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MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH-VIII Volume-1 Editor-in-Chief DR. DILIPKUMAR A. ODE Editor of Redshine Publication, Lunawada (Guj.)

Co- Editors JIGESHKUMAR D. CHAUHAN Assistant Professor Christian College of Education, Anand. (Gujarat)

DR. BIRAJLAKSHMI GHOSH Principal, Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir, Hooghly (West Bengal)

DR. VINOD KUMAR CHERUKURI Academic Counsellor, Dept. of Political Science, Centre for Distance Education, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur District, (Andhra Pradesh)

MR. M. MAHALINGAM Associate Professor (CAS), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Government College of Engineering, (Deputed from Annamalai University) Bodinayakkanur.Theni District. Pin – 625 528. (Tamil Nadu)

DR. M. JAYALAKSHMI Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal (Tamil Nadu)

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MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH-VIII, VOLUME-1 Edited by: Dr. Dilipkumar A. Ode, Jigeshkumar D. Chauhan, Dr.Birajlakshmi Ghosh, Dr. Vinod kumar Cherukuri, Mr. M. Mahalingam & Dr. M. Jayalakshmi ■ RED’SHINE PUBLICATION PVT. LTD 232, Bilton road, Perivale, Greenford Passcode: UB6 7HL London, UK. Website: www.redshine.uk Call: 7842 336509 Email: info@redshine.uk ============================== In Association with…

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About Editors DR. DILIPKUMAR A. ODE (M.A., M.Phil., M.Ed., Ph.D) Chief Editor Redshine Publication, Lunawada (Gujarat) Dr. Dilipkumar A. Ode M.A., M.Phil(Eco)., M.Ed.,Ph.D (Eco) Has Had His Higher Education From Sadar Patel University, M.K.Bhavnagar University & Veer Narmad South Gujarat University.

He Has 6 Years Teaching Experience at UG & PG Level.

He Published11 Books on Economics. He Published 17 Papers in International Journal, Attended and Presented 9 Papers in State Level Seminar, 18 Papers in National Level Seminar And 6 Papers in International Level Seminar. He Has Attended Workshop /Webinar More Than 100. Chief Editor in RedShine Publication and Published More Than 19 Books. His Main Areas of Specialisation in Macro and Micro Economics, Labour Economics and International Trade & Public Finance.

MR. JIGESHKUMAR D. CHAUHAN M.Com, M.Ed, PGDCA,UGC-NET, GSET, Ph.D (Pursuing)

Assistant Professor Christian College of Education, Anand (Gujarat) & Research Scholar Indian Institute of Teacher Education, Gandhinagar (Gujarat) Mr. JigeshKumar Devendrabhai Chauhan completed has BBA, M.Com, M.Ed from Sardar Patel University. He holds PGDCA degree from C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing). He is Qualified for assistant professor in UGC-NET (Education) & Gujarat State Eligibility Test (Education). He has passed many competitive exams like for teacher TET,TAT,IBPS for Bank, Sub Auditor, ITI Instructor, and TRPs

(The Government of India authorised tax professionals called as the Tax Return Prepares).

Right Now, he is servicing as An Assistant Professor at Christian College of Education, Anand, he is pursuing Ph.D. He has 5 years of varied teaching experience at College level & school level in the field of computer. He has published Seven Research Articles on education in India and J.D.Chauhan has participated and presented papers in various National and State level seminars and workshops. He is an Editor in reputed national and international level publishers & more than 17 edited books published by him. Also, owner of NET GSET Telegram Channel (link for channel t.me/NETGSET). This channel helps UGC Net Set aspirants in subjects like general paper 1 and Education & Commerce paper 2. His fields of interest are Guidance and Counselling, Educational Psychology and Research Methodology.

DR. BIRAJLAKSHMI GHOSH Principal, Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir, Hooghly (West Bengal) Dr.Birajlakshmi Ghosh is a commandable scholar and writer in the field of Education in India.She worked as Assistant Professor of Political Science Satsuma College, Kolkata,West Bengal.She worked as Assistant Professor of Political Science Method in Krishnanagar B.Ed College.Since 2012 She work's as Principal at B.Ed Department of Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir,B.Ed and D.El.Ed College.

She has More than 17Yers Teaching Experience in General and Teachers Training College.

She has done her M.A in Political,B.Ed. And M.Ed from University of Calcutta.She obtained M.A in Education And Ph.D in Education from University of Kalyani.

She has Published 19 Books in the field of Education.She has Research Article in ISSN Peer Reviewed Journal.She Has Attained and Presented paper in State, National and International level Seminar, Workshop.

She worked as Head Examinar and Examinar and Paper Setter in Calcutta University, Kalyani University, Burdwam University, Shidhu-Kanu-Birsha University and West Bengal University of Teacher's Training Educational Planing and Administration.

Inspite of that she is working different Projects on Environmental Protection.

DR. VINOD KUMAR CHERUKURI Academic Counsellor, Dept. of Political Science, Centre for Distance Education, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur District, (Andhra Pradesh) Dr. Vinod Kumar Cherukuri has been working as Academic Counselor in the department of Political Science, Centre for Distance Education, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh since 2009. He has obtained M.A. Political Science, M.A. Public Administration, M.Sc. Psychology, M.B.A., Master of Social Work, PGDHR, PGDAS, M.Phil. in 2007 and Ph.D. in Political Science from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh in 2015. He has qualified NET in political Science and APSET in Public Administration. He has 12 years teaching experience at PG and UG Level and research experience. He has written 5 books in political science and public administration for UG students and 16 books for PG students in centre for distance education, Acharya Nagarjuna University. He has delivered 11 guest lectures. He has given a lecture for the Faculty Development Programme at National Level. He has published 14 research papers in international Journals and 24 book chapters. He has participated in 10 workshops, participated and presented 18 research papers in international conferences and seminars, participated and presented 36 research papers in National seminars and 6 annual conferences and one state level seminar.

He has Participated in 23 Faculty Development Programmes and 5 one-month Faculty Induction Programme. He has attended 3 refresher courses and attended 11 International webinars and 56 attended national level webinars. He was a life member in Indian Political Science Association, Research India Foundation, Institute of Scholars and annual membership in DK international Research Foundation. He was Executive board Member and Administrator for Research India Centre for Research Software in Research India Foundation. He was the founder president for Social Reformers Welfare Society, India. He was one of the editors for International and National book publication.

1. He has received four awards for his research i.e., 1. “National Citizenship Gold Medal Award” presented by GEPRA, New Delhi on 1 st May 2014 in Chennai, for outstanding performance in education. 2. “Bharat Gaurav Award” presented by India International Friendship Society on 24th November, 2014 in New Delhi, for outstanding performance in education. 3.Bharath Ratan Indira Gandhi Shiromani Gold Medal Award presented by All India Achievers & Research Academy, on 26 th January 2019, New Delhi, for outstanding performance in education and social

service. 4. Award of Excellence in Research presented by Novel Research Academy, Puducherry, India on 05th April 2021. 5. Pearl Foundation most innovative Technology Award presented by Pearl Foundation Educational Excellence, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India, on 19th June 2021. 6. Excellence Teaching in Higher Education Award presented by DK International Research Foundation, Perambalur, Tamilnadu, India, on 27th June 2021. 7. Young Researcher Award 2021, presented by Institute of Scholars, Tamilnadu.

MR. M. MAHALINGAM Associate Professor (CAS), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Government College of Engineering, Bodinayakkanur. Theni District. Pin – 625 528. (Tamil Nadu) (Deputed from Annamalai University) Mr. M.Mahalingam, Associate Professor (CAS) in Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Bodinayakkanur, (deputed from Annamalai University). He has done his M.Tech from IIT, Madras (IITM). He has received prestigious international award Excellence in Teaching and Research Award (2021).

He has 22 years of teaching experience. He has published many papers in reputed journals and also Reviewer of reputed journal. He has also patent publication in his credit. He has presented papers in conferences, also Organized International, National conference and National symposium. He has published many chapters in books and also chief editor and editor of books. He was chaired technical and non- technical events. He has also contributed his service to the needy people during the emergency situation.

DR. M. JAYALAKSHMI Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal (Tamil Nadu) Dr. M. Jayalakshmi, M. Com., M.Phil, MBA., PhD Has completed her PG in SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal, Bharathidasan University. She has completed her M.Phil in Annamalai University and MBA from Madurai Kamaraj University. She has 14 years of Teaching Experience at UG & 10 Years at PG Level in Aided stream. She has participated in

83 webinars in National and State level, 16 International Webinars, 16 International Conferences and 36 Faculty Development Programs and has also published in UGC and many Chapter writings. She has guided various students in PG level. She has also participated in many National level and online workshops. She has also conducted Career Guidance Program to counsel the Rural School students of 10 th, 11th and 12th students in Sri Kumaraguruparar Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Thiruppanandal. She has received Best Teacher Award on International Women’s Day Organized by STA Events sponsored by Vasanth Television in the field of Education and also Received Best Teacher Award on Teachers Day from Rotary Club of Kumbakonam Sakthi, Kumbakonam. Her main areas of specialisation are Marketing, Management, Economics and Financial Services.

INDEX No.

Title

01.

The Role of Online Teaching-Learning Process During Covid-19 – A Study in Indian Context New Farms Act, 2020 Vision Of Life Presented in John Keats’ Odes: A Critical Evaluation Importance Of English as International Medium of Communication Advancements In Tasks Performed By The Bell Desk In Front Office Study Of Khadi Village Industry & Commission (With the Reference of Employment) From Peaceful Neighbours to Hostile Competitors-The Transformation of Indo-China Relationship in The Historical Background and The Outcome of Self-Depended India Mission Effect Of Contextual Factors on Online Shopping Behaviour The Internet of Things in Agriculture Artificial Intelligence in Electronic Payment System Opportunities And Challenges of Modern Agricultural Marketing A Study on The Emerging Trends of Startups in India- A Scenario After 2016 Educational Ideas of Swami Vivekananda Effect Of Yoga on Academic Performance of University Students Immunomodulatory Use of Some Fruits and Vegetables During Current Pandemic Performance Of Dairy Sector in India Solution Of Four Linear Ordinary Differential Equations of Ist Order Using for Loop in A Single Program with The Initial Conditions in Scilab Software 5.5.2

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Author(S) -Piyali Mullick

-Mr. P. Bala Muralidhar -Dinesh Kumar -Mr. Krishnakant Patil -Ms. Pooja Bhonsle -Dr. Anil Sharma

-Swarnendu Chakraborty

-Dr. M. Jayalakshmi -Prasanta Mujrai -Mr. Rakshith Gowda K M -Miss. Damayanthy M C -Mr. Rakshith Gowda K M -Mr. Yakshith P L -Mrs. Muthamma. M.P -Ms. Sushmitha P.S -Devaj Bhattarai -Sudeshna Nath -Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee -Dr. M. Mahalakshmi -Polly Biswas -Dr. Ravindra Singh

Page No.

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20.

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22.

Role Of Women in Society and Need of Women Empowerment Role Of Society in Mitigating Violence Against Women Awareness Of Infrastructural Facilities in Schools Among Students (A Case Study of Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh) Population Explosion: The Bane for Environment A Review On: Are We Doing Enough?

Women Entrepreneurship Analysis in India

-Dr. Siddharth Saini -Dr. Vandana Mishra -Dr. Vikas Bakshi -Prof. Jaya Kameriya -Dr. Vinod Kumar Cherukuri -Mr. Rohit Srivastava -N. Hariharan

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5

DIP: 18.10.1300710322.001 THE ROLE OF ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS DURING COVID-19 A STUDY IN INDIAN CONTEXT PIYALI MULLICK State Aided College Teacher – I Department of Commerce Umeschandra College, Kolkata, (West Bengal)

❖ ABSTRACT: The Covid-19 pandemic has generated worldwide awareness that revolutionary changes are needed in many sectors, it has to become obvious, one among in the education sector. Before the Covid-19 educational institutions (schools, colleges, universities) in India followed the traditional method of teaching-learning. But suddenly outbreak of this deadly disease changed the whole scenario, converted to an online method of teaching-learning. This transition in the method of teaching-learning has upraised new threats and opportunities. This Current paper is a descriptive study on the online teaching-learning process during this crisis through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. And this research also provides a forward direction for further research.

Keywords: 1) Covid-19, 2) Revolutionary, 3) Method of Teaching-Learning, 4) Descriptive Study, 5) SWOT Analysis. ❖ INTRODUCTION: The Covid-19 is an on-going global pandemic that has disrupted human lives a lot. An unprecedented worldwide lockdown had not only made lives downhearted but also forced us to live inside our homes. Due to the lockdown, almost all the sectors were badly influenced. The country’s economy is overwhelmed by the following sectors such as automotive, transportation, education, tourist, service sectors, and so on.

The world of education, teaching, and learning has gone through a serious transformation with the novel coronavirus. Covid-19 Striking all cross-sections of the society. Covid-19 enforced to convert the methodology of teaching from chalk and talk to online teaching-learning in every academic institution. Technology and internet connectivity is now the basic and foremost thing for online teaching-learning process. As this conversion creates opportunities somewhere, in opposite it creates challenges too. This changeover had been easy for autonomous/private institutions. The sudden outbreak posed threats for public institutions. Due to the sudden outbreak, many educational institutions were shut down several classes for an indefinite period. But then classes started in a new-normal mode due to the pressure of completion of the academic calendar.

Nevertheless, this pandemic had been an actuate for educational institutions worldwide to follow creative perspective on relatively short notice. During this time, most of the educational institutions had shifted to online mode using Google meet, Zoom, Microsoft team, or other online platforms.

Current research is a descriptive study on the online teaching-learning process in an in-depth manner.

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❖ RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: This paper provides the following objectives on the concerned research work as identified and decided by the researcher, based on the extensive review of the literature: 1. To explore the growth of Ed-Tech Start-ups for the online teaching-learning process.

2. To conduct a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the online teaching-learning process during this time. ❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Descriptive research has been used for the present study. This study relies on secondary data based on available literature on the concerned subject, including books, journals, magazines, newspaper reports, research articles, etc. Data also collected from different search engines. Based on previous articles the problems associated with online learning and possible solutions were identified through this study. Also, a SWOT analysis was conducted to understand various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with online teaching-learning during this crisis period. ❖ LITERATURE REVIEW: The literature review is an important part of the whole research process and provides a valuable contribution to the concerned study. It creates a link between the existing body of knowledge and own knowledge of findings.

According to Naik, Deshpande, Shivananda, Ajey, Patel (2021), India’s higher education system is the world’s third-largest in terms of students, next to China and the United States. The Covid-19 pandemic drastically influenced the economic and education health of India. Due to lack of technical infrastructure, improper power supply, high-speed internet facility, etc., more than 60% of students were not ready for the online classes. For theoretical classes under online mode is easy to understand, but practical classes are not effective. Morning 8-12 time is more effective for online classes as per the opinion of most the students. In many areas of the syllabus which were already covered through online classes, again there is a need for face-to-face classes after reopening of institutions as per students’ beliefs.

According to Paliwal, Singh (2021), during this covid crisis teacher’s competencies play an important role in the online teaching-learning process. The online teaching-learning process started quickly for avoiding learning disruption in higher education. But for the longer-term resilience of the education system, the online teaching community must have to build up the capacity level. The level of course design competencies, communications competencies, time management competencies is not sufficient among teachers of higher education institutions of India.

According to Bordoloi, Das, Das (2021), in the context of the 21st century there is a need for mixed learning for providing education. The online or open education system has widened the scope of learning than conventional education. Knowledge hungry people get more scope regarding the extensive use of open educational resources, massive open online classes, social media, and meeting apps during this Covid-19 lockdown.

According to Karyala, Kamat (2020), the whole world faced shades of grey due to this online education. This online mode of education provides space for learning something beyond the norms and regulations. A learner has access to unlimited topics and global experts in concerned subjects something which is beyond imagination. On the other hand, in online education students do not properly interact with teachers as this system lacks body language and eye contact the teachers.

Even in higher education students prefer the in-class physical learning experience more than the Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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virtual mode of learning. Currently, only a small part of the Indian population has the opportunity to enter into the new-normal mode of education.

The major concerns in India are interrupted power supply, weak or non-existence of internet connectivity, and unaffordability to buy necessary devices, etc. Due to the issues of inaccessibility, internet connectivity, etc. many institutions follow the ‘video sharing’ method either through WhatsApp or YouTube which is similar to pre-recorded sessions on television (e.g., Swayam Prabha DTH Channels) and radio (audio lessons, through All India Radio). Even students with disabilities also mostly dependent on offline teaching mode rather than distance learning. ❖ DATA ANALYSIS: This paper intended to study the perception of both teachers and students regarding the online teaching-learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. While keeping conceptual outlooks at the base this research provides a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the online teaching-learning process during the covid crisis. ❖ ED-TECH START-UPS DURING COVID-19 Ed-Tech is a combination of ‘education’ and ‘technology’. It refers to an area of technology, dedicated to the evolution, and implementation of tools (including hardware, software, and processes) deliberated to promote education.

For ages, the Indian education system has been following traditional methods of education for the students. Right from the tender age of 5, children go to school for education and go through several stages of learning e.g., filling out many pages of homework, learning textbooks, giving exams, then also waiting for results in a cyclical way. Education technology start-ups are a realistic solution to a better education system in India. Ed-tech provides students effective and easy learning methods and solutions that are so much different from the rigid brick and mortal schools.

Ed-tech start-ups are tapping all the right opportunities by providing free online courses to several field students amidst this crisis. UNESCO also proposed that these Ed-tech start-ups and learning apps can help many students during these hard times. Ed-tech start-ups trying hard to provide more free courses for several fields and e-resources to students. Although the high-speed internet facility and appropriate infrastructure still a big challenge. As per reports of Google and KPMG, the online education market in India currently stands at $1.96 billion by 2020 instead of $247 million in 2017. At present in 2020 there are almost 9.5 million users of online education.

Some of the famous ed-tech start-ups include Byju’s, Unaccademy, Zoom Classroom, CyberVie, Egnify, GuruQ, Topper, iStar, e-pathshala, and so on. SWAYAM portal is an interesting educational platform, which is initiated by the Government of India to achieve. The three main objectives of our educational policy are access, equity, and quality. SWAYAM provides a large number of free courses for school, college, university, etc. During this pandemic, SWAYAM is of great help to students across the country. ❖ SWOT ANALYSIS OF ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS DURING THIS CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC: The Covid-19 is spreading like a forest fire around the world. Covid-19 had an enormous change in the educational sector in India. After the Covid-19 catastrophe, the whole system of education transformed from the traditional chalk and talk method to the online method. Due to the sudden outbreak of this disease all schools, colleges and universities were facing discontinuation of classes.

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In the last few years, e-learning has started gaining acceptance in India. Many podiums provide economical courses to a large number of students through Massive Open Online Courses. But still many educational institutions in India were unwilling to accept this online teaching and learning process. This covid-19 posed various threats to the educational sector. For collaborating with this crisis education take various platforms like Google Hangout, Skype, Microsoft Team, Zoom, etc.

Strengths • Moment Flexibility • Area Flexibility • Accommodation to Wide Crowd • Extensive Availability to Courses and Contents • Creative Teaching • Immediate Feedback

Weaknesses • Equity and Accessibility to Technology • Computer Literacy • Learner’s Capability and Confidence Level • Time Management • Intrusion, Disappointment, Concern, and Confusion.

• Lack of Personal / Physical attention

Opportunities • Scope for Innovation and Digital development • Broadens Experience • Become Self-regulated learners • Strengthen Skills: (Problem solving, Critical thinking, Adaptability) • Improved Learner’s Attendance • Easier Access to teachers

Threats • Learner’s lack of self-motivation • Reduced face-to-face support • Technology cost • Quality of education • Digital Divide • Unequal distribution of ICT infrastructure.

❖ THE SWOT ANALYSIS OF ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS DURING SUCH CRISIS: • Strengths There are several reasons why online programs have become a popular form of distance learning in higher education in current days. Online teaching-learning techniques and processes are really strong. These strengths of online learning modes can rescue learners from these tough times. It allows students to participate in several courses from anywhere and at any time. There are many online tools for an effective and efficient teaching-learning environment. For providing lectures educators use a combo of audio, video, and text to reach out to their students in this pandemic time.

This can help in creating a synergetic and interactive teaching-learning environment where students can give their instant response, solve queries and learn interestingly.

• Weaknesses E-learning has certain weaknesses also as in this system there is no direct face-to-face communication. Technical difficulties, inaccessibility of the system, lack of proper internet facilities, etc. also disrupt the teaching-learning process. Students are not so serious during the classes in this method. Many students do not feel comfortable while learning online and that leads to confusion, disappointment, and frustration. Inadequate planning and infrastructure can obstruct the teaching process and creates an asymmetry.

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• Opportunities E-learning can offer a lot of interesting opportunities. Virtual classrooms can discover better quality education while avoiding the risk of spreading this deadly disease. This crisis forced peoples to look into the positivity of online learning. At this time Ed-tech companies are doing a great job by helping many students through providing online courses, materials, etc., and through that, the disruption in the education process can be hindered. E-learning helps to develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and adaptability among the students. Ed-tech start-ups have numerous opportunities to bring about intrinsic transformation in the education field.

• Threats Online teaching-learning demotivates students from their classes. Learnings lack selfconfidence and focus here and feel bore. It’s very difficult to create an effective and interactive class for teachers. It’s a threat ranging from learners’ issues to educators’ issues. The quality of elearning is a real challenge. A lot of time and cost involved in this mode. An ample investment is required for buying and maintaining equipment. India still needs to go a long way in making online learning available to all the students of the country.

As per the 2021 record available in www.statista.com • Around 95 percent of children were involved in some remote learning as of November 2020. Due to this outbreak, online education has been on the rise throughout the world.

• During Covid-19 lockdown in 2020, 44 percent of students were solely dependent on online classes for learning in India, 30 percent were also home schooled alongside online classes.

And a little more than 10 percent were could not adopt any kind of method due to lack of resources.

• In 2020, 65 percent of students used Byju’s as an online learning platform for educational purposes in India, 30 percent or less uses Unaccademy, Vedantu, or Udemy, and least used platforms i.e., Duolingo, Equickers.com, Meritnation and Unfold U were belonging to the least used platforms i.e., less than 10 percent.

From this study, it was also found that the teachers should rather play the role of supporter. But there is a need to train teachers regarding the technologies for ensuring a more effective teachinglearning process. In the coming days, the uses of online techniques are becoming more and more relevant in India. ❖ CONCLUSION To combat this fatal crisis education sectors started but conducting online classes. The unexpected alteration has raised new threats and opportunities. But this is a challenge to meet the current situation in a country like India. Before starting online teaching-learning practice one must consider various things e.g., target learners, their social, economic, cultural background, their accessibility of infrastructure, etc. In India, there is a digital divide like the haves and have-nots, the rich and the poor, etc. Educators also faced many problems due to this sudden changeover. It has been studied that the traditional offline method is more preferable to learners and educators than the online method.

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❖ REFERENCES 1. Naik, G. L., Deshpande, M., Shivananda, D. C., Ajey, C. P., & Manjunath Patel, G. C. (2021). Online Teaching and Learning of Higher Education in India during COVID-19 Emergency Lockdown.

Pedagogical Research, 6(1), em0090. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/9665 2. Dhawan S., (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. Vol:49. issue:1 3. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047239520934018Paliwal M., Singh A., (2021). Study of Indian institutions of higher education. Interactive Technology and Smart Education.

ISSN: 1741-5659.

4. Bordoloi, R., Das, P. and Das, K. (2021), "Perception towards online/blended learning at the time of Covid-19 pandemic: an academic analytics in the Indian context", Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-092020-0079 5. Mishra L., Gupta T., Shree A., (2020). Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, Vol:1. 2020, 100012https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012 6. Karyala P., Kamat S., (2020). Online education in India – the good, the bad and the ugly!

POLICY, TEACHING and EDUCATION. https://indiabioscience.org/columns/education/online-education-in-india-the-good-the-badand-the-ugly

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DIP: 18.10.1300710322.002 NEW FARMS ACT, 2020 MR P. BALA MURALIDHAR PG Coordinator & Assistant Professor.

Dept. of Commerce (UG&PG) Prabhat Kumar College. Contai. Purba Medinipur. (West Bengal)

❖ ABSTRACT Agriculture is the State List Subject as per Schedule 7 of the Indian Constitution. In 2017, the Central Government had released model farming acts to initiate reforms in the agricultural sector. However, the states has not implemented several reforms suggested in the model acts. The centre promulgated three ordinances in the first week of June 2020. However, in September 2020, the President of India gave his approval to these three Farm Acts— The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020, The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020, and The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020. These three Bills jointly known as New Farms Act, 2020.

Several farmer organisations have opposed these Acts for various reasons. The primary concern appears to be the fear of losing government procurement at the Minimum Support Price.

Ultimately, the Supreme Court of India has put a stay on the implementation of the Farm Acts 2020 and set up a four-member committee to make recommendations within two months. The Central Government has made a proposal to suspend the three new farm laws for one or oneand-a-half years, until the impasse is resolved. This paper tries to present the study about New Farms Acts, 2020 and to point out suggestions that may end deadlock over these Farms Acts.

Keywords: Agriculture, Farmers, Government, New Farms Act, 2020. ❖ INTRODUCTION

The President of India Ram Nath Kovind gave his approval to three agriculture bills on September 27nd September, 2020— The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020, The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020, and The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020.

These three Bills jointly known as New Farms Act, 2020. The Acts were mainly aimed to liberalise the farm sector, but it encountered stiff opposition in Parliament. Several farmer organisations have opposed these Acts for various reasons. The primary concern appears to be the fear of losing government procurement at the Minimum Support Price. But the main issue to worry about is the farmers for whose betterment these Acts have been passed are on streets protesting these Acts.

Farmers organizations like Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) and the All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee (AIKSCC) have been protesting these Acts from September 2020 itself.

They have raised the slogan of ‘KISAN BACHAO MANDI BACHAO’. ❖ BACKGROUND OF FARM ACTS, 2020 Agriculture is the State List Subject as per Schedule 7 of the Indian Constitution. In 2017, the central government had released model farming acts to initiate reforms in the agricultural sector.

However, the states has not implemented several reforms suggested in the model acts. The centre promulgated three ordinances in the first week of June 2020. However, in September 2020, the President of India gave his approval to these three Farm Acts. Farmers in Punjab, Haryana and other states have protested against these three Farm Acts. Some states have also opposed the new Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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legislation. The Kerala legislative assembly even passed a resolution against the farm reforms and demanded their withdrawal. The Supreme Court of India has put a stay on the implementation of the Farm Acts 2020 and set up a four-member committee to make recommendations within two months. ❖ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study New Farms Acts, 2020.

2. To point out suggestions that may end deadlock over New Farm Acts, 2020. ❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The present study is based mainly on the secondary sources of data which is collected from various websites relating to New Farm Acts, 2020, and its related issues. ❖ RATIONALE OF THE STUDY The New Farms Act, 2020, was passed in September 2020. Immediately, farmers in Punjab, Haryana and other states have protested against these three farm acts. Several Farmer Organisations have opposed these Acts for various reasons. The primary concern appears to be the fear of losing government procurement at the Minimum Support Price. ❖ NEW FARMS ACT, 2020 The New Farms Act, 2020 consists of three Acts which were as follows: The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 - This Act attempts to totally open up the sale of agricultural production outside the Agricultural Produce Market Committees, or the APMCs. It generates an e-highway for trading and transactions. It also creates an arrangement for e-trading of agriculture produce. According to this Act, Farmers are permitted to sell their produce outside of the APMCs. This gives scope for more competition and better pricing for farmers. In other words, the private players are completely allowed to enter into the agricultural market and to deal directly with the farmers. The Government of India has introduced APMC (Agriculture Produce Market Committee) Act. This Act was announced in 1960’s at the very same time when green revolution started in India. APMCs established Mandis or Markets across India where farmer’s produce was sold. At present, there are around 7000 APMCs in India. Before the introduction of this Act, the produce after harvesting, is brought to the Mandis or Markets. Then the farmers sell their produce in these Mandis through the system of auction or price discovery. The farmers sell their produce not to the government but the middlemen or Arhatiyas. Middlemen are those people who exist between the farmer and the retailer or big traders.

For example, farmers sell their vegetables to the middlemen. The middlemen, in their turn, sell those vegetables to the vegetable vendor who again sell these vegetables to the consumers. Here, vegetable vendors will not purchase directly from the farmers. Government gives license to these Middlemen. The facilities such as shops, storage facilities etc. are provided to Middlemen APMC markets. Many people work in these APMCs. As there is a system of storage, it requires labourers, supervisors, accountants etc. As a whole, it is a self-thriving network. The important point to be noted here is these APMC markets are regulated by State Governments. A tax is charged on each transaction. In this way, Government is in a position to know the price at which produce is being sold.

Arguments in favour: 1. The Act will provide more opportunities to farmers by reducing marketing costs, and helping them acquire better prices.

2. It will also provide an opportunity to the farmers of areas with surplus produce to get better prices.

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3.

Arguments against: 1. There is a fear that States may lose revenue as they will not be able to collect ‘mandi fees’ if farmers sell their produce outside registered Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) markets.

2. Commission agents of ‘mandis ’ stand lose if the total farm trade moves out of mandis.

3. Most importantly, farmers and opposition parties fear it may ultimately lead to the end of the Minimum Support Price(MSP)-based procurement system and may lead to exploitation by private companies.

The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act 2020 -This Act generates a background for contract farming. It offers a model at the national level of farming agreements, with regard to agribusiness, processing, and the total range of services including wholesalers, exporters and large retailers for selling their farming produce at a reciprocally pre-agreed price. Farmers can enter into ‘written agreements’ with anyone, including a company, and sell them their produce for an agreed period of time, as per the contract. This means that companies can now enter into contracts with farmers for purchasing their produce. The companies can fix the price for the produce. They can also set the standards and qualities and other legalities can be stated in advance. According to the Union government, this will safeguard and authorize farmers to sell to anyone - a whole seller, a retail giant or an exporter. If the buyer wants to cheat the farmers, the farmers will be protected by the written contracts which were entered into in advance. Further, as per the Government, farmers can also sell future produce today.

Arguments in favour: 1. The aim of this Act is to transfer the risk of market irregularity from farmers to sponsors.

2. This Act helps the farmers to access to modern technology and better inputs. It also tries to increase farmer income by reducing the cost of marketing.

Arguments against: 1. According to Farmer bodies and opposition parties, the law is framed to suit “big corporates who seek to dominate the Indian food and agriculture business”.

2. It will also weaken the negotiating power of farmers. Instead, it may give benefit to large private companies, exporters, wholesalers, and processors.

The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 - The Essential Commodities Act was first passed in decades back in 1955. This Act chiefly controls the production, supply and the distribution of certain commodities that are known to be essential. So if a commodity falls under this Act, as for example, a food item or an important drug, then companies and supermarkets cannot hoard these items in case of their shortage. Further, they also cannot artificially increase the prices.

The list of essential commodities as per the original Essential Commodities Act, 1955 includes Drugs (medicines); Fertilizers (inorganic, organic, mixed); Foodstuff (including edible oilseeds and oils); hank yarn made completely from cotton; Petroleum and petroleum products; Raw jute and jute textiles; Seeds (food crops, fruits and vegetables, cattle fodder and jute seeds). The new Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 removes some essential commodities such as cereals, pulses, oilseeds, edible oils, onion and potatoes from the list of essential commodities.

Therefore, these commodities are now free from the Essential Commodities Act regulations and stand deregulated. If necessary, the Government can enforce stock holding limits and control the prices for the above commodities—under the Essential Commodities, 1955—only under exceptional circumstances. These exceptional circumstances may be stated as war, famine situation, extraordinary price rise, and natural calamity of grave nature. The restrictions on stock limits on farming produce is to be decided by taking in to consideration the price rise in the market. These Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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restrictions may be enforced only if there is: (i) a 100 per cent rise in retail price of horticultural produce, and (ii) a 50 percent rise in the retail price of non-perishable agricultural food items. The rise in prices is to be calculated over the price prevailing during the previous twelve months, or the average retail price over the last five years, whichever is lower.

Arguments in favour: 1. The chief aim of this Act is to attract private investment/Foreign Direct Investment into the farm sector by giving private investors freedom to produce, hold, move, distribute, and supply produce in agricultural infrastructure.

2. The Act tries to bring price stability of essential commodities.

3. The Act also aims at eliminating fears of private investors of regulatory influence in their business operations.

Arguments against: 1. Big companies will have the autonomy to stock commodities. This will help them to dictate terms to farmers. ❖ SUGGESTIONS THAT MAY END DEADLOCK OVER NEW FARM ACTS, 2020 1. To provide a statutory backing to the minimum selling prices and procurement in the new bill to remove the fear of the farmers.

2. To give farmers the choice to sell their produce without the help of middlemen.

3. There must be a good rural infrastructure including link from villages to markets, climatecontrolled storage facilities.

