Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol. 4 written by 6 chapters in the book. #hariharan23900 #heduna

Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol. 4

Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee Principal

Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botan y M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723 India

Dr. Mohd Ashaq Malik

Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. PG College Rajouri, J&K, India

Dr. Madhu Prakash Srivastava

Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow UP, India

Address: No 1 B, Sector 10B, Vasundhara Sector 10, Delhi 201012, Behind Vanasthali Public School E-mail: swaranjalipublication@gmail.com Website: swaranjalipublication.com Contact No. +91 9810749840/8700124880

All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.

Author © : Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee, Dr. Mohd Ashaq Malik, Dr. Madhu Prakash Srivastava

Publisher : Swaranjali Publication

Sector 10 B, Vasundhara, Ghaziabad, (U.P.) 201012 Phone : 9810749840, 8700124880

E-mail : swaranjalipublication@gmail.com Website : www.swaranjalipublication.com

Book : Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol. 4

Edition : August- 2022 ISBN : 978-93-5470-790-2

Price : 499/

Printed By : Swaranjali Printers ISBN- 978-93-5470-790-2

ABOUT THE EDITOR

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE

Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723-India.

Dr. Bajpayee got his research training in the field of Ethno medico botany, Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy leading to the award of Ph.D,. degree from Rohilkhand University in 2004 under the able guidance of Dr. S. C. Sharma. Soon after the completion of doctoral degree, he joined the Department of Botany, Dr. R.M.L.PG. College, Allipur, Hardoi. Dr. Bajpayee starts his research career just after the completion of his Master Degree in (1994) Botany from G.F. College, Shahjahanpur and Published a number of Research Papers in the field of Medicinal Plants.

Today, Dr. Bajpayee is an eminent researcher of interdisciplinary subjects like Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants, Ethno medico botany, Plant Antimicrobials and published more than 30 research articles. He is the Member of Editorial Board Team in more than 50 Research Journals of National and International origin. He published several Chapters in National and international Books of global repute. Now a days Dr. Bajpayee is the Head of Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany, and Principal at M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj Uttar Pradesh. Under his able guidance four doctoral student and 8 M.Phil. student completed his research Degree in the field of Medicinal Plants, Phytotherapy and Ethno medico botany. He is the Life member of Indian

Science Congress Association, Kolkata., Indian Ethnobotanical Society., Excel Research Management Association., Bio Leagues Worldwide., and a number of World fame institutions.

With unexhausted academic and research activities Dr. Bajpayee completed Master Degrees in more than 10 subjects and NET of UGC in two subjects. He is working scientist on the original innovative interdisciplinary fields in the Medical Sciences, Medicinal Plants, Plant Antimicrobials etc. His dedication to the subject will revolutionize the future theories in the field of Phytotherapy, Phytopharmacy and Medicinal Plant's studies.

ABOUT THE CO-EDITOR

Dr. Mohd Ashaq Malik, pen name Dr. M. Ashaq Raza, is formally a Botanist, Ph.D in Plant Virology from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 1997 and holds honorary Doctorate in Gandhian Philosophy and D, Litt. beside possessing MA in Journalism and Mass Communication, and PG in Human Rights besides a three dozen professional courses in Peace building and allied fields. From 2000 to 2008, he served under UNDP funded project in the Ministry of Education, State of Eritrea finally as Director of Research (2006-2008) at Eritrean Institute of Technology, Asmara, Eritrea.

Back home to India in 2008, he joined, as Assistant Prof. of Botany, Higher Education Department, J&K Government in 2009. He initially served at GDC Akhnoor, then in GCW Gandhi Nagar and now posted in Govt PG College Rajouri for past three years. In GCW Gandhi Nagar he served as NSS Programme officer between 20122016, and now serving as Convenor of NSS Advisory Committee and secretary of Science Club in PG College Rajouri.

Dr. Malik has been engaged in peace and development works for past 20 years. Between 2003 to 2008, he served for about 30 development organizations including a dozen UN offices/organizations including UNDP Syria, UNV Vietnam, UNHCR Egypt, UNV Angola, UNDP Georgia, UNDP Burkina Faso, UNDP West Indies, UNDP Laos PDR, UNV Germany, UNV Afghanistan, UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) - as an online volunteer and was recipient of online volunteer of year award from United Nations Volunteers (Germany) in 2005, perhaps first or second Indian to get this prestigious award.

In 2010, he established voluntary NGO Attitude Change International and engaged, both formally and informally, in promotion and introduction of Peace education in curricula of Jammu and Kashmir. He is life member of/ associated with about 3 dozen scientific and development organizations/societies, including Red Cross, Gandhi Peace Foundation, Nepal, Amnesty International, Rotary International etc. He is Reviewer/Editorial board member of about a dozen national and international peer reviewed journals. He has travelled about 20 countries (USA, U.K, Austria (twice), Germany, Switzerland (thrice), France, Egypt (4 times), Lebanon, Turkey, UAE, Yemen, Eritrea (8 years), Nepal (4 times), Bangladesh, Thailand (Thrice), South Africa, Ethiopia and Kenya) in connection with attending seminars, conferences, workshops, presenting papers, as resource person and trainer. He is also certified trainer of Kingian nonviolence from USA. Several of his publications on Refugees and volunteerism have been translated in French, Portuguese and Spanish.

Dr. Malik is recipient of several awards and honours from various national and international organizations including Global Shanti Samman 2021, Best Professor of Year Award 2020, Mahatma GandhiSheikh Majibur Rahman World Peace Award- 2020, Rashterya Seva Ratna Award, Gandhi Nobel Peace Prize 2020, Emerging Scientist Award 2019, Humanitarian of the Year Award 2016, Award of Honour by Indian Red Cross Society, Commending President of Rotary Club Darhal Malkan (District 3070) 2010 besides above mentioned, Online Volunteer of Year Award 2005 by United Nations Volunteers and serving as Director of Research and Development Cell at Govt PG College Rajouri.

ABOUT THE CO-EDITOR

DR. MADHU PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA

Assistant Professor Department of Botany, Maharishi University of Information Technology Lucknow UP, India

Dr. Madhu Prakash Srivastava is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany, Maharishi University of information technology Lucknow UP, India. Dr. Madhu Parkash Srivastava has completed his M. Sc and Ph. D from Lucknow University, Lucknow (India). he has about 8 years of experience in teaching and research. His area of specialization is plant pathology and biological formulation development. His aim of the research is to developing eco-friendly technology to manage postharvest diseases on fresh and stored commodities. The emphasis is now developing bio-formulation as well as integrating various physical, biological and nonchemical methods. These include hot water and UV-C treatment also. He has many publications in National and International journals / book chapters to his credit more than 45. He has received national and international award as Scientist of the year (1920), Best Teacher (1919), Young Scientist Award (2019, 2018), Samarpan Sammaan (2019), Young Environmentalist Award (2019), Vishisht Nagrik Sammaan (2019), Ruchi Ram Sahni Award (2012) for the best piece of research work in Botany and Environment. He has successful Conducted several National/international Seminar / webinar / workshops organizing Secretary. He is a member of several Professional societies to contribute his knowledge. Presently, Dr. Srivastava is working as Assistant Professor (Botany) at Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow.

PREFACE

The aim of this Book is two-fold. First, the authors present a knowledge's application of The Current Pandemic Covid 19 based on the experience of ideas in the form of chapters comprised of Pandemic cases and focusing on the knowledgeable chapter cases. There are many theoretical accounts of, how one may approach multidisciplinary research, but here the author's aim to offer a practical and knowledge full account of how the theoretical goal of multidisciplinary research can play out in the ‘real world’. After addressing the current conceptual understanding of multidisciplinary, the authors will explain how useful the concepts of different subject area, in fact, are when applied to the typical constraints that many academics face today in conducting joint subjects. The authors, will provide lessons for future multidisciplinary collaboration and suggestions for developing methods of multidisciplinary research during Current Pandemic.

The current pandemic is started in the December 2019. The disease appear in the sellers of Sea Food Market of city Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. The disease appear like the Symptoms of common cold and pneumonia but it was highly infectious and powerful character of dispersal. Hence the disease is also called Wuhan virus disease due to its origin. Another name was suggested by Scientist on the basis of spines present on capsid is called Corona virus. Due to the appearance in December 2019 the disease is also called COVID-19. In the Month of January 2020 it spread in several countries and became a pandemic worldwide. The virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding COVID-19 on 30 January 2020, and later declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As

of 31th July 2021, more than 198 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 4.22 million confirmed deaths attributed to COVID-19, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. In this reference we started this book to find out countryside prevention and treatment on this leathal pandemic. In our system of indigenous knowledge and the science of Ayurveda have also the solution of such health problems since the time immemorial.

In this book Sixteen chapters are composed of by the Papers, Chapters and articles provided by different Authors from entire country. Due to the current pandemic, most of the chapters related to COVID 19 and it's Prevention, Control and the ideas of Education to prevent the dispersal of disease in common public. Indeed, the name of current book is "Multidisciplinary Research Book" due to the entry of all subjects area to increase our knowledge and skills in all fields for more and more progress.

No doubt, These writings will be useful to improve the current conditions of COVID-19 and our path of life.

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE

Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany. M. G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj, 209723, India

Chapter - 12................................................................................. 174

“An Analysis of Performance in ICICI Bank During Covid-19"

N. Hariharan & Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee

Chapter - 13................................................................................. 189 Incidence of Black Fungus among Covid 19 Patients in India

Areeba Ahmad and Mohd Ashaq

Chapter - 14................................................................................. 197

“A Study on Maruti Suzuki Cars in Reference to Customer Brand Awareness on The Current Situation in Tamilnadu ”

N. Hariharan & Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee

Chapter - 15................................................................................. 216

Fluoride Concentration in Potable Groundwater in Rajasthan, India:A Review

Arvind Chouhan

Chapter - 16................................................................................. 224 Determination of Fluoride Ion Using an Ion Selective Electrode

M. Shanti

Chapter - 1

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT

OF JAUNDICE

BY LOCAL PEOPLE IN BHANDARA DISTRICT

Dr. K. R. Gopal M.Sc., Ph. D

Associate Professor

Deartment of Botany, Institute of Science, Nagpur

Miss .Nisha C. Nandanwar M.Sc. (Botany).

Deartment of Botany, Institute of Science, Nagpur

ABSTRACT

Jaundice is derived from the French word “ Jaune ’’ the meaning of Jaune is yellow . Jaundice is yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae and other mucous membrane caused by hyperbilirubinema (hyperbilirubinema _ increased level of bilirubin in the blood). Liver diseases are some of the major causes of morbidity and mortality across the world. According to WHO estimates (WHO, 2008), about 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A occur annually and 2 billion people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus. About 350 million live with chronic infection and 600,000 persons die each year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B. About 130 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, and more than 350,000 people die from hepatitis C related liver diseases each year. Thus, the impact of liver disorders on the overall population on world is considerable and they remain one of the serious health problems. Jaundice is the most common of all liver disorders.

Jaundice is a symptom and not a disease. It is indicative of the malfunctioning of the liver. It is a condition which yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes occurs due to an increase in the bile pigments, bilirubin, in the blood. Concentration of bilirubin in blood in blood plasma is normally below 1.2 mg/dl a concentration higher than 2.1 mg/dl.

Keywords - Jaundice, Medicinal Plants, Hepatitis & Pencrease

INTRODUCTION

There are many different causes of jaundice viz., hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, liver cirrhosis, obstruction of bile ducts, gallstones, pancreatic cancer, alcoholic liver disease, inflammation of the liver, hemolytic anaemia, typhoid, malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis certain medication and pregnancy. The herbal medicines are considered to be of great importance among different indigenous communities in many developing countries (Gosh, 2003). The people all over the world prefers herbal medicines rather than conventional medicines. According to world Health Organisation as many 80% of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine and in India 60% of the people in tribal areas use herbal medicine (WHO, 2002). During the last few years, the use of herbal supplements increased from 2.5% to 12% (Stickel and schuppan, 2007). The Indian traditional medicine is based on various systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, etc., which are still in use to provide primary healthcare, particularly to the rural folk. Throughout the globe, the traditional knowledge system has gained prime importance in context with conservation, sustainable development, and search for new utilization patterns of plant resources.

Traditional medicine system includes the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences of folk communities to maintain their health problem.

The indigenous communities have their own traditional medicine system with different medicinal plants and many traditional therapies for incurable diseases. A large number of wild and cultivated plants are being used by them for the treatment of various ailments, thus a considerable amount of information on medicinal plants is available with these communities. In spite of the tremendous advances made, no significant and safe hepatoprotective agents are available in modern therapeutics. In the absence of reliable liver protective drugs in allopathic medical practices, hears play an important role in the management of various liver disorders. A large number of plants and formulation have been claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. Nearly 160 phytoconstituents from 101 plants have been claimed to possess liver protecting activity (Handa et al, 1986). Keeping the aforesaid fact in view the present study was undertaken to record herbal plants used by local people in bhandara district in treatment of jaundice and discuss hepatoprotective properties of the recorded plants.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Jaundice is one of the most important diseases observed in India and abroad. The relevant literature on the ethno medicines in jaundice are studied during the course of this investigation was reviewed here.

Bhakta et al (1999) studied the Hepatoproective activity of Cassia fistula and concluded that cassia fistula leaf extract have used as Hepatoprotective agent.

Samvatsar and Diwanji (2000) studied plants sources for the treatment of jaundice in the tribal of western Madhya Pradesh of India and revealed that, the tribal people of western Madhya Pradesh of India used 13 plants for the treatment of Jaundice.

Singh et al (2002) studied Medical ethnobotany of the tribals of Sonaghati of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Predesh and reported that, Argemone Mexicana L. used as an ethenomedicinal remedy of jaundice.

Negi et al (2007) studied a chemical and biological profile of some important medicinal plants and concluded that Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are potent hepatoprotective lignans found in Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus emblica L.

Bedgujar and patil (2008) conducted ethenomedicinal surveys in hilly areas of north Maharashtra and observed that there are 19 local species used for the treatment of jaundice.

Abbasi et al (2009) studied 30 Medicinal plants species belonging to 24 families used for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis and reported that the most important plant species are adiantum capillus, Boerhaavia procumbens, Equisetum debile, Carissa opaca, Cucumis sativus, Hordeum vulgare, Justacia adhatoda, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus niruri, Plantago ovata, Pruhatnus domestica, Punica granatum, Raphnus sativus, Rhus chinensis, Saccharum officinarum and Tamarindus indica.

Madhu and Swamy (2010) studied Ethenomedicinal plants against jaundice used by Gond tribes of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh and revealed that, 12 plants belonging to 9 families were used for the treatment of jaundice either separately or in combination with other

plants. Euphorbiaceae is the leading family with four species. During the treatment of the disease, various forms of preparations are used. The plants were used either separately or in combination with other plant parts or either with sugar candy or curd or butter milk.

Thirumalai et al (2011) an ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collect information from local people about the use of medicinal plants in Vellore district. The investigations revealed that there are about 13 species of plants to treat Jaundice.

Chowdhury and Rahmatullah (2012) studied the 36 ethenomedicinal plants for treatment of jaundice by the folk and tribal medicinal practitioners in bangladesh and reported that the majority of these plant have been reported to have

Hepatoprotective effects and thus can prove there efficacy in not only alleviating jaundice but also may prove effective in treatment of the underlying causes of jaundice. Plants of 30 families were used in treatment of Jaundice.

