point in the city.

Mediates the Kingdom Tower intersection of the most important are three main ways in Riyadh , in an easily accessible location .

Kingdom Centre [edit] Center includes Kingdom , primarily on an area of 79,000 square meters, the Kingdom of the commercial market , which is the most luxurious shopping mall in Riyadh , and the author of three innings , and the office tower rising 300 meters , 84

which was built while building the highest in the Middle East . It contains Kingdom Center on more than 65,000 square meters of space intended for rental , which is distributed in 30 role , including the roles of the four services and the role of 1 and is characterized by a bridge connecting the upper limbs hanging tower . It also contains the tower as well as office and residential units , each with eight apartments total area of 8,243 square meters , and also includes the Four Seasons Hotel Riyadh which contains 197 rooms and 52 suites , four restaurants, a business center and an outdoor swimming pool and fitness facilities and spa mineral water . And managed the daily operations of the center of the kingdom by the Four Seasons . Centre management is considering a number of plans designed to achieve additional value , including the restructuring of some of the roles allocated to the services of the building in order to increase the space available for rent . Mohammed Shabib & Prince.Al waleed talal The height of the tower 300 meters , and contains 99 floors , and the King Abdullah Mosque , the second highest mosques in the world , the mosque is built on an elevation 183 meters " 600 feet " above the surface of the sea floor 77 in the tower in Riyadh. Was the highest mosques in the world , and now there is higher than in Dubai rise And is one of the tallest towers in the kingdom in 2005

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Shopping center [edit] It contains the commercial market Kingdom , located in the center, on a total area of 201 places are available for hire up to 38.543 square meters occupies three innings . Among the tenants senior strategist Company Debenhams , which occupies an area of 8,364 square meters and Saks Fifth Avenue, 5,273 square meters . This market is designed to target the young and affluent shoppers and contains shops for a number of world-renowned brands , while the allocation of the third round it is for women only . The company 's management estimates that about 230,000 people visit the market each week .

Contains a shopping center on 161 upscale shops and diverse . And distributed to the three roles are as follows: The role of services (-1) 11 Shops.

Ground Floor (0) 74 stores .

First Round (+1) 37 stores .

Kingdom of Women ( +2) 40 shops .

N == m Khec Abouholhhabrhec Facts and Figures == - 1 * Center built on a land area of 230.94 square meters .

- 2 * Total built-up area of 300,000 square meters .

- 3 * project cost 1,717 million Saudi Riyals .

- 4 * project manager Bechtel Saudi Arabia .

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- 5 * designer Ellerbe Becket and Urban Studies Center .

- 6 * Contractor sword Engineers Contractors .

- 7 * excavations 670,000 cubic meters .

- 8 * 230,000 cubic meters of concrete .

- 9 * glass areas 85,000 square meters.

- 10 * Lounge celebrations 4,400 square meters and can accommodate 3,000 people .

- 11 * project contains 35 elevators 0.22 stairs and moving 3,000 car parking spaces .

- 12 * per floor area of 2225 square meters tower .

- Kingdom Centre is owned subsidiary of the business center , which owns a stake in the company by 49 per cent , which represented an initial investment of 431 million riyals. The Company achieved commercial center in 2006, gross profit , before deducting interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization , and net income by 86.6 million riyals to 22.7 million riyals respectively , while the total net value of its assets at December 31, 2006 966.7 million riyals.

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Qassim Tower Buraidah: The idea of the design of the tower is a balance of pressure in the water systems of Buraidah size and the level of the water tank tower can be controlled via a wireless telephone signal from the control center and control station purification and no warning system at the arrival of water to reduce the minimum and maximum . Capital construction hemisphere about 66 meters above the ground , while the basic structure is similar to the Earth and the inner diameter of 42 meters and has a water tank has a volume of 8,000 cubic meters of the total within the normal operating cycle pressure .

Roles First round - at an altitude of 32 meters, almost the beginning of the refining of the tower , which is dedicated to the role of the valves and has a water transmission lines from the bottom to the top of the 88

tower as well as the lines of washing water .

Second round - at an altitude of 42 meters we find the role of the equipment and includes air conditioning own conditioned lounge main reception as well as the elevators of the tower, as well as contain ventilators , and the offices of technicians for preventive maintenance , and special buffet staff , engineers , and control monitoring the water level of the reservoir and the pressure by operators station purification Buraidah drinking water who are responsible for monitoring the pressure between the station and the tower and city networks , as well as no small warehouse for spare parts for preventive maintenance .

Third round - at an altitude of 46 meters Hall main reception area of 1000 meters take a circular shape full of the tower and contain kitchens , stores Furniture and conditioned air centrally and can be used as a restaurant or lounge and covered with insulating glass and the kind of luxury can see the city from which very clearly .