4. There must be uninterrupted, reliable and regular electric supply to make available power to rural infrastructural facilities.

5. There must be a good legal mechanism to approach by the farmers in case of any dispute between farmers and other parties.

6. Steps should be taken to help food processing companies which are competent enough to purchase farmers produce.

7. Efforts must also to be taken to continue to strengthen APMC market infrastructure.

8. The MSP should be the model price at which trading should be conducted in any mandi. MSP has been announced for 23 crops and it is meaningless if it is not legally binding. So the MSP must be made statutory and legalize.

9. As per the SBI Ecowrap report, the government can insert a quantity guarantee clause for a minimum period of 5 years instead of MSP as a price guarantee.

10. The SBI Ecowrap report further suggested that MSP regime be converted to floor price of auction on National Agriculture Market (eNAM) portal. eNAM is a national level electronic trading portal. This portal connects all the existing APMC Mandis to build a united national market for agricultural commodities. ❖ CONCLUSION On 11 January, the Supreme Court has put a stay on the implementation of new Farm Acts till further orders and constituted a 4-member committee to resolve the deadlock over them between the Central Government and farmers' unions protesting at Delhi borders. The Central Government has made a proposal to suspend the three new farm laws for one or one-and-a-half years, until the impasse is resolved. Farmers are debt ridden. They are very much in need of funding. They want assured price mechanism. The three Acts if taken together further aggravate the crisis. If there is no guaranteed support price mechanism, the Acts even fail to mention a very strong support for the MSP as a benchmark price which is a fundamental condition for open agriculture trade and winding Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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up of mandis. The demand of the farmers for statutory support price from the Government for their production has been claiming for many years. It seems that all the three Acts are purported to serve the interests of farmers, but it is alleged by many that these Acts focus not directly on farmer welfare. According to them, these Acts help non-traditional private players which include agritech companies and retailers. Besides, they allege that these Acts help only to increase the “ease of doing business” for supply chain players. To reinstate the shaken confidence of the agrarian sector is the need of the hour. In order for that to happen the government of India needs to give an iron clad guarantee on holding the price line 100% over and above the inflation-linked cost of production to the farmer and the private players who purchase the produce shall not be allowed a price which is below that line. Only such a guarantee will increase the confidence of the farmers in this system. If India has to come out of her severe economic crisis, the answer does not lie in the economies of the urban development. But, the answer conclusively lies in the renewal of the rural economy with dignity and respect. In this context, it is the duty of the Government and the Policymakers to protect the rights of every farmer. So such a policy response should be initiated which eliminate the event of anti Farm Acts happening today and farmers can concentrate peacefully on their work of agriculture. ❖ REFERENCES 1. www. blog.finology.in/recent-updates/farm-bill-2020-pros-and-cons 2. www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/benefits-drawbacks-of-the-3-farm-lawsat-the-heart-of-farmers-protests-120120600.

3. www. byjus.com/free-ias-prep/farm-acts-2020/ 4. www. gradeup.co/farmers-act-i.

5. www. idronline.org/the-farm-bills-all-you-need-to-know/?gclid.

6. www. indianexpress.com/article/explained/an-expert-explains-farm-acts-and-federalism6622769/.

7. www. latestlaws.com/articles/a-critical-analysis-of-the-farm-bills-2020/.

8. www. livemint.com/ 9. www. thefederal.com/opinion/understanding-the-new-farm-laws-and-farmer-protests-inindia/.

10. www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/exploring-solutions-to-deadlock-on-farmlaws/article33582669.ece.

11. www.thehindu.com/data/data-farmers-new-agriculture-laws-and-governmentprocurement/article33201332.ece.

12. www. theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-offers-to-suspend-farm-laws-until-standoffis-resolved-awaits-farmers-response/589212.

13. www. thewire.in/agriculture/farm-bills-indias-rural-issues.

14. www. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/report-lists-5-measures-thatmay-end-deadlock-over-new-farm-laws/articles.

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VISION OF LIFE PRESENTED IN JOHN KEATS’ ODES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION DINESH KUMAR Assistant Professor Department of English Dyal Singh College, Karnal (Haryana)

❖ ABSTRACT John Keats is a romantic poet in the company of William Wordsworth, P.B. Shelley, S.T. Coleridge and Lord Byron who shares a general Romantic aversion to dry reason for what Wordsworth has rightly called ‘meddling intellect.’ A poet, for John Keats, is the most unpoetical being who keeps on assuming the shape and face of the objects or living beings he is describing.

John Keats, inspite of his romantic affiliation and ardent love for beauty and wonder, is a great love of Greek art and culture. John Keats’ ode poetry is a powerful amalgamation of different traits that can be witnessed in his poetry like Hellenism, negative capability, escapism, and love for beauty which earn his the title of a great romantic poet. There is a beautiful fusion of romantic escapades and imaginative flight in his poetry in general, and ode poetry in particular.

Keywords: Dreamer, intellectual, immortal, everlasting, beauty, romantic.

The poetry of John Keats is known for its sensuous expressions and Romantic excursion into the world of ‘Dolce for Niente’ where the poet goes in search of immortal beauty, external happiness and everlasting joys. Whether John Keats is a dreamer or worshipper of beauty, he basically is an artist without any palpable design and reformative zeal expressing the purest form of the vision of life in the simplest poetic idioms.

The early phase of John Keats’ poetic career is marked by romantic longings and fanciful flights into the mediaeval world of romance and the eerie atmosphere of La Belle Dame Sans Merci where the feelings of mystery and suspense are interfused with the emotions of horror and death.

But, the mature and the best poetic phase of John Keats comes with the writings of his major odes where we have a beautiful fusion of romantic impulses with Greek restraints.

Almost every poem of John Keats in one way or other takes cognizance of and even assimilates the Greek spirit, culture and mythical stories. The poet's love for Greek can be gauged by the fact that when he read Homer in the form of translation by Chapman, he considered it as a new discovery of some vast planet so for unknown to the scientists.

So, in spite of Keats being a romantic dreamer, or worshipper of beauty as well as sensuous mystic, he is also a Greek both in matter and manner. There is a beautiful fusion of romantic escapades and imaginative flights along with Greek restraints in his poetry in general, and odes in particular.

The common theme running throughout these odes is the theme of transience versus permanence and the sadness of mutability vis-à-vis the external joys of the world of imagination.

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There is a common thematic strand explored and expressed by John Keats in all these odes with a particular rhyme scheme and symbolic pattern. That is why, the best poetic vision and its treatment is to be found in these odes which makes him a writer of odes par excellence.

An ode, in fact, is an elevated (noble) style which is always in the form of an address to something or somebody. The purpose was to make a controlled expression of the unbridled romance and spontaneous reverie within a systematically coherent and compact framework. So, these words can rightly be called as a superb evidence of the blend of surcharged emotions with careful expressions.

John Keats odes are a remarkable record of the poet’s struggle towards a vision that would comprehend all experiences, joy and suffering, the natural and ideal, the transient and external. All the odes written by Keats are closely bound up with the theme of transience and permanence. These odes written by John Keats are the reflection of inner struggle or conflicts which have immortalised his name as a renowned and famous poet. The main idea emerging out of these odes is the struggle between ideal and actual as well an opposition between pleasure and pain, imagination and reason, permanence and change, nature and man, art and life, freedom and bondage, walking and dreams etc.

John Keats’ Ode to Psyche is a super poetic illustration of the goddess psyche as the poet implores the goddess of Psyche to listen to his unmusical verses and to pardon him for singing the secrets of her life. In general terms, Psyche is regarded as soul, but in mythological terms, Psyche has not been painted as a goddess. But, the poet frankly admits the fact that Psyche has a place in the Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses. Keats does not want to present Psyche not only as a goddess, but also as an incarnation of love, and as such he wants to depict her as the embodiment of love and beauty. By describing the natural beauty of psyche, the poet calls her the loveliest of all the Greek gods and goddesses who were once thought to live on the mountain Olympus in Thessaly. Recounting the reasons why Psyche does not occupy an honorable place like other Greek gods and goddesses the poet says that it was very late when Psyche got a place among the Greek deities. The viewpoint of the people found some radical changes, as they have become materialistic to the core. But, the poet has a strong faith in them which enables him to see the image of Psyche among the Greek deities on Olympus. The poet decides to be the priest of psyche and build a temple for her in some unexplored regions of his mind. In the present poem, the readers find a number of natural images which lacks the minute observation and the rich animation that breathe through the pictures of nature painted by William Wordsworth. With his penetrating insight love and two very heart of a landscape and throw an unearthly radiance even in common objects so that they appear to be appalled celestial light, but Keats' depiction of nature lacks romantic imagination, mysticism, wonder, enchantment, depth of emotion, and the greatness of impulse as Keats says in this connection: Far, far around shall those dark-cluster'd trees Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep; And there by zephyrs, streams, and birds, and bees, The moss-lain Dryads shall be lull'd to sleep; Ode to Psyche is a powerful fanciful expression by the poet but it has been hailed as a piece of lovely decorative mythology, but it is something more than that. Psyche is the soul, not taken as a goddesss in the classical Greek mythology, but neither is the soul in the Christian sense. The absence of any kind of orientation to Christianity, is a remarkable feature in John Keats’ poetry.

The poet’s main religious feeling is a longing for the natural piety of the antiquity. The poem cannot be called as only a piece of fanciful devotion to an obsolete myth because of with its lovely Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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half inspired and half natural imagery, but it can be hailed as a recognition by the poet that his own exploration is to be the interior landscape, that his ultimate devotion is to be neither to the objective world, nor to any power outside himself.

Ode to a Nightingale is a beautiful poetic illustration of the misfortune, pain and the suffering of human world which are juxtaposed with the immortal and ecstatic world of the bird.

The song of the bird motivates the poet to ponder over the suffering of the real world which the poet points as full of: The weariness, the fever, and the fret Here, where men sit and hear each other grown, Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, Where youth throws pale, and spectre- thin, and dies,” The present ode is an intermingling of romantic elements with a passionate outlook on life.

It is a highly romantic poem, but it expresses a very gloomy and pessimistic view of life. A feeling of sadness runs through the whole poem. The picture of life presented in the poem is very depressing. The poem is the finest example of Keats’ pictorial quality and his rich sensuousness.

We have an abundance of concrete and sensuous imagery when he says: O, for a draught of vintage that hath been Cool’d a long age with deep delved earth Tasting of Flora and the country green, These lines bring before us a highly blessing picture of province with its fun, jollify, merry making, dancing and drinking. Similarly, the beaker full of sparkling blushful Hippocrene is highly tempting.

The poem presents a contrast between the immortality of the nightingale and the mortality of human being. It also contrasts the happiness and the joy of the bird with the suffering, sorrow and grief of human world where youth, beauty and love are all short lived.

Ode to a Nightingale was written soon after the death of Keats’ brother, Tom. Keats was feeling keenly the tragedy of a world in which a young man grows pale, becomes a skeleton and meets his end permanently.

Keats felt distressed with the actual world of the weariness, fever and fret a world where palsy shakes a few saddest grey hair and where youth because becomes and love are transient. The song of the nightingale transports him to a world of imagination. He, then, wants to escape from this world of sorrows to the world of ideal beauty.

The poem contrasts the immortality of the nightingale with the mortality of human beings.

Man's world is contrasted with the world of nature or death contrasted with deathlessness. The bird shares the immortality of nature which remains, through all its changes, unwearied and beautiful.

The same theme of mutability of the human life and the permanence of the world of imagination is picked up and explored further in his poem, Ode on a Grecian Urn. It is a world of extreme eternity and immortal love and beauty where the poet encourages the lover to continue loving his beloved and never feel depressed when he says: More happy love more happy, happy love Forever warm and still to be enjoyed.

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But, even in these realms of imagination and art, the vitality, dynamism and growth of human life is missing. That is indicated in the first stanza of the poem where the poet makes use of nouns instead of verbs in the words like loth, persuit, and struggle where the action has been held up and fixed. Even this world of art/dream is not free from the feelings of fear, violence and death which ultimately forces the poet to call this world of Urn and nightingale as ‘cold’ and ‘forlorn’ which tolls him back to his real self.

The central issue of the poem, Ode to Grecian Urn is the relationship of art to life where the poet as a writer of odes underlines the fact that art is but an adjunct to life which enriches and over illumines.

Ode on Grecian Urn has a valuable message to convey for coming generations: “Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Keats says that beauty and truth or not to separate things as what is beautiful must be true and what is true must be beautiful. Every piece of art must be beautiful and every beautiful work of art must have a hard core of truth in it.

Among the major thematic concerns of the present poem is the theme of art as superior to life in many respects that has been described very vividly in the poem. The trees depicted on the urn will always enjoy spring, the flute player shown on the urn will never tire of playing tunes as the poet says in this connection that ‘heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter.’ The music of the flute players depicted on the urn is sweeter than the music in real life.

The present poem is essentially a harmonious blending of imaginative and emotional elements, but this great poem also possesses intellectual appeal. . This Ode, for instance, represents an exquisite fusion of imaginative, emotional and intellectual elements. The moral of urn, namely that beauty is truth and truth beauty has an intellectual basis, but apart from this, it is charged with emotion and shows rich imagination.

Ode on Melancholy is a poetic analysis of the chemistry of melancholy which the poet believes to be an integral and indispensable part of life. Now the poet has achieved wisdom which in the earlier odes he has merely struggling to achieve that finally equips the poet not only to confront the tragic contradiction of life, but also to assimilate and reconcile them to a new vision which makes the poet speaks out: She dwells with Beauty-Beauty that must die And joy whose hand is ever at his lips, bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh, turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips; Like Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy by the poet, is another poem of contrast where the poet says that true melancholy is to be found not in the sad and ugly things of life such as woolf’s bane, nightshade, few barriers, the beetle and dead moth, but in the beauty and pleasure of the world. The world of true sadness dwells with the beauty and joy, for the pain of suffering is less acute than the pain of knowing what beauty and joy will soon fade. True melancholy, says Keats, lies in the ache at the heart of felicity which may come to a man suddenly even as rain may suddenly began to fall from cloud above.

The idea of transititoriness of beauty and joy is clearly conveyed by means of a real concrete picture. Keats says that pleasure turns to poison in the very process of being enjoyed.

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sorrow, transience and permanence. It also explores the interrelation among beauty that must be pleasing and joy which is transient.

The same mood of serene fulfilment and contentment is beautifully expressed with super Greek restraints in the poem, Ode to Autumn where these emotional agitations and impulsive outbursts are artistically synthesised and poetically structured to express the picture of various beauties and bounties of season of autumn. Here, the season of autumn is described as a season of mist and mellow fruitfulness and bosom friend of sun which together bring the ripeness and fullness in the fruits and flowers of nature.

Here, like the Greek poets, the season of autumn is personified into the roles of a harvester, a reaper, a gleaner and cider-presser engaged in the human activities which bring sweetness, ripeness, fullness and contentment. Albeit, the poet is slightly disturbed when he is reminded of the songs of the spring, but immediately the tension and the anxiety is resolved by mature acceptance of the music and songs of the season of autumn. For example, when the poet ask: Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they?

Think not of them, thou hast thy music too.”

Ode to Autumn reflects Keats’ rich mood of serenity in which he delineates beautifully the prolific bounties of Autumn. There are no questions and conflict in the poem as autumn is not regarded here as the prelude to winter, but it is a season of mellow fruitfulness-a season of ripeness and fulfillment. The poet is not disturbed by the thought of the snows of the winter that will soon follow; he is content with his present happiness. Once Keats wrote: “I look not for happiness if it is not the present hour, nothing startles me beyond the moment.” Here, and now in Autumn, everything has reached the fruition, and “ripeness is all.” Though apparently the Ode is objective and descriptive, there is behind the objective description the serene tranquility of the poet. “The poetry of earth is never dead.”

This joy in the present, the isolation of beauty of the hour, the making of it a divine possession and losing in its loveliness the pain of life-is one of the chief marks of Keats genius”; and it is this power of isolating the present hour from the past or the future, which gives to the Ode to Autumn its unique charm. The Ode us a graphic description of the season of Autumn with all its richness.

Ode on a Grecian Urn throws light on John Keats’s genius of drawing vivid and concrete picture mostly with the sensuous appeal. Keats’ poetry is essentially imaginative and emotional, but his great poems possess intellectual elements too as we can witness an exquisite fusion of the imaginative, emotional and intellectual elements in his poetry. The moral of the urn, namely that beauty is truth, truth beauty, has an intellectual basis, but besides it, the poem is charged with emotions and shows rich imagination. The first three stanzas are a passionate expression of feelings, emotions and intellectual constituents.

The poet explores the series of pictures carved on the urn that of passionate men and gods chasing reluctant maidens, flute players playing their ecstatic music, the fair youth trying to kiss his beloved, the happy branches of trees, the worshippers going for worshipping in order to offer a sacrifice with a mysterious priest to lead them, a little town which will always remains desolate, the poet brings these pictures before the minds of the readers.

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The moral of the poem has been conveyed by the poet through five key words: Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” The words, that is all ye know on the earth and all ye need to know” are the comment of the poet, not the lesson of the urn. The final stanza of the poem explores two philosophical ideas; the incomprehensibility of the infinite, in Arts and Nature, and the Ethics of Beauty. For the poet, beauty is the touchstone of truth. “Ye see things in this beauty,” writes Matthew Arnold in context of this passage, “is to see things in their truth,” and Keats knows it. “What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth”, he says in prose, and in immortal verse, he has illustrated the same idea: Beauty is truth, truth beauty-that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.”

The last two stanzas explore the vital difference between life and art. Life has no doubt the vividness and warmth of reality, but it is subject to change and decay, whereas art is unchanging expression of beauty. The static figures on the surface of the urn become dynamic and full with life and motion of energy. There is another picture on the urn-that is of a sacrifice and an assemblage of men and women. The poet’s imagination goes beyond the actual scene represented on the urn; he imagines how the town from which the people have come to attend the sacrifice, must be forever in desolation.

Ode on Indolence, by John Keats, is a powerful poetic expression of the mood of perfect indolence of the poet. The poet has not the least desire for love, ambition and worship of the poetic art, rather he would like to be left and entirely to enjoy his physical and mental languor.

The mood with which Keats is seized is not difficult to explain. Possessed of an ardent and emotional spirit as he was, he was bound to become a victim of lethargy under the pressure of personal pain, suffering and sorrows. The suffering of Tom from tuberculosis and George’s untimely death, coupled with the failure of relationship with Fanny Brawne, from whom he developed a hopeless infatuation, delighted in flirting and tormenting him, all these factors inevitably led the poet to live in the moments of lassitude. In that state, it was natural for Keats that he found the world and all its objects not important and significant as the poet himself says: The world is a vanity, love and fame Vanities-life itself a vanity of vanities The ardent soul of the poet now and then relaxed into vacuity and the wearied flesh sank into indolence. In the poem, the poet, through the allegorical expression of the words love, ambition and poesy personifies these terms. The poet makes use of these terms for four times in the poem which stand for chief Passion of the poet's heart which urged him to mental and imaginative activity. These figures appear and disappear before his dreamy and lethargic eyes of indolent imagination. They tempt him to become active and follow them to make them his own.

The present poem is a powerful exploration of the idea that the poet had no thirst of love, ambition and poetic fame. The ideals and passions have become meaningless to him. He felt contented with his idle fancies of which he had an ample store. He, therefore, bade adieu to the three figures. He asks them to vanish into the clouds and return no more. At the end of the poem, the poet points out” Farewell ; I yet have vision for the night, And for the day faint visions therein storeVanish, ye phantoms : from my idle spright, Into the clouds, and never more return Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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In this way, we can safely and rightly aver that John Keats as a Romantic poet by virtue of its lyrical intensity and emotional spontaneity. He is always torn between the egoistic sublime of Wordsworth and Byron and the objectivity of Shakespeare. The poet is always in search of beauty, joy and wonder without any philosophical message to his readers. That is why, John Keats is a pure poet whose poetry is without any palpable design in life, in which the life of sensation and ecstatic bliss is controlled and ordered by a strong streak of Hellenism and Greek severity which earned him the title of being a Greek in theme, taste and temperament.

In this way, the whole poetic endeavour of John Keats as a writer of odes lies in his romantic sojourns into the realms of imagination in search of goddess of beauty, Cynthia and immortal songs of Druid, nightingale where with the help of his negative capability and sensuous apprehensions of the experience in the world of imagination, the poet comes to an ultimate conclusion that life cannot be and, hence, should not be compartmentalised into sorrow and Joys, ugliness and beauty, life and art, matter and spirit, physical and spiritual, and real and imagination.

But, the maturity of vision lies in understanding that both these antinomies and extremes of life for inevitably integral and complementary to one another which finally lift the poet to a state of mind where wisdom is both achieved and transcended. ❖ WORKS-CITED: 1. Ward, Aileen. John keats: the making of a poet. New York: Liverpool, 1987.

2. Abrams, M. H. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. The Major authors. New York: W.W. Norton& Company, 1987.

3. Bennett, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory.

Hertfordshire: Prentic Hall, 1995.

4. Creaser, John.” John Keats”. A Companion to Romanticism. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.

5. Dentith, Simon. Bakhtinian Thought. London: Routledge, 1995.

6. Holquist, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.

7. Holquist. Michael. The Dialogical Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: UTP, 1981.

8. Levinson, Marjorie. Keats' Life of Allegory: The Origins of a Style. Boston: Blackwell, 1991.

9. Mc Gann, Jerome J. The Romantic Ideology: A Critical Investigation. Chicago: The Chicago Up, 1985.

10. Motion, Andrew. Keats. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1998.

11. Roe, Nicholas. John Keats and the Culture of Dissent. London: Oxford UP, 1998.

12. Romney, Patricia. The Art of Dialogue. Animating Democracy Americans for the Arts.

Washington .D .C: 2005.

13. Ryan, Robert M. The Persistence of Poetry: Bicentennial Essays on Keats. Massachusetts UP, 1998.

14. Sider, Michael J. The Dialogic Keats: Time and History in the Major Poems. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1998.

15. Turley, Richard Marggraf. Keats’s Boyish Imagination. New York: Routledge, 2004.

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IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION MR. KRISHNAKANT PATIL Lecturer, Department of English Kles Basavaprabhu Kore Arts, Science & Commerce College, Chikodi, Karnataka.

❖ ABSTRACT Communication is a skill which we can learn it and it involves systematic and continuous process of speaking, listening and understanding. Almost all people are born with the ability to talk, but we must learn to speak well and communicate effectively. Speaking, listening and our ability to know verbal and nonverbal Cues are the talents by observing people and modelling our behaviour on what we see and perceived. We in the school, colleges taught some of communication skills directly through education. We need to bring those skills into Practice and getting them into evaluated. In modern world, multilingualism is common and it becoming more important in today’s world. In addition to opening up employment opportunities, having the ability to talk a far-off language helps to form a true reference to people and to understand more about diverse cultures, places and lifestyles. The better you're, the higher you'll express yourself.

As the third most generally speech within the world, English is widely spoken and taught in over 118 countries and is usually used round the world as a trade language or diplomatic language.

English is became language of art, science, computers, international diplomacy and tourism as well. Last but not least, it's the language of international communication, the media and therefore the internet. Whether it's for professional or personal reasons, understanding the importance of English will assist you reach your goals. Here are a couple of reasons why you ought to continue learning and practising your English skills.

Keywords: global language, communication, advances, globalization, English. ❖ INTRODUCTION English is taken into account a crucial medium for communication across the planet. It has evolved from centuries and has found an area in every country. All the countries are working with one another via business relations, and here the foremost important thing is communication. This is the reason all of us should learn English to experience global opportunities. English is a world medium of communication that has been use either as a native or second languages that understood and reorganized by everyone. People found that being knowledgeable in English is the key factor for better career, huge advantage in terms of knowledge, status in society and better communication in entire world. It dominates the international media which unite the people round the world together which considered because the essential carrier of language, politics that regulates the law, and in businesses which most of the businesses want to compete in global market. According to some sources around the world 1500 million people speak the language around the world, out of which only 375 million are native speakers. Over 1 billion people speak it as a far off language.

English tops the web in number of users and is additionally a top language in tech. And you've got to be tech-savvy to try to well within the workplace—whether this suggests having the ability to place together Excel sheets, do a call, research and fact-check data or use social media successfully.

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❖ ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION The statistics reveal that quite 1 / 4 of the world’s population speaks English meaning that about 1.6 billion people understand and relate with the assistance of the language of Shakespeare. To not mention that the majority of the films are in English, the most important movie industry, Hollywood, is produced in English. It is true that within the world are quite 3 billion people that speak Chinese, however it’s impossible that additionally to the maternal language there is somebody else who wants to find out Chinese characters. Most of the international trade agreements are concluded in English and is that the most generally used language for international business meetings. Good English isn’t only classy but an opportunity to continue studies and specializations within the best universities within the world, which are actually, in countries where they speak English. Education is extremely important to enhance yourself but learning English also improves the standard of life. You have access to jobs that you simply couldn’t even take into consideration, you’ll evaluate a world career and you’ll sleep in many countries with the convenience of having the ability to travel shopping or negotiate rent for the house. The benefits they carry within the lifetime of a person’s knowledge of English language are countless. What is important to know is that English language is in a position to knock down tons of barriers, including cultural ones.

Back within the youth of pre-globalization, knowing English was a plus. Like it or not, it had been a mark of superior knowledge and class. It made you look impressive to people. Now, no matter your background and upbringing, many bosses will automatically expect you to understand the language. Even if you received education during a different language or come from an area where English is barely spoken. Today you are expected to know English. English language communication is the most common Problem faced by students. Most students are not “industry Ready” because they lack communication skills. There is no Effective communication between the faculty-student and Student-student. No effective training is imparted to the Students who are very poor at communication. Much Importance is being given to the technical skills ignoring the foremost indispensable communication skills. To perform Effectively in the business world or organization, Communication plays a pivotal role. One who is good at Effective communication thinks soundly, enjoys self-esteem, Dignity and gets respect in society, academic or profession.

People with effective communication skills are more Confident, because they know that they can tell other people Exactly what they need. In order to speak effectively One has got to think ahead and organize one’s thoughts. In order To have the technical know-how and other related skills Should learn to develop the competence in application of Language English language Language features a power which no other instrument can have. It is a medium of expressing our views and concepts to a different individual. The students reading in English medium institutions have better potentials and prospects within the global market. The craze for English has resulted within the growth of English Medium schools and colleges. These schools charge high fees and also affect the life-style of the scholars in them. No language are often a threat to English language. English has revolutionized the world. It has become a global language. It has opened a plethora of opportunities altogether fields. English is not any more confined to classroom learning alone. It has getting used now as a measuring stick in most of the roles. With the advancement of technology, English is a facilitator. Children of today become familiar with computers and internet as exposure in English.

One thing is absolutely clear that English has been empowering world youths. English has gained numberless opportunities for Indian youths both in their homelands also as in foreign countries.

By the top of 21st century English began to emerge as a worldwide. It has an excellent acceptance at social, economical and political level. In our country bourgeoisie is additionally not keeping itself in isolation by neglecting the importance of English. No one can get mastery over communication skills during a day or two. It is a tutorial imbroglio for the scholars lacking in Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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effective communicative skills. The world steadily heading towards economic globalization, it's essential to offer importance to English, in order that the commoner can continue with the planet issues. Barriers of race, colour and creed are not any hindrance to continuing spread of the utilization of English. It is a language of the future. A positive attitude to as a national language is important for the mixing of individuals into Indian society. There would seem to be virtually no disagreement within the commonly about the importance of English. By using English one can become a citizen of the planet almost naturally. English plays a dominant role in the media. The impact of English isn't only continuing but increasing Moreover, the utilization of English as a world language is growing with time because it's the sole medium for communication in many countries. English is additionally used widely within the literature and media section to publish books, most of the writers write within the English thanks to the overwhelming majority of readers know only English language and that they can describe their ideas best within the English. English language is also known for the main asset of scientific knowledge. For India to satisfy its role as a worldwide superpower, its people must have access to up-to-date information across the various branches of science. Changes and advances in innovation is mainly concern With English language. All the advances of scientific come by English language.

The Internet is lowering economic barriers to education around the world, but individuals will not be able to tap into its full potential without an understanding of English. The Internet also increases the potential for connectivity between Indians, allowing a medium of communication to share ideas and debate social, economic and political issues that are prevalent in the country. Since every state features a language of its own, English find its way as a standard language to debate and find solutions to national problems and to seek out a common ground within the differences. English further contributes towards giving youths to global perspective further expanding their better understanding of planet problems allowing them to apply this learning’s to the national landscape.

In this way, English is a crucial means of national integration. The Indian education system is seeing a change within the way skills are being imparted.

The English language is acting as a tool to bridge the gap between the industry and academia because it is seen as a crucial element in reaching diverse work environments. Globalization further strengthens this link and is signalling towards finding better job opportunities and employment. We can make use of English to market our world-view and spiritual heritage throughout the world .

Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of faith at world conference of Religions Chicago in 1893 addressing the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousands of English to our spirituality by expressing their thought and concepts in masterful English. English has thus become an efficient means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity within the world. ❖ CONCLUSION: English language is transforming its multidimensional communicative structure day by day, and within the process has enhanced its utility quotient in India. English is out there to us as a historical heritage additionally to our own language. We must make the simplest use of it to develop ourselves culturally and materially in order that we will compete with the simplest in world of mind and matters. Nowadays companies have already started training to employees in English. This has ameliorated the life sorts of people that considered their future blocked forever it they did not make it to teaching or another tradition jobs. In fact, the knowledge of English plays you altogether times.

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❖ REFERENCE: 1. English for Technical Communication, volume 1 & 2- Combined Edition- K.R. Laskshminarayanan- SCITECH- Fourth Reprint 2007.

2. Ur, P., “A Course in Language Teaching”, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

3. M. Ashraf Rizvi. Effective Technical Communication. Tata McGraw –Hill third Reprint 2006

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DIP: 18.10.1300710322.005 ADVANCEMENSTS IN TASKS PERFORMED BY THE BELL DESK IN FRONT OFFICE MS. POOJA BHONSLE Assistant Professor, Department of Hotel Management AISSMS CHMCT, Pune, (Maharashtra)

❖ ABSTRACT: Front Office in a department that generally checks the guests in and out of the hotel also handles complaints coming from guest. The department is considered to be the face of the hotel.

It’s said that when you are working at the Front Office its like you are on the stage. The employees are expected to be presentable at all times and maintain a smile throughout while interaction with the guest. The sub departments of front office are Front desk, Guest Relations Executives desk also known as information desk, Bell desk, Concierge, Telephone department (switch board operation desk), Room reservations, Business centre and Executive Lounge. There are many responsibilities which are performed by these sub departments in luxury hotels, in order to make the guest feel at home away from their homes. In this chapter we will be learning about how the services have upgraded from how they were performed before, to how they have changed in today’s times.

The sub departments in front office have been performing various task on a daily basis which have gone from been manual to automated and changed in nature since the past years due to the technological advancements in the hotel industry. The traditional tasks are known by most people and have been written down in many textbooks but the latest’s changes have not been documented. This writeup aims at putting light on these tasks which are performed differently in the hotels as of today.

In this chapter we will be looking at the tasks performed by the bell desk that have changed in nature as compared to the traditional ways. A few examples of these tasks are paging, mail and message handling, luggage assistance etc.

Keywords: bell desk, paging, wake-up calls, mail and message handling ❖ INTRODUCTION: Front office staff is called as uniformed staff, reason being they are always in front of the house and come in direct contact with each and every guest who stays at the hotel. They perform various tasks on job. The staff working at the front office department is always said to be on stage and hence, is expected to have a smile and a pleasant personality. They should be well groomed at all times. Possessing good communications skills is one of the important trait that the front office staff must possess, in order to communicate with the guest.

Traditionally the front office department was said to consistent of front desk, switch board operator, reservations, cashier, bell desk, GRE (optional depending on the size of the property) and travel desk. This traditional front office department has seen to be changed over a period of time.

The addition of business centre, concierge and executive lounge was made to the front office sub department list. This was the requirement of the modern day traveller. It is now incorporated in most luxury hotels and is considered to be one of the most basic services provided by any luxury Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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hotels. In the coming segment of the chapter, we will consider each and every task performed by the bell desk and how it is changed since the traditional times. ❖ BELL DESK: The bell desk is manded by the bell boys and the bell captain. The door man also forms a part of the bell desk team members.

Tasks performed at the bell desk: ❖ LUGGAGE ASSISTANCE: At the time of check in the doorman greets the guest opens the car door and the hotel door for the guest. The bell boy is responsible for opening the boot of the car and removes the luggage from the car and loads it on the trolley and tags it as a check in bag.

As of today due to the advancement in technology luggage assistance is now provided by robots (AI- Artificial intelligence) to the guest. Hotel Henn-na in Nagasaki, Japan was the 1st hotel to replace the bell boys with a robot to give their guest luggage assistance. They used a trolley where the guest could place the luggage and enter their room number and the machine/Robot carries the luggage as well as escorts the guest up to the guest room. So far India does not have this artificial intelligence and as per an article in the economic times as on 30th August 2020, Mint Hotels a panIndian brand has collaborated with DigiVerv to implement this technology in the near future. ❖ PAGING: Paging is locating the guest in the hotel.