Suneetha J. et al (2013) studied Ethnomedicinal plants for Jaundice by the Tribals of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh and reported that, 25 plant species belonging to 24 genera and 18 families used to cure jaundice by the tribal of East Godavari district. Euphorbiaceae is a dominant family followed by

Acanthaceae & Solanaceae. Euphorbiaceae family with 5 species followed by Acanthaceae with 3 species, Solanaceae with 2 species.

Kasalkar and Surana (2014) studied Ethnomedicinal plants used against Liver Diseases and jaundice among the Tribes of India and revealed that

About 124 plant species belonging to about 53 families were found to be used against jaundice or hepatitis by the tribal’s and traditional healers. The most important plant species are Boerhaavia diffusa and other species, Centella asiatica, Eclipta alba, Gentiana tubiflora and other species, Lawsonia innermis, Luffa acutangula var. amara, Polyginum tortuosum ,Portulaca oleracea, Phyllanthus amarus and other species, Solanum nigrum, Ricinus communis, Tephrosia purpurea, Thespesia lampas and Termenalia species etc. The ethnomedicinal data are compiled as per botanical name, family, local name native tribe distribution, part of plant, mode of use and references are provided. This review definately helps to future scientist in this area.

Mohammad Sudegh Amiri & Mohammad Raza Joharchi (2015) Department of Biology studied Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by the traditional healers for the treatment of jaundice was conducted in the mashhad city.

A total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera & 26 families have been documented for their therapeutic used against jaundice, most commonly used species for fabaceae, polygonaceae, Asteraceae & Salicaceae. The treatment involve oral administration of the extract 2 to 3 time daily form a week.

Cichonium intybus, salix alba, malva sylvestris, berberis integrima, Phyllanthus emblica were repeatedly mentioned by traditional healers as the most widely used for the treatment of jaundice in the study area.

This paper suggested that farther clinical experimental is needed to scientifically evaluated these widely used herbal remedies for possible bioactive effects.

Sarkhel S. (2016) Department of Human Physiology, paschim Medinipur , West Bengal. Studied Ethnomedicinal used of some plant in treatment of jaundice by tribal communities of district West Bengal.

An ethnomedicinal study was conducted in twelve villages of Paschim Medinipur district to collect information for medicinal plants used of tribal community for treatment of jaundice,

This paper provide ethnomedicinal information on gthe plant used to treat jaundice by three important indigenous communities of district Santhals, Mundhas & Lodhas.

All about information collected by personal interviews. Present study enumerates 12 species & 12 families used by the tribal community for treatment of jaundice.

Saroj Biswakarma , Gopal Shukla & Sumit Chakravarty Department of forestry , West Bengal, India (2017) The aim of study was to document the traditionally used ethno-medicinal plant resources against jaundice & other liver disorder.

A total of 19 plants species belonging to 15 families & 17 genera were documented by trees, herb, shrub. Families Apiaceae & Euphorbiaceae.

This plant part are employed by the inhabitant in the form of infusion, decoction, paste, juice.

Vandana Janghel & Saket Singh Chandel (2018 2019) plant used for the treatment of icterus (jaundice) in central India

This review describe approximetaly 55 medicinal plants. Which are used by rural & tribal people of different area of Chhattisgarh for

curring dimand. the data was collected from different kind of literature survey.

This review has been comfferd in a systematic way which includes plants vernaculars names, botanical name along with its family, parts used & ethnomedicinal used in a table form & also the description of scientific evidence behind the folklore uses of some medicinal plants.

The current study may be use full for the development of new medicines for the treatment of jaundice.

As the allopathy medicines have many side effects therefore the present project was undertaken where efforts have been made to prepare the list of herbal medicinal plants used by the local people is enumerated in observation Table.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In the present investigation we focused on medicinal plants used to treat jaundice in rural area of Bhandara district local people in korambi, kardha, ravanvadi, Mohadi, and koka etc. villages. The entire area of Bhandara District located at 21°17’ north latitudes and 79°65’ East latitudes in Maharashtra state and surrounded by Balaghat district (MP) north, Gondia in the east, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli in the south and Nagpur in the west. The district is spread over an area of about 3717 Sq. Km. Bhandara district lies in the north eastern part of the state. The district receives an annual rainfall is about 1388.2 mm. The minimum and maximum temperature varies between 14°C and 45°C. as of 2015 India census Bhandara had a population of 11.98 lakh. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%.

Ethnobotanical data were collected according to the methodology suggested by Jain (2001). The ethnobotanical data were collected using questionnaire, interviews and discussions with the local people. A totally more than 5 respondents were interviewed, these included males and females that depended on plant as sources of medicines, either for self medication or for treating others. Presented data are the general results of the ethnobotanical survey conducted in different villages from January to february 2020. Ethnomedicinal information was obtained through a series of interviews with traditional healers, who still practiced their indigenous system of medicine. A questionnaire was prepared which included the vernacular names, methods of preparation, route of administration, part(s) used, dosage, duration and restriction on consumption of food.

Interviews and discussions were carried out using a local language for easy communication with the participants. The practitioners were first inquired as to whether they know and treat jaundice. The practitioners then took the interviewers on guided field-walks through areas from where they collected their medicinal plants, pointed out the plants which they used for treatment of jaundice, and described the formulation and mode of treatment. Several practitioners referred to jaundice as “Kawil or Piliya’’ disease, which terms have been used since ancient time in Bhandara district to describe jaundice. The diagnosis of jaundice mainly depended upon yellowish coloration of eyes, body, or urine. Although the practitioners recognized jaundice, they were unable to ascertain the exact cause of the disease. But they did know of the fact that jaundice arises from liver disorders, but what sort of liver disorder (like viral hepatitis or other causes) was unknown to them in the absence of clinical diagnostic procedures. As such, they treated jaundice as primarily a disease of the liver and treated jaundice

as a disease of its own with medicinal plants that according to them were beneficial for the liver. All plants as pointed out by them were photoghaph and plant specimens collected from the spot. Collected plants were identified with the help of flora and available reference. Ethical clearance was not obtained and no written prior consent was taken from the participants. However, participants were clearly informed about the objective of the study. Local informers were used to locate and collect information regarding the medicinal used on Jaundice along with it preparation. Personal cross interviews also done during the survey. Following identification, a review of the existing scientific literature was conducted using various data bases to determine which of the plants in use by the practitioners had reported hepatoprotective activity

MAP OF MAHARASHTRA STATE

Blue colour located Bhandara district

OBSERVATION AND RESULT

In present investigation, We focused mainly on plant species reported by the local people in and around the study area for their medicinal uses. In the present investigation 22 plants species are used for the treatment of jaundice. It is observed that most of the plants collected from local surrounding and forest area. The major plant families used by the people for treatment of jaundice is Laminaceae (2 species) and Euphorbiaceae (2 species). The different plants which have been documented during the study jaundice by the local health are given in the Table 1 (plate 2 to 6). Different parts of medicinal plants were used as medicine by the local traditional health healers. Among the different plant parts, the leaves were most frequently used along with their mode of use in treatment of the treatment of diseases followed by root, bark

and plant parts.

Observed medicinal plants are arranged in Table 1 which represents their botanical names followed by the family, vernacular name, plant parts used and doses for administration.

Table 1: Medicinal plants used for the treatment of jaundice by local people

Sr. No Scientific name Local name Parts used Administration s

1

Achyranthus aspera (Amaranthaceae)

2 Ailanthus excelso (Simarubiaceae)

Kutri Root Roots chewed daily for 4 days.

Maharukh Bark Powder given for 1 to 2 weeks.

3

Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae)

Bhuinim Leaves Juice is orally administered daily for a 2 week. 4

Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Kadunim Leaves 5 ml extract taken once daily for 15 to 20 days 5

Bauhinia recemosa (Caesalpiniaceae)

6 Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae)

Apta Bark, Leaves and root

Water extracts taken 2 time daily for 2 to 4 weeks

Mohari Seed oil & leaves 5 ml extract taken daily for 1 to 2 weeks.

7

Calatrapis procera (Asclepiadaceae)

Rui Tender leaves Juice is orally administered daily for a week. 8

Cardiospurmum helicacabum (Sapindaceae)

Fofundry Stem and leaves Juice is taken in morning for 3 days. 9

Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae)

Halad Rhizome Powder taken with milk once daily for 12 to 15 days 10

Cuscuta reflexa (Coscutaceae)

Amarvel Hole plant part use Juice is orally administered daily for a week. 11

Daucus carota (Apiaceae)

Gajar Root Juice taken thrice daily for 2 to 3 weeks 12

Echinopes echinatus (Asteraceae)

Katezend u Roots and seeds Juice taken for 1 to 2 weeks. 13

Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae)

Wed Areal roots Powder given for 2 to 3 weeks. 14 Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae)

Mehandi Bark and leaves One cup Decoction is taken two time daily after meal for 2 to 4 week 15

Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae)

Pudina Leaves Dry powder eaten with Chapati for 10

16

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae)

17

Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae)

18 Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae)

19 Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae)

to 12 days

Karla Fruit The juice of fruits is taken twice a day for 2 week.

Tulsi Leaves Juice with milk is orally administered daily for a 2 week.

Bhuiavla Fruits, Leaves Juice is taken in morning for 5 days

Yerand Root bark, leaves Powder is taken twice a day for 3 days. One cup juice is taken in morning for 5 days.

20 Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) Ranvanga Fruit Powder is taken with water for 15 to 20 days.

21 Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae)

Ganna Stem Two cups juice is given to the patient 4 to 5 times per day for a month.

Indravan Seed Seed collected & 2 ½ seeds are swallowes Present Investigation findings are, medicinal plants which are being utilized to treat the jaundice among the local people were focused. Data

22 Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae)

obtained from present investigation compiled in Table 1 and the medicinal plant species are arranged in alphabetical order. A total of 22 species belonging to 19 families have been reported for the treatment of jaundice and other liver diseases.

COLLECTION OF PLANTS

NO 1

Echinopes echinatus Daucus carota PLATE NO 4 Ficus benghalensis Lawsonia inermus

Momordica charantia L. Mentha spicata

Ocimum sanctum Phyllanthus anarus Ricinus communis

DISCUSSION

The present review is an attempt to compile the traditional ethnobotanical medicinal plants utilized for the treatment of jaundice in Bhandara district villages mohadi, Korambi, Kardha, Koka, Rawanwadi etc. This study will help to future reseachers to understand the correlation between different local people and their approach to treat liver diseases and jaundice. In this study, medicinal plants Which are being utilized to treat the jaundice among the local people were focused. Data obtained from present investigation compiled in Table 1 and the medicinal plant species are arranged in alphabetical order. A total of 22 plant species belonging to 19 families have been reported for the treatment of jaundice and other liver diseases. The botanical name, local name, native tribe, part of plant, mode of use and references are provided. The compilation reveals that the different plant parts were used in the treatment of jaundice and liver diseases. Among these leaves were highly utilized, followed by roots, seed, fruit, stem, shoot, bark and whole plant parts.

Table 1, showed there are some medicinal which accepted by different people in Bhandara district as medications for jaundice and liver diseases. They are either used singal or in combination or the same part

Citrullus colocynthis

or other parts, includes Phyllanthus amarus, Solanum nigrum, Ricinum communis. These plants are also recommended in Indian system of medicines such as Ayurveda and siddha systems of medicines, these findings indicate these local are some or other way relates to these system. The preparation method of medication sometimes varies from vaidus (Medicine man) to vaidus (Traditional practitioner). The popular forms are decoction, juice, extract, powder, fresh part and paste. The duration of treatment varies from weeks to months.

In the present investigations, found that 22 plant species Phyllanthus species, Ricinus species and Solanum species, are used by most of the practitioner. These observations are in agreement with those reported by suneetha J. et al (2013), Kachare and Surywanshi (2010), Kasalkar and Surana (2014), Thirumalai et al (2010), Madhu and Swamy (2010). Cuscuta reported by Abbasi et al (2009), Thirumalai et al (2010).

The reported collected by previous worker was duffer with my investigation for using plant Achyranthus aspera by the local people, in Bhandara district.

CONCLUSION

A significant contribution to human health are provided by medicinal plants of the locality and one of the most significant ways in which humans directly reap the benefits provided by biodiversity. India has a long history of medicinal plant utilization in traditional and tribal culture. In the present investigation, 22 medicinal plant species used to treat jaundice and hepatitis in the traditional health care systems of local people from the Bhandara district were reported and documented. More information may be explored from the peoples residing in the remote villages in this district. The traditional healers are the main source of

knowledge on medicinal plants used to treat the jaundice. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The use of these plants to treat jaundice is still needed by the communities, because of poor socio economic conditions, the high cost and a difficult access to allopathic medicines and the allopathic drugs have many side effects.

The majority of the reported species are wild and rare. These demand an urgent attention to conserve such vital resources so as to optimize their use in the primary health care system. Now a day, conservation of traditional knowledge is great menaced by a lot of factors related to modernization of the region and lack of interest in traditional healers, It is vanishing from the modern society since younger people are not interested to carry on this tradition, It is therefore, urgent to save the cultural heritage of the natives, by confirming the therapeutically used plants with scientific criteria. In this context, screening for active substances and testing their activities against jaundice and hepatitis causing organisms from an interesting subject for the future studies. Knowledge of folklore medicinal plants, preserved in local communities of various parts of before it is permanently lost.

Having the above facts in mind, an attention was made to explore the medical remedies of some medicinal plants used by the local people of Bhandara district in Maharashtra for the treatment of jaundice. These ethnomedicinal data may provide a base to start the search the new compounds related to photochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacognosy. This may provide new sources of herbal drugs and help to understand the molecular basis of their activities. Moreover, it may attempt further be mentioned that over exploitation of these species

in the name of medicine may lead some species ultimately to the disappearance in future. Therefore, attention should also be made on proper exploitation and utilization of these medicinal plants. Therefore present project is under taken for the study

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Abbasi, A. M., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, M., Khan, H., Muhammad, N. and Siltana, S. (2008). Medicinal plants used for the treatment of

2. jaundice and hepatitis based on socio-economic documentation. African Journal of Biotechnologhy., 8 (8): 1643-1650.

3. Badgujar, S. B. and Patil, M. B. (2008). Ethnomedicine for jaundice used in tribal areas of north Maharashtra.

4. Natural Products Radiance. 7:79-81.

5. Bhakta, T., Mukherjee, P.K., Mukherjee, k., Banerjee, S.,

6. Mandal, S. C., Maity, T. K., Pal, M. and Saha, B.P. (1999). Evaliation of hepatoprotective activity of Cassia fistula leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66, 277-282.

7. Bora, A., Purnima Devi and Borthakur, S. K. (2012). Phytoremedies of jaundice, a traditional approach on Majuli, Special refernace to Satra culture people, Assam. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2 (6):664 669.

8. Chaudhari, B. P., Chaware, V. J., Joshi, Y. R. and Biyani, K. R. (2009). Hepatoprotective activity of hydroaloholic extract of Momordoca charantia Linn. Leaves against Carbon tetrachloride induced hepatopathy in Rats.

9. International Journal pf ChemTech Research. 1: 355 358.

10. Chowdhury A.R. and Rahmtullah M. (2012).

11. Ethnomadicinal plants for treatment of jaundice by the folk and tribal medicinal practitioners of serveral district in Bangladesh and review of their scientifically reported Hepatoprotective activity.