Fourth round - at an altitude of 52 meters overlooking the hall or help perches area of 1,200 meters has the four colored water fountains topped Dome of the high-rise beautiful scenery mounted on twenty-two column and exposed to allow vision from all directions . There is also the bottom of the tower set buildings support and parking shaded and open to accommodate about two hundred car for the VIP and lakes water reflective and administration buildings and guard and staff housing and workshops, preventive maintenance and periodic and warehouses spare parts .. and three small 89

towers inside lights revealing send rays perpendicular light towards the dark night sky to seem tower a ball suspended in the air without a column as well as no concrete stairs from the ground up to the upper balcony viewing ..

Musaadan working quickly and 2.5 meters per second and the capacity of thirty people .. There are outside of the tower from the top of a revolving fund weighs 500 kg

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Palace Bassam:

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A Points of Interest in the Qassim region , which is a short mud comprising over three thousand and five hundred square meters built by model Najdi and represents a period of evolution of architecture in the province Onaizah and this house is located on the western side of the old city near the gate called ( door Khala ) The House Bassam in Unayzah , one of the main tourist attractions of heritage in the Qassim region , which attracted the attention of visitors to the " tourist Onaizah " in previous years, where moving most of the families of the Qassim region to visit this house , which has become a gateway for transit of history , which you may not know some of the visitors.

Since opening the door Bassam its doors last summer , received more than ten thousand visitors during the four weeks only , due date built in 1374 , has focused on the agency of Antiquities and Museums in this House and sought to accomplish restored , as has Btatheth providing cutting heritage appropriate to it , until it became important milestone in the Qassim region , which is to visit a variety of formal and Calovod school and college students and colleges.

It is the home of the largest museums in the find, so as to capacity and the multiplicity of roles in it, where it was created on an area of 3500 square 92

meters , and meets the architectural styles prevalent in the find , as it is not without quotes Gulf as observed in some of the windows , and there in the house coffee for Summer and other winter to receive the men in summer and winter , and often offer coffee in ( randomized ) , which is a place to provide food after coffee , and there is a retreat down ( randomized ) is characterized by warm in winter and cool in summer , in addition to isolating noise , but lit shall be through the shutters , the windows are open on the Liwan and all Council of these councils be open from two sides for ventilation and lighting and no ward dedicated to the business of trading , spread the rooms in the form of portico cylindrical and the entrance to the garage to enter the car , to download the merchandise and marketing for the city's traders .

There in the house of the painter suite for the family consists of two parts , a part for receiving the family where there is a small coffee prepared to receive relatives , and part of the living family , a squareshaped Exposed to sunlight , and the rooms are for the use of living varied , and there is a large garden planted palm trees , vegetables and fruit , and have an extension special to accomplish the work on them , and there is a courtyard dedicated to cattle , and notes that the House Najdi old achieve selfsufficiency for the family's living , has been adapted some of the rooms inside the house to have a variety of uses , where there are old room for the 93

bride and room for childbirth and other special Bhali women and room for weapons of ancient rooms and nursing old and room for a millstone and next to a room for treasure dates set up by the so-called when parents ( Al Jissah ) , and in the garden has been added offers from inherited the old (such as the well , Al_huso , way , Almach , enlightenment ) and others, has been furnishing every part , including suits him from cutting old heritage .

And was held in the home a variety of events and exhibitions , such as Photo Gallery and old plastic art exhibition for school students . It also organized events Folk Crafts and Food and the People's Auctions folklore , which received a demand from the public unrivaled . It has also established a special pavilion for artists Onaizah Alckillat , and equipped with a theater dedicated to brides are displayed ways to marry the old in all regions of the Kingdom , also organized a presentation of children's fashion and allocated a place for the formation of the sand for the young , and embraced the House six evenings of poetry was highlighted by the presence of the poet known anchored souvenir Khathlan .

House did not lose sight of the working women's hands , where he held a presentation of the productive families where women are the most exposed their businesses , both of craft items or

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clothing or antiques plastic pots or even popular foods .

Standing historical and cultural activity and tourist traffic on this house , making the Tourism Authority of Supreme represented by its president , Prince Sultan bin Salman, a visit to this historical legacy , accompanied by Prince Faisal bin Bandar Governor of Qassim Region , to submit to him support and assistance , through its inclusion within the tourist places in the Qassim region .

The house was Petrmemat and maintenance throughout the duration of this project , however, maintenance and repair , which is the last gave him a beautiful and elegant . The favors of His Royal Highness Prince Faisal bin Bandar bin Abdul Aziz, the Deputy of His Royal Highness Prince Abdul Aziz bin Majed bin Abdul Aziz and His Royal Highness Prince Sultan bin Salman bin Abdul Aziz, Secretary General of the Supreme Commission for Tourism visited this house during the activities of tourist Onaizah 1425

For the house several divisions depending on use that prevailed during that period where there is a special section for receiving men and another section of the family , living and another section for business and storage of goods , garden and spacious rooms with high-quality varieties of palm in 95

addition to the department of livestock and vary the patterns and motifs that are characteristic of the houses ancient clay .

House has been activated and that Btatheih Najdi House to represent the old and the multiplicity of the wings where he was chosen an appropriate place to gallery exhibitions , including old photos taken of the city in the early period Onaizah

The house is open for visits by citizens and residents and expatriates as that there is a record of the dates of visits to scientific and student and participated in the activities of tourist Onaizah 1425 with several events , including crafts and cuisine popular men's and women also held several events in which popular ...