Sometimes the guest may leave his/ her room and may be in the hotel’s public area like restaurants, bars, pool, gymnasium etc., If the guest has a visitor the bell boy uses to use a paging board which had the name of the guest written on the board and a bell attached to the board. The bell boy goes to all public areas and rings the bell to get the attention of the guest. This process was used to locate the guest at the hotel.

In modern times, guests privacy is of prime importance so the traditional practise of paging for guest over a period of time, changed with the introduction of Property Management Systems (PMS). Now-a-days if the guest is expecting a visitor the guest is expected to inform the front office.

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The front office goes to the guest profile on the PMS and puts a locator. The Location tab is activated on the guest profile, which shows the location of the guest as well as timings until the guest will be at the said location. In case, the visitor comes and asks for the guest, the front desk staff will go to the profile see the location tab click on it check the location of the guest as per the time and guide the visitor to the guest accordingly. ❖ MAIL AND MESSAGE HANDLING: Traditionally mail were segregated into 3 types by the bell boy namely, Guest mails, employee mails and management mails. These an entry would be made in the incoming register by the bell boy who received the mails and then would be delivered to the respective person on the basis of whom it belonged to. In case of messages left for the guest the front desk agent would fill in the message slip in duplicated copy and the message slip would then be delivered by the bell boy to the guest room.

Now-a day, when a mail comes for the guest or employee of the hotel it is scanned at the security gate. received by the security, an entry is made of the package in the incoming mail registered and the guest mails are sent to the bell desk for delivery to the guest whereas, the employee mails are sent to the time office to be collected by the employees. As far as messages are concerned, the front office need not use the message slip anymore. The visitor can leave a voice message for the guest. The front desk agent could call the room and click on voice mail button.

There is an option of leaving a text message for the guest similar to the locator option on the PMS. When the guest has a message the red lamp on the telephone in the room turns on which indicates that the guest has a message waiting for him/her. The message indicator in the room will be turned on and will remain on till the guest has heard all his/her voice messages. In case of a text message there is a voice note that informs the guest that he/she can get in touch with the telephone operator to have the text message delivered. The text message can also be printed and slipped in the guest room. ❖ DELIVERY OF NEWSPAPERS: The bell boy depending on the occupancy of the hotel and the public areas where newspapers are placed, places an order for newspapers with the newspaper vendor the previous day to be delivered on the next day. The newspapers are delivered to the hotel early in the morning. The newspapers are folded and put in a newspaper bag by the night shift bell boys and hung outside on the door of all the occupied rooms. The bell boys also deliver copy of the newspaper to public areas in the hotel like lobby, business centre, spa, salon etc., Sometimes when foreign guest stay at the hotel they may request for an international newspaper in that case the newspaper can be downloaded and printed and delivered to the guest room every morning until the guest checks outs. ❖ MISCELLANEOUS JOBS: A few miscellaneous tasks performed by the bell boy traditionally included postage stamps handling, handling out going mails, running errands for the guest outside the hotel if need be, Eg: Buy flowers, medicine, etc. for the guest. A few other tasks involved going to the FRRO (Foreign Regional Registration Office) to deliver the C-forms. The bell boy also takes care of the left luggage and handling luggage for group check-ins, Notification of scanty baggage guest to the duty manager and front office.

As the technology has advanced over a few years the hotels do not have to send the bell boy physical to FRRO to submit C-Forms. The Indian government has a website: Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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https://indianfrro.gov.in/frro/FormC on which the front desk agent logs in with the hotel ID and password fills the details of the foreigner guest, takes a real time photo and a digital signature, attaches a copy of the scanned passport and VISA and uploads real time information of the guest. ❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOY: Observations of the various task conducted at the bell desk in detail and comparing it against the text books printed. Along with some reference to secondary data mentioned towards the end. ❖ CONCLUSION: It is seen that since the recent years due to the advancement in technology it has become possible for the bell boys to get rid of some hard tasks which leaves them with some free time to interact with the guest better as compared to the traditional times. Initially the bell boys would waste a lot of time with maintain records of luggage assistance on errand cards and their filling. But the new technological advancement in the PMS the tracking of errands has become easier with the use of cell phone and computers. Example: When a guest requests for luggage assistance, the switch board operator enters it in the Guestware software, the cell phone (CUG- close user group) gets a message if within 10 minutes the errand isn’t resolved the message escalates to the bell captain. Timely service is possible due to the technological advancements. Also change in the way paging is done has eased the tasks performed by the bell boys. The bell boys can now focus on soft skills and develop them better as compared to before due to the upgrade in the traditional tasks performed by the bell boys. ❖ REFRENCES: 1. https://www.revfine.com/robots-hospitality-industry/ 2. https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitality/the-hotel-of-the-future-ishere/77826439 3. https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101047967 4. Hotel Front Office: Operations and Management Jatashankar Tewari

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STUDY OF KHADI VILLAGE INDUSTRY & COMMISSION (WITH THE REFERENCE OF EMPLOYMENT) DR. ANIL SHARMA Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, K.K.Vigyan Avam Vyvasaik Adhyayan Mahavividyalaya, Indore (M.P.)

❖ ABSTRACT Employment is the back bone of the Economy and high living of standard of people. Khadi village industry & commission are the pillars of the building which are helpful to generate employment in rural and urban areas but Employment Program and generation of employment differ in this situation. As a researcher try to find out how impact of employment by KVIC, therefore we have taken data from annual report of Department of Agro and Rural Industries and MSME for 6 years and apply Growth rate and CAGR Concept. As per the Analysis employment has increased in Village Industry but did not Increase in Khadi Industry Comparatively From 2014 to 2020. The compound annual growth rate -99.15 and 3.74 of Khadi and Village Industry. KVIC Continually try to generate more employment therefore various subsidy schemes for the start ups in this sectors. Because of which it has resulted in the expansion of this sector and corresponding employment generation under Khadi & village industries Keywords: Employment, KVIC, Economy ❖ INTRODUCTION Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC) established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956 (61of 1956), it is a statutory organization under the aegis of the M/o MSME, engaged in promoting and developing Khadi and Village Industries (KVI) for providing employment opportunities in the rural areas, thereby strengthening the rural economy.

KVIC has been identified as one of the major organizations in the decentralized sector for generating sustainable non –farm employment opportunities in rural areas at a low per capita investment and help in generating employment/self-employment opportunities in rural areas. One of the most significant aspects of Khadi and Village Industries (KVI) in Indian economy is that it creates employment at a very low per capita investment. The KVI Sector not only serves the basic needs of processed goods of the vast rural sector of the country but also provides sustainable employment to rural artisans. ❖ • • •

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To Understand the Growth of Employment in Economy by Khadi & village industry.

To understand Similarities in Generation of employment between Khadi & Village Industry.

Is KVIC the backbone of the economy?

❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The present study is based on secondary data. Secondary data regarding the quantity and value of Employment of khadi and Employment value of village industries in India, the Plan provision Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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for khadi and village industries, the value of employment generation were collected from the khadi and village industries commission annual Report, Journals, Research papers. Having completed the collection of data it was processed and analyzed with the help of computers. The Generation of Employment has been studied by understanding the growth rate of Employment of KVI. ❖ LITERATURE REVIEW • SEP.NOV.2020 (Reetu Murlidhar Tanwani, Dr. Mahendra. H. Maisuria) According to the researcher, in the year 2019, Khadi Village Industries has played an important role in the employment sector. Production and sales are also increasing and the sector is performing well but if we compare Khadi Village Industries with other industries and sectors then in comparison with them there is a slow growth in this sector, on this basis, many challenges are being faced which cannot be denied. Some parts of Khadi Village Industries regulated by the government should be privatized. The maximum amount set by the government in the budget. But the funds received are not utilized accordingly. Khadi Village Industries strengthens the rural economy by skilling and educating unskilled workers. Khadi Village Industries capabilities are much more than the obtained figures which are capable to face many challenges.

• FEB.2020 (Mr. M. S. Altamash, Dr. D. M. Khandare) According to the researcher, it is concluded that ➢ PMEGP is a strong basis to reduce unemployment among youth through this economic development will be possible by providing opportunities to women entrepreneurs in a developing country like India. ➢ Through PMEGP developing socio-economic factors like age, educational qualification, income, employment generation etc. are developing continuously. ➢ PMEGP new employment opportunities will be created through entrepreneurship in the backward parts of a developing country like India, which will accelerate social and economic development.

•

January (2020) (Priti Maheswari and Landi Nado* IADC-A, Bangalore,) According to the researcher, it comes to the conclusion that the fund or subsidy is contributed every year by the Government of India, but still the speed is not improving which indicates that there is inefficient allocation or improper use of the fund or subsidy. It is to say that funds or subsidies are not being properly exploited to increase the productivity of production in the northeastern region. Whereas Khadi and village industries are the backbone for rural industrialization in the northeastern part of India because of the huge amount of natural resources, manpower it is an important base for providing employment and livelihood to the untapped potential and population.

•

(May-June, 2016) Ms. Asaraf Unnisa L1& Dr. Amulya According to the researcher, it is concluded that the main objective of the Prime Minister's Employment Generation Program (PMEGP) is To create new employment opportunities in rural and urban areas.

To promote self-employment opportunities at the local level.

To try to reduce the migration of unemployed youth of rural areas to urban areas.

To be determined to increase the wage earning capacity of rural areas etc.

➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ •

January – 2017(Dalip Kaur Dr. Vazir Singh Nehra) Khadi and village industries are the heritage of our country, which plays an important role of providing new employment opportunities to a very large community of rural population. On which the government needs to pay special attention to these areas because its purpose is to enable to increase

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earning capacity of the country and society. As per analysis it is very serious issue to decline the capacity of KVI which is required to focus on KVI sale and production to generate rural employment therefore government should be focus on KVI Planning and funding distributions. ❖ • • • •

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The findings of the study purely depend upon the Annual Report.

The period of study is 6 years only.

The study area is based on Employment only.

❖ HYPOTHESIS KVIC has succeeded in developing a suitable climate in the rural areas for Promotion of Khadi & village industries Employment.

Data Analysis:Employment - Khadi and Village Industries (2014-2020) (in lakh) KHADI PER YEAR VILLAGE PER YEAR YEAR INDUSTRIES GROWTH INDUSTRIES GROWTH

TOTAL Employment

2014 – 15

11.06

-

123.19

-

134.25

2015 – 16

11.07

0.01

126.76

3.57

137.83

2016 – 17

4.56

- 6.51

131.84

5.08

136.4

2017 – 18

4.34

-0.22

135.71

2018 - 19

4.59

0.25

142.03

6.32

146.62

2019-20 up to 31-12-19

4.98

0.39

144.60

2.57

149.58

4.99

0.01

147.97

3.37

152.96

2019-20 (Projected up to 31-032020) CAGR

-99.15

3.74

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140.05

2.64

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EMPLOYMENT OF KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRY ( IN LAKH ) 160

(EMPLOYMENT IN LAKH)

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

KHADI INDUSTRIES VILLAGE INDUSTRIES

2014 – 15

2015 – 16

2016 – 17

2017 – 18

11.06 123.19

11.07 126.76

4.56 131.84

4.34 135.71

2019-20 2019-20 (Projecte 2018 - 19 up to 31- d up to 12-19 31-032020) 4.59 4.98 4.99 142.03 144.6 147.97

❖ INTERPRETATION Creating employment to the Rural and Urban Area is the key objective of this sector. The performance of Khadi and Village Industries with respect to employment is analyzed here. The Khadi sector provides employment to around 11.06 lakh people in the country as of 2014-15. The employment in the Village Industries is around 123.19 lakh during the same period. The employment in the Khadi sector shows a declining trend over the years. The employment in khadi accounts to only 4.99 lakh of workers as of 2019-20. The decline in employment is attributed to the low wages in the sector and the lack of proper awareness and training facilities available across the different Khadi units in the country. The annual growth rate shows a negative trend for this sector from 2016-17 to 2017-18 and the growth rate thereafter is ranging below in the Khadi sector. The Village Industries provided employment to around 123.19 lakh peoples in 2014-15 this has increased to 147.97 lakh, in 2019-20 accounting to more employment in a span of 6 years. The annual growth rate decreases steadily from 3.57 in 2015-16 to 3.37 in 2019-20. The overall picture, with respect to employment generation is analyzed here. The Khadi and Village Industries sector provided employment to around 134.25 lakh people in 2014-15. This has increased to 152.96 lakh in 2019-20. The employment generation in the Village Industries sector has increased in during 2014-2019 But. Khadi Industry did not Increase Comparatively From 2014 to 2020. The expansion in the number of industries coming under the category of Village Industries and the various subsidy schemes for the start ups in this sector has resulted in the expansion of this sector and corresponding employment generation under village industries sector.

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❖ CONCLUSION As per above paper we have to find out that village industry‘s Employment Increased but khadi industry’s Employment did not increase comparatively. Reason of that maximum funding and schemes are available and full focus to village industries compare to khadi industry. Both industries generate employment and growth to our economy but if we try to better utilize the funding and proper supervision to all fruitful schemes. Employment is the backbone of economy and living of standard of people. To better understand the Employment performance of Khadi and Village Industries sector in India. The employment is analyzed for a period of 6 years. KVIC provide basic infrastructure and training Program to rural and urban area to promote or generate employment.

Final conclusion of this paper KVIC is the economic power booster which is helpful to create employment and backbone of the country.

REFERENCES: Annual Report (2019-20): “Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries”, Government of India.

Annual Report (2017-18): “Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries”, Government of India.

Annual Reports (2016-17): “Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries”, Government of India.

Nanda. G.L (1950): The Economics of Khadi, All India Khadi and Village Industries Board.

Strategic Action Plan of Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 2012-13.

Report of the working group on MSMEs growth for 12th five year plan (2012-2017).

January – 2017(Dalip Kaur Dr. Vazir Singh Nehra) KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES COMMISSIONPHYSICAL PERFORMANCE ISSN - 2250-1991 8. MSMEs XII Plan Approach Paper, Planning Commission Hyderabad, 2012-13.

9. WWW.Khadi Village Industries Commission, Annual Report, 2013.

10. (May-June, 2016) Ms. Asaraf Unnisa L1& Dr. Amulya M2Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP): ISSN: 2319 – 7285 11. January (2020) (Priti Maheswari and Landi Nado* IADC-A, Bangalore,) A study of Khadi and village industry in Northeastern region of India ISSN 2319–3565 12. FEB.2020 (Mr. M. S. Altamash, Dr. D. M. Khandare) Study of Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme in Selected Districts in Marathwada Region © 2020 IJRAR February 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1 13. SEP.NOV.2020 (Reetu Murlidhar Tanwani, Dr. Mahendra. H. Maisuria) PERFORMANCE OF KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES (KVI) OF MSME SECTOR GAP INTER DISCIPLINARITIES A Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies (ISSN – 2581-5628) ❖ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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FROM PEACEFUL NEIGHBOURS TO HOSTILE COMPETITORSTHE TRANSFORMATION OF INDO-CHINA RELATIONSHIP IN THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE OUTCOME OF SELFDEPENDED INDIA MISSION SWARNENDU CHAKRABORTY Assistant Professor Department of History Dasarathi Hazra Memorial College Bhatar, Purbo Burdwan (West Bengal)

❖ ABSTRACT In the history of human civilization in Asian continent, India and China were 2 leading pioneers. These 2 civilizations had many cultural exchanges during the last 2 thousand years.

Important among them were visit of Chinese scholars like Fa-hiyen, Hieu-En-Sung to Buddhist universities during Gupta and post gupta periods. Their travelling narratives contributed greatly in the re-construction of Indian history. Similarly different Indian rulers in different ages used to send diplomatic missions to the imperial court of China. Important among them were Sultan Md. Bin Tughlaq of Delhi sultanate, Gius-ud-Din Azam Shah of IliasShahi Bengal, Raja Ganesh etc. were important. Chinese court also sent embassies to India. During the colonial period India was gradually subjugated by the British East India Company. Though China was never officially subjugated under colonial powers, the European nation states many times humiliated that country. After the fall of Chiang Kai shek, the Chinese communist Communist party formed the People’s Republics of China. India under Nehru was among the first nations which gave china recognition. During the Indo- China war the relationship deterioted. After that period, it never became easy. India try to find allies in Japan, South Korea and other nations of South Asia besides Russia and U.S.A. On the other hand China claims Indian States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Ladakh. China subjugated Tibet. India provided shelter to many Tibetan refugees including His Excellency Dalai lama in Dharmashala. It also creates a stir between the 2 countries. China tries to make political and strategic alliances with Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Iran, and Pakistan. Though many times diplomatic missions have been exchanged, the main problems could not be solved. There are repeated Chinese army trespasses into Indian North eastern border. But all the previous conflicts has been out spaced by the clash between the Chinese and Indian army personnel in ladakh. Many Indian soldiers martyred in the conflict.

According to news media Chinese soldiers also suffered many casualties. After that incident, the Prime Minister Of India Narendra Modicalled for building up “Atma Nirbhar Bharat” Its aim is to make India self-depended on technology, medicine, and other sectors rather than depended on Chinese imports.

It is my aim in that essay to point out the transformation of Indo- china relation from peaceful neighbor to hostile competitors. In the last part of the essay I will try to point out the possible results of self-depended India mission.

Keywords: “Md.Bin. Tughlaq”, “ Ma- Huan”, “ Panchashil”, “ Atma-Nirvar Bharat”

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the term civilization means human society with its well-developed social organization, culture, way of life at a particular period of time (Civilization, 2021). In the history of human civilization Asian continent gave birth to Indian, Chinese and Mesopotamian civilizations. As like 21st century the old civilizations were well connected through trade, diplomacy and religion. In ancient Indian epic Mahabharat china was mentioned as the Quinn State (Badatya& Samraj, 2016).

In the 6th Century B.C Buddhism emerged as a heterodox religious sect. In the 3rd century B.C. the Mauryan Empire was set up by Chandragupta Maura. Koutilya’sarthashastra mentioned Chinese dress as “Cinamsuka” (Badatya& Samraj, 2016). The 3rd Mauryan emperor Ashoke tried his best to spread Buddhism in all of India and Asia. After the decline of the Mauryaempire, Shak-Indo Greek-Kushan dynasty ruled different parts of the country. The Kushanempire spread from Central Asia to North India. The Kushan ruler Kaniska the First became a patron of Mahayan Buddhism.

During the Kushan period an international trade developed between China and Roman Empires through North West India. The main commodity of trade was Chinese silk. So the route was known as the Silk route. Rome exported gold, silver coins, wine, glass wares. Rome imported indigo, ivory, peeper, silk etc. Through the traders Buddhism began to spread in China (Grafflin& Liu, 1992). In the 1st century A.D. 2 Indian Buddhist monks KasyapaMatanga and Dharmaratna went to China (Sen, 2017). In the 3rd/4th century A.D. some political changes took place.The Roman empire was divided into Eastern and Western section. The Kushana Empire declined. These changes reduced China- Rome trade. But the trade was not totally destroyed. The trade route through Kashmir connected Western India and Gangatik plainto China. Between the 5th and 12th Century A.D. Fa-Hiyen, Hieu-En-Sung, It-Sing, Yi Quing and many more Chinese pilgrimages visited Indian Buddhist shrines, studied in Nalanda and other universities and returned with Buddhist texts to their native land. The travel narratives of these visitors help us still today to recreate Indian past. According to some sources, China’s famous Shaolin temple was set up by Indian Buddhist monks (Badatya& Samraj, 2016).

During the Medieval period, Tughlaq dynasty Sultan Md.Bin. Tughlaq send IbanBatuta as envoy to the Chinese court(“Muhammad Ibn Tughluq | Biography, History, & Policies,” 2021).

Bengal’s Iliyassahiruler Giysauddin Azam Shah also follow the same example. Ma Huan was a Chinese envoy who travelled to Bengal (“Ma Huan,” 2021). The Ming dynasty Emperor Youngle sent naval expeditions to Asia. Admiral Zheng sailed through the Indian ocean and arrived at the Indian ports of Cochin and Calicut in the early 15th century (“Zheng He,” 2021).

In the middle of the 18th Century, India began to become a colony of the British East India Company. The Btritish introduced new laws, religion, culture. At the other hand the main aim of the British rule in India was to enrich their country by improvising India. Though China never became a European colony in proper sense. But the European powers began to dominate China with war and diplomacy. 2 opium wars had been fought by the Chinese Govt. and the British E.I.Co in the 19th century. The boundary between the British India and China had been decided by the British Govt. and named as the McMahan Line. Though the British attitude towards China was critical, the Indian leadership was sympathetic towards her. Indian poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore visited China in 1924. In his speeches, he stressed upon strengthening the ancient ties between India and China. To fulfill this aim, he set up the China Bhavan in VisvaBharati. Nehru, Rajendraprosad and other national leaders visited China. From the Chinese part Tai-Chai-Tao and Tiu-Hsu returned the good will visits(Badatya& Samraj, 2016).

During the Chinese civil war, the Indian people showed their support to the Communist party by organizing rallies. In 1949, Mao-Je-Dong lead Chinese Communist party over throw the Kuo-Min-Tang Govt. and set up Peoples Republic of China. India became the 2nd non-communist nation to recognize Communist china. India did her best to established China in global political arena. However Mao had certain ideological differences with Nehru. After gaining independence India under Nehru became the leader of Asia. These developments certainly not pleased Mao and the Chinese leadership. But still India supported China to become a member in the U.N.O Security Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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Council. To solve the boundary disputes, India and China announced the “ Pancha-shil”. India handed over certain right in Tibet to China. However when China subjugated Tibet, India provided political refugee to the Tibetan Buddhist leadership including His Highness Dalai lama. The Tibetan leadership set up a Govt. in Dharmashala. This created a stir between Sino- Chinese relations. In 1962, China attacked Indian boundary and devastated the Indian army. After the conflict relation between the 2 states never became easy(Badatya& Samraj, 2016).

China is trying to surround India from all sides by befriending with Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Iran, and Pakistan. China is claiming Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Ladakh etc. Indian provinces as her integral parts. On the other hand India becomes friend with Japan, South Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan besides Russia & U.S.A. to maintain the balance of power. China’s the Belt and the Road project aims to strengthen China- Pakistan alliance of economic, political, and military.

This project threatens to turn Pakistan’s occupation of Kashmir a fate accompli. After the project Indo- Pakistan conflict can no longer be solved by mutual diplomacy. Indian Gov. sees this project as an attempt to recreate trade link between Asia and Europe by ignoring India. Similarly, Indian Information technology poses a challenge to china. Indian culture especially Bollywood is able to make an appeal to Chinese mass about better political environment(MAÇÃES, 2018).

There is rivalry between India, China as the propagator of Buddhism in Asia. A vast area stretching from Mongolia to Japan and South East Asia is dominated by Buddhist religion. Both China &India have been trying to use it as diplomatic tool.. As China transformed its economic might into spiritual power by constructing monasteries, pilgrim route, India gave refugee to His Highness Dalai lama in Dharmashala. The Twang monastery in Arunachal Pradesh is supposed to be incarnation place of next Dalai Lama. it can be a reason of why China is claiming Arunachal Pradesh as her integral part(Lama, 2021).

The dispute regarding Indian Ocean region has also some certain characteristics. China needs alternative sea route for import and export trade which cannot be blocked by the U.S.A. on the other hand, Hormuz, Persian Gulf and its littoral is the main source of Indian oil and gas supply.

So India cannot allow increasing Chinese naval presence in that region. In 2016, news emerged that India and Japan were planning to install a sea wall of hydro phones between Indira Point in the Nicobar Island and Banda Aceh on North Sumatra in Indonesia, aimed at tracking r sea movement and plugging entry of Chinese sub-marine in the Indian Ocean(Balachandran, 2021).

In 2017, China opened its military base in Djibouti in Horn of Africa following the policy of encirclement. In the east China fortified 7 islands in the South China Sea, increased its presence in Myanmar and setting the plan for railways connecting Kunming to the sea. In the South, China built a harbor in Ham banToto and modernized Colombo port for Srilanka. In the west, China is preparing to build military base in the port of Gwadar, Pakistan thus completing the policy of encirclement(“China’s Strategy of Encirclement,” 2021).

However during the last 30 years, China became a leading power in world commerce and economy. Almost all the nations of the world today are trading with China. This nation becomes world’s factory workshop. There was a myth that Chinese commodities’ are not long living. But this idea is changing very quickly. Today quality of Chinese goods is far superior to European or US manufactured products. And price is comparatively low. Many leading international companies set up their factory in China due to low production cost. The export earned revenue makes very solvent(Menon, 2016).

Though china and India never became friends and hostility broke repeatedly, but a balance was maintained by both sides. But the Chinese leadership now turns to aggressive foreign policy to remove mass attention from other issues.All the previous instances have been suppressed by the clash of the Indian and Chinese military personals in the Galwan valley of ladakh in 2020. Many Indian soldiers martyred in the conflict. According to news media Chinese side also suffered from heavy casualties(“India-China Clash: 20 Indian Troops Killed in Ladakh Fighting,” 2020). Chinese army also crossed the border and occupied some Indian territories. After that incident P.M of India Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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NarendraModi called for building up “Atma – Nirvar- Bharat”(DelhiMay 12 et al., 2021). If we want to understand the importance of the call, we should analyze the India- China trade relation first.

Though territorial competitions prevailed, China and India are 2 largest trade partners.

Many commodities of daily needs of Indian masses are now being manufactured in the Chinese industrial hubs and exported to India. It can be rubber/life shaving drugs/mobiles/ television/laptop/ different mobile apps/ benarasisaree/electric light and so on(Dolla, 2011). In return Indian export commodities to the Chinese markets are very limited in quantity(MAÇÃES, 2018). The quality of the Chinese goods is far better than Indian goods and price is comparatively low. So the Indian consumers automatically choose imported Chinese goods in place of Indian goods. So the Indian manufacturers are in the loser’s end. And here lies the importance of “Make –In-India” call. The present Indian Prime Minister has urged his countrymen to use Indian origin goods rather than Chinese. It can be mobile/ television/ mobile scanning apps and so on. Besides that the Indian govt. calls many multinational companies to build up manufacturing units in India and produce their commodities. It seems to become effective as Apple decides to shift some of its factories from China to India. This effort can give Indians more opportunity of employment. It can give Indian Govt. large amount of revenue(“Apple to Move Production from China to India and Vietnam,” 2021).

After the clash of ladakh in 2020, some public consciousness grows about Indian trade deficit with China. There were instances that Indian common people were burning Chinese goods in open roads. However in medicinal sectors, most of raw materials are imported from China by the Indian manufacturers(“India-China Standoff: People Are Burning Chinese Products to Protest the Galwan Valley Attack,” 2020). ❖ CONCLUSION it’s my point of view that the “Make- In- India” mission’s goal is very good. It should be successful. And Indian citizens should avoid use of Chinese goods as much as possible. Though in some sectors it cannot be so easy to avoid Chinese dependency, as it is proved by the fact in the end of 2020, China again became India’s largest trade partner. And the boundary dispute in Ladakh has been solved temporarily if not permanently. But our nation should again self-depended on production of necessary goods. ❖ REFERENCES 1. Apple to move production from China to India and Vietnam. (2021). In GSMArena.com. https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_to_move_production_from_china_to_india_and_vietnam -news-47431.php 2. Badatya, S., & Samraj, P. L. (2016). Fa Xian to Panchsheel : India-China Relations in the Age of Friendship and Cooperation. LXXVII(4), 563–570.

3. Balachandran, M. (2021). India may be building an underwater wall of microphones to keep track of China’s submarines. In Quartz. https://qz.com/india/708884/india-is-building-anunderwater-wall-of-microphones-to-keep-track-of-chinas-submarines/ 4. China’s strategy of encirclement. (2021). In Indian Defence Review. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/chinas-strategy-of-encirclement/ 5. Civilization.

(2021, April 30). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/civilization 6. DelhiMay 12, I. T. W. D. N., May 12, 2020UPDATED:, & Ist, 2020 23:01. (2021).

Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliance to achieve global leadership after Covid-19 crisis. In India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-lockdownspeech-self-dependency-economic-measures-1677266-2020-05-12 Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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7. Dolla, V. S. (2011). Technology Trade in India-China Relations: Divergent Dynamics and Implications.

Journal of International Affairs, 64(2), 125–141. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=60435723&lang=fr&site =eds-live&scope=site 8. Grafflin, D., & Liu, X. (1992). Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges, AD 1-600. In Journal of the American Oriental Society (Vol. 112, Issue 2, p.

353). https://doi.org/10.2307/603741 9. India-China clash: 20 Indian troops killed in Ladakh fighting. (2020, April 30). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53061476 10. India-china standoff: people are burning chinese products to protest the galwan valley attack. (2020). In IndiaTimes. https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/indiachina-standoff-people-burn-chinese-goods-516337.html 11. Lama, T. 14th D. (2021). Reincarnation. In The 14th Dalai Lama. https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/reincarnation 12. Ma huan.

(2021).

In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_Huan&oldid=1004654844 13. MAÇÃES, B. (2018). China and India: The Struggle for Mastery in Eurasia. SET VAKFI İktisadi İşletmesi, SETA VAKFI, Vol. 20(No. 1), pp.-13-24. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2018201.01 14. Menon, S. (2016). China, the World and India. China Report, 52(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445515627212 15. Muhammad ibn Tughluq | Biography, History, & Policies. (2021). In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq 16. Sen, T. C. N.-D. C. (2017). India, China, and the world: a connected history. Rowman & Littlefield.

17. Zheng he.

(2021).

In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&oldid=1019675886

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EFFECT OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ON ONLINE SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR DR. M. JAYALAKSHMI Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce, SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal. Tamilnadu, India.

❖ ABSTRACT: Context specific factors define the product specific factors which should be displayed at the right space to the right customer and at the right time. To understand the impact of contextual factors in a better way, we need to understand the human traffic on a particular site in a very deep manner by observing the amount of money spent, purchasing decision, number of pages browsed, time spent on each page, the specifications mentioned for the product, the ease of accessibility of that particular website and a lot more. Before making a purchase, a consumer may go through a very rigorous process of processing the gathered information from various sources and in the mean while they take their final call. In this study, we will try to understand the contextual factors which will affect the buying behaviour of the consumer.

Keywords: Buying behaviour, Purchasing Decision, Information.

1. INTRODUCTION: In today’s world, it is very important to understand various factors that enhance consumer buying experience. The consumers experience is based on the interface which is used in an online shopping website. Not only the interface, but the way the products are positioned in the website also plays an important role in making a final decision. Online shopping has come up as an effective alternative to the traditional shopping behaviour, which is necessary to understand due to which in turn can give operational sight that what actually goes into building an effective online space you some commercial benefits. Firms nowadays check and observe the consumer’s browsing history so as to understand their needs and requirement in an analytical manner. The firms play an important role in positioning the need of the customer, when they are visiting that space, which in turn make them feel special. In a product industry, specifications of that product also plays a very important role but those things should also be communicated in the right way and at the right time to the consumers so that they will end up taking a right decision and become a satisfied customer.

However, in service industry, consumer satisfaction is totally depending upon the consumer experience which can only be created by the service provider or the web space because as it is being an intangible thing which will be offered, so the providers play a very important role in delivering the same experience for which a consumer is expecting. As we can notice that be it in product industry or in service industry, understanding the consumer is a primary step without which no one will be able to achieve their targets. Few measures like this will help to convert a satisfied customer from a dissatisfied one.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Exploring the impact of contextual factors in the online context involves studying about product characteristics (What) and Website Characteristics (where) (Girish Mallapragada, sandeep R. Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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Chandukala, Qing Liu (2016). Based on this two major factors were choosen. The two main factors which were taken in this study on contextual factors affecting the consumer behaviour are PRODUCT and PLACE on online shopping platforms. Sometimes, it is very necessary to understand the direct relationship between these two factors to understand why consumer behaves in a certain way. To understand the consumer’s responses based upon various sub factors categorized under these two factors. Some of them are as followsPRODUCT – • Price Dispersion • Basket Variety • Domain Variety • Past Purchase Experience • Past Reviews PLACE – • Navigational Functionality (Interface) • Communication Functionality • Website Scope (Comparability, Customization, etc.)

• Interactive marketing • Past browsing experience 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The research model includes identification of various factors by collecting responses from different people. The study explored the problem using descriptive / empirical approach.

3.1 Source of Data Primary data was collected from the 100 respondents with the help of structured and well Designed questionnaire.

3.2 Questionnaire As per the literature reviewed, a well-structured questionnaire is designed in the Google form which contains 2 parts – • Demographic details • Questions based on the factors (Product,Place) Demographics included the basic information about the respondent like Name, Age, Gender, Qualification, Occupation, etc.