12. American Eurasian journal of Sustainale Agricalture., 6(4): 360 370.

13. Gosh, A. (2003). Herbal folk remedies of Bantura &Medinipur districts, West Bengal (India). Indian Journal of ataraditinal Knowledge. 2:393 396.

14. Gupta, R, Vairale, M.G., Deshmukh, R.R., Chaudhary, P. R.

15. and West, S. R. (2010). Ethnomedicinal uses of some plants used by Hond tribe of Bhandara district, Mharashtra. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 9:

16. 713-717.

17. Handa, S.S., Sharma, A. and Chakraborty, K.K. (1986). Natural products as liver protecting drugs. Fitoterapia 57: 307 351.

18. Jain, S.K. (2001). Ethnobotany in Modern India. Phytomorphology Golden Jubilee Issue: Trend in Plant Sciences 39-54.

19. Kachare, S.V. and Surywanshi, S.R. (2010). Ethnomedicines on jaundice from district Nanded. Inernational Journal of Current Research. 10: 25-27.

20. Kalaskar, M.G. and Surana, S.J. (2014) Ethnomedicinal Plants used Against Liver Diseases among the Tribes of

21. India: Review. Journal of Biological Sciences. 14: 154-168.

22. Madhu, V. and Swamy, t. n. (2010). Ethnomedicinal against jaundice used by Gond tribes of Adilabad district,

23. Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobptanical leaflets. 14: 687693.

24. Mulay J. and Sharma, P. (2013). Plants Used in Tretment of Jaunduce by Folklore of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India Science Research Reporter, 3(2): 216222.

25. Negi, A.S., Kumar, J.K., Luqman, s., Shankar, K., Gupta, M. M. and Khanuja, S.P. S. (2007). Recent advances in plant hepaatoprotectives: a chemical and biological profile of some important leads. Medicinal Research Reviews. 28: 26. 746-772.

27. Phani kumar, G. and Chaturvedi, A. (2010). Ethnobotanical observation of euphorbiaceae species from Viderbha region Maharashtra India, Ethnobotanical leaflets. 14: 28. 674 80.

29. Samvastsar, S. and Diwanji, V.B. (2000). Plants sources for the treat,ent of jaundice in the tribals of western Madhya Pradesh of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 30. 73: 313 316.

31. Sharma, J., Gairola, S., Gaur, R.D. and Painuli, R. N. (2012). The treatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenous communities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttaraKhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 143: 32. 262 291.

33. Singh A.K., Raghubanshi, A.S. and Singh, J.S. (2002).

34. Medical ethnobotany of the trival of Sonaghati of Sonabhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81: 31-41.

35. Stickel, f. and Schuppan, D(2007). Herbal medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. Digestive and Liver Disorders. 36. 39: 2o93-304.

37. Suneetha J., Koteswara Rao J., Prabhakara Rao P. and Seetharami Reddi T.V.V. (W2013). Ethnomedicine for

38. Jundice by the Tribals of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Natural Remedies. 13(2): 2320-3358

39. Thirumalai T., Elimala E.K., Viviyan Therasa S., B. Senthilkumar and

40. E. David (2010). Ethnobotanical Survey of Folklore Plants for the Treatment of Jundice and Snakebites in Vellore Districts of Tamilnadu, India.

41. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 14: 529-36, 2010.

42. WHO. (2002). World Health Organization, Traditional Medicine Strategy Report, Document WHO/EDM/TRH/2002.1.

43. WHO. (2008). World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 328: May 2008.

Chapter- 2

Bismuth-Based Nanoparticles as photocatalytic Materials

M. Shanti, Asst Professor, B.S Dept, GNITS, HYDERABAD.

ABSTRACT

Bismuth based nanoparticles are a unique category of materials that possess interesting properties such as excellent chemical, electrical, optical and catalytic activities among others. The application of bismuth based nanoparticles as photocatalytic materials has caught the interest of the scientific community in recent times due to these unique prop- erties. Consequently, a number of data have been generated in relation to the photo catalytic application of these nanoparticles. This chapter intends to organise and provide the recently generated information on the use of bismuth-based nanoparticles in photocatalytic degradation processes. A detailed discussion is provided on bismuth-based nanoparticles including bismuth chalcogenides, bismuth vanadate, bismuth oxyhalides and other bismuth-related nanoparticles. Attention was also paid to the modification of these nanoparticles to improve their photocatalytic activities. The application of the modified nanoparticles in various photocatalytic processes with emphasis on water treatment, waste gas treatment, hydrogen production and air purification has also been thoroughly discussed.

Keywords - bismuth-based nanoparticles, photocatalytic degradation, hydrogen generation, carbon dioxide reduction, water treatment, pharmaceutical products, organic pollutants

INTRODUCTION:

Photocatalysis is gradually becoming a dependable technological approach in many indus- tries due to its cost-effective and environmentally friendly nature. This technique has the tendency to convert light energy into chemical energy under mild reaction conditions [1].

Subsequently, the technology has had successful application in many areas and is seen as a possible solution to the ever increasing environmental and energy shortage issues.

Recent advancement in population growth coupled with the expansion of industrialisation has brought about serious environmental pollution and energy shortages. This has necessitated the rising demands for environmental remediation, the alternative supply of energy and novel methods for pollution eradication by researchers [2]. A lot of methods have been employed to degrade complex toxic pollutants to less toxic compounds. Among them are the convention ones (coagulation, oxidation, ion exchange, membrane filtration and flocculation) [2]. These methods are, however, considered ineffective by a lot of researchers due to their severe dis- advantages including producing a large volume of sludge and operating at a very high cost [3]. Photocatalysis using semiconductors has been recommended as a potential method for environmental clean-up because it is economical and degrades pollutants by using artificial or natural sunlight which is cheap and abundant worldwide. Besides, there is no formation of

sludge, and the catalyst can be reused after the process since it remains unchanged [4].

A number of semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, CdS and ZnO) have been employed for varied photocatalytic activities due to their unique properties such as excellent electronic structure and light absorption, degradation of pollutants, thermal stability, less toxicity, low cost and inertness [5]. However, these semiconductors suffer two serious drawbacks. These drawbacks include large energy band gap which is too wide to absorbed visible light. Thus, these semiconductors are only photoactive in UV range. The second limitation is the rate at which the photo-generated electrons and holes recombine; a phenomenon that reduces the effec- tiveness of photodegradation process. Hence, for a semiconductor to attain its maximum potential as an efficient photocatalyst, some effective modifications that can enhance its photosensitivity in the visible light range and also retard the recombination of the electrons and holes [8] are required. Thus, the development of a novel photocatalyst that has potential to eliminate the environmental pollutants is an essential requirement for photocatalysis process.

Bismuth-based nanoparticles:

The use of bismuth-based nanoparticles instead of the traditional bismuth-containing bulk mate- rials/compounds for application in various advanced technological areas has received greater attention recently. This widespread interest in bismuth based nanoparticles is as a result of the fact that the nanoparticles possess peculiar properties that are absent in the bulk solid mate rials. These unique features which include high optical, electrical, thermal, photocatalytic and magnetic properties are mainly dependent on the nanoparticles’ large specific surface area and small sizes [14]. Fortunately, opportunities exist,

through colloidal chemistry, to synthesis bis muth based nanoparticles. This process involves utilisation of bismuth salts as precursors with the addition of surface modifiers and reducing agents to produce size controllable and highly crystalline bismuth based nanoparticles. Among the bismuth-based nanoparticles of interest are Bismuth chalcogenides, Bismuth vanadate, Bismuth oxyhalides and other bismuth related nanoparticles.

DISCUSSION:

Photocatalytic applications of modified bismuth-based nanoparticles

Application in water treatment

A number of publications are available on the use of modified bismuth based nanoparticle for water treatment through the degradation of organic pollutants and removal of bacteria. This section presents some of the research works that have been performed in this regard.

Degradation of organic pollutants

Harmful organic contaminants in water can be degraded or mineralised into innocuous/inof- fensive products (CO2 and H2O) through a photocatalytic reaction involving photo generated electrons and holes and reactive oxygen species. Photodegradation of organic contaminants through the use of bismuth-based nanoparticles occurs when the photocatalyst absorbs light of appropriate wavelength from sunlight or illuminated light source. This light energy excites and promotes electrons in the photocatalyst’s valence band to its conduction band. This results in the creation of positive charges (holes) and negative charges (electrons) on the valence and conduction bands respectively

leading to the creation of electron hole pairs. The hole oxidise water molecule into hydrogen gas and hydroxyl radical while the electron reduces oxygen molecules into superoxide radicals. The hydroxyl and the superoxide radicals then attack the pollutants and degrade them into harmless products [38]. These hydroxyl ions and superox- ide radicals are also responsible for inactivation of bacteria through degradation of their cell walls [38]. The mechanism of the photodegradation process is presented in the foll Figure .

CONCLUSION:

The necessity to develop more efficient photocatalysts for effective water treatment, carbon dioxide conversion, hydrogen reduction and air purification so as to alleviate the increasing energy crisis, air pollution, and to make clean and potable water readily available cannot be overemphasized.

The use of bismuth based nanoparticles/nanocomposite in this regard has been organised in this chapter. The chapter also provided recently generated information on the use of bismuth based nanoparticles in various photocatalytic degradation processes. A detailed discussion was provided on bismuth as an element/metal, and bismuth-based nanoparticles including bismuth chalcogenides, bismuth vanadate, bismuth oxyhalides and other bismuth related nanoparticles. Attention

was also paid to the modification of these nanoparticles to improve their photocatalytic activities.

REFERENCES:

• Oller I, Malato S, Sánchez-Pérez J. Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination A review. Science of the Total Environment. 2011;409(20):4141-4166. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.061

• Asiagwu A. Sorption model for the removal of m-anisidine dye from aqueous solution using beaker’s yeast (Saccharomuces cerevisiae). International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences. 2012;13:617-625

• Anjaneyulu Y, Chary NS, Raj DSS. Decolourization of industrial effluents available methods and emerging technologies a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2005;4(4):245 273. DOI: 10.1007/s11157 005 1246 z

• Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT Jr. Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: Principles, mecha- nisms, and selected results. Chemical Reviews. 1995;95(3):735 758

• Choy J H, Lee H C, Jung H, Hwang S J. A novel synthetic route to TiO2 pillared layered titanate with enhanced photocatalytic activityElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: XRD patterns and crystallographic data for pristine layered caesium tita nate and its proton exchanged form, and XRD pattern of the anatase TiO2 nano-sol used as pillaring agent. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2001;11(9):2232 2234. DOI: 10.1039/ B104551M

Chapter-3

A STUDY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING IN

DINDIGUL, TAMILNADU

N. HARIHARAN BCOM CS., DDTP. DOA. IBM Parvathi College of Science & Commerce Dindigul, Tamil Nadu & KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal

Center for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. COLLEGE, MARHPURA, KANNAUJ, 209723, INDIA

ABSTRACT

The global unfold of the covid 19 pandemic has agitated how human beings purchase commodities and different services and the way they may be worried in e commerce. That is absolutely primarily based on the current situation and modern records. The patterned lockdown rules across India and the developing unw illingness amongst consumers to head outside and store for essential items have given a much broader view of the kingdom

closer to e commerce. Purchasers have a change from shops, supermarkets, and buying department shops to on line portals and different purchasing apps for the purchase of Product, starting from basic commodities to reputed brands in India.

Keywords E commerce,covid 19, online shopping, buying, contactless shores,marketing,online payments.

INTRODUCTION

Humans respond to crises in one of a kind approaches. When faced with an uncertain, risky state of activities over which we have no manipulate, we tend to attempt approximately we can to experience like we have some manage. Those psychological factors are the same reasons “retail therapy” is a response to many different varieties of nonpublic crises; but, at some point of a pandemic, there are introduced layers. “Panic shopping for can be understood as playing to our three fundamental mental needs.” These desires are autonomy (or the need to experience on top of things of your movements), relatedness (the want to experience that we are doing approximately to advantage our families), and competence (the need to feel like clever customers making the suitable choice).

ONLINE SHOPPING

INTRODUCTION TO ONLINE SHOPPING

Humans respond to crises in one-of-a-kind approaches. When faced with an uncertain, risky state of activities over which we have no manipulate, we tend to attempt approximately we can to experience like we have some manage. Those psychological factors are the same reasons “retail therapy” is a response to many different varieties of non public crises; but, at some point of a pandemic, there are introduced layers. “Panic shopping for can be understood as playing to our three fundamental mental needs.” These desires are autonomy (or the need to experience on top of things of your movements), relatedness (the want to experience that we are doing approximately to advantage our families), and competence (the need to feel like clever customers making the suitable choice).

E- COMMERCE

E- Commerce attracts on technologies which include cell commerce, electronic funds switch, deliver chain control, net advertising and marketing, on line transaction processing, electronic records interchange (EDI), inventory control systems, and automatic information collection systems. E trade is in flip driven through the technological advances of the semiconductor enterprise, and is the most important region of the electronics industry- Commerce commonly makes use of the web for at least part of a transaction's existence cycle although it may additionally use other technology including email.

REVIEW LITREATURE

1) Aggarwal, 2017). through “problems and possibilities of ecommerce”, raghunatha & pang (2017) present a complete evaluation of diverse nuances of e commerce at the same time

as accentuating that, in gift time every enterprise hobby, be it advertising, ordering, price and so on, may be done within the digital ecosystem. The paper also enlists numerous factors at the significance of e commerce which can be responsible for its improvement as the brand new conference.

2) Das & are(2018) take a look at in “boom of e commerce in india ”that even though on line travel and lodge bookings still control the lion’s proportion of e trade marketplace, their share has comparatively fallen through the years because of the recent augmentation and consequent rise of e-tailing offerings. The discern of Indian e trailer Paytm, by means of making an investment $680 million, in 2015 (au lakh, 2015).

3) Gunasekaran, marry, McCaughey, & nebhwani (2018) supply an extensive outlook of electronic trade within organizational systems in “e-trade and its impact on operations control”, defining it almost about e trading and elaborating how it has permeated every area of enterprise. The paper identifies the revolutionary function performed with the aid of in advance internet packages like electronic mail and electronic data interchange and information the revolutionary changes introduced through the net technology in manufacturing, advertising, shopping, layout, production, promoting and distribution.

4) Gupta (2019) in her paper “e commerce: role of e trade in these dais’s enterprise”, offers a complete definition of e-trade whilst separating it from e-commercial enterprise. The paper enlists the

distinct e commerce models i.e. B2b, b2c, b2g and c2c, narratively analyzing the nitty grittiest of each.

5) Mishra & kotak (2020) trace the timeline and development of b2c e-commerce in “a study on modern popularity of e-trade in India: a comparative evaluation of Flipkart and amazon “with its inception inside the mid 1990s thru the appearance of matrimonial and task portals. However, due to restrained net accessibility, susceptible online price structures and lack of understanding, the development turned into very slow. The Indian b2c e-commerce industry were given a prime enhance in mid 2000s with the growth of online offerings to tour and lodge bookings which remain important individuals even today.

6) Rina (2021)additionally elaborates the special programs of e trade in “challenges and future scope of e trade in india”, on the equal time, defining the degree to which they are operational within the USA.

E-COMMERCE BUSINESSES ALSO EMPLOYEES

 Online looking for retail income direct to purchasers thru net sites and cell apps, and conversational commerce via stay chat, chatbots, and voice assistants.