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Madain Saleh:

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Mada’in Saleh, not far from al-Ula (22 km), was known as al-Hijr, or Hegra, by the Nabataean people who carved its magnificent tombs into the golden Quweira sandstone outcrops. The delicate details on the entrance portals and the smooth surfaces of its 111 tomb façades reflect the great skills of the masons of their time. The splendor of the natural setting here must have reminded the Nabataeans of their capital, Petra, hewn into the rosey sandstone cliffs to the north in modern-day Jordan. It is no wonder that they chose this very spot to build their second city, Hegra. Based on the many dated tomb inscriptions, Hegra thrived between 1 BCE -74 CE. The Nabataeans began as pastoral nomads, raising their sheep, goats, and camels in the desert as so many other Arabian tribes have done through the millennia. They also practiced oasis agriculture, utilizing a set of wells dug into the rock. Their origin is uncertain, but there is a strong possibility that they came from the Hejaz region of northwest Saudi Arabia. The deities they worshipped were similar to those honored by ancient cultures in that area and the root consonants of their name – n, b, t, w – occur in the early Semitic of the Hejaz. From early in their history, they had connections with Mesopotamia and may have been the Nabatu Arabs mentioned by the Assyrians in the eighth century BCE. Alexander the Great’s officer Hieronymus of Cardia wrote of the Nabataeans as having an ascetic life with harsh laws.

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They were also known for their incredible familiarity with the desert and their ability to fade into it to evade enemy tribes. Their system of hidden cisterns dug deep in the interior provided water for their livestock and their people.

The real cause of the success of the Nabataeans, however, was control over much of the spice trade.

Frankincense, myrrh, and other spices from southern Arabia were brought up to the north along trade routes to be purchased by the Greeks, Romans Egyptians, Phoenicians, and others around the Mediterranean and in the Near East. The Nabataeans built their empire as the middlemen. Hegra was a crossroads where the major north-south incense route intersected a road from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf.

Before the Nabataeans chose Hegra as their most southerly outpost for caravans on the spice route, the settlement was occupied by their predecessors in the trade, the Dedanites and then the Lihyanites. The Qur’an refers to a Thamudic settlement even earlier. The Romans annexed the area controlled by the Nabataeans and incorporated it into its Arabian province in 106 CE. The ruins of the town of Hegra lie on the plain some distance from their tombs. The buildings, still for the most part unexcavated, were made of unimpressive sundried mudbrick. What is known about Hegra comes primarily from the tombs, the many inscriptions carved into their façades, and references found elsewhere.

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The tomb façades are finely carved and fairly uniform in their style. At the top of most is a pair of crowsteps rising up from a central point. One or two cornices are just below, resting on the delicate capitals of two pilasters. A portal in the center of the façade provides the entrance to the tomb. Inside are recesses carved into the walls where the bodies of the deceased were placed. The interiors remain roughly chiseled in stark contrast to the smoothly finished façades.

Qasr al Bint, “Palace of the Daughter or Maiden,” is the largest tomb façade at Hegra, with a height of 16 m. It lends its name to a group of adjacent tombs. The portal is raised above ground. Above the doorway is an inscription plaque saying that the tomb was carved by the sculptor Hoor ibn Ahi for Hani ibn Tafsy, his family and descendents, in the 40th year of the reign of the Nabataean King Aretas IV (al-Haritha), dating it to circa 31 CE.

Qasr al-Farid, an unfinished tomb that stands alone.

The most photogenic and most iconic symbol of Mada’in Saleh is Qasr al-Farid, a single tomb carved into a small dome that stands alone in the open. The façade was never finished, so the heavily chiseled surface of the lower third documents how the tombs were fashioned from the top down.

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The Jebel Ithlib is a monumental outcrop topped with a complex of spires in the northeastern part of the site. In the middle is a natural slit that measures 40 m (131 feet), called the Siq, after a similar corridor at Petra. At its entrance, to the right is a square chamber containing three stone benches that served as a triclinium for sacred feasts. Today, the chamber is known as al-Diwan (court).

Its large entrance suggests that the feasts extended into the open space before it.

By walking through the Siq, one enters a larger, natural alcove known as the Jebel Ithlib sanctuary where a canal channeled water into a cistern. Its enormous cliff faces have small sacred niches and altars carved into their otherwise unhewn surfaces. Jebel Ithlib was thought to have been a holy place to worship the Nabataean deity Dúshara, “Lord of the Mountain”.

Mada’in Saleh has been s a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008.

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References Fanack.com:http://fanack.com/ar/countries/saudi-arabia/economy/from-pastoral-nomadism-toan-oil-and-gas-economy/ Irhal.comhttp://www.irhal.com/ar -akhbar-alkhaleej.com http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/12789/article/15848.html

http://sauditourism.sa/en/About/Pages/c-heritage.aspx http://abdul20.blogspot.com/2009/02/customs-and-traditions-of-saudiarabia.html http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/culture_art/

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