The second part of the questionnaire was designed on the basis of the factors. These questions were designed in a LIKERT SCALE format which was very helpful in identifying the respondent’s likelihood towards a given statement. Statements are designed on the factors extracted from the literature review mentioned above.

4. FINDINGS: The findings from the study are given below: 1. 56% of respondents were female and 44% of respondents were male.

2. As most of the respondents were students, the demographics say that the respondents are studying and are unmarried and their age in between 18-24 years.

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As per the factors identified from the literature review, a survey with questions supporting those factors, there are 3 contextual factors which affects the performance and sales of a particular website, these factors are – • Website Scope – It includes the variety of products which are being offered by the company on the webpage, how far it can meet the demands of the customer, whether it has a broad or narrow variety of offerings, etc.

• Functionality – Functionality of the website is ascertained by its functionality score derived by 19 factors which decides the overall functionality of the website.

• Navigation – Navigation and ease to locate the product which a consumer is looking for also plays an important role while designing a website. A company should make its website in such a manner that it should actually guide its consumers or visitors to navigate the product or information they are looking for to make the overall process more easy and interactive.

The above- mentioned factors are the independent contextual factors which can be controlled independently by the company, but the problem remains with the dependent factor which is totally based upon the performance of these independent factors. The dependent factor is BASKET VALUE which is totally dependent on the 3 independent factors. Basket value will ultimately let the company know how the buying behaviour of the customer is, what are their preferences, how many sales are happening in total, how easily customer will be able to make certain purchases, etc.

A company is putting all its efforts ultimately to generate revenue by selling more and more goods & services, so it becomes really important to understand the relation between company’s offerings, its functionality and ease of navigation with the basket value of the consumer (average amount) which each customer is spending on the website. In some cases the range of products offering is very vast and broad, due to the complexities in navigation and functionality issues with the website, customer end up buying nothing which leads to loss of sales. In order to avoid that, the company should need to keep a proper balance between these 3 variables to generate more and more revenue.

Basket value will also help us to identify the potential customers for our website.

To understand the relationship and importance of variables, different factors that build the foundation for these variables were to be analyzed. Those factors in the questionnaire were: Whether the customers make online purchases for their status and class or they purchase it due its utility, 1. 70% of the respondents said that they purchase the product for the utility and rest 30% of respondents purchase for their social status.

2. 46.3% of the respondents were strongly agreeing that they can purchase anything from anywhere around the globe while 14.6% of the population disagreed to the same.

3. 26.8% of the respondents said that they can render services online apart from goods available while 46.3% were just neutrally agreeing to this fact followed by 12.2% who disagreed to it.

4. Most of the respondents (34.1% strongly agree and 24.4% agree) supported the fact that it is easier to compare different products online on a same platform.

5. 43.9% of the respondents agreed that consumer reviews plays a very vital role in making an online purchase.

6. About 78% (34.1% strongly agree and 43.9% agree) of the respondents believe that the website’s layout and interface makes it easier for the visitor to shop without any glitch.

7. 8.34% of the population strongly believes that option for customization enhances the output of the webpage however, 17.1% also disagrees the same fact as they want product in its unique identity.

8. About 44% of the visitors favour the frequently searched tab in making their buying decision easily.

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9. Around 65% of respondents are getting influenced with the variation in the prices among competitors.

10. About 81% of the consumer’s decisions are based upon the availability of the desired product at a given point of time.

11. Past experiences helped most of the consumers in purchasing goods or services online however, 15% of them still feel that they can explore much more.

12. 75% of the respondents believe that familiarity with the webpage makes the transaction effective and quick.

13. 66% of the total respondents are getting attracted by the additional services being offered by the website like cash on delivery, financing options, gift wrap. 34% still feel neutral of this fact or the only thing which concerns them is just the main product.

Based upon these characteristics, it is assumed that, the most important factor which might differ from business to business is based upon their requirements and offerings to control their independent variable (Website scope, functionality and navigation) and to control the dependent variable is Basket value.

5. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: 1. Applicability of the study- As most of the responses are collected from the kumbakonam city in Thanjavur district, Tamilnadu, the outcomes of the research may not be applicable in the different parts of the state or country.

2. Time constraints- Due to the less availability of time, the number of responses collected are less. If it would have been more, the validity of the outcomes will be better.

6. REFERENCES: 1. Administration, M. U. Sultan (2011). Consumers’attitude towards online shopping Retrieved 11 26, 2015, fromwww.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:420724/FULLTEXT01.pdf 2. Ashok Kumar Chandra, D. K. (2013). Factors affecting the online shopping behaviour: A study with reference to bhilai durg introduction. Retrieved 11 25, 2015, from https://www.academia.edu/5450527/.

3. Chunying Weng, B. S. (2015). Main Factors Affecting the Online Shopping of the Large Household Appliances from the e-service Perspective. Retrieved 11 25, 2015, from www.sersc.org/journals/IJUNESST/vol8_no5/1.pdf 4. Dr V.P.T Dhevika, D. O. (2014). Factors Influencing Online Buying Behaviour In Tiruchirappalli District.

Retrieved 11 26, 2015, from www.researchjournali.com/pdf/546.pdf 5. Mallapragada, G., Chandukala, S. R., & Liu, Q. (2016). Exploring the Effects of "What" (Product) and "Where" (Website) Characteristics on Online Shopping Behavior. Journal of Marketing , 21-38.

6. Na Wang, D. L. (2008). Study on the Influencing Factors of Online Shopping. Retrieved 11 25, 2015, from www.atlantis-press.com/php/download_paper.php?id=174

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THE INTERNET OF THINGS IN AGRICULTURE PRASANTA MUJRAI Research Scholar Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-33001

❖ ABSTRACT: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology-based and technology-driven strategy for increasing agricultural output while reducing hazards. Smart farming, enabled by the Internet of Things, improves the farm system, saves time for farmers, and reduces resource waste. In agriculture, the Internet of Things (IoT) creates crop management devices that collect data in the field. Farm animals can be fitted with sensors to monitor their health and performance.

Using technological developments, the knowledge acquired enables for better decision-making.

In India, IT can leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve food production and processing. Some of the most important advantages of IoT in agriculture include data analytics, connectivity, and data security. Farmers in India must become aware with the concept of data security, develop internal policies, and adhere to them.

Keyword: Smart farming; Internet of Things (IoT); data analytics; data security; hazards. ❖ INTRODUCTION: Agriculture is an important part of human culture. ICT has made a significant contribution to this over the previous few decades. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology-based and technology-driven strategy for increasing agricultural output while reducing risk. Several intelligent agricultural technologies have given farmers more control over animal breeding and cropping processes, allowing them to cultivate and increase their efficiency. In the early days of the Internet of Things (IoT), advanced sensors were used in agriculture. These sensors are connected to the cloud via a cellular/satellite network. These sensors provide real-time data that helps in decisionmaking. Sensors were used in every step of the farming process in the second wave of the green revolution. The Internet of Things benefits farmers in two ways: lower costs and increased yields.

Smart farming is a high-tech, cost-effective farming practise. It is highly based on the Internet of Things, which eliminates the need for farmers to undertake physical labour while also increasing production in every manner possible. The Internet of Things has transformed agriculture in recent years, delivering enormous benefits such as practical water usage, input efficiency, and so on.

Smart farming, enabled by the Internet of Things, improves the entire agricultural system while saving farmer’s time and reducing waste resources such as water and electricity. It gives crystalclear data by continuously monitoring humidity, temperature, soil, and other variables. ❖ INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE: Agriculture must apply innovative farming and precision farming applications via IoT to increase operational efficiency, save costs, reduce waste, and improve the quality of their yield.

1. Climate Change: Climate change is critical in agriculture, and every breakthrough in our understanding of it has a considerable impact on crop yield and quality. IoT technologies provide farmers with real-time weather data. Sensors installed inside and outside agriculture Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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fields collect data from the environment to help farmers choose the finest crops for growing and sustaining under different climate conditions. Furthermore, the Internet of Things ecosystem enhances the accuracy of real-time meteorological factors like humidity, rainfall, and temperature, allowing farmers to reap additional agricultural benefits.

2. Precision Farming: Precision farming makes agriculture practises more precise and controlled by implementing innovative farming applications like livestock monitoring, vehicle tracking, field observation, and inventory monitoring, which use sensors to analyse data and react appropriately, allowing farmers to make intelligent and quick decisions.

Irrigation management, livestock management, and vehicle tracking are just a few of the precision agricultural systems that are regularly used: (I)

(II)

Crop Management: In agriculture, the Internet of Things (IoT) creates crop management sensors that collect data on everything from cropping farming to temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and overall crop health.

Cattle monitoring and Management: Farm animals can be fitted with IoT agriculture sensors to track their health and performance. Livestock tracking and monitoring aid in the collection of data on livestock's health, well-being, and physical whereabouts.

3. Smart Greenhouse: The Internet of Things has enabled weather stations to automatically change temperature conditions in greenhouses to brighten them in response to a set of instructions. The requirement for human interaction has been decreased, making the entire process more cost-effective and accurate.

4. Data Analysis: Cloud-based data storage and lot platforms are crucial in smart agriculture.

Sensors are a typical approach to collect large amounts of data that can later be processed and turned into valuable information using analytical tools. It assists farmers in assessing weather, livestock, and agricultural problems. Using technological developments, the knowledge acquired enables for better decision-making. Farmers can make better decisions, preserve crop quality, and keep the soil fertile by using predictive analytics.

5. Agriculture Drones: Technological advancements have changed agricultural operations.

Drones are employed on the ground and in the air to assess agricultural health, crop monitoring, planting, crop spraying, and field analysis. Sensors monitor the crops' health and determine their vegetation index once they start to grow. As a result, smart drones were able to reduce the environmental impact over time.

6. Predictive analytics and smart farming: Precision agriculture and predictive data analytics go hand in hand. Farmers may employ IoT and cognitive sensor technology to make sense of it all and generate important forecasts such as crop harvesting time, disease and infestation risks, yield volume, and so on.

7. End-to-End Farm Management Systems: This is a more advanced IoT in agriculture technique. Remote agricultural monitoring and commercial operations can be streamlined by installing IoT devices and sensors on the farm. ❖ KEY INFORMATION FOR DEVELOPING A SMART FARMING SOLUTION: Farm production and revenue can be improved using a range of strategies and clever technologies.

However, there are a few things to consider while considering smart farming.

1. Hardware: The sorts of sensors to use in an IoT solution for agriculture are determined by the data the farmers want to collect and the overall purpose. In this circumstance, the sensor quality is crucial.

2. The Brain: Data analytics should be part of every intelligent agriculture system. To get useful insights, the collected data will be evaluated utilising advanced data analytics skills, predictive algorithms, and machine learning.

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3. Hardware maintenance is a challenge, and it's especially important for IoT products in agriculture. As a result, the hardware's longevity should be maintained.

4. Mobility: Each linked device should be self-contained and have a good wireless range so that it can talk with other devices as well as provide data to the central server.

5. Connectivity: Sending data across many agricultural businesses is crucial. The connected facilities must be dependable enough to withstand severe weather and allow for continuous operation. The arrival of 5G and space-based internet technologies in the future will offer a better answer to connectivity issues.

6. Agriculture Data Security: Precision agriculture and Internet of Things technology entail working with large data sets, which increases the amount of security holes that data thieves and hackers can exploit. Farmers must become familiar with the concept of data security, implement internal security policies, and adhere to them in order to reap the benefits of IoT. ❖ THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND INDIAN AGRICULTURE: India's food production and processing methods must be improved to meet domestic demand as well as for export. As a result, IoT in agriculture can help the country achieve food security and long-term development by developing and deploying solutions. IoT is also becoming more essential in a variety of industries, including automotive, manufacturing, health care, food production, transportation, and storage; it offers solutions that can improve a country's per capita food supply. Sensor data on soil nutrient status, pest infestation, moisture conditions, and other aspects help farmers increase their yields over time.

Precision agriculture conserves water and nutrients by accurately applying them. It can use sensors to deliver the correct amount of water and organic inputs, ensuring that targeted levels of crop development are met without contaminating the soil with excess nutrients. Sensors, which can even be mounted on farm animals, can help them enhance storage and transportation processes.

Smart agriculture, made possible by the Internet of Things, is also good for the environment.

Sensors can inform farmers ahead of time to any bug infestations in their fields, allowing them to take micro and localised activities to reduce the infestation with minimal environmental damage.

India has the resources, but it must focus on producing results based on creative thinking and technology application. ❖ CONCLUSION: Agriculture is essential in any community, and in today's world, with an ever-growing population, boosting output and making the greatest use of existing resources is key. IoT-enabled agriculture can help farmers achieve their goals and make informed decisions. Thanks to the coming of 5G, space-based internet technologies, ultra-low power, and precision technologies, it is now possible to connect any viable crop and livestock with IoT. REFERENCES: https://www.fugenx.com/applications-of-iot-in-agriculture/ https://www.biz4intellia.com/blog/5-applications-of-iot-in-agriculture/ https://s4iot.com/iot-in-agriculture-8-technology-use-cases-for-smart-farming/ https://easternpeak.com/blog/iot-in-agriculture-technology-use-cases-for-smart-farmingand-challenges-to-consider/ 5. https://www.consultantsreview.com/cxoinsights/how-iot-can-improve-india-s-agriculturalproduction-food-security-vid-1951.html 6. https://www.ednasia.com/iot-enabled-agriculture-and-smart-farming/ 7. https://businessnewswales.com/how-iot-technology-is-helping-to-revolutionise-theagriculture-sector/ ❖ 1.

2.

3.

4.

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8. https://college.lclark.edu/live/files/9032-200809-megan-millsnovoa-stakeholders-increating 9. https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jim/article/view/13859 10. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB201108091.htm 11. https://futurumresearch.com/research-notes/cisco-and-servicenow-integrate-for-workplacecontact-tracing-an-opportunity-and-a-challenge/ 12. https://www.coursehero.com/file/54594563/4-5784934619698693606docx/ 13. https://logistikknowhow.com/en/it-and-software/the-internet-of-things-iot-andintralogistics/

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM MR. RAKSHITH GOWDA K M Lecturer Field marshal K M Cariappa College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka, India.

MISS. DAMAYANTHY M C Student, Post-Graduation Studies in Commerce at Field marshal K M Cariappa College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University Madikeri, Karnataka, India.

❖ ABSTRACT This study is related to Artificial intelligence and electronic payment system and mainly related to the advancement of technologies through artificial intelligence and machine learning.

In the past few years technology is playing a major role in the field of banking and business phenomena and cashless transactions are very high but few of the people and banking system still struggling with technologies and lack of awareness about E-payment so, banking organizations provide and maintain artificial intelligence technologies to the public. Based on the secondary data we have identified maximum use of technologies in the world like machine learning, fraud detection technologies, neural technologies, chatterbots, automated technologies, and others. This paper highlights the major significance of artificial intelligence in E-payment systems and we can also solve the security issues in E-payment transactions through AI-based technology. Artificial intelligence is reigning the future with more advanced technologies in the electronic payment system.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), Electronic(E)- payment system, Banking, technology. ❖ INTRODUCTION Nowadays E-payment system is reigning everywhere and also it became necessity in present scenario. The E-payment system made it opportune for the customers to pay for anything at any time and it is supportive for both customers as well as business organization. The fusion of Artificial Intelligence in E-payment system had made a massive impact in digital payment where it is getting advanced day to day, which is helping us to move towards much globalized. But many peoples, organisations and banks are not giving much preference and utilize the artificial intelligence technologies for taking appropriate decisions and advantages. ❖ • • • •

OBJECTIVES: To know the concept of artificial intelligence in E-payment system.

To identify the artificial intelligence-based technology related to E-payment system.

Significance of E-payment system with respect to artificial intelligence.

To identify the security issues in electronic payment system with the help of artificial intelligence

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•

To predict the future of artificial intelligence in E- payment system.

❖ SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The study extent to understand the concept of artificial intelligence, how it helps in electronic payment system and to know the technology which are related to electronic payment system ❖ RESEARCH DESIGN: Secondary data was acquired for this study from a variety of published sources, including journals, newspapers, and websites. ❖ • • •

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: Collecting secondary data under a time crunch.

This study is limited to secondary data.

It is not preferable to generalize the data from this study.

❖ THE CONCEPT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN E-PAYMENT SYSTEM • Meaning: E-payment system is also known as Electronic Payment System where the payment for goods and services are done through electronic medium, without any cash or cheques.

Artificial Intelligence is an expert system which is programmed to execute like a human, where the tasks performed are controlled by a computer. Artificial Intelligence is used in each and every field through which the work can be done in a better way.

• Artificial Intelligence in E-payment system: The integration of Artificial Intelligence in E-payment system had made a payment system more secured and services which are provided to customers are enhanced and getting advanced day by day. Before the fusion of Artificial Intelligence in E-payment system the fraudulent activities were more but present the number of fraudulent activities got reduced, where the higher priority is given for customer safety. ❖ THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO E-PAYMENT SYSTEM Present we can see the adoption of Artificial Intelligence technology in each and every field in more advanced way, where everything is controlled by computer. The use of Artificial Intelligence technology bought a more perfection in payment system. Before, the Artificial Intelligence is used in banking and in credit card systems to find out fraudulent activities, but now it stretched over many areas to have a better and convenient access.

Artificial Intelligence technology that is used in E-payment systemAs we are moving towards more advanced the number of fraudulent activities are getting more and more. When we look over E-payment system where every transaction is done through online. As technologies are getting advanced even the hackers are doing a smarter move. The technologies as follows.

• Machine Learning Machine Learning is one of the subdivisions of Artificial Intelligence which have an ability to detect fraud, based on past experience it will know about future access. Machine Learning algorithms are more effectual when compared to human in processing information within less time.

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Machine Learning which provide a better customer service, which learns from the past experience of the customers through which automatically sharpens its ability. If there is any detection of deceitful transaction taken place in customers payment system within a fraction of second automatically alerts a customer. Detection of fraud in the E-payment system were possible because of ability of Machine Learning algorithms.

• Chatter bots: Chatbots are used to make a E-payment where the customers can get suggestions for their queries and place orders. Chatbot is an Artificial Intelligent software which mimics what is written or spoken human speech to interact with real person. Most commonly Chatbot are used to provide better customer service.

• Neural Technology Neural network technology also referred as Artificial Neural Network (ANN). It mimics the human brain and has been crucial in locating stolen identities as a result of the Equifax data breach and other instances.

ID Analytics has released a new convolutional neural network-based fraud scoring system for new applications. It's a more advanced version of the current system that tells banks and financial institutions whether a fraudulent attempt is coming from a first-party or third-party source. The neural technology builds a 3D model of the person's details, includes their address, phone number, and transaction history.

• Integration of E-payments with social media Artificial intelligence has an exhilarating opportunity for a digital payment solution. It is a hybrid of payments and social media. Facebook, Alibaba, and a number of other corporations have taken advantage of integrating payment solution through messenger apps. Amazon has now followed suit by working on a messaging platform known as Anytime.

•

Biometric Authentication and Facial Recognition Technologies For decision-making, the majority of biometric identification systems rely on AI-assisted technology. Face recognition technology is being used in electronic devices, and we anticipate to see more of this "contactless identification" technology in the future. This will totally transform checkout operations and make online and in-store payments safer. We may also assume that advanced identification technologies will reduce the need of real cards and increase demand for virtualized payment instruments.

• Automated Innovations AI is having a significant influence on the payment’s arena, from changing how individuals invest their money in automating the borrowing process, this is a colossal passage for those who have previously been this regarded due to inefficient difficulties and infrastructures.one of the most important advantages of AI is that it may assist payment companies significantly and enhance operational efficiency. ❖ SIGNIFICANCE OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEM WITH RESPECT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1. Enhances detection of fraud: Artificial Intelligence helps to find out fraudulent transactions in a real time. Machine Learning algorithms are used to detect fraud based on past experience.

2. Provides better and cheaper customer service: The customers can make online payment by using chatbots, where the chatbot will respond to the customers if they have any queries Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

and also the cost incurred is less. Artificial Intelligence technology is used to enhance the customer service at a lower cost.

Time saving: The use of Artificial Intelligence technology in advanced way increased faith among customers by providing more security, present-day most of the customer prefer Epayment to book flight, paying bills etc, which will reduce their time and travelling expenses.

Identifies the customer behaviour: Artificial Intelligence helps to know the payment pattern of the customers based on past data. If there is any suspicious intervention of other person it will alert the customer.

Intelligent and Logical Decision Making:AI and Machine Learning are assisting in the support of data-driven investment decisions. In recent years, prominent industry competitors have progressively implemented statistical methodologies and new methods for processing big data. The number of accessibility of data uses have increased to greater extent and also the investors are attempting to practice data analysis to make better decisions.

Using Intelligence to Combat Fraud: The safety and security of the ecosystem from criminals who want to cause financial loss through fraudulent activities is a major issue for the payments industry. In the coming years, the digital payments industry will invest more in advanced fraud detection and prevention systems than any other industry.

Digital Transformation: The payment business, among many others has been significantly impacted by the digital transformation of our economy. AI will play a crucial role in driving digital interaction for customers as retailers and financial services providers rapidly move to digital environments such as online banking and mobile payments.

❖ THE SECURITY ISSUES IN E-PAYMENT SYSTEM WITH THE HELP OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE As technology are getting advanced the number of fraudulent activities is also getting more. After the fusion of Artificial Intelligence and E-payment system the number of fraudulent activities got reduced, where more advanced and smarter moves are made and the main motive of the fusion of Artificial Intelligence and E-payment system is to provide much secured and standard service.

Machine Learning is one of the smartly programmed sub-division of Artificial Intelligence, where it analyses vast number of data independently and it learns automatically on the basis of past experience. If there is detection of any fraudulent movement in the customers payment system automatically it notifies them. In such circumstances immediately, customers can go through their issues.

Chatbots are friendly user through which we can make a payment like booking movie tickets, appointments etc, even if there is query, we are free to ask, whatever the transaction take place while doing any payment will be confidential by providing proper authentication. ❖ PREDICTION OF FUTURE OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEM BY USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial Intelligence have changed the world to the extreme level where every work is done in more advanced way, which are controlled by computer. Artificial Intelligence have a massive impact on E-payment system, as it is getting more advanced the expectations of the people are getting higher.

Some of the future predictions of E-payment system by using Artificial Intelligence: Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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1.

2.

3.

4.

The facial recognition technology can be used in E-payment system.

Security system can be promoted to next level.

The current service which is provided to customers can be enhanced.

Biometric payment which can be used in more advanced way by including voice recognition.

5. Data base management using artificial intelligence and big data. ❖ CONCLUSION After the fusion of Artificial Intelligence and E-payment system overall execution of payment system got changed in positive way. The payment which are made by the customers through online got more secured, where Machine Learning plays a prominent role. The customers were able to get suggestions towards their issues regarding to E-payment system in a real time.

Due to covid-19 pandemic the number of people using E-payment system got increased. As technology are getting advanced the trust of people towards online payment slowly gaining positive opinion. ❖ REFERENCE 1. https://startup.siliconindia.com/viewpoint/cxoinsights/artificial-intelligence-in-digitalpayment-nwid-22516.html 2. https://www.google.com/amp/s/spd.group/machine-learning/fraud-detection-with-machinelearning/ 3. https://www.google.com/amp/s/searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Use-of-AI-inpayments-industry-is-set-to-explode%3famp=1 4. https://firstatlanticcommerce.com/blog/4-ways-ai-is-changing-the-present-and-future-ofpayment-processing/ 5. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.lyra.com/in/e-payments/amp/ 6. https://www.fintechnews.org/the-crirital-role-of-artificial-inteliigence-in-payments-tech/

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OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL MARKETING MR. RAKSHITH GOWDA K M Lecturer Field marshal K M Cariappa College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka, India.

MR. YAKSHITH P L Student, Post-Graduation Studies in Commerce at Field marshal K M Cariappa College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University Madikeri, Karnataka, India.

❖ ABSTARCT: Modern agricultural marketing has many opportunities and challenges in the digitalization era.

This study aims at modern agriculture marketing types like Digital Marketing, Future & Forward Contract, Collaboration with the company, Exporting, Trading in direct market, Commodity market. In modern world there are enormous opportunities for the farmers to sell their products directly to the consumer like marketing through websites, social media, emails, and also farmers can analyze the marketing conditions with various social media apps and news apps and farmers can do collaborative business with corporates and many other opportunities are there in modern marketing. On the other hand, challenges are also there which are lack of knowledge of digital gadgets and social media, lack of awareness about advertising and marketing skills and many other challenges are faced by the farmers.

Keywords: Modern Agricultural Marketing, Digital and Commodity Market, Farmers, Social Media. ❖ INTRODUCTION: India is postulate as the land of agriculture but at present days the income getting from agriculture is low and many farmers are leaving the agriculture because of low income or less profit so to overcome this, the modern or advanced agriculture marketing will help. In traditional marketing techniques the farmer sells their goods or grown crops to broker or middlemen, APMC market or directly in the market. Here the income or profit that they get is low and less profit and even high risk. But through advanced techniques, the farmer can earn more profit and be allowed to do direct digital marketing, contract with company or collaboration with companies, preregistration, exporting, and selling in the open market.

Now India is mainly concentrating on the industry and other secondary industries by leaving behind our primary sector that is agriculture. so nowadays by all source of media and with proper education and awareness of the income from agriculture sector can be increased and in India crops are grown in large volumes and do not receive an appropriate price. The bank loans and suicide cases are getting high due to low market prices for Agricultural products. By fortunately Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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following these advanced marketing techniques, the farmer can get a high income and enjoy their earnings. ❖ • • •

OBJECTIVES: To know the concept of modern agricultural products marketing.

To identify the types of modern agricultural products marketing.

To know the opportunities and challenges of modern agricultural products marketing.

❖ SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The scope of the study is related to the concept of modern agricultural products marketing, and its opportunities and challenges faced by the farmers. ❖ RESEARCH DESIGN: Data collected through Secondary data, were collected for this study from various published sources, such as journals, newspapers, websites, etc. ❖ • • •

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: Time constraint.

Data collected through only secondary data.

It is not preferable to generalize the data from this study.

❖ MODERN AGRICULTURAL MARKETING: Agriculture marketing is the process of buying and selling agricultural products. In the olden days, these products were sold by using of coins & barter system. Presently these products are sold by receiving cash from the customers. The maximum farmers are selling their product with the help of brokers or middlemen for a low price.

But in modern agriculture marketing, the farmer can directly sell their product to the consumer using a local market or online platform. Even there is a various platform like collaborating with companies, agreements, and even they can export. The income generation will be high here.

In India the price of agricultural products is high and they can earn high profits. But this profit is not enjoyed by the farmers perhaps this is enjoyed by the middlemen or brokers. So to overcome this we have come with a concept of modern agriculture marketing. Here this concept mainly aims at avoiding brokerage and increasing the income of the farmers. So when the income of farmers is high, then suicide cases and chances of that will get low. So that our Indian farmer can earn more profit and can live with pride. ❖ TYPE OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL MARKETING: • Digital Marketing: Digital marketing is a means of endorsing agriculture goods, services, and brands through the use of these online media channels like search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. Here customer can easily research about the agriproducts through digital marketing media and on the other hand farmers also create their advertisement and own brand with minimum cost.

• Future & Forward Contract: Because of market fluctuation the price of the crop or agriculture product are not same, the risks are high so to overcome this, the future or forward contract will help. In this the farmers are making a contract with the dealer, wholesalers, and retailers or with the consumer directly so the price and Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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the quantity will always be fixed so the chance of loss are very less. Through with drop or rise of the market will never change the price of the product because it is already decided in the future and forward contract.

• Collaboration with the company: Presently most of the business or trade is mainly based on collaborations so why not farming?

Here there will be agreement between farmer and company. In many cases there will be small scale farmer with less land, so in that case the bunch of farmers can combine and can make a collaboration with company. Here there will the legal agreement between them. The profit and loss are shared equally.

Here in this case the farmers are specialized in farming and the companies are specialized in marketing and other actives. When both of them work together they can achieve their goal and enjoy the profit. Even the companies will enjoy more profit because in India there is less tax for agriculture income.

• Exporting: Many countries have different price for different product, so when the price of the product get low in India, they can export their goods to other country. This cannot be done easily by farmers so the collaboration with exporting companies will help them to export their goods or grown crop.

Because of this the profit what they get will be high with low rate of tax.

• Trading in direct market: Even the farmers can sell in the direct market with using of modern technology. The crop grown by them can be taken to different store and different market. There they can sell to the consumer directly with whatever price is there in the market or even the farmer can sell to the retailer with wholesale price. Even here the profit what they get will be high or reasonable.

Here farmers can easily find the buyers and know the market news regarding their agriculture product’s demand and supply with help of various websites, news apps and other social media applications.

• Commodity market: A commodity market is a marketplace for buying, selling, and trading raw materials or primary products. agriculture products come under soft commodities. Soft commodities are agricultural products or livestock such as corn, wheat, coffee, sugar, soybeans, and pork.

Commodities markets provide a centralized and liquid marketplace for producers and consumers of commodity products. Commodity derivatives can also be used by market participants to hedge future consumption or production. In these markets, speculators, investors, and arbitrageurs all play a part. ❖ OPPORTUNITIES OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL MARKET: 1. The market is flexible in modern marketing because here every activity will be transparent.

2. Farmers can easily analyze the demand and supply with the help of various informative news and updates about market.

3. As we can analyze the market demand and supply it is easy to ascertain the price and to know the price of each different product and in the various locations.

4. In modern marketing farmers can avoid the middlemen, agents and brokerages by selling their products in direct market, digital market and using various social media platforms.

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5. The farmers can avoid the risk by using of various types of marketing like collaboration with companies, commodity market, future and forward market and others with compare to traditional market 6. Through the help of this marketing technique the farmer can get the review from their customer. Even consumers can also give their idea to the farmers.

7. The farmers can get the opportunity of export their grown crop or product to other countries.

8. In the digitalized world farmers can advertise and sell their products in social media marketing with effectively and low cost 9. Farmers can get an awareness and information about loan from financial institutions and banks through various governmental schemes and subsidies for agricultural business 10. There will be more trust because there will be legal agreement between farmers and company. ❖ CHALLENGES OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL MARKETING: • As most of the farmers have less knowledge about modern world and even it is hard for them to adopt and learn the new technology. This might be a problem or this might affect the modern marketing.

• Most of the farmer are living in the rural areas so the farmers over there are lacking in digital knowledge and it is hard for them to learn.

• Most of the farmers are bounded to traditional method and for them adapting to the modern method is bit hard. Here in this case the farmers are not worried about profit or loss, they follow their traditional method only.

• The modern approach will take time to succeed because presently when this method is implemented the people will not accept soon they will take time to adjust to this method.

• Presently in many rural areas in India the internet connection is poor and even in some place there is no internet connection at all so this will effect the digital marketing and even while contacting the farmers.

• Product quality may change due to climate and natural calamities.

• Lack of advertising idea and social media management by farmers.

• Lack of Customer management skills. ❖ SUGGESTIONS ✓ In India the farmer loan rate is high and they cannot replay the loan so they demand the government to loan waive. Instead of this, if the government purchases the goods for proper price or if they give the correct price for agriculture commodity then there will be no necessity of loan waive. ✓ In India, there are many districts and they all grow the various crop. So each district could create and maintain their website and the farmers can register themselves with their district website So that they can sell their crop directly to the consumer through this website so the demand and supply will be maintained and the consumer will get good and quality goods with reasonable price. ✓ The farmers can release their farming recorded video, like how they grow their crop, what fertilizer they use, and what all the method they follow. By this, the consumer gets an idea about the agricultural product. ✓ The farmers from different places can come to a video conference and can discuss about their method of growing crops and can give suggestions for other farmers and even they can come up with the new idea. ✓ The government must concentrate more on rural digitalization.

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✓ The government must conduct training for farmers on digital or advance agriculture marketing. ✓ Government can add agriculture as a compulsory subject for all students and how the agriculture product can be sold. ✓ Government or corporate sector companies are may give awareness about modern marketing technologies. ✓ In a school and college education system modern marketing management subjects should be implemented. ❖ CONCLUSION Presently in India, the farmers are struggling a lot because the price is low and even their grown crops are not sold or the crop which they have grown is facing difficulty in entering the market.

Here the modern agriculture marketing will help a lot because here the farmers have a lot of options in marketing their product, and here former can analyze the market condition then grow the suitable crops so that we can minimize the losses.

In advance marketing, the farmers can sell their goods or product through digital modes like online selling, phone booking, agreement with the company, etc. here the farmer will be enjoying the high profit with less risk. ❖ 1.

2.

3.

4.