 Offering or taking part in on line marketplaces, which method 0.33-party commercial enterprise-to-customer (b2c) or client-toclient (c2c) sales.

 business to commercial enterprise (b2b) shopping for and promoting.

 Amassing and the use of demographic information thru internet contacts and social media;

 b2b electronic information interchange.

 marketing to prospective and set up clients by using email or fax (for instance, with newsletters)

 conducting pretail for launching new products and services.

 online financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes.

UNDERSTANDING FEAR SHOPPING FOR AND CORONAVIRUS

As information of covid 19 spread and because it changed into officially declared a pandemic by using the field fitness world health organization,people answered by using stocking up. They offered out scientific materials like hand sanitizer and masks and household basics like bathroom paper and bread. Soon, each brick-and-mortar and online shops were suffering to preserve up with call for, and price gouging aimed at materials have become rampant. Higvarious e- commerce web sites at some stage in the pandemic.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEAR



To observe how coronavirus has affected the Customers online shopping.

 To study whether or not online purchasing is fantastic even after the pandemic.



To understand factors that impact the maximum to Purchase online.

 To become aware of whether continuity of online buying prevails even after the outbreak.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 The study is only for secondary data.

 Time constraints when collecting secondary data.

 Study is not desirable to generalize all the data from this study.

RESEARCH METHOD

Primary Data

The research is conducted to obtain statistics on”A STUDY ON A

RESEARCH PROPOSAL CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS

ONLINE SHOPPING IN DINDIGUL”. A sample size of a 233 changed into gathered the use of the increase sampling method. The sample includes each literate and illiterate as their reaction determines the reliability of the survey. Google forms platform became used for gathering records. The responses from the respondents were accumulated and analyzed the usage of the easy percentage approach.

Secondary Data

The secondary Data are collected via data, articles, survey reports,journals, studies statistics, and website site information.

E- COMMERCE CURRENT SECNARIO

According to a recent industry report, e-commerce will account for 20.4% of global retail sales by the end of 2022, up from only 10% five years ago. In other words, the e-commerce space is becoming more crowded. The rapid growth of e commerce can be attributed to many reasons Covid 19 being a major one.

The table 2 it is age responses below 18 to above 50 ages, then 19-30 is 34% and 31 40 is 24% it increase in 37 percentages. It is use fullto development of E- Commerce. Table 3

The table 3 is qualification total responses is223 differentqualifications school, college. Diploma students and PHD staffs. Then UG is 29% responses is 64 this is high level in development of e commerce useful to UG and PG students.

Then table 4 is occupation in Govt employee 30%, private employee 32%, business persons and agriculture responsestotal in 223, very low level is business man and agriculture

The table 5 is monthly income respondents in above 12000 and up-to 50000 it is low level of monthly income, 350009 40000 it is 30 % and 24000 34000 24%. The monthly income is maximum level.

Table 6 Marital status Respondents

SI NO Marital status Respondents Percentage

1

Married 120 54% 2 Single 103 46% 3 Total 223 100%

Then table 6 is marital status single 46% is decreased and married respondents is 54% it is highly useful to development of E0 commerce and useful to Indian economy.

7. How has corona virus outbreak affected customer's in online shopping ?

The chart 7 is corona virus outbreak affected customers in online shopping it is increased online shopping 41%, use online shopping method is 36% out of total response is 223.

8. Which type of product did you buy online since the start of the out break ?

The chart 8 is type of product did you buy online since the start of theoutbreak is buying type of product food is 39 % and second increase percentage is 30%. Then household item, electronic product, gifts and luxury goods it is all maximum level of percentage.

9. At the point of the out break , how did you purchase online ?

website on tablet 3 % website on laptop 9% website on pc website on mobile

The chart 9 is point of the outbreak, how did you purchase online it highly increased shopping mobile applications 57%, another options website on pc, website on tablet, website on lap top, website on mobile 19%. It is online purchase in covid 19 situation.

10. What kind of purchase do you prefer inn the expect future ?

11. What kind of purchase do you prefer in the expect future ?

The table 11 is kind of purchase do you prefer inn theyexpect future online shopping is 22%, Offline shopping is 10% and both online and offline shopping is highly increased 69 % out of 100.

Which element influences the most to purchase online is the respondents

Offer is 31%, price is 28%,and brand is 19%. Liked one of offer of online shopping it is best way for increasing purchasers.

SUGGESTIONS

 Most of the respondents feel that some loss of production has brought about shipping delays on particular products because of factory shutdowns. I cautioned that to reap greater effectiveness and efficiency, firms should try and integrate each pastime of the bodily cost chain with the implicit one.

 This studies states that corporations can track consumer's data and come to be privy to their preferences and therefore, make focused efforts in meeting their demand earlier than their competitors. However this form of fashion is making customers sense hazardous appr oximately their privacy norms.

 66% of the customers feel on line buying is high quality even after the pandemic. So, e commerce stores can get remarks from the customers and this could decorate the exceptional of consumer relationships inside the approaching destiny.

 Respondents emphasized that due to the payment modifications, the e commerce firms have found out that their customers had been more at ease making more orders which has in go back elevated the organization’s income and client needs.

CONCLUSION

On this studies, our number one interest is to know how coronavirus spread has affected e commerce globally. Cognizance approximately this topic can countersign better statistics in humans and deliberation to how e-commerce business, and economies of nations tormented by a coronavirus. And how e commerce presents opportunity methods for humans to fulfill their needs.

The way it impacted e-trade might be encouraging other researchers to observe extra deeply on this region inclusive of e trade traits, the way it modified by using corona, and destiny tendencies revolving round it. To finish, the respondent stated they have made new routines for the reason that pandemic outbreak, by means of being more informative to their customer and sending extra links to replace approximately the delivery delays to their customers more than earlier than. In preferred, the respondent said that covid 19 had impacted the firm negatively in addition to arbitrarily.

REFFRENCES

1) Hashanah, m. W., house, a., shisha, f. A., Anwar, m., Hamid, a. B. A., & tat, h. H. (2020). The impact of coronavirus (covid 19) on e commercial enterprise in Malaysia. Asian journal of multidisciplinary studies, three (1), 85 90.

2) Keen, p. And Ronald w. (2013). Value architectures for digital business: beyond the business model. Miss quarterly, 37(2), pp.643647.

3) Https://www.bigcommerce.com

4) covid 19 ecommerce/#understanding panic buying an d coronavirus

5) Https://www.ey.com/en_in/covid-19/ecommerce-during-covid-19preparing for now next a nd beyond\

Chapter- 4

conductivity studies

K.

Alakanandana

Associate Professor, Department of BS G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology & Science, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT

Conducting polymers, particularly the soluble derivatives are attractive in Organic electronics due to their conductivity with ease of fabrication. Novel proton conducting solid polymer electrolytes based on Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) with Malonic acid and PVA with Succinic Acid as dopant are prepared b y solution cast technique with varying doping concentrations up to 40 wt.%. XRD is used to examine the complexation of PVA polymer with Malonic acid and Succinic acid. The results of XRD reveal that with the increase of Malonic acid and Succinic acid concentration, the amorphous nature of PVA polymer matrix increases. FTIR spectra studies for pure and complexed polymers reveal the vibrational changes that occur due to the presence of dopant salt in the polymer. Also, the presence of O-H, C-H and C-C groups is indicated when FTIR spectrum of pure PVA is compared with the spectra of complexed polymers. The DC conductivity measurements have been taken on the polymer samples in the temperature range 303 K to 373 K. From these measurements it is observed that the conductivity is found to increase with the concentration of dopant as well as temperature. Thus the results obtained are presented.

Comparative study of structural and Electrical

of pure PVA and PVA doped with Malonic and Succinic acid polymer Electrolytes

Keywords - XRD, FTIR, polymer electrolyte, conducting polymers, composite PVA, Oxalic acid, Malonic acid.

INTRODUCTION

Polymers find potential applications in permanent and temporary data storage devices or as a basic material for the fabrication of active & passive light guides. Ion doped organic polymers are highly efficient in holographic recording [1]. Very few Vinyl polymers are soluble in water and Poly Vinyl Alcohol is recognized as one among them. By virtue of environmental sensitivity of PVA it finds extensive applications in textile wrap sizing, adhesives, paper sizing agents, ceramic binders. It is also used in cosmetics, pharmacy and electronic industry.

Polymer complexes with suitable inorganic and organic acids are known as polymer electrolytes which play an important role in the development of various electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, batteries, photo electron chemical cells, electrochemical displays, smart windows etc. Very conducive mechanical properties, ease of fabrication into thin films of desirable sizes and their ability to form proper electrochemical devices are some of the important advantages of polymer electrolytes.

The aim of the present work is to study the structural and electrical properties of PVA based polymer electrolytes. These are synthesized by doping dicarboxylic acids such as Malonic acid and Succinic acid into PVA in different proportions (weight). The study is carried out using XRD, FTIR techniques and by obtaining the dc conductivity of PVA composite polymer systems.

Preparation of polymer electrolyte films

Pure PVA (Mw 1, 40,000 from AR chemicals) complexed with Malonic acid and Succinic acid in various compositions (90:10), (80:20), (70:30) & (60:40) by wt% ratio, are prepared using the solution caste technique. PVA & Malonic acid, PVA & Succinic acid are dissolved in double distilled water; the solutions obtained are thoroughly stirred for 10 12 hrs. to get homogeneous mixture. The stirred solution is caste onto polypropylene dishes and allowed to evaporate slowly at 50˚C. After one or two days solid polymer layers are formed as thin electrolytes with nearly 100 microns thickness at the bottom of dishes. These electrolytes are dried in vacuum (10ˉ3 torr) to eliminate the residual traces of water then carefully separated from the dishes and stored in evacuated desiccators.

The X ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the electrolytes are made with PHILIPS PW 3710 X-ray diffractometer in the range 100-800. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of these systems are recognized using JASCO FTIR 5300 spectrometer. The measurements are taken over a wave number range of 400-4000cm-1. D.C. conductivity is measured using indigenously built instrument in the temperature range 300-373K with Keithley programmable electrometer (modelNo.196). Thickness of the films is measured by Mitutoyo thickness gauge (no.7301, range 0.01mm to 10mm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

XRD Analysis

The X-ray diffraction patterns of pure PVA and PVA complexed with Malonic acid and pure PVA and PVA complexed with Succinic acid are as shown in fig.1a and fig.1b.respectively. A few differences are

identified between the diffraction patterns of PVA complexed electrolytes and that of pure PVA. Above Figs. shows that the pure PVA has a characteristic peak corresponding to an orthorhombic lattice centered at 20° indicating its semi crystalline nature [2]. The peak becomes less intense as the content of Malonic and Succinic acid is increased. This could be attributed to the disruption of crystalline structure of the PVA by the addition of acid. The pattern pertaining to pure Malonic/Succinic acid contains very sharp peaks. Absence of such sharp peaks corresponding to the presence of these acids in the patterns of polymer complexes indicates the dissolution of Malonic/Succinic acid in the polymer matrices.

As the Malonic/Succinic acid content is increased in the polymer, the diffraction peaks become less intense, suggesting the decrease in the degree of crystallinity and simultaneous increase in the amorphousness of those polymer electrolyte films. The intensity of XRD pattern of PVA decreases as the amorphous nature increases [3]. No sharp peaks were observed for higher concentrations of Malonic/Succinic acid in the polymer, suggesting the dominant presence of amorphous phase [4]. The amorphous nature results in greater ionic diffusity with high ionic conductivity which can be obtained in amorphous polymers that have flexible back bone [5].

Fig.1a : X-ray diffraction patterns of pure PVA and PVA and PVA complexed with Malonic acid

FTIR Analysis

Fig.1b: X-ray diffraction patterns of pure PVA PVA complexed with succinic acid

Fig.2a. shows the FTIR spectra pertaining to pure PVA, PVA complexed with different compositions of Malonic acid and pure Malonic acid. The following changes in the spectral features have been observed after comparing the spectrum of complexed PVA with that of pure PVA & Malonic acid.

The absorption band in the region 3550 3114 cm 1 is due to inter molecular hydrogen bonded O-H stretching frequency of PVA which is shifted to 3592 3092, 3613 2739,3624 2676, 3603 2853 cm 1 in the 10, 20, 30 & 40 % acid complexed PVA films respectively.

In addition to this, the C-H bond stretching of CH2 showed an absorption band at 2947 cm 1 in pure PVA and is shifted to 2968 cm 1 , 2739 cm-1, 2635 cm-1 , 2624 cm-1 respectively .

The C H bending of CH2 in pure PVA exhibited absorption at 1453 cm-1 and it is shifted to 1464, 1464, 1453 &1464 cm-1 in the complexed films respectively.

Deformation is coupled to C-H wagging gives rise to a peak at 1438 cm 1 in pure PVA and it is shifted to 1468,1448,1458 & 1470 cm 1 in 10,20,30& 40% of complexed PVA with Malonic acid films respectively. In pure PVA, the C-C stretching occurs at 948 cm-1 and it is shifted to 937, 925, 914 & 925cm-1 in complexed films of PVA polymer electrolyte respectively. The complexation of PVA and Malonic acid clearly indicates the changes in the FTIR spectra.

The FTIR spectra pertaining to pure PVA, PVA complexed with different compositions of Succinic acid and pure Succinic acid are shown in Fig.2b.

The following changes in the spectral features have been observed after comparing the spectrum of complexed PVA with that of pure PVA & Succinic acid. The absorption band in the region 3551 3114 cm 1 is due to inter molecular hydrogen bonded O H stretching frequency of PVA which is shifted to 3561-3086, 3593-2966, 3519-2873 and 35852892 cm 1 in the 10, 20, 30 & 40 % acid complexed PVA electrolytes respectively.

In addition to this, the C H bond stretching of CH2 showed an absorption bend at 2947 cm-1 in pure PVA and is shifted to 2980 cm-1, 2874 cm 1, 2798 cm 1, 2724 cm 1 respectively. The C H bending of CH2 in pure PVA exhibited absorption at 1453 cm 1 and it is shifted to 1461, 1467, 1473 & 1455 cm-1 in the complexed electrolytes respectively. In pure PVA, the C C stretching occurs at 948 cm 1 and it is shifted to 942, 923, 954 & 929 cm-1 in complexed electrolytes of PVA polymer electrolytes respectively.

Electrical properties

Conductivity of polymer electrolytes depends on the actual concentration of conducting species and their mobility.

The conductivity (σ) varies with temperature (T) according to the equation

σ = σ0 exp (Ea/kT)

where σ0 is pre exponential factor, Ea is activation energy, k is Boltzmann constant and T is absolute temperature.

The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature in pure PVA as well as all the compositions of polymer electrolytes. The conductivity versus temperature follows Arrhenius behavior throughout. The conductivity values do not show any abrupt jump with temperature, which indicates that, these electrolytes exhibit amorphous nature [6]. This type of behavior is observed in a number of PVA based electrolyte systems [7, 8].

Fig.3: Electrical conductivity as a function of temperature and compositions of PVA Malonic acid and PVA Succinic acid.

Fig. 3 shows the variation of electrical conductivity as a function of temperature for pure PVA and for different compositions of Malonic/Succinic acid doped polymer electrolytes in the temperature range 303K-373K. These are also shown in the table-1 & table -2. Quite interestingly, it is observed that the conductivity values are highest for 70:30 PVA: Malonic acid & 70:30 PVA : Succinic acid electrolytes.