REFERENCE: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_marketing https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agricultural_marketing/agrimark_India.html https://lakeonedigital.com/what-is-modern-marketing/ https://blog.farmmarketid.com/blog/agribusiness-marketing-strategy

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A STUDY ON THE EMERGING TRENDS OF STARTUPS IN INDIAA SCENARIO AFTER 2016 MRS. MUTHAMMA. M.P Faculty, P G Department of commerce Field Marshal Cariappa College, Madikeri, Madikeri (Karnataka)

MS. SUSHMITHA P.S Student, P G Department of commerce Field Marshal Cariappa College, Madikeri, Madikeri (Karnataka)

❖ INTRODUCTION: Peter Drucker quotes the importance of entrepreneur in the society as “what we need is an entrepreneurial society in which innovation and entrepreneurship are normal, steady and continuous”. A society needs startups which contribute to have good standard of living, as it provides more facilities to the people in the society in which it operates, it also provides with employment opportunity contributing towards the growth of the economy. The startups that are being established in rural or urban places have their own kind of advantages.

Startups are procuring more attention in the modern life. Youngsters are more interested at becoming an entrepreneur because of the less employment opportunity in the present. Corporate graduates are focusing more on starting a new venture but many are facing the financial crisis. Thus, Indian government came up with plan which encourages the people with capabilities to start new ventures and boost enthusiasm to other entrepreneurs. When the nation has a greater number of startups. the employment rate of the country will eventually increases. Thus, it contributes to the overall economic growth and paces the innovations in the community in which they are established.

Startups are the best way to decrease unemployment rate as job seekers become job provider. When the startups are unique and innovative in certain way, they can make the best utilization of available local resources. Startups provide lifestyle independence to the business owner and job opportunities to local people who may not get chances in MNC’s.After the announcement of startup India scheme there is an emerging increase in startups all over the country. ❖ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study aims at: a) Know the pace of increase in the startups in India after 2016. b) Know about the statistics in various parts of the nation c) Know the challenges in the way of increasing the startups d) Suggestions to overcome the hurdles ❖ BEFORE 2016 AND AFTER 2016 SCENARIO Startups are the new ventures by an entrepreneur or group of entrepreneurs producing a distinctive goods or services in a locality where they belong to. Usually funding for these ventures Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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are done out of self-funding or other funding modes. India is a second most populated country with highest rate of youth in total population empowering entrepreneurs and encouraging startups must be done by the governments. So Indian government came up with a plan of “STARTUP INDIA SCHEME”. This scheme was proposed in Red Fort on 15 august 2015 and came into existence on 16 January 2016. The honorable Prime Minister of India sir Sri Narendra Modi addressed the citizens of India and introduced a new scheme called “startup India standup India scheme”. He further said “they want opportunities and this scheme should not be limited to only some cities but spread to every nook and corner of the country”.

In 2012 Bengaluru ranked 19th within the world’s startup ecosystem, and India was in top 5 largest communities in the world. By the end of 2015 the startup rate was more than 40% with 4200 startups creating about 87000 employment opportunities. People were less interested in startups, due to the difficulties in the process of setting up an enterprise and the effort needed in sustaining g in the market. There was firm belief in the people that startups are only for the people who takes risk, as it involves greater percentage of risk which uncertain. The people belonging to rural areas were not aware of the process and procedures involved in being an entrepreneur. But after 2016 state and central governments started campaigning the importance and the facilities of the scheme available for young India. The governments focused on reaching a greater number of youths with capabilities, so they connected to the country’s IIT’s, IIMs central universities and NITs to reach out to the youths of the nation.

After 2016 there was increase in startups all over the country, many entrepreneurs used best use of “startup India scheme”. This scheme provides easy registration for startups using mobile app or websites, so it helped interested persons to fill up simple form and complete it by themselves.

Government provided many facilities like new technologies to the patent holders. ❖ REASONS FOR INCREASE: After the announcement of Startup India Standup India scheme, there are several benefits provided for the startups and motivated entrepreneurs and helped them to overcome the drawbacks they had.

Various benefits provided are: 1. Easy registration: The government of India has launched a mobile application and a website for easy registration for startup. Interested ones can easily fill a simple form and register themselves.

2. Reduction in cost of patents: This scheme provides numerous facilities for the patent and trademark holder. If a registered person has a good patent, he can register it and he only bear statutory fees, they enjoy 80% cost reduction while filing patents.

3. Fund benefits: The government has set 10000 crore rupee funds for the startups as venture capital. The government is also providing the guarantee so that the banks and other financial institution can provide venture capitals to the startups.

4. Choose your investors: After the launch of startup India plan the startups have an option to choose between the venture capitals.

5. Easy liquidation: In case if a startup doesn’t want to continue, they can close their business within the 90 days from the date of application of winding up.

6. Income tax benefits: The tax exemptions are available for the first three years post registration under the scheme. The companies which has obtained the certificate from the Inter- Ministerial Board are eligible to have this benefits 7. Startups in the manufacturing sector are exempted from adhering to the criteria of ‘prior experience ‘or ‘turnover’. This is done without any relaxation in quality standards or technical parameter with regard to public procurement.

8. Provides guaranteed funds through SIDBI or National Guarantee trust companies.

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9. Intellectual property rights support: this scheme provides a list of patents and trademark facilitator that help in registration and obtaining necessary credentials. legal support and Fast-tracking patent examination free of charges.

10. Learning and development program: The startup India learning program was launched in2017 to encourage individual and import fundamentals of entrepreneurship to startup aspirants. Through 4-week long e-learning and development program.

11. Corporate partnership: Startup India launched a program to encourage engagement between Industry and entrepreneurial community. Many prominent corporate provide support for the innovative startups in various phases of their life cycle. ❖ STATISTICAL DATA In just a half decade India is showing great result on overall growth of startups across the country. India had about 29k startups in 2014 and now it has increased to 55000 startups in 2020.

60000

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STARTUPS

40000 20000 0 till-2014

2016-2020

(Source: Yatti Soni , Inc 42 staff, StartupIndia: A look back At Narendra Modi’s ‘ startup India, Stand up India ‘ Vision , 13 Aug 2020) 34 Indian startups have entered into unicorn club after the introduction of startup India scheme. Before 2014 it was only 4, (unicorn club describes the startups with a valuation of 1 billion dollar). Udaan was the fastest startup in India which entered unicorn club just in 26 months.

‘Make my trip’ was the first Indian startup to enter into a unicorn club in the year 2010.

Byjus became the world’s most valued edtech unicorn and currently valued at 10.5 billon dollar.

TREND OF UNICORNS IN INDIA growth

15 10 5 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Empowering the states was one of the motive of startup India scheme so, the government evaluated and started the state’s rank frame work. The states were given ranks on the following basis

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BEST PERFORMER TOP PERFORMESR LEADERS ASPIRING LEADERS EMERGING STATES BEGINNERS

Above pie chart displays the ranks of Indian states in the year 2020.

Ranks States Best-performing state Gujarath Top-performers Karnataka, Kerala ,Odisha and Rajasthan Leaders Andra-Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, MadhyaPardesh, Telengana Aspiring leaders Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal Emerging states Assam, Delhi, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra , Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarkhand Beginners Chandigarh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Pudhucherry, Sikkim, and Tripura (Source: 5 years achievement report pdf by www.startupindia.gov.in) India is spectacular improvement on doing business ranking. India ranked 63rd position among 190 countries in 2020.

2015

YEAR

2016

2017

2018

TABULAR REPRESNTATION OF GRAPH: 2015 2016 2017 2018

2019

2019

2020

2020

RANK 142nd 130th 130th 100th 77th 63rd (Source: Yatti Soni , Inc 42 staff, StartupIndia: A look back At Narendra Modi’s ‘ startup India, Startup India ‘ Vision , 13 Aug 2020) Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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Indian government made Indian business to get access to global markets and knowledge through bilateral government collaboration with Russia, South Korea, Portugal, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Israel, and Singapore. This encouraged new investors to invest in Indian startup ecosystem. The fund of fund scheme for startups has been established to provide funding facilities for the startups India.

State wise split of startups Funded under fund of fund scheme Kerala Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Telangana Tamil Nadu Haryana

(Source: 5 years achievement report pdf by www.startupindia.gov.in) ❖ CHALLENGES IN INDIAN ECONOMY In India startups are getting more attention after 2016 but still there are lot more challenges each entrepreneur face while starting a startup. Being a developing country India also got many barriers in the economy. Some of the challenges faced by the startups in Indian economies can be mentioned as follows; 1. The most famous brands are more likely preferred by the customers, it is more expensive to attract new customers while retain the old one. So, the costs of business will be higher, the startups must have to do more research work to reach their ultimate customers.

2. Starting a business is a big deal, there are some changes but still getting a trademark, patents etc. are difficult and costlier.

3. Funding is still a great barrier in starting a new business, every startup requires high fund for their activity, but investors opt to invest in a big corporate as most of the startups are wound up at the early stages of its operation, and if it continues also it generates low profits as the market shares of the new ventures will be comparatively very low.

4. The recruitment of the staff for the startups are challenging, the persons with more eligibility and skills opt to join for a reputed corporate company. The entrepreneur may not get proper team for business operations.

5. The technologies are changing day by day; hence the customer expectation will also be very high, adoption of new technologies is costlier for young enterprises.

6. Many startups have a great plan but lack experience and that cause them to fail in market, the proper guidance is the biggest flaw that is faced by the startups in Indian economy. ❖ SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT Despite of having some problems that are faced by startups and startup India scheme there are lot more opportunities available for the young startups. Below are the lists of suggestions that can be considerable.

1. Encouraging and empowering rural people to become entrepreneurs.

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the part of the nation. If the rural populations are educated and encouraged to do their own ventures it can provide employment opportunities and the unemployed people may not be required to migrate to urban places. If we compare per capita income of rural with urban, the urban have twice more of rural, by encouraging rural entrepreneurship the rural per capita income can also be increased.

2. Inclusion of job-oriented subjects in schools/ early colleges academics.

The knowledge about startups or new ventures should be given to students so that if they are interested, they can cultivate some skills to start a new venture once they finish their graduation. It can help them to select the streams in future.

3. Changing the mind set of working class In India it is believed that the business is meant only for the high-class people not for middle or lower class, the government should be able to convince the mindset of people and encourage them to start a business if they have enough skills or efficiency. India has got more middle- and lowerclass population than high class. If they began to engage in new ventures it can distribute income effectively.

4. Workshops by successful entrepreneurs or startup educators to the interested group.

It is very important for the people to know about the startup, A workshops or the seminars should be done to the people with interests and guidance should be given, as it can help in minimizing the failure of startups.

5. Starting of mobile application or website which consists of different technology.

Government should create a website or mobile application to get familiar with various technologies that are being used in different parts of the word, it can help new entrepreneurs to select appropriate technologies, machineries and other equipment’s.

6. Promoting startup products.

Encouraging people to consume startups products should be done, so that the startups will have some market share and they can grow in the market. ❖ CONCLUSION: India is the second most populated country; everyone thinks population as a barrier but the government is trying to make it as an asset. It is aiming at converting population into Human Resource. Government has started many schemes like ‘Start-up India, Stand-up India’, ‘Mudra Yojana’, ‘Make in India’, ‘Athma Nirbhar Bharatha’ etc., The government is trying to increase the GDP of the nation through these schemes. These schemes are helping in decreasing the unemployment rate of nation. The innovative minds are hired within the nation and the resources are being used to its fullest. India is the country with high urban population so many schemes are aimed to help small scale sectors and providing an environment to encourage young entrepreneurs.

Startups are facing many problems throughout its life cycle but government is providing them numerous opportunities to improve their efficiency. It takes sweat, hard work and time to build a business, an entrepreneur with patience can succeed and can enter into unicorn club or become a famous brand in world economy. ❖ BIBILOGRAPHY: 1. Himanshu sheth, “Advantages and disadvantages of startup business in India [ guest article],Himanshu’s blog, 2016 2. Amit Raja Naik, “ Startup Policy Rundown : Five Years Of Startup India, Startup Under Priority Sector Lending & More”, Inc42,2020 3. Rajeev jayaswal,” India has 100 unicorns, majority of them set up after 2005, says report”, Hindustan Times, 2021 4. Kanishk singh and suman singh , “14 Indian Startups enters unicorn club in 2021”,YourStrory media pvt. Ltd,2021 Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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5. Team YS , “ India 100- Top startups with gravity-defying momentum in 2015”, YourStrory media pvt. Ltd.2015 6. Yatti Soni , “#StartupIndia: Alook Back At NArendra Modi’s ‘startup India, Standup India ‘ vision”, Inc42, 2020 7. Team Inc42, “#StartupIndia: 74 Defining Moments From India’s Startup Ecosystem In The Last 5 years”, Inc42, 2020. ❖ WEBILOGRAPHY 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starup_India 2. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-in-mann-ki-baat-start-upindia-stand-upindia-action-plan-on-january-16/articleshow/50340724.cms 3. http://spatiality.co.ke/7-advantages-disadvantages-of-startups/ 4. http://m.economictimes.com/small-biz/startup/india-ranks-third-in-global-startupecosystem-nasscom/articleshow/49341735.cms 5. http://m.economicstimes.com/tech/startups/indias-plan-to-permit-space-startups-to-buildrocket-launchpads-as-good-as-any-says-industry/articleshow/83872914.cms 6. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/ content/dam/investindia/Templates/public/5_years_achievement_report%2520_%2520PRINT.pdf&ved=2ahU KEwi448_UmLjxAhXo5nMBHde4AelQFjABegQIKBAC&usg=AOvVaw0oeb3aQklbN4 Mt8rmn5ILo

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EDUCATIONAL IDEAS OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA DEVAJ BHATTARAI Masters in Education Department of Education Indira Gandhi National Open University (Assam)

❖ ABSTRACT Swami Vivekananda was an Indian Hindu spiritual leader of the 19th century. He was a key figure who introduces the Indian philosophy of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world. He carried on the free thinking philosophy of his guru, Ramakrishna Paramhansa forward into a new paradigm. His dynamic ideas and philosophy of education was based on the nectar of Vedantic vision of the innate divinity of human beings which would lean to growth and development of human being. He belief the Indian culture is deeply rooted in spiritual and ethical values. The educational thought of Vivekananda is very significant today because modern education has lost much of its connection with the values of human life.

Keywords: Swami Vivekananda, Indian philosophy, Vedantic vision ❖ INTRODUCTION The earth is enjoyed by Heroes – this is the unfailing truth. Be a hero. always say, I have no fear –these words are uttered by swami Vivekananda, the hero of the youth, pride of India. Swami Vivekananda a great lover of humanity whose unconditional love extended to all people without any distinctions of caste, class, creed race or religion. According to him education is the manifestation of divine perfection already exist in man. He was the messenger of Indian wisdom to the western world. Swami proved the value of Hinduism and Indian spiritualism to assign world peace. He gave a new understanding of religion, new view of man, new principle of morality and ethics and tried to bridge the gape between East and west. He was the protector of ancient ideals and construction of modern India. Swami Vivekananda was the one who revealed the true foundations of this culture and was able to define and strengthen the sense of unity as a nation. He gave Indians proper understanding of their country’s great spiritual heritage and thus gave them pride in their past. Vivekananda pointed out to the Indians the drawbacks of western culture and the need for India’s contribution to overcome these drawbacks. Thus he made India a nation with global mission.

Swamiji’s unique contribution to the creation of new India was to open the minds of Indians to their duty to the downtrodden masses. He spoke about the role of laboring classes in the production of country’s wealth. He was the first religious leader in India to speak for the masses, formulate a definite philosophy of service and organize large-scale social service. ❖ EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA According to swami Vivekananda, education is a continuous process and should cover aspects of life such as physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, moral and spiritual. His educational philosophy is based on Vedanta and Upanishads. He was against book learning and believed that education is not all about book learning and getting information. Education is life building process, man making process, assimilation of ideas and character formation.

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According to him, education which does not help the common mass to quip themselves for the struggle of life, which does not bring out strength of character is not worth enough. Real education is that which enables one to stand on own legs. Education must provide life building, and making, character making assimilation of ideas. ❖ AIMS OF EDUCATION Swami Vivekananda states that the ultimate aim of education and all training is man making.

He also recommends the following aims of education 1. Formation of character: Swami Vivekananda states that education must build up character and manifest our real nature. Character is the aggregate of Mans tendencies, the sum total of the bent of his mind. Education should aim at sublimating the evil tendencies of our mind.

2. Creating self confidence: Every individual have the qualities within himself without being conscious of the same. It is the function of the education to make him conscious of the same through which he may reach the height.

3. Physical and mental growth: One of the aims of education is physical and mental development of the child so that the child after completing his or her education can become able to promote nation growth and advancement as a courageous citizen of tomorrow.

4. Moral and spiritual development: According to swami Vivekananda, a nation’s greatness is not only measured by its parliamentary institutions and activities, but also by the greatness of its citizens. The greatness of citizens is possible only through the moral and spiritual development which education should foster.

5. Promotion of universal brotherhood: According to swami Vivekananda through education we should gradually reach the idea of universal brotherhood by lining down the walls of separation and inequality. ❖ CURRICULUM OF EDUCATION Swami Vivekananda was not in favor of the prevailing system of education. He strikes a balanced between western science and Indian spiritualism in his curriculum framework. He recommended to study of different branches of knowledge.

He states to study the Vedanta, Upanishads Purana, religion, philosophy, art, history, geography, agriculture, industrial and other technical subjects. further he advocates to include girls cookery, needle craft, child rearing, economic and psychology in the curriculum. According to him there have to inclusion of western technology and engineering in the school and college curriculum for achieving material prosperity of the nation. ❖ METHODS OF TEACHING The method of teaching as advocates by Vivekananda are • Meditation method Swami Vivekananda give more importance on meditation as a method of knowledge. He preferred not to take the knowledge from outside as human mind is perfect in itself. According to him learning is nothing but it’s a process of discovery of knowledge within the mind. He has suggested the following method of teaching to be followed in teaching learning situation.

• Concentration method Swami Vivekananda states that concentration is the method to attain knowledge. It helps the child to withdraw his different temptations of life and concentrate on the subject matter.

• Method of realization Vivekananda considers realization as the chief aim of life. He advocated yoga as the most ideal method of realization.

• Discussion method Swami Vivekananda advocates discussion as method of teaching among the students.

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•

•

Imitation method Every children mainly learn the thing though imitation. Vivekananda therefore advocates to utilize this qualities for educational purposes. A teacher should present higher ideals and noble patterns of behavior before his students to help them to imitate this activities.

Guidance and counseling Swami Vivekananda advocates guidance and counseling in the teaching learning process to develop the divine wisdom of the students.

❖ ROLE OF TEACHER Swami Vivekananda states that teacher is a philosopher, friend and guide helping the educated to go forward in his own way. He states that the teacher is a facilitator of learning, He should activate the pupils to learn and develop on his own way without any interference. He advocates that the teacher should possess the following qualitiesA teacher must be a tyagi or a man of renunciation.

The teacher should act like a substitute of the parents for the students.

The student always follow the teacher so that the teacher should have very high character and sinless. ❖ DISCIPLINE

Discipline is important aspects of a person’s character as advocates by swami Vivekananda.

He always emphasized on the inner and self disciple not external discipline. The child should given full freedom for activity and self learning. According to him each child is his own teacher. The external teacher only guide and inspire the child so that his inner knowledge is brought out. ❖ CONCLUSION

Today we live in 21st century, the age of science and technology. Swamijis educational thought is very significance today because modern education has lost much of its connection with the values of human life. According to him true education was not for the carrier, but for the contribution of the nation. If we want to make our students as moral human being than school curriculum is one of the best way to serve. His great contribution in the field of education include self knowledge, self reliance, concentration, universal mass education, physical education etc.

Vivekananda was a great educationists and he revolutionized almost in every field of education.

His educational views are immensely influenced by the eternal truths of Vedanta. His practical oriented education is highly suitable for the modern age of science and technology. ❖ REFERENCE: 1. Ghosh.G (2003).A Biography of Swami Vivekananda. Rupa.co publication.

2. Shukla.S.K (2008).Swami Vivekananda: educational philosopher and his work. Omega publication.

3. Deshmukh. N& Mishra.M (2014) A study of Educational Thoughts of Swami Vivekananda.

Retrieved from,https://www.academia.edu/10409201/A_study_of_Educational_Thoughts_of_Swami_ Vivekananda 4. Biswas.H.K (2021).Swami Vivekananda: As a Pathfinder of Modern India.Retrieved from https://www.ijrpr.com

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EFFECT OF YOGA ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS SUDESHNA NATH Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Science & Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Khanapara (Meghalaya)

❖ ABSTRACT Yoga is a form of mind-body fitness that involves a combination of muscular activity with focus on awareness of the self, the breath and energy. The human body is a holistic entity comprised of various interrelated dimensions inseparable from one another and the health or illness of any one dimension affects the other dimensions. Individuals and their needs are unique and therefore must be approached in a way that acknowledges this individuality and their practice must be tailored accordingly. It helps in self-empowering the student to be his or her own healer, from the inside. The importance in yoga can never be underestimated, not only because it has unlimited benefits in the psycho-social constitution of the students, but also it can impact the academic goals of the students. This research study is an attempt to establish this relationship between the academic benefits of yoga in the life of the students of University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya.

Keywords: Yoga, academic, performance, university, students. ❖ INTRODUCTION Yoga is a broad school of Indian philosophy which maintains that breath is the most important facet of health. In the context of the study, the term “Yoga” implies a union of a variety of physical poses and breathing techniques, commonly known as “Hatha Yoga”. This union can be practically demonstrated by a series of different kinds of poses or asanas, as they are called, while maintaining continuity with the control of the breath. Hatha yoga uses “pranayama”, which literally means the control of breathing.

Yoga can supplement well in attaining the objectives of curriculum in university education. It results in exceptionally beneficial results in all areas of physical, mental, moral, spiritual and social development. All these faculties can be integrated to create a higher level of consciousness, selfawareness in relation to the environmental context and greater self-control. It helps in selfdiscipline and self-control by integrating their physical, mental and spiritual faculties, leading to immense amount of awareness, concentration and higher level of consciousness. There can be both integrated as well as separate short term courses of Art of living. By a general understanding how children grow and learn, tools can be developed to best support their academic achievement and success, in conjunction with their overall health and wellness. ❖ REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Christal, J.N. (2018) researched the area of effect of transcendental meditation and yoga on reduction of stress and improvement of academic performance among high school students. It was observed that students of the experimental group scored better and experienced lower stress as compared to the data of control group.

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2. Joice, P. et al. (2018) carried out a study by segregating the students into three groups separately to see the impact of yoga, meditation and no interventions (control group) on academic performance over a period of 12 weeks. Results suggest that compared to control group, the other two groups showed considerable difference in academic performances.

3. Patel, N. (2019) studied the importance of yoga and meditation in education. Their findings mainly emphasized on the negligence of spiritual culture due to materialistic attitude of students, which can be counteracted through yogic practices, so as to make them a complete human being.

4. Akhter, A. et al. (2020) conducted an evaluative study of secondary data to see the physical, psychological, and spiritual influence of yoga on student's life and behavior. The well accepted model include acceptance of mindful awareness of oneself for healthy functioning and wellbeing. ❖ OBJECTIVE To find out the difference in academic performances of university students between pre-test and post-test conditions after yoga intervention programme. ❖ HYPOTHESIS H01: There is no significant difference in academic performances of university students between pre-test and post-test conditions after yoga intervention programme.

❖ METHODOLOGY • Method: The Quasi-Experimental method is used for conducting the study by a single group pre-test and post-test design.

• Materials: An information schedule was prepared to record the examination scores of the students in their previous semester finals as well as post intervention tests.

• Sample: The sample of the study was selected on the basis of Random sampling technique. The total size of sample was 100 post graduate students from the University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya selected only from the arts stream.

• Procedure: Owing to its design, there were two phases of the study – Pre-test and Post-test condition. In between the two phases, a yoga routine was designed comprising of some basic elements of Hatha Yoga for duration of 3 months. The routine consisted of a sequence of asanas, controlling the movement of breathing like Surya Namaskar, Sarvangasan, Bhujangasan and Pranayam. A meditative dhyan was also practiced consisting of Anulom-Vilom, Bhramari and Kapal Bhati. A regular practice session was carried out every day for 1 hour as a daily discipline after the completion of formal classes, organized by the Department of Physiotherapy. The experimental set up was a part of the mental health drive of the university as an initiative for self-help among the students. ❖ ETHICS MAINTAINED: Religious neutrality was maintained as much as possible. No Vedic verses were used while execution of the physical poses and dhyan exercises. The students were not allowed to disclose their personal details during pre-testing. The academic scores of the students were kept confidential.

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❖ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics i.e. Mean and Standard Deviation was applied to describe the basic feature of the data by providing simple summary about the sample and measures.

For the purpose of analysis of obtained data, paired t-test was used to find out the differences in academic performance within the group in pre-testing and post-testing conditions. ❖ RESULTS: Significance of mean difference in the academic performance scores of the university students between pre-test and post-test conditions: Condition N Mean ± SD p value Pre-test 100 60.55 ± 12.77 0.001 Post-test 100 65.60 ±10.29 **p<0.05 (significant at 0.05 level of significance) It can be observed from the table that there exists a significant difference in the mean status of the students in academic scores between the pre-testing and post-testing conditions. There has been a significant increase in their mean performance in the post-test scores as compared to the pre-test performance. The p-value of 0.001 has been tested at the 0.05 level to validate its significance. ❖ MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: The entire study was designed to see the effect of a properly schemed yoga session on the academic performance of university students. The research study was designed in such a way that the academic performance of the students was recorded twice in the pre-yoga and post-yoga schedules. The main goal of the planned yoga session was to make the students more selfdisciplined by including physical poses with steps for entering and exiting it, each requiring proper form and alignment. Meditation was also performed called dhyana, considering deep relaxation as one of the goals of the sequence.

From the statistical analysis of the data, significant differences have been observed in their performances in academic scores of the students. Moreover increase in the mean performance in the final academic tests is indicative of relative changes caused by yoga. Yoga has been indeed beneficial in bringing out better results in the variable tested.

Yoga has major implications in the teaching-learning situations for all the major players in the educational setting; including students, teachers and parents as well. The teacher specialized in yoga instruction should be trained, experienced and share good rapport with students. Parents should also be encouraged to acquire the skills of yoga. Students at the different levels of developmental stages need proper guidance and counseling from parents and teachers; for which yoga becomes very essential for self-expression and guidance.

The course of the yoga should be well formulated in terms of content and well planned to enable the students to possess emotional stability, to integrate moral values and to attain higher level of consciousness. Practices should be progressive-from easy to difficult to develop good health and to practice mental hygiene. The progress of a yoga student can be assessed subjectively; through his behavior and life activities.

Clear concepts in yoga is necessary in teaching basic knowledge about one’s personality, to learn to develop life skills for problem solving, to gain good health, to develop a discriminative mind to deal effectively with ambiguity in life. Yoga learning should be experience based. The student should gain direct experience of the subject taught.

The ultimate aim is to optimize the physical, mental, emotional and social benefits that yoga can bring to learners. It can enhance all the activities of the students, be it academic or sport or social. It provides for improved attention in studies, better stamina and co-ordination for sports and a heightened awareness and balanced attitude for social activity. Meditation, practiced over long Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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periods, produces definite changes in perception, attention, and cognition. Yoga techniques are helpful in management of anxiety and improvement in concentration and problem solving ability.

The students start to develop positive attitude towards their studies resulting in success in their academic aspects. A follow up should be done by the teachers to take necessary care to keep better effect of yoga among students. The results of this study are encouraging implying that daily yoga participation assists in maintaining high levels of engagement and academic achievement in students. The teacher should ensure that students are aware of the expectations for positive classroom engagement. The success of the yoga intervention depends on in depth understanding of how to participate in academic tests. ❖ CONCLUSION: Regular practice of yoga promotes strength, endurance, flexibility and facilitates characteristics of friendliness, compassion, and greater self-control. It also cultivates a sense of calmness and wellbeing. Sustained practice also leads to important outcomes such as changes in life perspective, selfawareness and an improved sense of energy to live life fully and with genuine enjoyment. The tendency of the students for a flight or fight response is replaced by an inner sense of union of the body and mind.

Yogasanas remove toxins from the body, and after each session, long term improvements of the body include a happier spirit, toned muscles, better digestion, and a deeper love for your body.

Yoga is an ideal practice for those looking to better their bodies and lives. The relaxation and breathing techniques that students use in the classroom also help with social interactions within the classroom by reducing student stress and improving the relationships between them. This eventually results in better performances in all spheres of life. ❖ REFERENCE: 1. Ali, M.A., Kamraju, M., Devi, S., & Manisha, P. (2020). A study on influence of yoga on student's life. International Journal of Health, Physical Education and Computer Science in Sports. 37 (1), 30-32.

2. Christal, J.N. (2018). A study on effects of yoga and academic achievement of high school students. International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah. 6 (7), 23 - 27.

3. Duan-Porter, W., Coeytaux, R. R., McDuffie, J. R., Goode, A. P., Sharma, P., Mennella, H., Nagi, A., & Williams, J. W., Jr. (2016). Evidence Map of Yoga for Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of physical activity & health. 13(3), 281–288.

4. Joice, S., Manik, K.A., & Maruthy, K. (2018). Influence of Yoga and Meditation on Academic Achievements of Medical Students in Physiology. International Journal of Physiology. 6 (3), 36 -39.

5. Mishra, S. & Dash, S.C. (2017). An Overview of Hatha Yogic Practices in Hatha yoga Pradipika, Gheranda Samhita and Shiva Samhita. Research J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 8(3), 354366.

6. Patal, N. (2019). Importance of Yoga & Meditation in Education. International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages. 7 (1), 72 -74.

7. Richter, S., Tietjens, M., Ziereis, S., Querfurth, S., & Jansen, P. (2016). Yoga Training in Junior Primary School-Aged Children Has an Impact on Physical Self-Perceptions and Problem-Related Behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 203.

8. Shroff, F. & Asgarpour, M. (2017). Yoga and Mental Health: A Review. Journal of Physiotherapy & Physical Rehabilitation. 2 (1), 1 – 3.

9. Singh, K.P. (2018). Effect of Yoga on Stress and Academic Performance. Educational Quest: An Int. J. of Education and Applied Social Science. 9 (2), 169-173.

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IMMUNOMODULATORY USE OF SOME FRUITS AND VEGETABLES DURING CURRENT PANDEMIC DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal Center for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College Marhpura Kannauj-209723-India.

❖ ABSTRACT A number of fruits and vegetables were studied in relation to immunomodulator activity on our body. It has been searced out in different medical and scientific journals and research articles too. Now a days, the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading day by day in the root square pattern.

COVID-19, which has affected over 182560400 people globally and killed more than 3953301 people till the end date of June 2021. It is not different from how influenza viruses, or even the coronaviruses responsible for the common, fever attack on the body. Therefore, the immune system has a predictable response. It is the degree to which this response is tolerated by the body that determines mortality rates. At this time it is imperative for researcher to find out the effective Idea to ruins this dangerous Pandemic.

Therefore, in this manuscript, an attempted has been made to find out several important Immunity booster fruits and vegetables related to daily life. In this reference, related literature have been reviewed and searched out to find the Preventive measures of the current pandemic.

More than Fourteen fruits and vegetables related to Plant origin have been found effective to improve the Immunity of our body. Thus we can fight against the current pandemic pathogens and overcome from this deadly COVID-19. Hence it is imperative to find out prophylactic measures for the infection and infestation of current Pandemic.

Keywords: Fruits, Vegetables, Corona Virus, Pandemic, Immunomodulatory. ❖ INTRODUCTION Since the birth, immune system of our body is continuously alert, tracking for symptoms and signs of invasion or infestation. Cells of the immune system must have the ability to differentiate self from foreign bodies or antigens. Furthermore, discrimination among non-self molecules which can be dangerous as acquired from pathogens and foreign molecules received from meals (Caroline et al, 2019). Adequate vitamins are required for all cells to improve immune system. A healthy diet can show various immunological results like Vitamin E and C, which acts as coenzymes, antioxidant, inhibitor of protein kinase and engage with coenzymes and delivery proteins (Lee and Han,2018). Besides minerals, which includes zinc (Berin, 2012) and selenium (Rayman, 2012), aminoacids like glutamine (Cruzat et al, 2018) and Vitamin D (Baeke et al, 2010) play a critical role on growing immune cells withinside the body. Dry fruits and green vegetables are important sources of proteins, fats, minerals, nutrients and fibres. Fruits are botanically mature ovary and healthy in proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fibres and vitamins together with minerals like magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc and other nutrients. Vitamins included in green vegetables, dry fruits are B1, B2, B3, B5,, B complex and vitamin E. Some oily dry fruits and green vegetables are enriched with antioxidants, which save the fat from Dry fruits are healthy in Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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excessive calorific value, unsaturated fatty acids, nutritional fibres, proteins, antioxidants, nutrients, vitamins like B1, B3, B6, B12, D, E, folic acid, niacin and minerals consisting of magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, phosphorus and potassium and several saturated fats and cholesterols.

Hence fruits and vegetables must be included in our diet to improve immunity and resistance against pathogens.

Corona virus is a member of family Coronaviridae, Subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, and order Nidovirales. Corona virus usually causes respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. The recent pandemic is due to unique ß-corona virus (COVID-19). The virus genome is single stranded RNA positive sense. Several studies have been carried out to find the origin of this virus, phylogenetic analysis have also been performed and it revealed that this virus is from the bat origin.

Bats serve as reservoir hosts for this virus. This is virus is 82% similar to human corona virus (SARS-CoV) and 50% to MERS-CoV. A number of studies have revealed that there was transmission of MERS-CoV from bats to camels. There are various theories regarding current virus pandemic. Corona viruses are RNA viruses and have crown like appearance when observed under electron microscope. Corona word originated from a Latin word coronum means crown like. Its crown like appearance is due to presence of surface glycoproteins. This virus can be classified in four genera. They are α-coronavirus, ß-coronavirus, Deltacoronavirus and γ-coronavirus. These viruses lead to upper respiratory tract infections and the disease is self-limiting by weaken the immune system of our body.

The Corona Virus is called the Novel Coronavirus 2019 because it is never before seen by mutation or by simple means in animals. First time, Coronavirus reported in Wuhan, China, on December 30, 2019. However, another suggested term is “2019-nCov acute respiratory disease” which would comply with the World Health Organisation (WHO) naming practices. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses will soon decide on a permanent name for this virus. The theory is the virus mutated and spread from an infected animal carrier like bat, cattle, cat, camel, or snake to humans that were in direct proximity. Once in the human cell, the virus began to replicate, causing the infection and triggering the symptoms. Till date, certain source of the outbreak is unknown. It is believed that the virus might be linked with a Seafood market from Wuhan, China, that was not complying with health and safety regulations. The Wuhan wet market has since been closed down for a period of time. So, for this manuscript, let’s leave the panic aside and see where that brings us. The Wuhan virus is the first major health threat of year 2020, but it’s far from being the first or the worst health crisis on humanity facing. Just few years ago we had the Ebola virus, Avian influenza, and SARS, with the last on this list actually being a type of Coronavirus. All were highly contagious and potentially deadly, but none caused such a visceral reaction from the population. Even if we disregard those, we have the common flu virus, that causes thousands of deaths early on, and we don’t hear much about that in the news.This coronavirus outbreak starts in China and is a potential threat to human life by spreading worldwide. ❖ FRUITS AND VEGETABLES AS IMMUNITY BOOSTER IN CURRENT PANDEMIC- SOME IMPORTANT ARE AS : 1. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Family- Cucurbitaceae) It is very common in summer in our country and not only refreshing fruit but also the good source of vitamins and minerals. When watermelon ripes, it also contains the plenty of antioxidants. Glutathione is most abundant antioxidant in this fruit. It strengthens the immune system of our body, so it is necessary to fight against infection. To get the most glutathione in your diet, take more ripen watermelon and eat the red pulpy flesh near the rind.

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2. Indian Goose Berry (Embelica officinalis Family- Euphorbiaceae) It is pale green in color and is the sign that it has plenty of colour full nutrients. There are several researches that shows goose berry is good for the deficiency of vitamin C. It has very high percentage of Ascorbic acid and general, antioxidants that form our food as a key part of a healthy lifestyle. These berries or juice or pulp must be tried as a part of our diet. They can be dried and used in the form of Powder or paste as the healthy suppliment of vitamin C. This fruit is very good to strengthen our immunity and power of healing.

3. Germinating Wheat (Triticum aestivum Family- Poaceae) It's the part of a wheat seed that feeds a baby wheat plant, and it's rich in nutrients due to the action of several biochemical changes. During the process of seed germination several biochemical changes occur. Which leads a great way to get zinc, selenium, antioxidants, and a number of vitamins. Wheat germinating seeds delivers a good amount of fiber, protein, raw material for coenzymes and some healthy fat. In recipes, we can substitute some of the regular flour with wheat germ.

4. Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus Family- Agaricaceae) Theses are unique type of Plants grow on the dead organic matter with the presence of darkness. They give you an unique mineral called selenium and the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, Pantothenic acid and niacin. Such minerals may act as coenzymes, in many biochemical reactions of our body to improve immunity and helps you in several ways. If you're low on selenium, you may be more likely to get a more severe flu. Hence mushrooms provide more immunity against Coronavirus. Riboflavin and niacin play a role in a healthy immune system too.

5. Low-Fat curd and Yogurt Probiotics, found in curd, yogurt and other fermented products, may erase the severity of colds. Some companies are selling packaged curd and Yogurt by the labels that say "live and active cultures." Theses companies also look for added vitamin D. Studies show that people with low vitamin D levels may be more likely to get colds or the flu. Hence such dietary supplements are more immunity boosters during the current Pandemic time.

6. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Family - Convolvulaceae) Similar to carrots, sweet potatoes also have beta-carotene and xanthophylls. Beta carotene in our body turns into vitamin A, which mops up damaging free radicals. This helps to boost our immune system. Long term use of sweet potato may deminish the aging process of our cell. This will be very helpfull to solve the problems of ageing. Thus it is very important immunity booster during current Pandemic time.

7. Soyabean (Glycine max Family - Fabaceae) Soybeans are highly nutritious in various vitamins, Amino acids minerals, proteins etc.

They can help control hyperglycemia, reduce weight and maintain heart health. Soybeans can also be used to prevent insomnia and improve digestion. Soybeans are toxic when eaten raw. So it must be cooked properly before consuming. Soybean is highly nutritious. It is rich in proteins, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and K and vitamins like vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B12 and vitamin B complex. Soybean is an ideal source of proteins for vegetarians. It is also rich in fiber content.

In Japan soyabean seasoning, made of fermented soybeans, usually comes as a salty paste.

It has probiotics, the "good" bacteria found in yogurt, some fermented foods, and in gut. Because they give your immune system a lift, they can help fight infectious diarrhea as well as other diseases by the formation of vitamin B complex.

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8. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Family - Brassicaceae) Broccoli, a plant belonging to the cabbage family is widely appreciated for its incredible benefits. It is a rich source of a wide variety of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins. Nutritionists recommend an inclusion of broccoli in the diet for a sound health. Broccoli is green in colour with large flower heads. Its structure is tree-like with the flower heads branching from a thick stalk which is edible. The large mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves.

The plant is included in the cultivar group of the Brassica family. Cultivars are plant varieties that are produced in cultivation through the process of selective breeding. The plants are selected from a group of plants that are naturally occurring and then bred to produce a set of desirable characteristics or enhance the characteristics that are already existing in them. Broccoli has a striking resemblance to cauliflower, which is another cultivar group belonging to the same species.

It's easy to find at the grocery store, and it's an immune-boosting basic. You'll get plenty of nutrients that protect your body from damage. It has vitamins A and C, and the antioxidant glutathione. Add to any dish or top with some low-fat cheese to round out a side dish.

9. Elderberry (Sambucus species Family - Adoxaceae) It's an old folk remedy. This fruit is loaded with nutrients called antioxidants, and it may help fight inflammation. In some lab studies, an extract from the berries appears to block flu viruses. But scientists caution that more study is needed. You definitely still need to get a yearly flu vaccination.

10. Spinach (Spinacea oleracea Family- Amaranthaceae) You'll find lots of nutrients in this "super food." One of them is folate, which helps your body make new cells and repair DNA. It also boasts fiber, antioxidants such as vitamin C, and more. Eat spinach raw or lightly cooked to get the most benefit.

11. Tea (Thea sinensis Family- Theaceae) Feel free to choose white, green, or black. Each delivers disease-fighting polyphenols and flavonoids. These antioxidants seek out cell-damaging free radicals and destroy them. Caffeinated and decaf work equally well.

12. Garlic (Allium sativum Family - Liliaceae) This kitchen staple does more than punch up the flavor of food. Raw garlic can help beat skin infections thanks to its ability to fight bacteria, viruses, and fungi. To get the benefits, you have to use the real stuff, though, not garlic powder. A garlic supplement may even help lower your cholesterol.

13. Pomegranate Juice (Punica granatum Family - Lythraceae) The ancient Egyptians were on to something when they used this colorful fruit to treat infections. So far, most modern research has focused on pomegranate extract, but the juice shows promise: It may help your body fight bacteria and several kinds of viruses, including the flu.

14. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Family- Zingiberaceae) Maybe you love ginger for the spicy kick it gives Asian food. Or because when you drink it in tea or ginger ale, it can ease nausea and vomiting. But wait -- there's more. This knobby root is also a good source of antioxidants. Skip the supplements, though. Add ginger to stir fries or steep it in hot water to make tea. Antioxidants work best in your body when you get them straight from fruits and veggies.

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• Fruits and vegetables of Human Diet as Immunity Boosters Indeed, some fruits are right replacement for non-vegetarian diet and eggs considering they're rich sources of Vitamins, fibres, proteins, iron, zinc and other important nutrients. Vegetables and fruits must be eaten with our diet, healthy meals which include tomato, capsicum and citrus juices to enhance up iron absorption. Most of fit to be eaten fruits assist to remove the threat of coronary heart disease, diabetes and adjust the weight of our body. Fruits like Apple, Fig, goose berry, Orange comprises abundant Omega fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and fibres, produce power and raise up immunity. Turmeric containing curcumin will increase the immunity and boost the defensive mechanism of our body. Orange fruits are healthy in vitamin C, Zinc and assist in improvement and functioning of our body to remove contamination by increasing white blood cells.

Some important Proteins are common in walnuts (Sarwar et al., 2011a). Fatty dry fruits are excessive in fats, protein, and fibre contents, however low digestible carbohydrates ranges, and those characters were associated with reduced ranges of glucose and insulin, low glycemic index, and excessive fat. (Kim et al, 2017). ❖ DISCUSSION The immune system of our body play an amazing role, by preventing off foreign bodies to guard us towards illness and invasion from pathogens. Our body produce proteins referred to as antibodies that take away abnormal pathogens. There are several meals to be had the property of healthy diet. Which might be imperative for everyday requirements of our immune system.

Vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B6 and minerals like zinc, selenium are the necessary profiles that are biologically active for growing immunity in human body. Keeping in view the grave state of affairs of COVID 19 safe to eat green vegetables and dry fruits and their oils may be act as coenzymes and supplements of healthy diet to boost up immunity of people until the right vaccine is to be not in custom.

A number of fruits and vegetables in our diet can deliver good and enough quantity of antioxidants, carotene, phytosterols, phospholipids and some of the minerals, which includes calcium, magnesium, sulphur, potassium, phosphorus, in conjunction with modest quantities of iron and walnuts are wealthy supply of many fitness reaping minerals, fatty acids, vitamins, Calcium, manganese, copper, iron, selenium and zinc which assist in metabolism and structural maintenance.

The almonds are additionally incorporate excessive lipid layers and much like to different fruits.

These vegetables and fruits must be taken into consideration as raw material of proteins and oils (Mercy et al., 2005). Edible fruits intake can be adjuvant for the control of weight problems, obesity, fatty body, immunity boosters and different inflammatory conditions to improve function of our body and metabolism. ❖ REFERENCES 1. Ahmad, A., Husain, A., Mujeeb, M., Shah Alam Khan, Najmi, A.K., Ali Nasir Siddique, Z. A. Damanhouri, and Firoz Anwar (2013). A overview on healing ability of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Three (5): 337–352 2. Baeke, F., Takiishi, T., Korf, H., Gysemans, C.and Mathieu, C. (2010). Vitamin D: Modulator of the immune machine. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 10: 482–496.

3. Berin, M.C. (2012) Mucosal antibodies withinside the law of tolerance and hypersensitive reaction to meals. Semin. Immunopathol. 34: 633–642.

4. Carrera-Quintanar, L., López Roa, R.I., Quintero-Fabián, S., Sánchez-Sánchez, M.A., Vizmanos, B. and Ortuño- Sahagún, D. (2018). Phytochemicals that have an effect on gut microbiota as prophylactics and for the remedy of weight problems and inflammatory illnesses. Mediators Inflamm. 1–18.

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Caroline, E. Childs, Philip, C. Calder and Elizabeth A. Miles (2019). Diet and immune feature. Nutrients. 11, 1933.

6. Cruzat, V., Macedo Rogero, M., Noel Keane, K., Curi, R. and Newsholme, P. (2018).

Glutamine: Metabolism and immune characteristic, supplementation and clinical translation. Nutrients. 10: 1654.

7. Emilio Ros (2010). Health advantages of nut intake. Nutrients. 2(7): 652–682.

Kim, Y., Keogh, J.B. and Clifton, P.M. (2017). Benefits of nut intake on insulin resistance and cardiovascular chance factors: Multiple capability mechanisms of actions.

8. Kornsteiner, M., Wagner, K. and Elmadfa, I. (2006). Tocopherols and overall phenolics in 10 extraordinary nut types. Food Chem. 98: 381–387.

9. Lee, G.Y. and Han, S.N. (2018). The Role of diet E in immunity. Nutrients. 10: 1614.

10. Mercy, B.A., Elie, F., Clerge T., Martin, F. and Felicite, M.T. (2005). Nutritive price of a few Cucurbitaceae oilseeds from extraordinary areas in Cameroon. Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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11. Rayman, M.P. (2012). Selenium and human fitness. Lancet. 379: 1256–1268.

12. Sarwar, M., Ahmad, N. and Tofique, M. (2011a). Impact of soil potassium on populace buildup of aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and crop yield in Canola (Brassica napus L.) Field. Pak. J. Zool. 43 (1):15-19.

13. Sarwar, M., Ahmad, N., Khan, G.Z. and Tofique, M (2009). Varietals resistance and susceptibility in mustard (Brassica campestris L.) Genotypes in opposition to Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). The Nucleus. 46(four):.507-512.

14. Venkatachalam, M. and Sathe, S.K. (2006). Chemical composition of decided on suitable for eating nut seeds. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 54: 4705–4714.

15. Yang, J. (2009). Brazil nuts and related fitness advantages: An assessment. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 42: 1573–1580 Vanhecke D, Graber W, Studer D (2008) Close-to-native ultrastructural preservation by high pressure freezing. Methods Cell Biol 88:151–164 16. Sartori N, Richter K, Dubochet J (1993) Vitrifi cation depth can be increased more than 10-fold by high pressure freezing. J Microsc 172:55–61.11 17. McDonald KL (2014) Out with the old and in with the new: rapid specimen preparation procedures for electron microscopy of sectioned biological material. Protoplasma 251:429–448 18. Studer D, Chiquet M, Hunzkier EB (1996) Evidence for a distinct water-rich layer surrounding collagen fi brils in articular cartilage extracellular matrix. J Struct Biol 117:81–85 19. Hawes PC, Netherton CL, Mueller M et al (2007) Rapid freeze-substitution preserves membranes in high-pressure frozen tissue culture. J.V.Res. 4:123-129.

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PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY SECTOR IN INDIA DR. M. MAHALAKSHMI Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Economics, A.V.C College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai, TamilNadu- 609 305.

❖ ABSTRACT India has been the largest and fast-growing producer and consumer of dairy products. The Indian dairy industry has grown consistently ever since the White revolution of the 1970s, making India, the world’s largest producer of milk with 17% global share. With an annual production of 146 million tonnes of milk India generates approximately USD 70 Billion of revenue. The Indian dairy market is expected to double within the next decade, primarily driven by over 15-20% growth in value added dairy segment. Dairy activities form an essential part of the rural Indian economy, serving as an important source of employment and income. Milk is an integral part of nutrition and primary source of food and potential income generating activity for most farmers. Total Milk production in the country is 187.75 million tonnes and the per-capita availability of milk is 394 grams per day in 2018-19.

Keywords: Dairy, Industry, Production, Consumption, Employment, Export, Growth. ❖ RATIONALE: A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting of animal milk- mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffalo, sheep, horses or camels for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or section of a multi-purpose farm that is concerned with the harvesting of milk. There is a strong increase in the demand for milk in India, partly due to the growing number of inhabitants. People are more attracted towards healthy food in one pack which can be fulfilled by the dairy products. The country is expected to count 1.5 billion inhabitants by 2035.To leverage this high growth potential and to meet the rising demand, a sustainable and strong dairy farming base will be critical. For achieving this, it becomes critical to address key challenges faced by the industry such as, low animal yields, ineffective breeding, improper feed and fodder management, deficient veterinary care, poor farm management and low financial inclusion among others.

India’s organized dairy sector comprises only 20 percent of the total milk production, which includes government supported dairy cooperatives and private sector dairies. However, cooperatives and private dairy companies are expanding their processing capacities and distribution network with growing demand for fluid milk and other value-added dairy products. Most of the dairy cooperatives and private dairies market products at the state or regional level and only a few players have a wider national presence. Moreover, nearly all of the dairy produce in India is consumed domestically, with the majority of it being sold as fluid milk. On account of this, the Indian dairy industry holds tremendous potential for value-addition and overall development.

According to the latest report by IMARC Group, titled Dairy Industry in India 2020 Edition: Market Size, Growth, Prices, Segments, Cooperatives, Private Dairies, Procurement and Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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Distribution, the dairy market in India reached a value of Rs 10,527 billion in 2019. "India's dairy industry is worth Rs 5.4 trillion by value, having grown at 15% CAGR during 2010-2016. Going ahead, the dairy industry is expected to maintain 15% CAGR over 2016-2020, and attain value of Rs 9.4 trillion on rising consumerism. India has progressed from being deficient in milk production at 20 million MT in 1970 to becoming the world's largest milk producer at 160 million MT, accounting for 18.5 per cent of global milk production. ❖ REVIEW OF LITERATURE: According to the FAO 2018 report, more than 500 million impoverished people depend mainly on livestock, and many of them are small and marginal dairy farmers. Additionally, dairy development helps in boosting rural economic growth and empowering rural women. Moreover, 160 million children around the world receive benefits from milk through school feeding programmes. The dairy sector plays a vital role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-especially SDG 1-No poverty, SDG 3-Good health, SDG 5-Gender equality, SDG 8-Good jobs and economic growth, and SDG 10-Reduced inequalities and it helps in improving lives and transforming the global economy. Chirlaque (2011) stated that people have been using cow’s milk since 6,000-8,000 B.C. Since 14th century it has gained immense popularity as one of the healthiest foods. Milk meets the basic requirements of the body. It is highly beneficial in the growth and development of bones. It is also helpful in fighting against diseases like gout, kidney stones, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine headaches and others. Considering the innumerable health benefits of cow’s milk, knowing about its nutritional value will be highly helpful. Mubarak et al.

(2010) mentioned that pathogenic bacteria in milk have been a major factor for public health concern since the early days of the dairy industry. Many diseases are transmissible via milk products. Traditionally raw or unpasteurized milk had been a major vehicle for transmission of pathogens. The health of dairy herd and milking conditions basically determine the milk quality.

Another source of contamination by microorganisms is unclean teats. The use of unclean milking and transport equipment’s also contribute to the poor-quality milk. Sala et al. (2010) stated that freezing point of milk is one of the parameters used for Detecting adulteration of milk by adding water. In general, the freezing point is constant and is influenced by some factors such as variations in the growth medium, system growth. Processors used the freezing point as quality criterion for raw milk payment that will be received and processed in dairy products. Sometimes it is hard to make a correct interpretation of values resulting from the determination of this parameter. Knowing as much as possible the factors influencing the freezing point Value of milk and especially of changes affecting freezing point will allow processors to make an interpretation of the results and especially a correct assessment of the integrity of raw material. Grimaud et al. (2007) explained that the composition of milk is not constant, but shows a wide variation. In the first place the composition depends on the species of animal. But also, within a species we find big differences between the breeds and between individual animals within a breed. The composition might even change from day to day depending on feeding and climate. During one milking the first strips of milk differs from the last milk drops. ❖ 1.

2.

3.

OBJECTIVES: To study the performance of Dairy Sector in India.

To analyse the Milk Production and per capita availability of Milk in India.

To find out the State-wise Per Capita Availability of Milk during 2018-19.

❖ METHODOLOGY: The Study is presented in the form of descriptive research on Secondary data, collected from official website of Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2019, Indian government. The present study Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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covers a period of nineteen assessment year starting from 2000-01 to 2018-19. Descriptive statistics also used to analyze the periodical effect of data. ❖ IMPORTANCE OF DAIRY SECTOR IN INDIA: Dairy farming is an important for farmers to increase their earnings and access to more nutritious food for their families. While subsistence dairy farming provides not only fresh milk and a source of basic income, value-added products, such as yogurt and cheese provide a higher source of revenue. Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. The manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. Dairy farming is now taken up as a main occupation around big urban centres where the demand for milk is high. ❖ SUSTAINABILITY OF INDIAN DAIRY FARMING SYSTEMS: Dairy sector continues to be one of the major livelihood sources for rural India and a significant contributor to the country’s agricultural economy. Livestock sector, which comprises of majorly milk and milk products, contributes a large share to the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP).

It contributed over 4.1% to the overall GDP during 2012-13. Dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed the most important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities particularly for women and marginal farmers. About 15.46 million farmers have been brought under the ambit of 1,62,600 village level dairy corporative societies up to March, 2014. The dairy industry is still predominantly unorganized with only 20-25% of milk production being routed through the organized channel.

Private players account for approximately 55% of milk routed through the organized channel and rest 45% is procured by the cooperatives. Growing private sector investment in dairy farming, supply chain, processing facilities and backward integration is providing further impetus to India’s dairy industry. ❖ DAIRY PRODUCTION: India has the largest bovine population in the world. However, the milk production per animal is significantly low as compared to the other major dairy producers. Moreover, nearly all of the dairy produce in India is consumed domestically, with the ma jority of it being sold as fluid milk. On account of this, the Indian dairy industry holds tremendous potential for value-addition and overall development. In most developing countries, milk is produced by smallholders, and milk production contributes to household livelihoods, food security and nutrition. Milk provides relatively quick returns for small-scale producers and is an important source of cash income. In recent decades, developing countries have increased their share in global dairy production. This growth is mostly the result of an increase in numbers of producing animals rather than a rise in productivity per head. In many developing countries, dairy productivity is constrained by poor-quality feed resources, diseases, limited access to markets and services (e.g., health, credit and training) and dairy animals’ low genetic potential for milk production. Unlike developed countries, many developing countries have hot and/or humid climates that are unfavourable for dairying. Some countries in the developing world have a long tradition of milk production, and milk or its products have an important role in the diet. Other countries have established significant dairy production only recently. Most of the former countries are located in the Mediterranean and Near East, the Indian subcontinent, the savannah regions of West Africa, the highlands of East Africa and parts of South and Central America. Countries without a long tradition of dairy production are in Southeast Asia (including China) and tropical regions with high ambient temperatures and/or humidity.

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Table:1- Milk Production and per capita availability of milk in India Year Production (Million Per Capita Avilabilty (Gms/day) Tonnes) 2000-01 80.6 217 2001-02 84.4 222 2002-03 86.2 224 2003-04 88.1 225 2004-05 92.5 233 2005-06 97.1 241 2006-07 102.6 251 2007-08 107.9 260 2008-09 112.2 266 2009-10 116.4 273 2010-11 121.8 281 2011-12 127.9 290 2012-13 132.4 299 2013-14 137.7 307 2014-15 148.3 322 2015-16 155.5 337 2016-17 165.4 355 2017-18 176.3 375 2018-19 187.7 394 Source: Animal Husbandry Statistics 2019, Govt. of India.

A trend showing the increase in milk production over the past few decades is depicted in the table.

There is a consistent increase in the production of milk, over the years. The milk production has increased from 176.3 million tonnes in 2017-18 to 187.7 million tonnes in 2018-19 registering a growth of 6.5%. Also, the per capita availability of milk since 2004-05. The per capita availability has increased from 233 gm/day in 2004-05to 394 gm/day in 2018-19 as illustrate in the table.

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Figure-1- Milk production and per capita availability of Milk in India

Table:1- Milk Production and per capita availability of milk in India Production (Million Tonnes) Table:1- Milk Production and per capita availability of milk in India Per Capita Avilabilty (Gms/day)

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❖ PROCESSING OF DAIRY INDUSTRY: The milk processing industry is small compared to the huge amount of milk produced every year. Only 10% of all the milk is delivered to some 400 dairy plants. A specific Indian phenomenon is the unorganised sector of milkmen, vendors who collects the milk from local producers and sell the milk in both, urban and non-urban areas, which handles around 65-70% of the national milk production. In the organised dairy industry, the cooperative milk processors have a 60% market share. The cooperative dairies process 90% of the collected milk as liquid milk, whereas the private dairies process and sell only 20% of the milk collected as liquid milk and 80% for other dairy products with a focus on value-added products.

State-wise segment insights: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat have been the major milk producing states in India.

Uttar Pradesh is the largest dairy and milk-producing state because it is home to the highest buffalo population and the second-highest cattle population in the country. The majority of rural population in the state is engaged in livestock rearing and dairying. Gujarat has numerous cooperative dairy milk unions, private dairy plants, and primary milk cooperative societies, which play crucial role in the production of milk in the state.

Table:2 - State-wise Per Capita Availability of Milk during 2018-19 States Per Capita Avilabilty Punjab 1181 Haryana 1087 Rajasthan 870 Gujarat 626 Andhra Pradesh 623 Madhya Pradesh 538 Jammu &Kashmir 401 All India 394 UttraPradesh 371 Karnataka 344 Tamil Nadu 322 Maharashtra 266 Bihar 251 Kerala 189 West Bengal 158 Source: Animal Husbandry Statistics 2019, Govt. of India

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ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5 Figure:2 - State-wise Per Capita Availability of Milk during 2018-19 Per Capita Avilabilty West Bengal Bihar Tamil Nadu UttraPradesh Jammu &Kashmir Andhra Pradesh Rajasthan Punjab 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

The table shows the per-capita availability of Milk during 2018-19 in various States/UTs including the All-India average. The graph shows that 7 States are having per-capita availability more than the National average with highest per-capita availability in Punjab. It is observed that the success of the initiatives taken to increase the milk production in view of increasing population is highlighted with the constant increase in the per capita availability of milk across the country. ❖ EMPLOYMENT: The dairy sector can play an important role in providing jobs for rural communities. Dairy production and processing provide employment, not only to people who work on dairy farms or in dairy plants, but also to the whole sector, from upstream to downstream. At farm level, it is possible to account for the number of people working on dairy farms in comparison with the total agricultural labour force, as was done recently for 27 countries.4 On average, dairy labour force represented 3% of all agricultural employment, but this figure covers a wide range of situations. To put it straight, the first thing it does is generate employment opportunities. The more factories the more is employment. And it isn’t a rocket science to understand. Sure, these days, machines have reduced manual labor greatly, but in an industry, particularly an FMCG, one cannot deny the importance of manual labour. That, in turn, generates quite a good number of employments. ❖ EXPORT-IMPORT: In spite of having largest milk production, India is a very minor player in the world market.

India was primarily an import dependent country till early seventies. Most of the demand-supply gaps of liquid milk requirements for urban consumers were met by importing anhydrous milk fat / butter and dry milk powders. But with the onset of Operation Flood Programme, the scenario dramatically changed and commercial imports of dairy products came to a halt except occasional imports of very small quantities. In the 1990s, India started exporting surplus dairy commodities, such as SMP, WMP, butter and ghee. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) regulated the export and import of dairy products till early 1990s. However, in the new EXIM Policy announced in April 2000, the Union Government has allowed the free import and export of most dairy products. From India, the export of dairy products has increased to countries like Bhutan, Afghanistan, Canada, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

India has also imported a significant number of dairy products from countries like France, New Zealand, Ireland, Ukraine and Italy. Key growth drivers of the market India's livestock sector is regarded as one of the largest in the world with a bovine population of 299.9 mn, which comprises Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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of cattle, buffalo and yak. The growth of the Indian dairy and milk processing market is ensured by the steady supply of milk which is the primary raw material for this industry. ❖ CONCLUSION: The dairy industry has the potential to improve the income of the rural mass, better nutrition for the women, better self-employment and hence is a very critical area for investment. The dairy industry is providing a better livelihood for them. It generates employment for a greater number of rural people with the least unit cost of employment. India recorded a moderate growth rate in the dairy industry during the period in reference. With an increase in demand on one hand and sluggish supply on the other, the government needs to intervene for improving the dairy industry in India. ❖ REFERENCES: 1. Deshmukh. M. S. (2014) Growth and Performance of Dairy Sector in India, Voice of Research, Volume 3, Issue 2.

2. FAO (2019). Dairy Market Review: Overview of global dairy market developments in 2018.

3. Goyal, T. M.; Mukherjee, A. and Kapoor, A. (2017) India's Exports of Food Products: Food Safety Related Issues and Way Forward, Working Paper No.345.

4. Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Site Developed & They are maintained by Logic soft, New Delhi 5. Deshmukh. M. S. (2014) Growth and Performance of Dairy Sector in India, Voice of Research, Volume 3, Issue 2.

6. Agriculture Investment Source book, April 2013.

7. Koteswara Rao. M. (2017) Factors Affecting Milk Production: A Case Study in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 36, No.1.

8. Faye, B. & Konuspayeva, G. 2012. The sustainability challenge to the dairy sector– The growing importance of non-cattle milk production worldwide. International Dairy Journal, 24 (2).

9. Park,Y.W.&Haenlein,G.F.W.,eds. 2006. Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals. Iowa, USA, Blackwell Publishing.

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DIP: 18.10.1300710322.017

SOLUTION OF FOUR LINEAR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF IST ORDER USING FOR LOOP IN A SINGLE PROGRAM WITH THE INITIAL CONDITIONS IN SCILAB SOFTWARE 5.5.2 POLLY BISWAS Assistant Professor Department of Physics, Maitreyi College (University of Delhi), Chanakyapuri New Delhi-110021.

DR. RAVINDRA SINGH Assistant Professor Department of Physics, Shivaji College (University of Delhi), Raja Garden, New Delhi-110027.

❖ ABSTRACT: As we know that the differential equations are the vital part of science and engineering. The linear ordinary differential equations (LODEs) have been solved using Scilab. In this paper we have solved four linear ordinary differential equations of Ist order using for loop in a single program in Scilab software 5.5.2 with the initial conditions. The commands of the programs are given in the paper.

Keywors: Scilab software (5.5.2), for loop and linear ordinary differential equations. ❖ INTRODUCTION: The differential equations are important part of the science and engineering. In branch of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Computational subjects etc., we frequently encounter with the problems of the differential equations. In daily life there is much use of the differential equations. The differential equations can be solved by many methods. There are some methods to solve the differential equations such as finite difference method, D’ operator method and Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers etc. But in this paper we solved the differential equations by ordinary method using Scilab. Like others software Scilab is capable to solve the problems numerically or with simulations (X-cos). Plotting and solution of the differential equations is very easy with Scilab. The Scialb is an open source software which is mostly used in companies, industries and research institutions etc. [1]. The differential equations by different methods had been compared under certain conditions [2]. In numerical analysis many times we face Euler’s problem, the computational solution of the modified Euler’s method and Euler’s method had been done [3]. The comprehensive study of the equations had been discussed and proposed by the authors [4-6]. The exact solution with initial value problems were compared for differential equations [7]. The differential equations also can solved by Matlab which is much better and advanced software. The study and the comparison of three statistical distributions viz. B-E, F-D & M-B distribution had been done using Scilab [8]. So we can say that there is much demand of this software, for simulation it is so advanced & friendly. It occupies less space on the device and there Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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is no requirement of high RAM for the device. Some authors presented the experiment on grid computing environment [9]. The study of Gauss-Legendre-Quadrate and integration of ordinary differential equations had been done and the formulae were developed using Taylor’s series [10].

The Scilab having wide applications, it’s numerical application is more advanced and capable of solving ordinary differential equations [11].

SCILAB CODES: The codes have been done in scinotes instead of console for the following differential equations. ⅆ𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2) = 1 (1) ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦

𝑥

− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)

(2)

+

(3)

𝑥 ⅇ ( ⁄5) 𝑦

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)

−𝑥 3

− ⅇ .𝑦 + 5 = 𝑥 funcprot(0); clf for m=1:4; function ydot=f(x, y); if m==1 then ydot=1-sin(x/2); end if m==2 then ydot=cos(x)+(sin(x/2))*y; end if m==3 then ydot=cos(x)-(exp(x/5))*y; end if m==4 then ydot=x-5+(exp(-x.^3))*y; end endfunction x0=0; y0=0; x=[0:0.2:15]; y=ode(y0,x0,x,f); scf(m) plot(x,y,'r-->') xtitle(['1st order ODE'],['X'],['Y'],boxed=%t) end ⅆ𝑥

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Plot for eqn. (1)

Plot for eqn. (3)

Plot for eqn. (2)

Plot for eqn. (4)

❖ CONCLUSIONS: The differential equations are essential in the branch of science and engineering. In this paper four Ist order linear ordinary differential equations have been solved using for loop in a single program in Scilab software 5.5.2 with the initial conditions; the solution is solved numerically then plotting for x and y. The commands or scicodes of the program are given in the paper. The ODEs cab be solved easily using Scilab. ❖ REFERENCES: 1. S. Sarnaik & S. Savant, “International Conference on Advances in Information Technology and Management ICAIM”, Int. J. of Comp. Appls. (0975 – 8887) 5-8 (2016).