Table 1: Conductivity of PVA and PVA: Malonic acid electrolyte films.

Polymer electrolyte

Conductivity (σ ) S/cm at 303K

Conductivity (σ ) S/cm at 373K

PVA 5.62x10 10 6.15 x10 9

PVA: Malonic acid 90:10) 7.33x10 8 3.73x10 7

PVA: Malonic acid (80:20) 2.56x10 7 4.796x10 7

PVA: Malonicacid (70:30) 1.17x10 6 1.23x10 5

PVA: Malonic acid (60:40) 2.42x10 7 1.04x10 6

Table2: Conductivity of PVA and PVA: Succinic acid electrolytes.

Polymer electrolyte

Conductivity (σ ) S/cm at 303K

Conductivity (σ ) S/cm at 373K

PVA 5.62x10 10 6.15 x10 9

PVA: Succinic acid ( 90:10) 3.98 x10 9 4.49 x10 9

PVA: Succinic acid ( 80:20) 5.07 x10 9 5.35 x10 8

PVA: Succinic acid ( 70:30) 9.87x10 9 1.58 x10 7

PVA: Succinic acid ( 60:40) 5.34x10 9 6.36x10 8

The increase in conductivity with temperature is due to decrease in viscosity and increase in chain flexibility and mobility [9]. The conductivity- temperature data obey Arrhenius relationship, the nature of cation transport is quite similar to that in ionic crystals, where ions jump into neighboring vacant sites and increases the ionic conductivity [10]. The increase in conductivity may be due to the transition from semi crystalline phase to amorphous phase. Due to this phase change conductivity shows an increasing trend with temperature and this can be interpreted as hopping mechanism between coordinating sites, local structure and segmental motion of the polymer [11]. As the amorphous

region increases, the polymer chain acquires faster internal modes in which bond rotations produce segmental motion. This in turn favors hopping inter chain and intra chain movements and thus increases in the conductivity of the polymer.

CONCLUSION

• The complexation of PVA polymer with Malonic acid and with Succinic acid is confirmed with XRD and FTIR studies.

• The conductivity of pure PVA is about 5.62x10 10 & 6.15 x10 9S/Cm at room temperature & at 1000C and this value increases to 1.17x10 6 & 1.23x10 5 S/Cm when PVA complexed with Malonic acid (70:30). This particular sample of PVA complexed with Malonic acid (70:30) has provided the maximum conductivity compared to other samples.

• The conductivity of pure PVA is about 5.62x10-10 & 6.15 x109S/Cm at room temperature & at 1000C and this value increases to 9.87x10 9& 1.58 x10 7 S/Cm when PVA complexed with Oxalic acid (70:30). This particular sample of PVA complexed with Oxalic acid (70:30) has provided the maximum conductivity compared to other samples.

• Among the two types of PVA complexed polymer electrolytes, due to relatively high conductivity, PVA complexed with Malonic acid (70:30) electrolyte could be a promising electrolyte for applications in electrochemical cells.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors thank the Head the department of physics, Osmania University and Chairman Board of studies in physics, Osmania University for their constant encouragement and providing facilities. Also the author thanks the coordinator SAP department of physics for providing the necessary facilities, the Principal, G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science for his constant encouragement.

REFERENCES

1. G. Filoti, V. Kuncser, H. Franke, T. Kardinahl and G. Manivannan, Optical induced modifications in thin films of Fe:PVA , Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Volume 190, Number 2, 315 320, DOI: 10.1007/BF02040006.

2. Kurumova M, Lopez D, Benavete R, Mijangos C, Perna JM(2000) Polymer 41:925 9272.

3. Hodge RM, Edward GH, Simon GP (1996) Polymer 37:1371

4. Madhu Mohan V, Raja V, Sharma AK, Narasimha Rao VVRN(2004) Master Chem Phys94:177

5. Mohamad AA, Mohamad NS, Yahya MZA, Othman R, Ramesh S, Alias Y, Aroof AK(2003) Solid State Ionics 156:171

6. Michael MS, Jacob MME, Prabaharan SRS, Radhakrishna S (1997) Solid State Ion 98:167

7. Subba Reddy ChV, Sharma AK, Narasimha Rao VVR (2006) Polymer 47:1318

8. Amrith Bhide, Hariharan K (2007) J Power Sources

9. Sekhon S S, Pradeep K V and Agnohotry S A(1998) in Solid State Ionics:

10. Souquet J L, Levy M and Duclot M, Solid State Ionics 70 71,337 (1994).

11. Maurya K K, Hasmi S A and Chandra S, J Phys. Soc Jpn1, 1709(1994).

IMPACT OF AWARENESS ON GREEN MARKETING IN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ON CURRENT SCENARIO

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE

Principal

Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany M. G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj,209723, India N. HARIHARAN DDTP., DOA.IBM, PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, WISDOM CITY, DINDIGUL 624 002, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

ABSTRACT

Green marketing and marketing a new concept and a step to protect the surroundings. Green marketing and marketing is a phenomenon which has developed precise critical within the contemporary marketplace. This idea has enabled for the re- marketing and marketing and packaging of present products which already adhere to such guidelines. Moreover, the improvement of green marketing has opened the door of possibility for agencies to cobrand their merchandise into separate line, lauding the green friendliness of some at the same time as ignoring that of others. Such

marketing techniques could be explained as an immediate end result of motion in the minds of the consumer marketplace. As a result of this corporations have multiplied their fee of targeting clients who're concerned about the surroundings. Those identical customers via their challenge are inquisitive about integrating environmental problems into their shopping choices thru their incorporation into the method and content of the marketing strategy for anything product may be required. The primary goal of the paper is to know the notice of humans in the direction of green marketing, that they're aware about and are they clearly consider in this idea. Second goal is that green marketing and marketing certainly helps to keep the surroundings or now not. The paper also examines destiny of green marketing and concludes that green marketing is something with the intention to constantly grow in both exercise and demand.

Keywords

-

Green marketing, recyclable, cognizance of human beings, surroundings.

INTRODUCTION

Green marketing includes developing and promoting products and services that fulfill customers need and want for nice, overall performance, cheap pricing and convenience without having an unfavorable input at the environment. The green marketing has developed over a time period. The time period green marketing came into prominence in the past due nineteen eighties and early 1990s.the evolution of green marketing has 3 phases.

First phase became termed as "ecological" green marketing and marketing, and in the course of this period all marketing and marketing

sports have been concerned to assist environment troubles and offer treatments for environmental troubles. Second phase became "environmental" inexperienced marketing and the focal point shifted on easy technology that involved designing of modern new merchandise, which take care of pollutants and waste issues. Third phase turned into "sustainable" green marketing and marketing. It got here into prominence in the overdue nineteen nineties and early 2000.

WHY GREEN MARKETING AND MARKETING?

As sources are restrained and human desires are unlimited, it is vital for the marketers to utilize the sources effectively without waste as well as to reap the corporation's objective. So green marketing and marketing is inevitable. There may be growing interest some of the clients everywhere in the world concerning protection of environment. Worldwide proof shows humans are worried about the surroundings and are changing their behavior. Due to this, green marketing and marketing has emerged which speaks for developing market for sustainable and socially accountable products and services.

DEFINITION

According to the American marketing association, green marketing is the marketing and marketing of merchandise which might be presumed to be environmentally secure. For that reason green marketing and marketing includes a wide range of activities, such as product amendment, changes to the production manner, packaging changes, in

addition to editing marketing. Yet defining green marketing isn’t always a simple task in which numerous meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of various social, environmental and retail definitions connected to this time period. Different comparable phrases used are environmental marketing and ecological marketing.

REVIREW LITERATURE

1) During nineties, the concern for environment elevated and resulted in to growing challenges for the companies. Dutta, b. (2009, january) in his article on green marketing titled sustainable inexperienced marketing the new vital published in marketing mastermind states that green marketing entails developing precise quality products that may meet customer want and desires by means of focusing on the satisfactory, overall performance, pricing and comfort in an surroundings-pleasant manner.

2) Green marketing specially makes a specialty of 4 issues. These problems are: first, importance of green marketing and marketing; second, impact of green marketing and marketing on companies and surroundings; third, improving effectiveness of green marketing.

3) In India inexperienced marketing is an exceedingly new subject matter added via few multinational businesses operating in India like Philips India limited, maul, tag lodges, and Infosys, and so on.

4) Green marketing and marketing has been a critical instructional research topic since it came. Interest became drawn to the concern inside the past due 1970‘s when the yank marketing affiliation prepared the first ever workshop on ecological marketing in 1975 which resulted inside the first e book on the concern entitled ―ecological marketing by means of hen ion and Kinnear in 1976. Pattie and crane (2005) claims that in spite of the early

improvement, it became best within the late 1980‘s that the concept of green marketing really made an look because of the purchasers developing interest in green merchandise.

5) According to peat tie (2001), the evolution of inexperienced marketing has three phases. First phase become termed as ecological" green marketing, and at some stage in this era all marketing sports have been worried to assist environment issues and offer remedies for environmental troubles. Second segment was "environmental" green marketing and marketing and the focus shifted on clean era that worried designing of revolutionary new merchandise, which take care of pollutants and waste problems. 0.33 phase become "sustainable" green marketing. It came into prominence within the past due nineteen nineties and early 2000.

6) Unruh, g. And extension, r. (2010) in their studies article titled, developing inexperienced: 3 smart paths to developing sustainable merchandise. Posted in Harvard enterprise assessment, is for executives who agree with that developing inexperienced products make sense for their organization and want to decide the great course ahead. The authors have delivered and described three broad strategies that organizations can use to align their inexperienced dreams with their abilities: intensify: approach entails gambling up existing or latent inexperienced attributes to your modern-day portfolio. Accumulate: approach includes shopping for someone else‘s inexperienced logo. Architect: approach includes architecting inexperienced services constructing them from scratch.

OBJECTIVES

The take a look at is performed so that you can acquire the subsequent unique goal:

 The primary goal of the paper is to recognize the attention of humans in the direction of inexperienced marketing that they're privy to and are they simply believe in this.

 Second goal is that green marketing virtually facilitates to save the surroundings or not.

SAMPLE DATA COLLECTION

A handy sampling approach became followed. In all, 70 people randomly decided on in tamilnadu. Out of them 48 have been among the age of 18 to 35 years and relaxation 22 had been above the age of 35 years. Primary data changed into collected via survey using structured questionnaire and secondary statistics through websites and articles.

HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

Analysis Hypotheses 1:

Ho: People do not believe in the Green Marketing concept.

H1: People believe in the Green Marketing concept.

X²cal = 35.714 X² tab = 7.88

X² tab <X² call

The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. So, the null hypotheses is rejected and alternative hypotheses is selected. It means people believe in Green Marketing concept and they are aware about it and about its benefits.

Hypothesis 2

Ho: Green marketing does not help to save the environment.

The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. So, the null hypotheses is rejected and alternative hypotheses is selected. It results that green marketing is a very important tool to save the environment. It increases the awareness, motivates people to go green.

EXPLAINATION

The first question responses of 86% is believe in green marketing concept and rest 14% don’t believe in it because may be they have not much knowledge about this. Its percentage in calculation if 100%.

EXPLAINATION

Then second question 74%respondentsthink that a product with green marketing strategies has more market value than others and rest 26% respondents in the green marketing. Q3.

Third question is that Green Marketing plays an important role to save the Environment 86% respondents say that green marketing plays an important role to save the environment and 14% say other factors like plantation of trees are more important one of green marketing.

The chart four is 63% respondents who are educated and earning are ready to pay small amount more for green products and 37% don’t have will to pay extra. N is very useful to development of green marketing.

Then fifth question is you go Green by your own will not by Govt. pressure. 69% respondents are self motivated for green products and rest 31% buys a green product due to Govt. pressure. In the main role of green marketing.

EXPLAINATION

Question six is respondents 71% are not satisfy with Govt. efforts towards green marketing and 29% think that Govt. is promoting the green marketing. In the question most of the peoples liked.

EXPLAINATION

The question seven is Do you think Green products are becoming status symbol Only20% respondents think that green products are becoming status symbol and rest 80% don’t agree with above statement.

The question 9 respondents is 77% think that scope of Green Marketing in near future is good and 23% think that it may be a short time boom in the green marketing features.

Q9. Do you believe in the application of concept of complete green marketing throughout the world?

SI. NO Particulars Observed N Expected N Remaining Percentage

9. Thought in green marketing

EXPLAINATION

The question nine is Do you believe in the application of concept of complete green marketing throughout the world? 89% respondents are in the favor of the application of the concept of complete green marketing throughout the world and rest 11% don’t think so. It is a one main concept in green marketing.

Q10. Green Marketing is only way to protect the environment?

1

yes no 10. Protect the environment

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

EXPLAINATION

Then finally question ten is protect the green marketing 29% respondents say that only way to protect the environment is green marketing and rest 71% say that there are many other ways to protect the environment like plantation of trees, water harvesting, recycling, use of solar and wind energy.

FINDINGS

 People are aware about environmental problems and they are willing to contribute in environment safety.

 Educated people of the society are even ready pay more for environment safety as to some extent it has become a status symbol.

 Educated people are self motivated but common man does not care about environment until they have a pressure from govt.

 At present it is a new concept, but it has good scope in near future.

 People are not satisfied with the govt. efforts towards environment.

 People are aware about environmental issues but still they give preference to price and brand name over environment friendly product.

SUGGESTIONS

 For increase the Green Marketing awareness, Govt should take more efforts like awareness programmers in rural areas through advertisements, seminar and workshops, etc.

 There are some simple ways with which we can save the environment like afforestation, use solar energy, ban on harmful plastic products, recycling of products and water harvesting, etc.

 Limitations of the study

 Time Constraint: There was time constraint, so the sample size is short.

 Education: Due to illiteracy and lack of awareness, people are not aware about Green Marketing.



Limitation in the availability of necessary secondary data.

CONCLUSION

Consumer’s stage of cognizance about inexperienced products located to be high however at the identical time clients aren't aware of green

initiatives undertaken with the aid of various authorities and non government companies signifying need for more efforts from agencies on this regard. Newspaper remains leading supply of statistics for maximum of the respondents and must be applied more for achieving out to the consumers regarding green merchandise and practices. Responses were on moderate superb stage and we are able to finish that clients are now not skeptic approximately green claims of the groups and purchasers are worried approximately the existing and future kingdom of environment signifying want for inexperienced merchandise and practices. Entrepreneurs can give you knew inexperienced products and talk the blessings to the clients. Because of extended attention and concern customer may also prefer inexperienced products over traditional merchandise to guard the environment.

Concerns have been greater directed closer to depletion of ozone and global warming. The clients are involved approximately the nation of surroundings and anticipate the businesses to appoint inexperienced practices toward the safety of environment. The consequences have implication for durable manufacturers mainly to exercise green marketing. The marketing communication regarding green practices want to cognizance greater on theme and message. Marketing appeals the usage of green products and practices are probably to flow emotions and bring about persuasion. It’s far essential for markets to be in top of mind recall of clients to benefit most from their inexperienced brand positioning. Consistent and non stop communication from the groups’ aspect is needed to make an effect and create a distinct inexperienced positioning.

REFERENCES

1. Davidson, A. R., Yantis, S., Norwood, M. and Montano, D. E. (1985). Amount of Information about the Attitude Object and Attitude Behavior Consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 1184 1198.