2. P. Biswas et.al., “The Equations of Motion of The Electron Under Certain Conditions with an Electric Field & Path Comparison”, Expl. the Sci. Research vol 2 International Book of Multidisciplinary Studies, (2021).

3. S. Qureshi, Z. Menon and and M.S Chandio., “On the construction and comparison of an explicit iterative algorithm with non-standard finite difference schemes,” Mathematical Theory and Modelling, 3, 78-87 (2013).

4. T. Brauers & B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, “Analysis of relative rate measurements”, Int. J. Chem.

Kin., 29, 665–672 (1997).

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5. D. York et.al., “Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line”, Am J. Phys., 72(3), 367–375 (2004).

6. I. Markovsky & S. Van Huffel, “Overview of total least-squares methods”, Sig. Proc., 87, 2283–2302 (2007).

7. P. Yaswanth, & L. Naveen, “Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equation using Scilab”, IJSDR, 4(10) 93-97 (2019).

8. P. Biswas et.al., “The Study of F-D, B-E & M-B Distribution with Energy at Different Temperatures with Scilab Software”, Nat. J. of Envir. & Sci. Research, 2(6), 52-59 (2021).

9. Z. Zhang et.al., “The Research of Scientific Computing Environment on Scilab”, Advanced Web and Network Technologies, and Applications 3842, 791-798 (2006).

10. M. Podisuk, “International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Science”, 5(2), 387- 394 (2011).

11. E. U. Gilbeto., “Ordinary Differential Equations with Scilab”, InforClearinghouse.com, pages, 3-4 (2001).

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ROLE OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY AND NEED OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT DR. SIDDHARTH SAINI Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce Anand Vihar College for Women, Bhopal (M.P.)

DR. VANDANA MISHRA Assistant Professor, Department of Hindi Shri Vaishnav College of Commerce, Indore (M.P)

❖ ABSTRACT Women play a great role in the growth and development of the society and making it an advanced and modern society. There is a famous saying by the Brigham Young that, “You educate a man; you educate a man. You educate a woman; you educate a generation.” Earlier, when the lives of women were worse than slaves, women were considered as animals and used as sex toys. It was a sin for women to give birth to a girl baby, either they were killed, buried alive or thrown away by the male head of the family. However, the condition has become advance now in many means but not completely. In today’s society, women have achieved a very active role. All this happened because of a long fight that is still going on somewhere. Women started their empowerment in the world war 2 after which all rights of women have been recognized in the civilized countries.

The empowerment of women is a very important task that all should undertake. This is because empowering women is equal to empowering the whole community and generations to come. There are many ways in which girls and women can be empowered, which are discussed in this paper along with its need and importance.

Keywords: Empowerment, Society, Upliftment, Education, Encouragement. ❖ INTRODUCTION The term society refers not to group of people but to the complex pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among and between them. It consists of not only mutual interactions and mutual interrelations of the individuals but it is also a structure formed by these relations.

Since ancient times, India has accommodated different elements of society without letting them lose their separate identities Jawahar Lal Nehru writes in The Discovery of India- “Indian Society and Culture is like some ancient palimpsest on which layer upon layer of thought and reverie had been inscribed”.

Indian society traces its origin to the earliest times, going back to more than 4,000 years. Indian society is a pluralistic society. Full of diversities of language, region, religion, caste and customs, Indian society is moving towards the modernization. The establishment of democracy in India that rests on the principles of equality, freedom and universal franchise, changed the traditional Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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structure of Indian society. Villages are the pillars of Indian society and Indian culture. For the same reason even the East India Company had considered the study of Indian villages. ❖ WOMEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY

For time immemorial women in general been forced to occupy a secondary place in relation to men. Women have been relegated to the margins in spite of the fact that they are numerically half of the world's population.

This has resulted in women being unable to take a place of human dignity as free and independent entities associated with men on an intellectual and professional equal wavelength.

In the ancient period women were known to engage in many productive activities but over the time reproduction and challenges of pregnancy and childbirth gradually made her dependent on men for protection and food.

The worth of a civilization can be judged by the place given to women in the society. One of several factors that justify the greatness of India's ancient culture is the honorable place granted to women. The Muslim influence on India caused considerable deterioration in the status of women. They were deprived of their rights of equality with men. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started a movement against this inequality and subjugation.

The contact of Indian culture with that of the British also brought improvement in the status of women. The third factor in the revival of women's position was the influence of Mahatma Gandhi who induced women to participate in the Freedom Movement. As a result of this retrieval of freedom, women in Indian have distinguished themselves as teachers, nurses, air-hostesses, booking clerks, receptionists, and doctors. They are also participating in politics and administration.

But in spite of this enhancement in the status of women, the evils of illiteracy, dowry, ignorance, and economic slavery would have to be fully removed in order to give them their rightful place in Indian society.

Nearly 1/6th of the world’s women live in India and many of them had adorned high offices like that of President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of the Opposition, yet there are innumerable women who rarely step outside their homes.

Challenges faced by Indian women derives from Hegemonic patriarchy, which is prevalent in Indian society. It means the idea that discrimination against women appears to be common sense to such an extent that not only men but even women also become the supporter and wrongdoer of the very notion which discriminates against them.

Gender Discrimination: The pay gap between a male and a female employee, lack of adequate representation of female leaders in parliament, dowry harassment, lack of equal opportunities both in private and public sector jobs and social stereotypes and stigmas attached with the concept of gender has been a challenging problem for our country from many years. In spite of a separate ministry formed for empowering women in the country, due to lack of educational and social awareness, women have been mistreated in the country both in public and private spaces.

Female Feticide: India has banned the medical facility from disclosing the gender of the baby before its birth. This was a highly required policy in a country where female foeticide is at an all-time high. Killing of babies inside a womb because the gender of the baby is female, is considered to be a crime in the country. And in spite of strict law and order in place, female foeticide continues to exist in India. The reason behind this is a false social stigma associated with girls in the country assuming that girls are a financial and social burden for the parents. Proper educational and awareness, campaigns need to be conducted, especially in rural India to educate people about the importance of a girl child in a family.

There is poor status of women in Indian society although they are facing various problems like domestic violence, rapes, eve teasing, dowry, child marriage, female feticide, sexual harassment, under waged, inequality in business and profession/jobs for promotions and many other problems.

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women but still it is found that male dominating society can not change its orthodox thought for women, they are still suppressed. Males always control females in various ways as father to daughter, as husband to wife, as brother to sister in terms of dressing sense, Time constraint, financial dependency, no right to make decision and so on. ❖ THIS LEADS TO VARIOUS PROBLEMS LIKE: • Oppression against women starts right from the womb: Female infanticide. → This can be reflected in poor child sex ratio, i.e. 919/1000 according to census 2011.

• Girls are the worst sufferer of the vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition. → This is augmented by a lack of education and reproductive rights.

• Motherhood penalty: → The primary responsibility of taking care of family and bringing up the child is still on the women. This includes unpaid care work such as childcare, elderly care, and household work. Many women due to family pressures have to retreat from the workforce.

• Declining female labour force participation rate (LFPR) → Despite increasing levels of education and declining fertility rates, the current female LFPR is 23.7%.

• Commodification of women → The women are either shown as docile homemakers or they are shown as sex symbols trying to convince the public at large to buy the product.

• Pink collarisation of jobs → The women are mostly deemed fit for “pink-collar jobs” only, such as teachers, nurses, receptionist, babysitter, lecturer etc. which have been stereotyped for women. This denies them opportunities in other fields • Glass ceilings → Women in India face artificial barriers like stereotypes, media-related issues, informal boundaries, which prevent them from advancing upward in their organization into management-level positions. This can be reflected in an increasing wage gap between men and women.

• Sexual harassment at the workplace → #Metoo movement shed light on numerous instances of sexual harassment at the workplace.

However, due to the slow judicial system, justice hasn’t been delivered to these women.

• Lack of political participation of women → Indian Parliament currently has 11.8% women representation, and state assemblies have only 9%. Even though the 73rd constitutional amendment act mandates 33% of panchayat seats to be reserved for women. However, The dichotomy between representation and participation can be reflected by the prevalence of “Sarpanch Pati”. ❖ NEED OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT There are multiple causes of population growth in India such as child marriage and multi marriage system, religious superstitions, illiteracy and unawareness, poverty etc. However, they are Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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in one way or the other linked to the poor condition of women in the nation. Thus empowering women can play a crucial role in controlling the population growth. Reasons for need of women empowerment are as below• Women are at times financially weak to pay for needed family planning and health services.

Access to and control over productive resources will result in increased voice, agency and meaningful participation in decision-making at all levels from family planning to the time of conceiving.

• The failure of family planning is directly related to large-scale illiteracy that also contributes to the early age of marriage, low status of women, high child-mortality rate etc. They are least aware of the various ways to control population, usage of contraceptives and birth control measures.

• Uneducated families cannot grasp the issues and problems caused by the increasing population rate. Education has a transformative impact on girls. Educated girls tend to work more, earn more, expand their horizons, marry and start having children later with fewer children.

• Fertility rates are high because of misinformation about side-effects of contraceptives, lack of knowledge about the benefits of small families, and religious or male opposition to contraception.

• Any woman with multiple children spends most of her life as a mother and wife. She cannot play any meaningful role in her community and society until she is able to limit her family to a proper size. ❖ • • • • • •

SUGGESTIONS Indian Society doesn’t need better laws but better implementation and strong actions.

Reservation in parliament for women must be implemented as soon as possible.

The government must empower women through Self-help groups so that they can become financially independent.

Affirmative action should be pursued by the government to induct more and more women into positions of authority.

Supreme court judgement of decriminalizing adultery and homosexuality, have reaffirmed women’s right to sexual autonomy.

Women’s issues are not a political problem but a social issue, Hence it requires a cultural revolution. Movies like Padman and Toilet will help in challenging the hegemonic patriarchy. Apart from it, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative is a step in the right direction.

❖ CONCLUSION The government, NGOs and the people of society have to work together to solve the problem of overpopulation in our country. India, however, needs to put more efforts on empowering its women who can help the country curb the growth of its population.

It is also crucial to sensitize men and boys at a young age, so they become an integral part in bringing about a transformation of women empowerment in Indian society. When men start respecting women and accepting them as equals, a lot of gender-based inequalities will reduce considerably.

In order to improve the condition of Indian women, society must remember words of J.L. Nehru: “India To awaken the people, it is the woman who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, the nation moves”.

Women empowerment and gender equality has proven to be good for the economy, for business, for a country’s happiness and of course for the men. Women empowerment has to begin with women's active participation. Unless women throw off the shackles that ignore their talent, skill and spirit women through education and economic self-reliance, cannot be empowered. Unless they are Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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empowered to take a decisive part in the social, political and economic life of the country the very development of the country will be lop-sided. ❖ REFERENCES 1. Essay on Women Empowerment: UPSC Essay Paper Sample to Understand. (n.d.). UPSC Pathshala. Retrieved March 3, 2021, from https://upscpathshala.com/content/essay-onwomen-empowerment-upsc-paper-sample-understand/ 2. Bergin, J. (n.d.). Redefining women’s empowerment in South-East Asia. Asia Society.

Retrieved March 5, 2021, from https://asiasociety.org/australia/redefining-womensempowerment-south-east-asia 3. Women empowerment poster | Homework Help | myCBSEguide. (n.d.).

Www.Mycbseguide.Com. Retrieved March 1, 2021, from https://mycbseguide.com/questions/531067/ 4. Why Women Empowerment is needed? (n.d.). Unacademy. Retrieved March 2, 2021, from https://unacademy.com/lesson/why-women-empowerment-is-needed/SEFJ91H5 5. Need for Women Empowerment. (n.d.). Www.Azadindia.Org. Retrieved January 30, 2021, from https://www.azadindia.org/social-issues/need-for-women-empowerment.html 6. Evirtualguru.com women empowerment - Google zoeken. (n.d.). evirtualguru.com.

Retrieved March 5, 2021, from https://www.google.com/search?q=evirtualguru.com+women+empowerment&rlz=1C1CHB D_enIN846IN846&oq=evirtualguru.com+women+empowerment&aqs=chrome..69i57.2040 5j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 7. Empowerment of Women Essay examples - 691 Words | Bartleby. (n.d.).

Www.Bartleby.Com. Retrieved March 4, 2021, from https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Empowerment-of-Women-PKZ9LZYVC

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ROLE OF SOCIETY IN MITIGATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN DR. VIKAS BAKSHI Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce Shri Vaishnav College of Commerce, Indore (M.P.)

PROF. JAYA KAMERIYA Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce Shri Vaishnav College of Commerce, Indore (M.P.)

❖ ABSTRACT The only entity who is responsible for the entire development of family or State or whole nation is a “woman”. As an individual, they can flawlessly play various roles in everyday life with grace. In the world population, women comprise of about half, but since centuries have been the neglected fraction of the society as the source of potential towards economic activity.

However current times have changed, and women have become equal competent as men in every field, but still it is found that women are facing violence against them.

Gender issues include all aspects and concerns related to women's and men's lives and situation in society, to the way they interrelate, their differences in access to and use of resources, their activities, and how they react to changes, interventions and policies. Violence against women and girls takes many different forms, including domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment, child, early and forced marriage, sex trafficking, so called ‘honor’ crimes and female genital mutilation. It is rooted in the gender inequality that women face throughout their lives from childhood through to old age.

This paper is an attempt to understand role of society in mitigating violence against women as well as it describes that society is the key player to uplift women and mitigate violence against them. Number of suggestions have been included in this paper to explain the role of society.

Keywords: Violence, Upliftment, Rights, Crime, Awareness, Society. ❖ INTRODUCTION Throughout history, the central role of women in society has ensured the stability, progress and long-term development of nations. Globally, women comprise 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force – rising to 70% in some countries. For instance, across Africa, 80% of the agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It’s widely accepted that agriculture can be the engine of growth and poverty reduction in developing nations. Women, notably mothers, play the largest role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet.

And, women self-report more often their initiative in preserving child health and nutrition.

“Rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutrition security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall well-being.”

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It is the mother in the family who most often urges children of both genders to attend – and stay – in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvements leading to the family’s, the community’s long-term capacity.

“When women are empowered and can claim their rights and access to land, leadership, opportunities and choices, economies grow, food security is enhanced and prospects are improved for current and future generations.” – Michelle Bachelet, Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of UN Women.

In early times, the status of women in India was inferior to man in the practical life. However, they had a higher status in sacred scripture. They are considered as the perfect homemaker in the world. With their incomparable quality of calmness of mind, they can easily handle the toughest situation. Indian women are completely devoted to their families. They are addressed and respected as Goddess Saraswati, Durga, Parvati and Kali but only for saying not in behavior. Number of violence and criminal happenings against women are seen in society. ❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To prepare this paper descriptive method of research is used and information and data presented in this paper are gathered from secondary sources. ❖ OBJECTIVES The sole objective of the paper is to study role of society in mitigating violence against women. ❖ VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Violence against women and girls is also a gender and development issue. s the UN General Assembly’s 1993 definition of violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women” (United Nations 1993). Violence against women affects women everywhere. It impacts women’s health, hampers their ability to participate fully in society, affects their enjoyment of sexual and reproductive health and rights, and is a source of tremendous physical and psychological suffering for both women and their families. ❖ BITTER FACTS • More than one in three women (35.6%) globally report having experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, or sexual violence by a non-partner • Globally, 38% of all murders of women are committed by their intimate partners • 42% of women who have been physically and/or sexually abused by a partner have experienced injuries as a result of that violence • 7.2% of adult women have experienced sexual violence by a non- partner Source: WHO, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council- Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence (2013) •

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- Domestic violence is a pattern of abuse that happens in a personal relationship. It occurs when one person in an intimate relationship or marriage tries to dominate and control the other person. Violence is a deliberate choice made by the abuser in order to take control over their partner. Domestic violence or sexual violence may occur without warning. Sometimes, however, there may be signs or red flags that serve as warnings that the relationship is abusive.

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❖ TYPES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ABUSE • Emotional or Psychological Abuse- Threaten suicide to get women to do something • Physical Abuse- Push, slap hit, choke, bite, kick or restrain • Sexual Abuse- force woman to have sex or perform sexual acts that she doesn’t want or like • Economic or Financial Abuse- Takes her money, makes her ask for money or gives her an allowance •

• • • •

• •

BULLYING- Bullying means someone hacked into any woman’s email/social media accounts and used it to send mean or inappropriate emails, someone spread lies or rumours about any women via email/text/social media or/and any woman has stopped going to certain places because she is afraid that she will be bullied. Bullying behavior includesPHYSICAL- Someone who hurts anyone’s body and/or possessions.

VERBAL- Having someone say or write mean things about any female.

SOCIAL- Someone hurting any female’s reputation or relationships any females has with others.

CYBER OR ELECTRONIC- Bullying using the Internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person.

• STALKING- Stalking means same person kept showing up wherever female were: at school, work, the gym, social events. Maybe when the cards and gifts first started arriving, she thought it was romantic to have a secret admirer, but These are all indications that a woman is being stalked. Stalking includes unwanted calls, messages, spreading rumors, following/spying, appearing at places frequented by the victim without having a reason for being there. Stalking can be PHYSICAL- Sending unwanted gifts or cards, showing up at any woman’s home, school or other places without being invited, spying on any women.

ELECTRONIC- Using the internet, cell phones, social media and other technology to harass someone with false accusations, threats or spamming, or monitoring someone’s activities.

• DOWRY VIOLENCE- Violence perpetrated on an incoming bride by her spouse or marital family in retaliation for her and her family’s inability to meet the dowry demands of the groom or his family or when the intended groom wishes to remarry to obtain another dowry. Dowry violence may take the form of harassment that leads to death, known as “dowry death.”

• TRAFFICKING- “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation,” such as prostitution or other commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor or slavery (UNODC 2004, 42).

• HONOR CRIMES- with a focus on honor killing “A variety of manifestations of violence against women, including ‘honor killings,’ assault, confinement or imprisonment, and interference with choice in marriage, where the publicly articulated ‘justification’ is attributed to a social order claimed to require the preservation of a concept of ‘honor’ vested in male (family and/or conjugal) control over women and specifically women’s sexual conduct: actual, suspected or potential” (Welchman and Hossain 2005, 4).

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❖ ROLE OF SOCIETY IN MITIGATING VIOLENECE AGAINST WOMEN Societies are the most inclusive and complex social organisations in today’s world. Society is one of the most integral parts of our life. A society is mainly defined as a collection of individuals.

It consists of individuals belonging to male and female and different age groups.

Women in society play very important role as discussed earlier in this paper but yet their status in poor. Bad practice with women can be seen in each class of society whether it is rich or middle class to poor. As the time passed, with the technological advancement, form of violence against women have also modernized which have been discussed already in this paper. Hence there is need to mitigate violence against women and society is the key player which can make it possible.

It is the society which can transform status of women, few suggestions are as follow• A few women-initiated community-level responses to domestic violence are praise worthy. The Nari Adalat and Sahara Sangh initiatives have been organized by the Department of Education's Mahila Samakya Program in two districts of Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Salishe, a traditional method, is being utilized by the Nongovernment Organisation Shramajibee Mahila Samiti in West Bengal. The ICRW conducted a television program in four channels entitled “Bol”. It created awareness among women.

• The emphasis should be on prevention and rehabilitation in case of rape. Society should boycott the culprit of rape case and make male understand to protect females’ modesty and dignity.

• There should be prohibition of alcohol use in mass gatherings in institutions, public places like trains and buses. The number of alcohol outlets should be decreased. The age for purchasing alcohol may be raised to 30 years.

• Sexual material should be censored. Good themes, which condemn violence and glorify rehabilitation of the victim, should be projected. Ban on pornography should be strictly implemented. The sites may be blocked.

• Gender sensitization by parents and teachers is needed regarding the sensitivities and boundaries of man-woman relationships.

• Parents and teachers should strive to infuse good moral and religious values in children and serve as role models.

• media efforts need to engage also with behavioral interventions so that their impact on norms and awareness of violence can be sustained and can feed into behavior change efforts.

• address the individual, household, institutional, and social norms and other macro-level risks by supporting parental and societal investment in girls, clarifying and enforcing laws to protect against all forms of violence, working more effectively with all members of households and communities, and engaging men and boys in efforts to change gender norms. ❖ CONCLUSION The historical analysis of the position of women in ancient India shows that women did not share an equal position with men. Women were recognised only as wives and mothers. Their position was as subordinate to men. As in all patriarchal societies during that age, the birth of a daughter was unwelcome. The position of women gradually deteriorated not only in the society but also in the family. Manu starts with the fundamental principle that women must be kept all day and night in control by the males of their families. Her father protects her in childhood, her husband protects her in youth, and her sons protect her in old age; a woman is never fit for living independently.

Now a days, the status of women in India has greatly improved and there are many women who are holding high and prestigious position in the government offices and private companies. The activities of women are in all sides of present day economy in India. This has proved that, women can be even better than man if they are given an opportunity. The women should be given equal opportunity like their male counterparts by the central and state governments of India.

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The women have completely transformed in the modern day, the urban women specially has changed from being a mere homemaker to the modern day multitasking women, handling responsibility without fear. She had taken on the world with confidence. Women of today handle their duties and chores at home, manage a career outside their home, nurture their children and balance their family lives with their professions. This is the scene in most of the urban households today. Modern day women are independent, takes right decisions boldly, stands up for their rights and walks the path of success. Kalpana Chawla, Indra Nooyi, Susma Swaraj, Aishwarya Rai, Susmita Sen and many more women achievers are a prime example. This could come to possible by efforts of society and if it remains continued then definitely violence against women would get completely mitigated in near future. ❖ REFERENCE 1. Gran, M. (n.d.). The Global Role of Women – Caretakers, Conscience, Farmers, Educators and Entrepreneurs.

Global Volunteers.

Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https://globalvolunteers.org/global-role-ofwomen/#:%7E:text=The%20Global%20Role%20of%20Women%20%E2%80%93%20Caretak ers%2C%20Conscience%2C%20Farmers%2C,long%2Dterm%20development%20of%20natio ns.&text=Women%2C%20notably%20mothers%2C%20play%20the,family%20meal%20plann ing%20and%20diet 2. North East News Live - Latest North East Now India News. (n.d.). The Sentinel Assam.

Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news 3. Srivastava, P. (n.d.). Status of Women in India: Ancient, Medieval and Modern | Sociology.

Sociology Discussion - Discuss Anything About Sociology. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://www.sociologydiscussion.com/status-of-women/status-of-women-in-india-ancientmedieval-and-modernsociology/13526#:%7E:text=The%20historical%20analysis%20of%20the,was%20as%20subor dinate%20to%20men 4. Violence against women: Where are the solutions? (n.d.). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462781/ 5. New Choices | Teen Dating Violence. (n.d.). Www.Newchoiceinc.Org. Retrieved March 1, 2021, from https://newchoicesinc.org/teen-dating-violence/ 6. Solotaroff, J. L. (n.d.). Violence against Women and Girls : Lessons from South Asia.

Https://Openknowledge.Worldbank.Org/Handle/10986/20153. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20153

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AWARENESS OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES IN SCHOOLS AMONG STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH) DR. VINOD KUMAR CHERUKURI Academic Counsellor, Dept. of Political Science, Centre for Distance Education, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, Guntur District, (Andhra Pradesh)

❖ ABSTRACT: School infrastructure refers to school buildings, playgrounds, public facilities, libraries, laboratories, facilities, etc. Infrastructure. Institutions contribute to the learning environment. It is widely known that the availability of infrastructure facilities in schools has a considerable impact on the school environment and it is one of the important indicators for assessing whether the schools are providing a conducive learning environment for children. The importance of the availability of physical facilities in schools and their optimum use has been a matter of concern across the globe. In this connection, the present study focus on awareness of infrastructural facilities at schools among students will bring the idea on infrastructural facilities in schools in the Guntur district.

Keywords: School infrastructure, Objectives, methodology, field results ❖ INTRODUCTION: The importance of a good school building with a sufficient number of classrooms and a large veranda, well-ventilated classrooms are the best for students. Sufficient light is the basic requirement in the school. There are many points to keep in mind when choosing the site to build the school. A school should not also be surrounded by public places such as cinemas, fish markets, vegetable markets, abattoirs, public latrines, factories, mills, etc.), a lake (drowning), or a crack (fire) factory, etc. Low-lying areas are not suitable for a school because they can harm the health of children. Of course, all of these things cannot be avoided in very large cities. Another important point is that every school campus should be surrounded by a fence. In general, it can be said that the school area is clean and safe for students. Several committees stressed the need for separate toilets for boys and girls and for drinking water. The construction of a school building must be solid. It must be waterproof; The stairs must be sturdy, wide, and durable.

Classrooms should have wooden furniture, steel lockers and shelves to hold files, etc. Students should sit together in the classroom for hours and listen, read or write. Therefore, desks and benches or tables and chairs in a school should be comfortable. When sitting, reading or writing on the desk, there should be sufficient distance between the student's eyes and the desk. The minimum distance is 30 cm. It is best if the desk and bench are separate. All furniture purchased by a school must be of the highest quality. It must be robust, durable, easy to use, and functional. Furniture repairs should be done from time to time.

Playgrounds for children on the school campus will be a very important topic at all levels of education. Students need to be able to move freely outdoors so that they can physically grow. A large playground is needed for this. A playground should be simple and clean.

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A teacher is by far the most influential part of the quality of education. The form and pace of progress revolve around his/her personality. For students who truly belong to the more Impressionist age group, the teacher is a role model. The teacher is an important part of school management, without whose active participation it is not possible to develop the quality of the school. A good teacher's good teaching and sincerity help education to become truly value-based. It is the quality of education that helps to improve the quality of next-generation and thus the recruitment of highly qualified teachers becomes extremely important in connection with globalization. ❖ 1.

2.

3.

4.

OBJECTIVES: To find out the infrastructural facilities at school.

To find out the arrangements for guidance to weak students in the school.

To find out the safety and cleanliness of school surroundings.

To find out the relationship between teachers and students.

❖ 1.

2.

3.

HYPOTHESES: There is a separate arrangement for the weak students in the school.

There is no safety and cleanliness in the school surroundings.

There is a friendly bonding between teachers and students.

❖ METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE SELECTION: The present study was based on an empirical case study method. The data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The secondary data was collected from textbooks, journals, and open-access resources. The primary data was collected from the field area Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. The total sample size is 50 and male and female students are the sample respondents selected from government schools from the study area for this present study. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data. The researcher has chosen a simple random sampling technique to pick up sample respondents. The SPSS was used for field data analysis with cross-tabulation. ❖ RESULTS OF FIELD STUDY: The field study results are mentioned in the following: Table-01 Respondent’s position Gender of the respondents Upper primary school student Count 11 Male % within Gender 44.0% Female Count 3 % within Gender 12.0% Total Count 14 % within Gender 28.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

High School student 14 56.0% 22 88.0% 36 72.0%

Total 25 100.0% 25 100.0% 50 100.0%

Above table-01 shows the respondent position. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 72 (36) percent of the respondents are belonging to High school students while 28 (14) percent of the respondents are belonging to Upper primary school students.The table shows that most of the respondents are high school students.

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Table-02 Respondents’ response on School compound walls Gender of the respondents Yes No Male Count 19 6 % within Gender 76.0% 24.0% Female Count 11 14 % within Gender 44.0% 56.0% Total Count 30 20 % within Gender 60.0% 40.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

Total 25 100.0% 25 100.0% 50 100.0%

The above table-02 shows the respondents' responses to school compound walls. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 60 (30) percent of the respondents agree that their schools have compound walls while 40 (20) percent of the respondents are opinionated as their schools have no compound walls.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agree as their schools have compound walls.

Table-03 Respondents’ response on sufficient classrooms Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 20 5 25 % within Gender 80.0% 20.0% 100.0% Count 21 4 25 Female % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Total Count 41 9 50 % within Gender 82.0% 18.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-03 shows the respondents’ response to sufficient classrooms in their schools. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 82 (41) percent of the respondents agree that their schools have sufficient classrooms whereas 18 (9) percent of the respondents are opinionated as their schools have no sufficient classrooms.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agree their schools have sufficient classrooms.

Table-04 Respondents’ response on School playground Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 19 6 25 % within Gender 76.0% 24.0% 100.0% Female Count 17 8 25 % within Gender 68.0% 32.0% 100.0% Total Count 36 14 50 % within Gender 72.0% 28.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

Above table-04 shows the respondents’ responses on the school playground. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 72 (36) percent of the respondents agreed that their schools have a playground while 28 (14) percent of the respondents are opinionated as their schools have no playground.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agreed their schools have a playground.

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Table-05 Respondents’ response on Benches/tables /chairs are according to the height of the students Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 16 9 25 % within Gender 64.0% 36.0% 100.0% Female Count 17 8 25 % within Gender 68.0% 32.0% 100.0% Total Count 33 17 50 % within Gender 66.0% 34.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

Above table-05 shows the respondents’ responses on Benches/tables /chairs according to the height of the students. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 66 (33) percent of the respondents agreed that there are Benches/tables /chairs are according to the height of the students while 34 (17) percent of the respondents did not agree with the statement.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agree that there are Benches/tables /chairs are according to the height of the students.

Table-06 Respondents’ response on colour of benches/tables Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 8 17 25 % within Gender 32.0% 68.0% 100.0% Female Count 1 24 25 % within Gender 4.0% 96.0% 100.0% Total Count 9 41 50 % within Gender 18.0% 82.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-06 shows the Respondents’ responses to colour on benches/tables. The total number of respondents is 300. Out of the total respondents, 82 (41) per cent of the respondents opinionated as there is no colourful benches/tables in their school while 18 (9) per cent of the respondents agreed their school has colourful benches/tables.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents opinionated as there is no colourful benches/tables in their school.

Table-07 Respondents’ response on required sports material available according to the strength of students in school.

Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 6 19 25 % within Gender 24.0% 76.0% 100.0% Female Count 6 19 25 % within Gender 24.0% 76.0% 100.0% Total Count 12 38 50 % within Gender 24.0% 76.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-07 shows the respondents response on required sports material is available according to the strength of students in school. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 76 (38) per cent of the respondents are opinionated as there is no required sports material available according to the strength of students in school while 24 (12) per cent of the Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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respondents are agreed as there is required sports material available according to the strength of students in school.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents are opinionated as there is no required sports material available according to the strength of students in school.

Table-08 Respondents’ response on Filtered drinking water facilities at schools Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 18 7 25 % within Gender 72.0% 28.0% 100.0% Female Count 11 14 25 % within Gender 44.0% 56.0% 100.0% Total Count 29 21 50 % within Gender 58.0% 42.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-08 shows the respondents’ responses to filtered drinking water facilities at schools. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 58 (29) per cent of the respondents agreed that a filtered drinking water facility is available in schools while 42 (21) per cent of the respondents are opinionated that there is no filtered drinking water facility in their schools.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agree that filtered drinking water facilities are available in schools.

Table-09 Respondents’ response on separate toilets for girls and boys at school Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 21 4 25 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Female Count 13 12 25 % within Gender 52.0% 48.0% 100.0% Total Count 34 16 50 % within Gender 68.0% 32.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-09 shows the respondents’ responses on separate toilets for girls and boys at school. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 68 (34) per cent of the respondents agree that their schools have separate toilets for girls and boys at school while 32 (16) per cent of the respondents are opinionated that there is no toilet facility for students in their school.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agreed that their school has separate toilets for girls and boys at school.

Table-10 Respondents’ response on Improvement in present infrastructure Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 21 4 25 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Female Count 21 4 25 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Total Count 42 8 50 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

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The above table-10 shows the respondents response on improvement in present infrastructure. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 84 (42) per cent of the respondents are agreed that improvement in present infrastructure will be done with the present government policy Nadu-Nedu programme while 16 (8) per cent of the respondents are opinionated as that there is no improvement in present infrastructure in their school.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agreed that improvement in present infrastructure will be done with the present government policy of the Nadu-Nedu programme.

Table-11 Respondents’ response on separate arrangement for the guidance of weak students Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 21 4 25 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Female Count 21 4 25 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Total Count 42 8 50 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-11 shows the respondents’ response to separate arrangements for the guidance of weak students. The total number of respondents is 300. Out of the respondents, 84 (42) per cent of the respondents agreed there is a separate arrangement for the guidance of weak students in their schools while 16 (8) per cent of the respondents are opinionated as there is no separate arrangement for the guidance of weak students in their school.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agree that there is a separate arrangement for the guidance of weak students in their schools.

Table-12 Respondents’ response on safety and cleanliness of school surroundings Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 1 24 25 % within Gender 4.0% 96.0% 100.0% Female Count 8 17 25 % within Gender 32.0% 68.0% 100.0% Total Count 9 41 50 % within Gender 18.0% 82.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-12 shows the respondents’ responses on the safety and cleanliness of school surroundings. The total number of respondents is 50. Out of the total respondents, 82 (41) percent of the respondents are opinionated that there is no safety and cleanliness of school surroundings even though 18 (9) percent of the respondents are agreed their schools have safety and cleanliness of the school surroundings.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents are opinionated that there is no safety and cleanliness of school surroundings.