2. Davis, Joel J. (1992). Ethics and Environmental Marketing. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 81-87. Freeman, R. E. and Liedtka. J. (1991). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Critical Approach. Business Horizons. Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 92 98.

3. Gardena, D., Sharma, B., Kerr, D. and Smith, T. (2011). The Influence of Consumers’ Environmental Beliefs and Attitudes on Energy Saving Behaviors. Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 7684-7694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.002

4. Kotler, Philip, Keller, K.L., Koshy, A., &Jha, M. (2012) Marketing Management A South Asian Perspective. New Delhi: Pearson Education, pp. - 77-80.

5. International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.1 No. 1, January 2012, ISSN 2277 3630

Chapter- 6

MOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF PARAQUAT (PQ) WITH ANIONIC METAL COMPLEXES

Dr. T.Charan Singh

Department of Chemistry

G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science, Shaikpet, Hyderabad 500104.

ABSTRACT

Charge transfer complexes of paraquat (PQ) with a few anionic metal complexes viz., Co(SCN)4] 2 , [PbI)4] 2 , [Cu2I4] 2 , [HgI4] 2 , [Cu(CN)3H2O] 2 , [CdI4] 2 , [Cu2Br4] 2 , [Zn(SCN)4] 2 in DMF and DMSO Solutions, have been studied spectrophotometrically. The entire complexes exhibit one charge transfer band each in the region where neither of the components has any absorption. The stoichiomtry of each complex is found to be 1:1 from Job’s method. The ionization potentials of the donors (anionic metal complexes) have been determined from the position of CT band of PQ metal complex. The stability constants of the complexes have been determined from Rose-Drago method. Extinction coefficients (ε), oscillatory strengths (f) and transition dipole moments (D) of CT complexes have also been determined. For a given complex the extinction coefficients, the oscillatory strengths and the dipole moments are found to be almost independent of temperature. The constancy of ε, f and D over the temperature range studied rules out the possibility of existence of the complexes other than 1:1 stoichiometry.

Keywords - Charge transfer complexes, Paraquate, anion metal complexes,

INTRODUCTION

Paraquat (PQ) is an important biologically active molecule. It was proved to be herbicide and a weedicide either independently or mixed with other activating compounds. It is a chief component in the commercial herbicides (grammaxone) and weedol. Paraquat is a dication and possesses a strong electron acceptor character with an electron affinity[1] 1.24 eV. Although the biological activity of paraquat is known for a long time, its property of forming CT complexes, for the first time, was reported by Nakahara and Wang [2] , using inorganic anions and anionic metal complexes as donors [3 6]. Later, the electron donor-acceptor interaction between some neutral organic donors and paraquat has been carried out by White [1]. Subsequently paraquat attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of molecular complexes and it has been shown to form CT complexes with a variety of electron donors[7 14]. The CT complexes of anilines, phenyl hydrazones, crown ethers, phenolates and purinates with PQ have already been reported[15,16]. The formation of molecular complex of PQ with thiafulvalenes was reported by Rahman et al.[17]. Continuing our studies on anionic metal complexes, PQ as an acceptor has been tested for the formation of CT complexes. The successful results are reported in the present paper.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

Paraquat dichloride was prepared by the dimerisation of pyridine to 4,4’-bipyridyl, followed by quarternization with methyl chloride and isolation as the dihydrate1. Alternatively PQ dichloride was xtracted from the commercial herbicide (grammaxone) by repeated recrystallization from water, ethanol and ethanol-acetone mixture. The metal complexes are dissolved in polarizing solvents like DMF and

DMSO. The IR and UV spectra of the samples tallied well with those of reported in literature. The UV-Vis spectra of the complexes were recorded on Shimadzu 240 and Elico SL 210 UV Visible double beam spectrophotometers using a matched pair of quartz cuvettes of 10 mm path length (Fig. 1). The concentration of PQ was held constant at 2 × 10 2 M while those of anionic metal complexes varied between 2 × 10 3to 8 × 10 2M. The solutions concentration was kept constant at 3 × 10 3

M for the production of complex with optical density between 0.08 to 1.5 absorbance units. The absorption bands due to acceptor or donor individually have fallen to the base line much more before the wavelength of CT absorption, The complicated CT bands were analyzed by using the following relationship put forward by Briegleb and Czekella[19]:

(ν h ν l)/2(ν m ν l) = 1.2 Where ν h and ν l refer to the frequency at half the maximum intensity on the high and low frequency side of the peak located at ν m.

The stability constants of the CT complexes were determined by using the following Rose-Drago[20] method: K 1 = (d/ε ) ([Do] + [Ao] ) + [Do] [Ao] ε/d

Where d is the absorption; ε, the molar extinction coefficient of the complex; [Ao] and [Do] are the initial concentrations of acceptor and donor respectively.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The CT Complexes of PQ with anionic metal complexes have been prepared as described in the experimental section. Many complexes were insoluble in water and most of the organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetonitrile etc. However they were found to dissolve in polarizing solvents like DMF and DMSO [19]. The solubility

in these solvents, although less polar than water may be attributed to the high polarizing .These solvents are known to dissolve ionic compounds by preferential salvation of cations. Hence the spectral and equilibrium studies were performed in DMF.

All the solutions of CT complexes exhibited one CT band each in the region 350 1400 nm(Fig 2 3 and table 1). The relative position of CT bands observed for these complexes may be interpreted in terms of effect of ligand, position of metal ion in the group and the electronic configuration of the metal ion, all of which contribute to the alteration in the energy of HOMO of the anionic metal complexes. Mc Farlane suggested that the position of CT bands of PQ AMC depends upon ionization potential of metal ion to the next higher ionization state, the ionization potential of the ligand and structure of the metal complex which cannot be evaluated priori

The MO diagram for tetrahedral metal complexes is available in literature. The MO energy diagram compound using (n-1) d, ns and np orbitals of metal and π orbitals of ligand is shown in the (Figure 1) for d10 system. In tetrahedral complexes the HOMO is identified as π anti bonding and is designated as t2.The energy of these orbital changes with the nature of the metal ion, ligand and the electronic configuration of the HOMO. Mc Clure envisaged a two dimensional Spectrochemical series(fig.4) for ligands and suggested that antibonding (penulimate) orbital is effected by ligands in the order : CN >Cl > Br > I while the π anti bonding orbital (HOMO) is effected by the ligands in the reverse order i.e. I > Br >C1 >CN Since CT complexes are formed by the excitation of an electron from the HOMO of the donor to the LUMO of the acceptor any changes brought by these factors in the energies of HOMO is reflected in the position of CT band of the thiocynate complexes, PQ[Co(SCN)4] exhibited a CT band at 1200 nm

while PQ[Zn(SCN)4] complex at 398 nm. The longer wavelength band for PQ[Co(SCN)4] over PQ[Zn(SCN)4] may be attributed to the lower ionization potential of Co2+ ion to the next ionization state, lower nuclear charge in Co over Zn and also to the electronic configuration of HOMO which contains three unpaired electrons whose excitation becomes easy.

Among Iodide complexes, PQ[CdI4] and PQ[HgI4] are isostructural compounds of the same group while PQ[Cu2I4] belongs to different group and PQ[PbI4] belongs to p block. So any comparison can be made only between PQ[CdI4] and PQ[HgI4]. The appearance of CT band at higher wavelength for PQ[HgI4] and PQ[CdI4]2 may be due to involvement of 5d, 6s and 6p orbitals of Hg which raise the energy HOMO to a large extent against 4d, 5s and 5p orbitals by Cd. Further it is no note worthy that the ionization potential of Hg2+ to the next ionization state is smaller than the Cd2+ The position of the CT bands of copper complexes viz., PQ[Cu(CN)3H2O] are explicable in terms of Mc Clure two dimensional speectrochemical series The Iodied show the greatest effect on the π antibonding HOMO while CN shows the least effect This is manifested in the position of CT bands.

Energies of charge transfer bands

The energies of the intermolecular charge transfer bands of the complexes on solution are calculated from the frequencies of absorption, using equaton

ECT = hc /λCT and the values are reported in table-1. They are in the order PQ[Zn(SCn)4] > PQ[CdI4]>PQ[Cu(CN)3H2O]>PQ[HgI4]>PQ[PbI4]>PQ[Cu2Br4]>PQ[Cu

2I4]> PQ[Co(SCN)4]. The variation in the energies of CT bands with change in the anion metal complex is attributes to the factors mentioned earlier like the nature of ligand, electronic configuration of metal ion and the position of metal in the group which can influence the HOMO of the typical tetrahedral metal complex. Of the ligands I was shown to influence the HOMO greater than the other two. A completely filled electronic configuration as in Zn2+,Cd 2+and Hg2+ renders AMC less donating in nature than Co2+ .Among these complexes the donor abilities are in the order : Hg2+ >Cd2+>Zn2+ which may due to the position of metal in the group. A 5d metal ion has high energy level than 4d than 3d. The variation of ECT of PQ- copper AMC CT complexes may be understood in terms of Mc Clure two dimensional spectrochemical series.

Ionization potentials of the donors

The ionization potentials of donors could not be evaluated directly from the position of CT bands from the relation

ECT =a ID + b

Since the values of constants a and b in the equation are not available in literature for PQ in DMF. However such constants are available for PQ in methanol and aqueous medium. Therefore an indirect method for determination of IPs has been envisaged from the solvatochromic shift of CT bands and ionizing power of the solvent and defined Z values of as a measure of polarity of a solvent, since Vct and Z values are linearly related, if Vct is available in one solvent the vCT in other solvent may be obtained by extrapolisaton. By this way we have calculated Vct and Ect for our complelxes in methanol and water. Form the calculated Ect the 85

IPs are determined. The values obtained in methanol and aqueous medium agreed well with each other.

ECT= 0.9ID 4.19 for PQ in methanol and

ECT =0.976 ID -4.5 for PQ in aqueous medium

The IP values obtained are linearly related to the ECT in DMF with slope of 0.733and intercept -3.31

Extinction coefficients (ε), oscillatory strengths (f) and translation

Dipole moments (D) of CT complexes

Extinction coefficients of the complexes and determined from the inter section points of Rose Drago plots. The oscillatory strengths and transition dipole moments were calculated using appropriate equations as mentioned earlier. The molar extinction coefficients decreased with decreasing donor ability of AMC, while f and D did not follow any regular trend. This may be due to the uncertainties in the measurement of ∆v1/2 because the higher frequency side of the CT band is overlapped with the absorption due to donor and acceptor

Formation constants and Thermodynamic parameters of the complexes

The formation constants of the complexes are determined by using Rose Drago method (table-2). The stabilities are in the same order as the energies of CT bands. The stabilities of the complexes increased with increasing donor ability of AMC. The trends in stabilities may be explained on the reasons mentioned for energies of CT bands. The logarithmic functions of the stability constants bear liner relation with ionization potentials of the donors. The thermodynamic parameters are

determined from the variation of log K with temperatures (table 2). The negative enthalpies indicate that the complex formation is spontaneous while negative entropies indicate a loss in degree of freedom of the components upon complexation.

Spectral Characters of CT Complexes of PQ –AMC

1)

[Co(SCN)4]2 [PbI)4]2 [Cu2I4]2 [HgI4]2 [Cu(CN)3H2O]2 [CdI4]2 [Cu2Br4]2 [Zn(SCN)4]2

1.034 2.586 2.746 2.760 2.770 2.820 2.886 3.120

5.94 8.03 8.23 8.24 8.27 8.38 8.45 8.80

8.3 20.83 22.12 22.20 22.32 22.72 23.25 25.12

480 425 470 425 450 460 450 475

1695 13070 7834 4632 7972 11440 4397 15057

0.96 1.65 1.32 0.95 1.21 1.44 0.97 1.57

0.0036 0.0268 0.0160 0.0094 0.0154 0.0230 0.0090 0.0290 Stability constants and Thermodynamic parameters of CT complexes of PQ-AMC 87

S.No AMC Stability constants(K) at various temperatures -∆H -∆S -∆G 100c 200c 300c 400c 500c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[Co(SCN)4]2 [PbI)4]2 [Cu2I4]2 [HgI4]2 [Cu(CN)3H2O]2 [CdI4]2 [Cu2Br4]2 [Zn(SCN)I4]2

4604 837 1359 711 640 573 872 389

3208 650 1042 554 500 449 672 308

2263 509 806 435 395 355 528 245

1615 401 629 345 314 283 416 197

1166 319 495 275 251 227 330 159

The equilibrium constants (K) are accurate ±0.1 lit/mole

∆H is accurate up to ±0.1 k.cal/mole.

∆S is accurate up to ±0.1 k.cal/deg/mole.

11.7 8.20 8.60 8.08 7.95 7.88 8.28 7.60

24.58 15.60 16.04 15.05 15.25 15.22 15.80 15.00

1.50 1.42 1.33 1.20 1.21 1.18 1.15 1.19

Fig.1 Molecular Orbital Energy diagram for Terahydral AMC [MX4]-2

Fig.2CT Spectra of PQ [Co(SCN)4] Complex

Fig.3 CT Spectra of PQ [Cu(CN)3H2O] Complex

Fig.4 Two dimensional spectrochemical series of some ligands as suggested by Mc Clure

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Author is thankful to Prof. G Venkateshwarlu, Head, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University for his helpful suggestions. Author wishes his sincere thanks to Chairman and Principal of G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science. He is also thankful to G. Anjaiah and Mr. Rakesh Goud Battini Asst.Prof Chemistry

REFERENCES

1. White B G, Trans Faraday Soc, 65 (1969) 2000.

2. Nakahara A & Wang J H, J Phys Chem, 67 (1963) 496.

3. Oliveira L A & Haim A J, J Am Chem Soc,104 (1982) 3363.

4. Ebbesen T W & Ferraudi G, J Phys Chem, 87 (1983) 3717.

5. Bertolotti S G, Cosa J J, Gsponer H E & Previtali C M, Can J Chem, 64 (1986) 845.

6. Bertolotti S G, Cosa J J, Gsponer H E & Previtali C M, Can J Chem, 65 (1987)2425.

7. Haque R & Lilley S, J Agricult Food Chem, 20 (1972)57.

8. Macfarlane A J & Williams R J, J Chem Soc (A), (1969) 1517.

9. Ledwith A & Woods H J , J Chem Soc, (C), (1970) 1422.

10. Anjaiah G, Veeraiah T & Venkateshwarlu G, Indian J Chem,42A (2003) 2781.

11. Cserhati T & Valko K, J Liquid Chromatography, 14 (1991) 20.

12. Kunkely H & Vogler A, Inorg Chem Commun, 3(5) (2000) 205.

13. Verhoeven J W, Marie A, Schoff V, Masson A & Schwyzer R, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 37(8) (1974) 2503.

14. Cserhati T, Szogyi M & Szigeti Z, Chromatography, 26(1)

15. (1988) 305.

16. Charn Singh T, Vinod Kumar T & Venkateshwarlu G, Indian J Chem, 38A (1999) 331.

17. Shijun L I, Zheng Bo, Huang FeiHe, Zakharov Lev N, Slebodnick Carla, Rheingold Arnold L & Gibson Harry W, Science China Chem, 53 (2010) 858.

18. Smith R M, Handbook of Analytical Separations, edited by K Valko (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 2000, 471.

19. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd,” Organic Chemistry”, 6th Edn Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd. 256(1998)

A STUDY ON CUSTOMER'S BRAND PREFERANCE IN RELATION TO VIVO SMART PHONES IN POSTCOVID-

19 SITUATION

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal

Center for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M. G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj,209723, India N. HARIHARAN BCOM CS, DDTP. DOA.,IBM , Parvathi College Of Science & Commerce Dindigul,Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

The Smart phone, being compact in size, delivers an all in one resolution for mobile calls, internet access and E-mails. Just the Smartphone sales have plunged for several brands at a reasonable price as Oppo, Realme,Oppo, and Vivo. India stands set to become the 3rd Market for smart phones in 4 years, according to researcher International figures Corporation, through smart phone manufacturers launching more reasonable 4G handsets and looking to tap buyers in small cities and towns. This research is designed to provide information about

customer perception and factors affecting their buying behavior with respect to Vivo smart phones. The research design used is investigative in nature which motivation provide an importance on numerical data. The data for analysis stayed collected by using survey method; with the sample for the typical customer through simple casual sample approach. There are several explanations that every Smartphone has their own benefit and luxury offered through the companies. The invention characteristics offered by Vivo are not as good-looking as its competitors (such as Samsung) according to customer perception. The company wants toward improve both of their goods in order to improvement customer expectations. It remains suggested that the company should launch more smart phone with standard quality for lower classes as this will help them to influence more consumer as lower classes populace in country are high.

Keywords - Oppo, Brand, Smartphone, Realme, Customers, Market, and Product.

INTRODUCTION

About the Smart phones

The term phone, refers to a multimedia smart phone handset, that's a multifunctional digit al device that has features starting from digital, audio-video playback, net browsing to a high-density screen show together with numerous other multimedia options. Cell phone presents a one forestall solution for cell calls, email sending and net get right of entry to. Clever phones are based totally on an working machine, basically owning all the essential capabilities like that of a laptop, inclusive of web surfing, emailing, video and voice chatting, audiovideo playback, and others. Till a few years ago, a cell phone became a personal virtual assistant having the calling capabilities like a cellular

smart phone, but these days’ cellular tel ephones own the functionality of brought media players, compact virtual digital camera, GPS etc.

REVIEW LITERATURE

1) The maximum popular fashion in term of it use can been seen via the growth of dependency on mobile connected devices because it is not restrained for each day obligations however also been applied in educational environments (koszalka & ntloedibe-kuswani, 2010). Educational activities that comprise smartphone use are having access to of direction content, inspiring sharing and dialogue consultation among instructors and college students and retrieving information concerning college students’ performances. Consequently, telephone use may additionally lead to crucial have an effect on in enhancing college students’ performance as this tool might increase teaching and learning revel in. Woodcock et al. (2012) said that diverse place of students’ lives might trade through increasing telephone use as college students start to utilize this tool to increase their studying know how.

2) Froese et al. (2012) carried out a self record survey to investigate students’ cell phone activity in instructions and the potential impact of the sports on college students getting to know overall performance. The end result indicates that the usage of cellular phone distracts students gaining knowledge of system and college students agree with that their school room studying is disrupted in the course of texting.

3) Every other take a look at performed with the aid of tindell and bohlander (2012) to recognize the use and misuse of phone in university lecture placing. The locating shows that scholars are not taking note of their magnificence lecturer as they may be spending an excessive amount of time on texting. Observe conducted with the aid of elder (2013) suggests that scholars who used cellular telephone in elegance rating lower than students who did now not use cellular smart phone

4) Alfawareh and jusoh (2014) look at discovered that scholars do now not completely utilize smartphones for gaining knowledge of cause however utilize it to make calls, taking pix and browsing net. Moreover, Hanson et al. (2011) stated that students prefer to use instantaneous messaging, e-mail and net-surfing in library as opposed to searching into library on line resources.

5) Phone has impacted college students lifestyles in various regions especially schooling, smart phone use for training purposes introduce college students to global of know how as students are able to achieve numerous information by using a click on. Smartphone ready with net enabled function provide students the ability to be connected constantly and is easier for them to attain educational related substances on-line every time.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY



To understand the profile of smart phone company Vivo  To measure the consumers’ perception to Vivo smart phone  To analyze the factors influencing the customers to choose Vivo

 The studies at the idea of customers brand preference in Vivo 

Covid 19 to analyze the destiny role of sale Vivo mobiles.  The research assessment of customer’s satisfaction on Vivo mobiles.

HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

1. Hypotheses method used in the research have been summarized and agreed below.

2. Ho1: The best branded mobile phone Vivo sites awareness on Face book, Whatsapp, Twitter, Instagram, and linked in, Youtube has not been influenced by the Gender of the respondents, Age, and Educational qualification.

3. Ho2: Consumer motivational factors in quality Vivo mobile on Product Price, New fashion, Public image, secured delivery, Color, Premium quality, designs and quantity, Advanced technology, Easy availability has not similar with the Educational qualification and gender of educational qualification.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design: Exploratory Data

Primary Data has been collected by “Questionnaire method” aimed at a particular investigation. He is guileless for a moiled set of problems offered to defendants for their answers. Unpaid to this flexibility, it is maximum common instrument used to collect the primary data.

Sampling Area: The survey was conducted in Madurai.

Sample size:- For the purpose of proper survey, around is need of faultless research instruments to treasure out taster size for added correct result about procurement behavior of shopper products. The sample size is 209 respondents: Sampling Technique Random sampling.

RESEARCH METHOLODOGY

The research methodology directs the general pattern of forming procedure for gathering valid and reliable data in investigation. The research methodology is includes the description of sample size, research design, development, sampling techniques and description of the tools. The data collection of Primary and secondary data for analyzing customers branded Oppomobile phones.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research title is “A research on Vivo Smartphones Consumer Brand Preference in India Current Scenario” for after covid 19 and the methodology discussed the data collection, reliability analysis, sampling design, period of the study pilot study and statistical tools and techniques in customers brand preference Vivo branded mobile phones.

In the current study and general analysis of Primary survey data and Secondary data were used systematically.

SOURCES OF THE DATA

Primary Data

This research is primary source of data is attained by interview schedule to various respondents in Madurai district.

Secondary Data

Secondary sources are the details are presented already. In this research the secondary data were collected from the published articles, Newspapers, submitted thesis, previous records and internet etc.

PRESENTAGE ANALYSIS

Table – 1 Gender

The 1 table is called the respondents in gender wise classification of male, female and other gender selected for the Percentage analysis.

Source Primary data

1. Gender

Female

Male

Other 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00%

The table-1 explain that out of 209 respondents male is (50.72%) and female is (45.93%) Then respondents other generations (3.35%). It data calculated used to percentage analysis in 100 that the majority (50.72%) of the respondents selected for the branded Vivo mobile phones.

2. Age (15-59)

Source Primary data

The table 2 out of 209 respondents in different age groups less than 15 to above 59 it is 16-25 age group highest level of (39%) this youth age respondents liked Vivo mobiles very low level is above 59 years (4%) and medium level is 26 to 36 it is (26%) of age respondents. Then majority of 16 to 25 age respondents.

The table -3 is educational qualification more than graduate persons high percentage of (42 %) then very lower level percentage of other (9%) total respondents 209 used percentage method in 100. And the majority of graduate and post graduate students. It is useful for customers brand preference Vivo branded smart phones.

4. Occupation

Then table 4 is occupation in Govt employee 26%, private employee 34%, business persons and agriculture responses total in 209, very low level is business man and agriculture. Finally the brand of Vivo smart phone used private and government employees.

Then table 5 is marital status total 209 respondents single 45% is decreased and married respondents is 55% it is highly useful to development of mobile brands.

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS QUESTIONARY

The question is using smart phones yes is 96% not use smart phone 4% peoples in the 100 percentage data calculation analysis. Smartphone users increase useful to technological development.

Above 30000

23000-27000

18000- 22000

13000-17000

8000-12000

The price range of mobile phones more than customers like price range Rs 8000 12000, its common price of smart phone for all brand. This price range all brands available one smart phones, thenVivo is most popular brand list of one. Liked customers in this brand.

Most of the customer’s mobile phone purchase source of family and friends it’s one of the effective way of purchasing beaded smart phones. Another sources newspaper, television, and dealers. The best source of 33% family and friends.

Sufficiently aware

6. Awareness level

37%

44%

Fully Aware

19%

Slightly aware 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Series1

The awareness level ofVivo smartphonesfully aware is 19%, sufficiently aware 44% and slightly aware.

SUGGESTIONS

 This observe advised approximately the client’ssatisfaction level of Vivo Mobile phones.

 Most of the respondents got here to recognize about the oppoMobile Phones via Friends, So the Advertising Can Be Progressed.

 They have a look at advised that the Vivo mobile phones may be offered In Retail Shops.

 Handiest rich people can have the funds for oppo, if the charge reduces, the sales of the Vivo cell can be accelerated.

 The take a look at recommended that the models of the mobile phone may be similarly stepped forward.

CONCLUSIONS

The take a look at concluded that in this contemporary business economic system. It's far very vital in analyze approximately the Vivo mobiles. The observe end result about most people of the customers are happy with the Vivo cellular but additionally there may be a disadvantage which includes hike in fee and other factor like models of the product. Vital steps should be taken to resolve issues of retaining customers of Vivo mobile scan be high, if the agency can understand the desire and normal Reception of the patron. Therefore it will develop the advertising strategy and market proportion of cell smartphone agency.

Brand attention plays a chief role in supporting the audiences understand, take into account, and come to be secure with branding and products. Branding strategies will help the brand to become pinnacle of thoughts whilst customers are equipped to investigate and make a buy. The attention helps the clients in collecting the records and making purchasing picks. An excellent marketing approach will simply attract a more number of clients in buying of the product. The majority of the customers are thoroughly aware about the logo but nonetheless the sale of the product is decrease, the corporation can similarly boom the sale by means of making availability of the product within the shops convenient to customers, show rooms, and provider centers for after sale service.

REFFRENCES

1) C.R. Kothari (2002), “study’s methodology”, sultan Chand guide, NewDelhi.

2) Cooper, d. And chandler, p. (2013) commercial enterprise studies methods. New Delhi: Tata McGraw. Cox, t. & phone in, ok. (2006) the agile deliver chain; competing in unstable markets”, journal of educational industrial marketing control, 29(1) 37 38.

3) Brown, w.f.,”the determination of things influencing logo choice‖ , journal of advertising and marketing”, vol. 14, April 1950, pp. Forty two forty four.

4) Hoyer, wed. And brown, Sap. “results of logo focus on choice for a not unusual, repeat purchase product”, magazine of purchaser studies, vol. 17, Sept. 1990, pp. 141-148.

5) Jacobi, j. Olson, jack And haddock, r.a.,”fee, brand name and product competition

6) Characteristic as determinants of perceived first class”, journal of implemented psychology, vol.55, March 1971, pp. 570-580.

7) Jpg sjamsoedin. D.p.e. searing. reading purchaser notion on product attributes of smart phone (oppo, xiaomi, zenfone) in Manado, journal ember vol.2 no.four December 2014,

8) Hall. 798-799, to be had from: url: https://ejournal.usa.ac.identity/index.php/emba/article/viewfile/647 0/5997

9) Schiff man, l., &kanuk. L. purchaser behavior. Eighth version. TopSaddle River. Pearson. Prentice corridor. NewJersey, 2007.

10) Gain, carol, f., &gain, c, r. the product attributes version: a device for comparing logo positioning. Journal of advertising. 2003 (stated 2018 April 20) to be had from: url:: http://www.bryongaskin.internet/training/mba%20track/cuttingedg e/mba671/termpercent20 paper[H2] /til 6 1 04/productpercent20attributes logo%20positioning%205 28 04.pdf

Chapter-8

PHYTOCHEMISTRY-: AN OVERVIEW

Jenif Leo A.

M.Sc Biotechnology St. Joseph’s College

Tiruchirappalli 620002

ABSTRACT

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are plant derived chemicals.The chemicals indicate a large number of secondary metabolites found in plants. The phytochemicals play a major role in plant biology and are intended towards human use. Phytochemistry is essential as it is emerging field directed towards human use which comes under the discipline pharmacognosy and directed towards ecological function of the phytochemical which comes under chemical ecology.

Keywords phytochemistry, phytochemical, secondary metabolite, pharmacognosy

INTRODUCTION

Phytochemistry is the study of the chemicals (phytochemicals) produced by plants, particularly the secondary metabolites, synthesized as a measure for self defense against insects, pests, pathogens, herbivores, ultraviolet exposure and environmental hazards. Phytochemistry takes into account the structural composition of these metabolites, the biosynthetic pathways, functions, mechanisms of actions in the living systems, medicinal, industrial and commercial

applications. Phytochemicals are responsible for the organoleptic properties of plants such as colour, taste, flavour, aroma and odour. About 4000 phytochemicals have been catalogued and are classified by its protective function, physical and chemical characteristics and about 150 phytochemicals have been studied in detail.

Phytochemicals are simply plant derived chemicals. The word ‘phyto’ comes from the Greek word plant, it is used to refer to the secondary metabolites produced by plants. Phytochemicals differ from the essential nutrients (primary metabolites) such as the carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, and vitamins that are needed for the day to day maintenance of the plants. Phytochemicals are also used to refer to functional foods with antioxidant properties, nutraceuticals, phytonutrients, phytotoxins etc.

The knowledge of phytochemistry is essential for :

• Discovery of new drugs and modifying the existing ones

• Identification and classification of plants

• Standardization of traditional herbal drugs

• Plant pathology and assessment of the toxicity levels of plants

• Manufacturing environment friendly biofungicides, insecticides, pesticides and herbicides

• Phytoremediation of toxic particles such as heavy metals

• To study the chemical composition of plant

Sources of Phytochemicals- Phytochemicals are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, spices, legumes, herbs, shrubs and trees. They are present in plant parts at different concentrations such as in the leaves, fruit, bark, stem, roots, seeds and flowers. Some phytochemicals are also synthesized by other living organisms such as fungi.

Functions of phytochemical in living organism

Functions as antioxidants by preventing oxidative damage of important biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and fats, antimicrobial agents - antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-trypanocidal, acts as a stimulator of immune system, has anti inflammatory, platelet aggregation reduction, others include antimalarial, antidiarrheal, antihelminthic, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-allergy, antidiabetic activities.

CLASSIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS

Phenolics Polyphenols Aromatic acids

Flavonoids, is of lavonoids, chalconoids, circumnoids, tannins

(gallic acid

acid)

N (organonitrides) Alkaloids Nicotine, Morphine, caffeine

S (organosulfides) Allicin, piperine, glutathione

Others include phytic acids, oxalic acids, tartaric acids, quinic acids, malic acids

Others include phytic acids, oxalic acids, tartaric acids, quinic acids, malic acids

Major phytochemicals found in plants

Alkaloids Alkaloids are mainly biosynthetically derived from amino acids and its derivatives resulting in variety of chemical structures. Alkaloids play an essential role in both human medicine and in an organism’s natural defence. It acts primarily on the central nervous system and has basic characters and contains heterocyclic nitrogen. Alkaloids make up approximately 20% of the known secondary metabolites found in plants. In plants, alkaloids protect plants from predators and regulate their growth. In therapeutics, alkaloids are used as anaesthetics, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory agents. Most common alkaloids used in clinical settings include morphine, strychnine, nicotine and quinine.