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Table-13 Respondents’ response on friendly bonding between the teachers and the class students Gender of the respondents Yes No Total Male Count 20 5 25 % within Gender 80.0% 20.0% 100.0% Female Count 22 3 25 % within Gender 88.0% 12.0% 100.0% Total Count 42 8 50 % within Gender 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% Source: Compiled from the collected primary data.

The above table-13 shows the respondents’ responses on friendly bonding between the teachers and the class students. The total respondents are50. Out of the total respondents, 84 (42) percent of the respondents agreed that a friendly bonding developed between the teachers and the class students whereas 16 (8) percent of the respondents are opinionated that there is no friendly bonding between the teachers and the class students in their school.

Hence, the table shows that most of the respondents agree that a friendly bonding is developed between the teachers and the class students. ❖ FINDINGS OF THE PRESENT FIELD STUDY:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Most of the respondents are high school students.

Most of the respondents agreed as their schools have compound walls.

Most of the respondents agreed their schools have sufficient classrooms.

Most of the respondents agreed their schools have a playground.

Most of the respondents agreed their school on Benches/tables /chairs are according to the height of the students.

6. Most of the respondents are opinionated that there is no colour benches/tables in their school.

7. Most of the respondents are opinionated as there is no required sports material available according to the strength of students in school.

8. Most of the respondents agreed that a filtered drinking water facility is available at schools.

9. Most of the respondents agreed that their school has separate toilets for girls and boys at school.

10. Most of the respondents are agreed that improvement in present infrastructure will be done with the present government policy Nadu-Nedu programme.

11. Most of the respondents agree as there is a separate arrangement for the guidance of weak students in their schools. Hence, the first hypothesis, “There is a separate arrangement for the weak students in the school.” was accepted fully.

12. Most of the respondents are of the opinion that there is no safety and cleanliness of school surroundings. Hence, the second hypothesis “There is a separate arrangement for the weak students in the school.” was accepted fully.

13. Most of the respondents agreed that a friendly bonding is developed between the teachers and the class students. Hence, the third hypothesis “There is a friendly bonding between teachers and students.” was accepted fully. ❖ SUGGESTIONS: Based on the present field study, there are some suggestions for the improvement of the school infrastructural facilities.

1. The government should provide the best infrastructural facilities for schools; it will help to impress students.

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2. The government should provide required sports material as per school strength for the physical fitness and mental relaxation of the students.

3. The government should provide filtered drinking water facilities to all schools for the good health of students.

4. The school administration should conduct contact classes for weak students. ❖ CONCLUSION: Parents choose a school with a good education for their children based on school infrastructure, quality of teaching staff, school and non-academic activities, student performance, socio-economic status and finances of parents. children in school and teaching motivation are most important. The best infrastructure helps the impression on students in the school. It helps them to concentrate on their studies. At school age, almost all the students take their teachers as their role models. The teachers have a role responsibility to teach moral values and moral ethics. ❖ REFERENCES: 1. Kadam, L.M., Formulating Objectives of Primary Education, NCERT: New Delhi, October, 1990.

2. Kapar, M.M. & Premi, K. K., Development and Maintenance of Educational Services, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1988.

3. Kaushik, V., The Teaching of Elementary Education, Anmol Publications and S.D. Institute of Rural technology and Culture, New Delhi, 1997.

4. D.R. Veena, Education System: Problems and prospects, Ashish publishing House, New Delhi,1998.

5. Dave, K. D., Primary Education in India: Some Problems, Rajhans Publications, New Delhi, 2010.

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POPULATION EXPLOSION: THE BANE FOR ENVIRONMENT MR. ROHIT SRIVASTAVA Assistant Professor, Chemistry Department) St. Andrews College. Gorakhpur. U.P.273001

❖ ABSTRACT: The rapid population growth is proving to be a bane for the developing country like India.

The giant leap in the population is a threat to the environmental resources and mankind. Rapid population growth has adverse implications on per capita agricultural land, forests, water resources and obviously on the standard of living. Researches have shown that bulk population has severely affected the index of happiness and the numbers below the poverty line. Population pressure act’s as a negative catalyst towards land degradation and soil erosion. The present paper attempts to analyse the effects of population explosion on land, forest, water and energy resources. The studies reveals that the country’s population explosion has imposed an increasing burden on nation’s limited natural resources and is continually degrading the natural resource base which are under high degree of strain. Further the increasing numbers have already severely affected the overall growth and development by decreasing the per capita income.

Overpopulation has adverse effects on environment in the form of scarcity of drinking water, surface water contaminants depletion of renewable energy sources, air pollution and global warming. The paper concludes with some policy reflections and strategies to combat the population explosion and how this massive manpower can be used as a potent tool for the development of the nation.

Keywords: Overpopulation, India, hazards, environment, degradation ❖ INTRODUCTION: The manifold increase in population and rapid economic development in country are responsible for the degradation of the environment through excessive growth of industrialization and urbanization. Exploitation of natural resources and excessive stress on biodiversity are the major concern for the future. The growing population and the simultaneous environmental deterioration faces the challenge of constant development with maintaining the eco balance. There are many factors which are responsible for affecting the population size of a country, three of them are., birth rate, death rate and migration rate. These factors are primary responsible for the increment or decrement of overall development of the nation. These factors produces major changes in population size, regional distribution and composition. The data’s obtained on the basis of these factors are of great importance for the evaluation of economic and social development.

Population Reference Bureau (PRB) estimated the 6.20 billion population of the world in 2001 out of which India’s contribution is estimated to be 1033 billion. It is estimated that the population of India will take a giant leap and will reach 1.64 billion in 2050. The projection indicates that India will be the most populous country in the world. This uncontrolled increase in population is really an alarming signal for the future. Presently, India has almost 20% of the world’s population on nearly 2.5% of it’s land which puts excessive amount of pressure on the natural resources. Shortage of drinking water, soil degradation, air pollution, deforestation, erosion are now a common Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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phenomenon in many parts of the country. If the population continues to rise at the same rate, then the final result will be very devastating and it would become almost impossible to survive with all the natural amenities. This growing number is severely affection the per capita income and depleting the natural resources. The increase in population is inversely proportional to poverty and development index.

The pressure on the ecosystem is intensifying every day with the call to control this menace.

The unequal distribution of resources and very limited opportunities are affecting very badly to the people’s who are below poverty line (BPL). For them the survival has become very though with the limited and exhausted resources. The overpopulation has also negative impacts on the urban society as it gets overburdened due to migration from the rural areas in search of better opportunities and livelihood. Consequently urban slums are growing with great rate in cities and urban areas. This puts an extra pressure on the basic amenities like food, shelter, energy, drinking water and waste management. In cities the situation is miserable and shows no sign of improvement in the near future. This again leads to complementary problem of pollution. ie.

Population → Poverty +Pollution Further the accelerated rate of population is increasing the high demand for food and this is affecting the agriculture pattern and land use. The increased use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to increase the output has showing the negative impact on human health in the form of dreaded diseases like cancer, ulcers, arthritis, multiple organ failure, etc. Although the hybrid seeds and plantation are in use today but this is lowering the quality and nutrition of food. Malpractices like adulteration, dilution, mixing of impurities and foreign materials in the edibles are the common reflection of population explosion. The relationship between population growth, resource depletion and environmental dilution is now a big challenge today. Coping with these factors is a gigantic task for the government and administration not only in India but around the globe. However the situation is critical in India as it’s a developing nation and there is lack of awareness among the common people. Lack of literacy is another potent factor behind the population explosion as the common mass is unaware of the merits and demerits of the of the situation. In fact, the illiteracy catalysed population growth and unsustainable development are the major cause of concern for India. Years of exploitation of nature resources by the giant population has degraded the bio resources. ie. land, air and water. If the same situation continues then we are posing a great threat for the incoming generation. Rapid population growth in developing nation is presenting a serious global crisis and is retarding the socio economic development. The factor is responsible for many serious environmental calamities in India. Untimely droughts, floods, landslides, soil erosion, rise in tempreture water scarcity are some Phenomenon’s with which the nation is dealing today.

Population beyond the threshold limit is the basic problem for any system, as it disturbs the equilibrium between the resources and development. So,the relationship between the population and ecosystem can be fruitful only if the population is curbed and is not allowed to extend beyond the critical limit.i.e the saturation point or the optimum level at which one can harness the nature for its betterment without disturbing the balance between man and nature. Thus human population issue’s are extremely important and sensitive when it comes to the way of life and future of mankind on the planet. Poverty led by overpopulation is another factor which is responsible for economic and environmental degradation. The complex link between poverty, population and environment has to analysed to reduce the negative implications of overpopulation.

Overpopulation also leads to inequality among different communities of the society and nation which may foster disbalance between the social fabric of the nation. Poorer community are the most affected as they mainly rely on natural resources for their livelyhood, which is free of cost for them. Lack of opportunities in rural areas and the ecological pressure is continuosly increasing the migration of poor and underprivileged families towards the city, which is responsible for their Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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unplanned growth and expansion. Urban slums are growing like mushroom in the outskirts of the cities. Such rapid and hapzard growth has resulted in the dilution of urban environment to a large extent. It has widened the gap between the demand and supply of the services such as food, water, energy, shelter, communication, transport, education to name a few. This results in the continuous deterioration of water and air quality which again leads to the sharp fall in the quality of life and happiness index. Many socio economic, institutional and technological activities plays a great role in the population growth which ultimately leads to poverty, environmental degradation and disparity among communities, non access to safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, etc.

In India the most serious problem caused by overpopulation is access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation which is both a fundamental right and basic need. In India during the year 1980 38% of households were access to safe drinking water which was increased by 70% in 2010. About 28% and 77% of rural and urban households were assess to safe water facilities in 1980 which increased to 58% and 85% in 2010 respectively. The figures indicates that the situation in rural areas is much worse than expected. Almost 50% of families in 14 states were assess to drinking water in rural areas as compared to 21 states in urban India. The problem becomes more critical in the slums where the basic amneties of regular life are almost negligible or present in substandard state. This is responsible for diseases like diarrhoea, trachoma, intestinal worms, hepatitis, etc.

Moreover degraded environment can accelerate the process of impoverishment because the poor depends directly on the natural resources. ❖ CONCLUSION: The population explosion is proving to be the main obstacle in the path of development. It is like a giant devil which is ready to swallow each and every thing. For the developing country like India population explosion is a curse which is damaging the development of the country.The adverse effects of high population growth are increasing population density, increasing number of people’s below poverty line, and pressure on natural resources which continues to be a matter of concern for the nation. It has manifold effects on land degradation, soil erosion, per capita land, and water resources. Thus, there are various adverse effects of overpopulation which have been discussed in the paper. From this discussion it is certain that if human beings want to survive on the planet then it’s a right time to give preference for the control of population. However it’s not an easy task which can be accomplished in one or two years. It needs a herculean effort and combined effort from all the elements of the society. Special efforts should be made for informing and educating the society about the negative impacts of growing population. Three tools which can be effective in this endeavour are information, communication and education ( ICE). In order to increase and preserve the forests and greenery community level programs should be organised.

However there are some measures which may prove helpful in this direction.

1. The government should intensify it’s efforts to educate people about the negative impacts of overpopulation.

2. Emphasis should be made to increase the literacy rate and improve the socio economic status. Free distribution of contraceptives and condoms should be ensure among the poors.

3. People’s’ should be informed about the advantages of smaller family.

4. People with small family should be given additional incentives like free education, health care, subsidy, etc.

5. The concept of family planning should be implemented at ground level.

6. More emphasis should be given on women education, their empowerment and awareness.

7. Steps should be taken to improve the socio economic conditions of the people by providing free education, health care facilities, shelter, etc.

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9. Young generation has a very important role to play in this endeavour. The sex education programs should be made compulsory at the school level.

10. Combined effort is required from all of us to combat this menace of population explosion for the sustainable development of society and nation.

“The human overpopulation issue is the topic I see as the most vital to solve if our children and grandchildren are to have a good quality of life”. – Alexandra Paul Inspite of all these odds, India’s strength in the world cannot be ignored. The national is shaping as a super power and is ready to lead the world in almost every sector from science and technology, health care, business to military and communications. A silver lining is that India’s population growth rate is expected to decline to it’s lowest since the independence in the 2011-2021 decades, with a decadal growth rate of 12.5% . It will decline further to 8.4% in the 2021-2031 , as per the report given by the National Commission on Population (NCP). Demographer and social scientist Shiren Jejeebhoy reveals that 17out of the 28 states 8 out of 9 union territories have reached the replacement level. The Economic Survey 2018-19 tabled in Parliament with a chapter on population says, “India is set to witness a sharp downfall and slowdown in population growth in the next two decades “. So the best thing is that our nation is on the right track to curb the population but at the same time it’s also important to emphasize on, what the population is doing instead of screaming. i.e focal point should be quality not quantity. ❖ REFERENCES: 1. Central Statistical Organization, (1998, 1999,2000,2002), Department of Statistics, Activity of planning and programing implementation, Government of India 2. Population Reference Bureau (PRB), (2010), World Population Datasheet 3. Forest Survey of India, (1999), The State of Forest Report, Ministry of Environment and Forest.

4. Registrar General of India (1980-2010), Statistical Reports 5. Kumar, Virendra (1976), Committee’s and Commissions in India. Vol1 6. Solomon, L. D, (2014), Alleviating Global Poverty, Xlibris Corporation, Bloomington 7. Verma, R, (2016), Management of Natural Resources in India 8. Galor, O, D. Weil, (2010), Population, Technology and Growth 9. Tiwari, A, (2007), Entrepreneurship Development in India.

10. Government of India, (2012-13) State of Indian Agriculture 11. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, GOING, New Delhi (3012-13), National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India., New Delhi 12. Dreze. J, and Murthi, M, (2001), Fertility, Education and Development, Evidence from India 13. Population of Development Review, vol27.

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A REVIEW ON: ARE WE DOING ENOUGH? WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANALYSIS IN INDIA N. HARIHARAN B.Com CS, Second Year, Department of Commerce Parvathy’s Arts and Science College, Wisdomcity, Dindigul (Tamilnadu)

❖ ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship has been brought up by scientists just as policymakers as one of the principle drivers of monetary development and improvement. Throughout the long term, a lot of exploration has been directed on this subject. In any case, as a rule the examination is expansive and not sex explicit. Females experience various difficulties and boundaries when contrasted with guys; consequently explicit sexual orientation based pioneering examination could aid the turn of events and improvement of female business venture (FE). As examination discoveries may in same cases be utilized either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way to improve or change the executives strategies, having all the more high effect information accessible could end up being important in specific cases. The reason for this examination is, accordingly, to feature the significance of exploration on female business visionaries as a different report field.

Furthermore, this article expected to decide if the quantity of female business venture related friend checked on articles showing up in driving business and the board diaries in the USA and Europe have expanded throughout the long term. The examination follows a hypothetical examination while looking at the information acquired from past investigations led from 2003 to current information. Results exhibit that among the 14 driving administration and business diaries explored, only one distributed in excess of 10% of its articles on female enterprising and business the board points. These discoveries further demonstrate that, in spite of the fact that exploration on female business venture as a focused report field has marginally expanded throughout the long term, there is still opportunity to get better. Drives, for example, extraordinary diary releases on this field could help with expanding the quantity of companion audited scholarly exploration articles and studies did on this subject.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Female Entrepreneurship Research Gaps, Research, Short Learning Program ❖ INTRODUCATION For quite a long time females have taken the secondary lounge in male arranged social frameworks. Nonetheless, since the 1970s there has been a lethargic yet more quickly arising new point of view that females may help open deteriorating worldwide monetary development).

Business venture is certifiably not another theme and has been read for quite a long time by some notable analysts in this field. In any case, it was not until 1976 that the primary authority research on female business venture (FE) was distributed by Eleanor Schwartz, "Business venture: A New Female Frontier" (Greene et al., 2003; McAdam, 2018). This opened another world for research openings into and improvement of female business venture. Notwithstanding this, almost no data and documentation with respect to Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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the commitment ladies make to business action is accessible. Besides, data viewing such business as a worldwide marvel is negligible.

A large portion of the information accessible reports just on business improvement overall and doesn't make reference to sexual orientation (Brushet al., 2006).Because sex contemplates have gotten further developed and powerful in the course of recent many years, the significance of examining female business venture advancement as a different exploration field is expanding. The momentum research on female business as a different field of study is restricted because of females just officially going into the field of business in late many years and on the grounds that the writing on business was truly founded on men. Notwithstanding, this hole has effectively been distinguished by driving specialists in the field during the mid2000 (Bird and Brush, 2002; Greene et al., 2003; De Bruin et al., 2006). Greene et al. (2003), Ahl, (2002) and De Bruin et al. (2006) all found that there is a gigantic disjuncture in the measure of examination distributed on female business venture. Their unmistakable examinations, notwithstanding, just researched the quantity of articles on this point distributed in specific diaries up to 2001. This examination utilized a hypothetical examination by investigating various driving administration diaries from 2002 to 2019 to decide the degree of articles distributed and whether the quantity of articles has expanded from the past examinations attempted up to 2002. ❖ THE ESSENCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Numerous specialists and strategy formulators think about business venture as the connection to expanded and supported financial turn of events and development. While this is especially the situation in agricultural nations with critical neediness and high joblessness rates, it additionally identifies with created economies since business is viewed as a driver of sped up financial development instead of deteriorating development (Ambrish, 2014; Meyer, 2017; Meyer and Meyer, 2017). As per the Asian Development Bank (2007), females in Asia contribute altogether towards monetary turn of events, however face various requirements and openings when contrasted with guys. McAdam (2013) adds to this by showing that female business has caused gigantic to notice strategy plan, writing considers and viable exploration since business venture of this sort is perceived all around the world as adding to the development of numerous nations' economies.

Besides, female pioneering movement has been acknowledged as an imperative piece of the monetary profile of a nation, as has the contention that engaging female business visionaries go about as fuel for thriving economies (Ambrish, 2014; Kot et al., 2016).Carter et al., (2006) affirm that females are turning out to be fundamental change specialists inside the social and financial conditions and are all around the world answerable for making significant commitments towards work and abundance creation and financial development. Despite the effect and job females have in the present economies, their commitment is frequently downplayed and underestimated (Carter et al., 2006).Despite female endeavors being a developing marvel and including an essential extent of monetary creation in numerous economies, ladies actually face gigantic difficulties with regards to the development and extension of their organizations. Sometimes, in any event, beginning a business can be a test for certain females (Gatewood et al., 2009). ❖ SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTINUOUS RESEARCH As more females adventure into the field of business worldwide, research draws near and hypothetical points of view to comprehend the job ladies play inside this area require more clear definition (De Bruin et al., 2007; Onyishi and Agbo, 2010).Since females have been officially entering the area of business during the most recent couple of many years, they can be considered as one of the quickest developing pioneering populaces on the planet (Brush and Cooper, 2012). As per the OECD (2004) female business venture should be concentrated as a different gathering for two reasons. Initially, it has been perceived as a significant and unexploited wellspring of financial development and development that makes occupations for themselves, yet for others too.

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Furthermore, females now and again frequently furnish society with elective answers for different social issues. Furthermore, the subject of female business venture has recently been dismissed in sociologies and in everyday society. Be that as it may, this is gradually changing as more ladies are going into the market and approaches aiding the turn of events and the executives of such business venture are progressively getting more pervasive in numerous nations. ❖ THE ESSENCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Numerous analysts and strategy formulators think about business as the connection to expanded and supported financial turn of events and development. While this is especially the situation in non-industrial nations with critical destitution and high joblessness rates, it additionally identifies with created economies since business venture is viewed as a driver of sped up financial development instead of deteriorating development (Ambrish, 2014; Meyer, 2017; Meyer and Meyer, 2017). As indicated by the Asian Development Bank (2007), females in Asia contribute fundamentally towards financial turn of events, however face various requirements and openings when contrasted with guys. McAdam (2013) adds to this by showing that female business venture has caused gigantic to notice strategy detailing, writing considers and useful exploration since business of this sort is perceived internationally as adding to the development of numerous nations' economies. Besides, female enterprising action has been acknowledged as a fundamental piece of the financial profile of a nation, as has the contention that engaging female business visionaries go about as fuel for prospering economies (Ambrish, 2014; Kot et al., 2016).Carter et al., (2006) affirm that females are turning out to be fundamental change specialists inside the social and monetary conditions and are worldwide liable for making important commitments towards work and abundance creation and monetary development. Despite the effect and job females have in the present economies, their commitment is regularly downplayed and underestimated (Carter et al., 2006).Despite female endeavors being a developing marvel and including a vital extent of monetary creation in numerous economies, ladies actually face gigantic difficulties with regards to the development and extension of their organizations. At times, in any event, beginning a business can be a test for certain females (Gatewood et al., 2009). ❖ SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTINUOUS RESEARCH As more females adventure into the field of business venture internationally, research draws near and hypothetical points of view to comprehend the job ladies play inside this area require more clear definition (De Bruin et al., 2007; Onyishi and Agbo, 2010).Since females have been officially entering the area of business venture during the most recent couple of many years, they can be considered as one of the quickest developing enterprising populaces on the planet (Brush and Cooper, 2012). As indicated by the OECD (2004) female business should be concentrated as a different gathering for two reasons. Right off the bat, it has been perceived as a significant and unexploited wellspring of financial development and development that makes occupations for themselves, however for others too. Also, females now and again regularly furnish society with elective answers for different social issues. Besides, the subject of female business has recently been disregarded in sociologies and in everyday society. In any case, this is gradually changing as more ladies are going into the market and strategies aiding the turn of events and the executives of such business are continuously getting more predominant in numerous nations. ❖ HOLE IN CURRENT FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES Because of the expanded investment and development in quantities of ladies entrepreneurs, many would concur that more, and a superior assortment of exploration is required in the space of female business venture. One of the conversations by specialists in the writing concerns the hole in investigation into female business. Regardless of more investigations in this space being embraced in the course of recent many years, there is as yet a hole in the accessible writing. From the Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1

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examinations on female business, one may take note of that large numbers of them center around exploring singular level as well as country or territorial profiles. Scarcely any investigations seek after broad exploration on business that includes examination at firmlevel and coordinated level (De Bruin et al., 2007). It has additionally been proposed that crosscountry studies will be alluring in future. Also, examinations between various ladies gatherings or tests are important. For instance, will ladies from a rustic African people group show similar enterprising qualities as ladies from a refined first world country? Greene et al., (2003) besides propose that extra examination is needed on the part of human resources, key decisions and primary hindrances in female business. A report gave by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in South Africa showed that there is a significant shortfall of great observational investigations on female business people and that factual information is missing (Jiyane et al., 2012). Brush and Cooper (2012) further affirm that female business venture is understudied and not all around reported. ❖ SYSTEM The strategy utilized in this investigation was an iterative methodology, dissecting and checking on recently distributed articles. Hence, content investigation contained the principle part of the technique. The said examination was done by dissecting every one of the referenced diaries each year and per issue, from 2002 till 2016, and recognizing articles that were identified with sexual orientation, business and/or business venture. These could either have appeared as articles zeroing in explicitly on females or those that contrasted female and male viewpoints relating with business venture. From this data, a dataset was readied and rates were determined. The second piece of the strategy contained a near report approach. Similar driving enterprising diaries utilized in the first examinations directed by Greene et al., (2003) and Ahl (2002) were dissected. The examination by Greene et al.,(2003) investigated the accompanying diaries: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (ETP), Journal of Small Business Management (JSBM); International Small Business Journal (ISBJ), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (FER), Journal of Business Ethics (JBE), Journal of Business Venturing (JBV), Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (ERD), Small Business Economics (SBE) and the Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE). This particular examination was led by investigating the previously mentioned diaries somewhere in the range of 1976 and 2001. A portion of the referenced diaries were dispatched after 1976, so they were broke down from date of commencement until 2001. The writers of this investigation didn't indicate how they settled on these particular diaries yet it is proposed that they chose the supposed "A diaries" in scholarly composing circles. Ahl (2002) additionally affirmed ❖ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Similar nine driving diaries as in the first investigation by Greene et al., (2003) were dissected to decide if the quantity of exploration dependent on female business venture has expanded. Table 1 portrays the quantity of refereed articles distributed inside these diaries somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2016.

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Table 1. Leading Journal Publication On Female Entrepreneurship: 2002-2016 Articles on FE % articles on FE Articles on FE Journal Issues Total 2002-2016 1976-2001 1 name reviewed articles 2002-2016 ETP 80 550 28 5.09 7 JSBM 59 530 25 4.72 31 ISBJ 93 468 21 4.49 11 2 FER 14 3025 139 4.60 18 JBE 447 4277 120 2.81 7 JBV 89 597 16 2.68 20 ERD 108 411 14 3.41 11 SBE 117 1015 32 3.15 14 3 JDE 45 305 42 13.77 10 Note 1: Data from study by Greene et al. in 2003; Note 2: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship is a compilation of the conference proceedings and the top 40 papers presented each year at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC) and includes papers, interactive papers and summaries.FER data only from 2002 till 2013; Note 3: JDE data only from 2005 till 2014.

Note 1: Data from concentrate by Greene et al. in 2003; Note 2: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship is an arrangement of the gathering procedures and the main 40 papers introduced every year at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC) and incorporates papers, intelligent papers and summaries.FER information just from 2002 till 2013; Note 3: JDE information just from 2005 till 2014.

From Table 1 it is obvious that examination led on female business venture is as yet deficient. Albeit seven of the nine diaries expanded the quantity of distributions in this space from the primary time frame (1976 – 2001) to the subsequent period (2002 – 2016), the level of articles identified with this subject was low. Sadly, the first investigation did exclude rates; notwithstanding, as the term (1976 – 2001) of the principal study was fundamentally longer contrasted with the length (2002 – 2016) of this examination it tends to be accepted the rates would be low. From the nine driving diaries assessed, eight distributed under 10% of its complete number of articles on female or sex related issues. Among these, seven were under five percent and only one somewhat over five percent. The Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship had a pace of over 10% (13.77%) of distributed articles on female business. In the event that every one of the articles for each of the nine diaries are determined, around 11 178 companion evaluated articles were set somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2016, of which just 437 were on sex related themes.

This equivalents a simple 3.91 percent. Table 2 addresses the figures for distributed articles in European diaries. Comparable outcomes as in Table 1are revealed.

Table 2. Leading European Business Journals'articles On Fe: 2002-2016 Issues /year Issues Articles on FE % articles on Journal name Articles reviewed 2002-2016 FE 2002-2016 OS 12 165 1448 22 1.52 HR 12 177 1122 43 3.83 JMS 8 120 992 6 0.60 Organization 6 86 856 31 3.62 SJM 4 60 773 25 3.23

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The diaries were picked utilizing the accompanying inquiry words: independent company, business person/transport, new pursuit, and arising business. In Ahl's (2002) study, she set up that somewhere in the range of 1981 and 2002, Organizational Studies (OS) highlighted only four articles on business venture, the Journal of Management Studies (JMS) contained a simple two business articles from 1976 to 2002, Human Relations (HR) had one article distributed somewhere in the range of 1982 and 2002, Organization distributed two articles from 1994 till 2002 and the Scandinavian Journal of Management (SJM) included three business venture articles somewhere in the range of 1993 and 2002. ❖ CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Examination of the ebb and flow research accessible on the subject of female business has brought up the accompanying exploration holes; 1) more crosscountry considers should be led in future, 2) correlations between various female gatherings or tests should be attempted, 3) the job of human resources, vital decisions and primary obstructions in female business venture calls for additional examination, as does 4) additional investigations of an exact nature on female business people with better quality and factual information should be directed. Many examination openings exist inside these crevices yet at the same time the shortfall of such exploration in accessible high effect distributions is alarming. It isn't clear why this hole exists. Is there insufficient examination being directed by specialists in the field of female business venture? Is it true that they are distributing in lower sway diaries or are these higher effect diaries hesitant to distribute such themes? This could maybe be tended to in a different report and the responses to these inquiries could be viewed as a constraint to this investigation. Potential proposals to guarantee that more examination on female business subjects is distributed could remember the advancement of extraordinary versions by diaries for the subject of female business; subsidizing openings given by government or different partners to advance exploration in this field; coordinated efforts among foundations and colleges on a neighborhood level as well as globally also; making exceptional center gatherings exploring the holes in the examination and writing trying to guarantee that it is filled. These are a couple of potential proposals. Every college and government organization may have different strategies and approaches to improve research amount and quality on a particular theme. Future examination moving from this examination will explore what angles and subjects of female business are being investigated and distributed. ❖ REFERENCES 1. Ahl H.J., 2002, The creation of the female business person: A talk examination of exploration messages on ladies' business, Jönköping Sweden: Parajett AB. Ambrish D.R., 2014, Entrepreneurship advancement: A way to deal with financial strengthening of ladies, "Worldwide Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies", 01(6).

2. Asian Development Bank, 2007, Technical Assistance Report. Advancing rustic ladies' business on the move economies, Manila: Asian Development Bank.

3. Barsh J., Yee L., 2011, Unlocking the maximum capacity of ladies in the US economy, An exceptional report created only for The Wall Street Journal Executive Task Force for ladies in the economy 2011, New York: McKinsey and Company.

4. Bird B., Brush C.G., 2002, A sex viewpoint on hierarchical creation, "Business venture Theory and Practice", Spring Issue, 26(3).

5. Botha M., Nieman G., Van Vuuren J., 2007, Measuring the adequacy of the Women Entrepreneurship Program on potential, fire up and set up ladies business visionaries in South Africa, "South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences", 10(2).

6. Brush C.G., Cooper S., 2012, Female business venture and monetary turn of events, A global viewpoint, "Business and Regional Development: An Global Journal", 24(1-2).

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7. Brush C.G., Carter N.M., Gatewood E.J., Greene P.G., Hart M.M., 2006, Growthorientated ladies business visionaries and their organizations: A worldwide examination viewpoint, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

8. Carter N.M., Henry C., Ó Cinnéide B., Johnston K., 2006, Female Entrepreneurship: Implications for schooling, preparing and strategy. London: Routledge.

9. Chitsike C., 2000, Culture as a boundary to country ladies' business venture: Experiences from Zimbabwe, "Sexual orientation and Development", 8(1).

10. De Bruin A., Brush A.G., Welter F., 2006, Introduction to the uncommon issue: Towards building aggregate information on ladies' business venture, "Business venture Theory and Practice", September Issue, 30(5).

11. De Bruin A., Brush C.G., Welter F., 2007, Advancing a structure for cognizant examination on ladies' business, "Business venture Theory and Practice", May Issue, 31(3).

12. Gatewood E.J., Brush C.G., Carter N.M., Greene P.G., Hart M.M., 2009, Diana, an image of ladies business visionaries' chase for information, cash, and the prize of business, "Independent company Economics", 32.

13. Greene P.G., Hart M.M, Gatewood E.J., Brush C.G., Carter N.M., 2003, Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Front and Center. An Overview of Research and Theory. "Coleman White Paper Series", 3.

14. Hebert R.F., Link A.N., 1982, The business visionary: Mainstream perspectives and extremist scrutinizes, New York: Praeger Press.

15. Herrington M., Kew J., Kew P., 2009, Tracking business venture in South Africa: A GEM viewpoint, Cape Town: University of Cape Town, South Africa.

16. Jiyane G.V., Ocholla D.N., Mostert, Majanja M.K., 2012, Contribution of casual area ladies business people to the travel industry in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, in KwaZuluNatal: Barriers and issues, "African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance", 18(4:1).

17. Karanja P., Bwisa H.M., 2013, Factors that impact innovative accomplishment among ladies gatherings: A Case investigation of Makuyu Division, "Global Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences", 2(1).

18. Kot S., Meyer N., Broniszewska A., 2016, A Cross-Country Comparison of the Characteristics of Polish and South African Women Entrepreneurs, "Financial aspects and Social science", 9(4).

19. McAdam M., 2013, Female Entrepreneurship, New York: Routledge.

20. Meyer N., Meyer D.F., 2017, Best practice the board standards for business chambers to work with monetary turn of events: Evidence from South Africa,"Polish Journal of The executives Studies", 15(1).

21. Meyer N., Mostert C., 2016, Perceived boundaries and achievement components of female business people selected an enterprising system, "Global Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies", 8(1).

22. Meyer N., 2017, South Africa's Youth Unemployment Dilemma: Whose Baby is it in any case? "Diary of Economics and Behavioral Studies", 9(1).

23. Mungai E.N., Ogot M., 2012, Gender, Culture and Entrepreneurship in Kenya, "Global Businesses Research", 5(5).

24. OECD, 2004,Promoting Entrepreneurship and Innovation in a Global Economy: Towards a more dependable and comprehensive globalization, second OECD Conference of pastors answerable for little and medium-sized undertakings (SMEs). Istanbul, Turkey.

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