Cardiac glycosides - All cardiac glycosides are classified as steroids(sterols) having the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus, an α-β-unsaturated lactone ring at C17, a β-oriented hydroxyl at C14, a cis fusion of the C and D rings at C13 C14 and the attachment at C3 of one or more sugars, usually deoxyhexomethyloses. Cardenolides and bufadienolides are common cardiac glycosides. The most important use of the cardiac glycosides is its effect in treatment of

cardiac failure. It displays an inhibitory activity against rhinovirus. Cardiac glycosides are also investigated for their antitumor activity.

Flavonoids - Flavonoids are extremely common and widespread in the plant kingdom. They function as plant pigments and are responsible for the colours of many flowers and fruits. Flavonoids consist of a single benzene ring joined to a benzo gamma pyrone structure. They are formed from three acetate units and a phenylpropane unit. It is considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. They have anti oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic, anti-biotic properties and have capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. It helps in receptor systems of the brain like prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

Tannins - Tannins are polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. It contains hydroyxls and carboxyls to form strong complexes with various macromolecules. They are mainly classifies into hydrolysable, condensed and pseudo tannins. In medicinal use it is used as antidiarrheal, haemostatic, antihemorrhoidal, anti inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antiparasitic effects. High content of condensed tannins helps in inactivation of polio virus, herpes simplex virus and enteric viruses when incubated with different wine contents.

Terpenes - Terpenes are the largest and most diverse group of naturally occurring compounds. Based on the number of isoprene units they have, they are classified as mono, di, tri, tetra and sesquiterpenes. They are mostly found in plants and form the major constituent of essential oils from plants. It contains many medicinal properties like

antihyperglycemic, antidepressant, anticancer, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory.

QUALITATIVE SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICALS

Methanol or Ether extract are used for qualitative screening of phytochemicals.

▪

Test for Phenolic compounds

Ferric chloride test Extract aqueous solution +few drops of 5% ferric chloride solution. A dark green/bluish black colour indicates positive test.

Lead acetate test Extract + 5ml distilled water + 3ml of 10% lead acetate solution. A white precipitate indicates positive test.

Ellagic acid test - Extract aqueous solution +5ml % glacial acetic acid + 5% sodium nitrite solution. A Niger brown precipitate indicates positive test.

Alkaline reagent test - Extract + 10% ammonium hydroxide solution. A yellow fluorescence indicates positive test. (Flavonoids)

Shinoda’s test - Extract dissolved in alcohol + fragments of magnesium ribbon + few drops of conc.HCl. A pink to crimson coloured solution indicates positive test. (Flavonoids)

▪

Test for Alkaloids

Dragendroff’s test Filtrate + 1 2ml Dragendroff’s reagent. A reddish brown precipitate indicates positive test. Hager’s test Filtrate + 1-2ml Hager’s reagent. A creamy white precipitate indicates positive test.

Wagner’s test Filtrate + 1 2 drops of Wagner’s reagent. A brown reddish precipitate indicates positive test.

Test for Cardiac glycosides

Keller-Killani test - 1ml filtrate + 1.5ml glacial acetic acid + 1 drop of 5% ferric chloride + conc.H2SO4 (along the side of test tube). A blue coloured solution ( in acetic acid layer) indicates a positive test.

Test for Cardenolides Filtrate + pyridine + sodium nitroprusside + 20% NaOH. A red colour fading to brownish yellow indicates positive test.

▪

Test for Tannins

Gelatin test - Extract dissolve in 5ml distilled water + 1% gelatin solution + 10% NaCl. A white precipitate indicates a positive test.

Braymer’s test - 1ml filtrate + 3ml distilled water + 3 drops 10% ferric chloride solution. A blue green colour indicates a positive test. ▪

Test for Quinones

Alcoholic KOH test 1ml extract + few ml alcoholic potassium hydroxide. A red to blue colour solution indicates positive test.

Sulphuric acid test - 10mg extract + dissolved in isopropyl alcohol + 1 drop of H2SO4. A red colour solution indicates positive test ▪

Test for Anthraquinones

Borntager’s test 10ml 10% ammonia solution + few ml filtrate (shaken vigorously for 30 seconds). A pink, red or violet coloured solution indicates a positive test.

Test for Anthocyanins

HCl test - 2mml extract + 2ml 2N HCl (add few ml ammonia). A pinkred solution which turns blue violet after addition of ammonia indicates positive test.

▪

Test for Coumarins

NaOH paper test 0.5 gm of moistened extract + cover the tube with filter paper treated with 1N NaOH + heat in water bath. Yellow fluorescence under the UV light indicates positive test.

▪

Test for Saponins

Foam test - 0.5gm extract + 2ml water (shaken vigorously). Persistent foam for 10 minutes indicates positive test.

▪

Test for Carotenoids

1gm extract + 10ml chloroform (shaken and filtered) + conc.H2SO4. A blue colour at the interface indicates positive test.

CONCLUSION

Phytochemistry is very much important to evaluate the possible medicinal utilities of a plant and also to determine the active principles responsible for the known biological activities exhibited by the plants. It is an emerging field as it is intended towards human use for medicinal purposes.

REFERENCES

• Heinrich, M., Mah, J., & Amirkia, V. (2021). Alkaloids Used as Medicines: Structural Phytochemistry Meets Biodiversity An Update and Forward Look. Molecules, 26(7), 1836.

• Morsy, N. (2017). Cardiac glycosides in medicinal plants. Aromatic and medicinal plants back to nature. London: Intechopen, 29 45.

• Egbuna, C., Mukherjee, M., Rao, G. N., Gido, L. J. F. J., & Tijjani, H. (2018). Introduction to phytochemistry. In Phytochemistry (pp. 3-36). Apple Academic Press.

• Sankaranarayanan, S., Bama, P., Ramach, J., Kalaichelvan, P. T., Deccaraman, M., Vijayalakshimi, M., ... & Bama, S. S. (2010). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional users in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(12), 1089 1101.

• Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of nutritional science, 5.

• De Britto, A. J., Gracelin, D. H. S., & Kumar, P. B. J. R. (2012). Phytochemical studies on five medicinal ferns collected from Southern Western Ghats, Tamilnadu. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), S536 S538.

• Gul, R., Jan, S. U., Faridullah, S., Sherani, S., & Jahan, N. (2017). Preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of alkaloids, and antioxidant activity of crude plant extracts from Ephedra intermedia indigenous to Balochistan. The Scientific World Journal, 2017.

• Ashok, P. K., & Upadhyaya, K. (2012). Tannins are astringent. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 1(3), 45-50.

• Cox-Georgian, D., Ramadoss, N., Dona, C., & Basu, C. (2019). Therapeutic and medicinal uses of terpenes. In Medicinal Plants (pp. 333 359). Springer, Cham.

• Lay, M. M., Karsani, S. A., Mohajer, S., & Abd Malek, S. N. (2014). Phytochemical constituents, nutritional values, phenolics, flavonols, flavonoids, antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies on

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruits. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1), 1-12.

• Farnsworth, N. R. (1966). Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 55(3), 225-276.

• Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D., & Gupta, A. (2013). Phytochemistry of medicinal plants. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 1(6).

• Shrestha, P., Adhikari, S., Lamichhane, B., & Shrestha, B. G. (2015). Phytochemical screening of the medicinal plants of Nepal. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol, 6, 11 17.

• Phillipson, J. D. (2001). Phytochemistry and medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 56(3), 237 243.

• Joseph, N., Anjum, N., & Tripathi, Y. C. (2016). Phytochemical screening and evaluation of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Prunus cerasoides D. Don leaves. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 10(7), 502 508.

• De Silva, G. O., Abeysundara, A. T., & Aponso, M. M. W. (2017). Extraction methods, qualitative and quantitative techniques for screening of phytochemicals from plants. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 5(2), 29 32.

• Ezeonu, C. S., & Ejikeme, C. M. (2016). Qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemical contents of indigenous Nigerian softwoods. New Journal of Science, 2016.

Chapter- 9

CORONA INFECTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED IMMUNE PATHWAYS

Hema Vellaisamy M.Sc., Biotechnology (Department of Biotechnology) St. Joseph’s college, Trichy Tamilnadu

ABSTRACT:

COV 19 infection activates innate and adaptive immune response.The host immune system response to viral infection by mediating inflammation and cellular antiviral activity is important and critical to inhibit viral replication. The entry of SARS COV 2 into human host cells has been found to be dependent on the same receptor as same in SARS-CoV.Host adaptation, viral evolution, infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity are to be the monitored parameters.The release of massive cytokine and chemokines, so called cytokine strom, clearly reflects a major uncontrolled dysregulation of host immune defense. ACE2 receptor is simply minimally expressed in monocytes, macrophages, and T cells within the respiratory organ, hence, the mechanism by that SARS CoV directly infects immune cells continues to be unknown. Molecules blocking lack for specificity and interfere with NF-κb physiological roles in cellular homeostasis, leading to increased risk of undesired side effects, like a broad suppression of innate immunity. S1p1 receptor signalling pathways are reported to inhibit the pathological injury induced by the host innate and adaptive immune responses, so attenuating the cytokine storm

influenza in respiratory disease viral infection. Bead assay along with the haematocrit (cellular fraction) of the VAMS, was estimated and is used to estimate the serum HCoV IgG concentration.

Keywords - MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV 2,pathogenecity, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, ACE 2,IL(interleukin), Ig(immunoglobulin), NF κb, TNFα, anti inflammation, s1p, serine protease enzyme.

INTRODUCTION

TRANSMISSION AND THE RECEPTOR BINDING:

Hosts play a crutial role in cross species transmission as they can increase the contact between a virus and a provides the optimum conditions and environment for the virus to replicate in the host. Host adaptation, viral evolution, infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity are to be the monitored parameters.In both the cases of viral effect, bats are found to be the common transmitting agent and humans are the terminal host, for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

The range of host on the virus is governed by several molecular interactions, including receptor interaction. The envelope spike (S) protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 are structurally similar to that of SARS CoV. Receptor recognition is not the only determinant of species specificity.Once after the binding of the receptor on the host,SARS-CoV 2 enters inters the body and directly affects the innate immunity responses.

SARS CoV 2 may has a similar pathogenesis metabolism and mechanism as SARS-CoV. In response to SARS-CoV infections, the type I interferon (IFN) system induces the expression of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) to inhibit viral replication.In order to overcome this antiviral activity, SARS-CoV encodes for 8 viral antagonists that modulate induction of IFN and cytokines and evade ISG effector function.The host immune system response to viral infection by mediating inflammation and cellular antiviral activity is important and critical to inhibit viral replication. However,increased immune responses along with the lytic cycle effects of the virus on the host infection will lead to chronic pathogenesis.

PATHOGEN AND HOST INTERACTION:

SARS COV 2 infection activates innate and adaptive immune response. Whereas a proper coordinated immune responses indicates the

first line of defense against the viral infection, excessive inflammatory innate responses and the dysregulation of adaptive host immune defense can cause harmful tissue damage at the site of viral entry as well as at the systemic level. Based on genetic analysis, Chinese horseshoe bats have been believed to serve as natural hosts for SARS-COV-2, similar to SARS CoV and MERS CoV. Also it is known that SARS COV 2 is in the same beta CoV clade as that of the SARS CoV and MERS CoV.

Specifically, it has been observed that the SARS-COV-2 shares 80% of its genome with SARS CoV proteins and are homologous. While MERS CoV shares 50% identity.

The entry of SARS-COV-2 into human host cells has been found to be dependent on the same receptor as same in SARS CoV: the surface angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is expressed in type I surfactant-secreting alveolar cells of the lungs.

Key insights into the primary step of SARS COV2 infection, by demonstrating that ACE2 host receptor is needed for host cell entry of SARS-COV-2. Noteworthy, the expression of ACE2 receptors isn't solely restricted to the respiratory organ, and extra pulmonary unfold of SARS-CoV in ace-expressing tissues has been incontestable .hence a similar pattern is also expected for SARS-COV-2, with most of human tissues, like oral mucous membrane and channel, kidney, heart, blood vessels expressing ACE2 receptors, significantly vulnerable to SARSCOV-2 infection.

The infectious agent entry of SARS COV 2 has been additional found to be prevented by a clinically evidenced substance of the cellular host kind a pair of transmembrane amino acid peptidase TMPRSS2 (camostat mesylate). Priming of the envelope located trimeric spike (s) macromolecule by host proteases, that cleave at the s1/s2 and therefore the s2’ sites, has been delineate as elementary step for infectious agent entry, and therefore the host peptidase tmprss2 emerged as a key

cellular issue necessary for the priming of s macromolecule and for the resultant membrane fusion and infectious agent incorporation by endocytosis within the respiratory organ epithelial tissue. Hence, TMPRSS2 has been planned as a possible target for clinical intervention and its substance camostat mesylate, approved for human use in japan to treat duct gland inflammation, has attracted the eye of the scientific community.

It is hypothesized that the excess of pro-inflammatory host can induce the immune pathology that results in the rapid cause of acute lung injury as well as ARDS that is occurring in the SARS covid infected patients. Example of this case is the release of massive cytokine and chemokines, so called cytokine strom, clearly reflects a major uncontrolled dysregulation of host immune defense. From this evidence it is clearly known that the infection is highly correlated with the inability of the immune system to function appropriately.

Several studies highlight relevant changes occurring each in innate and adaptive system in covid-19 patients. Above all, lymphocytopenia {blood disorder} and a modulation in total neutrophils area unit common hallmarks and appear to be directly correlated with disease severity and death. In patients with severe covid-19, a marked decrease within the levels of absolute range of circulating CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, B cells and natural killers (NK) cells, likewise as a decrease in monocytes, eosinophil and basophils has been reported. Additionally, most of patients with severe covid 19 displayed considerably increased blood serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6, IL-1Β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IP-10, MCP 1, CCL3, and TNFα). Though no evidence for pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines involvement in respiratory organ pathology in covid-19 has been reported, a rise in blood serum protein and chemokine levels, likewise as in neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in

SARS COV 2 infected patients has been related with the severity of the sickness and adverse outcomes, suggesting attainable role for hyperinflammatory responses in covid 19 pathologic process. Furthermore, a recent multicentre retrospective cohort study analysing information from the first risk stratification of novel coronavirus respiratory disease study (chictr2000030494) showed that patients with covid 19 had elevated high sensitivity serum globulin (HS CRP) and procalcitonin blood serum levels, 2 major inflammation markers related to high risks of mortality and organ injury. Noteworthy, MERS CoV has been experimentally proven to infect THP 1 cells, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and nerve fibre cells, and SARS-CoV to directly infect macrophages and t cells, thereby causing delayed however elevated levels of pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, ACE2 receptor is simply minimally expressed in monocytes, macrophages, and T cells within the respiratory organ, hence, the mechanism by that SARS CoV directly infects immune cells continues to be unknown. Taking under consideration the similarities between SARS CoV and SARS COV 2, it's probably that conjointly this latter might infect monocytes and macrophages by a mechanism that has got to be still disclosed. During this regard, it's attainable that the virus could also be capable to bind alternative specific receptors and/or alternative mechanisms of infectious agent entry mode will be exploited by the virus.

PATHWAYS INDUCED BY THE VIRAL INFECTION:

It is well established that, upon binding of the viral spike protein to the host cells by the entry receptor ACE2, the viral RNAs, as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), are detected by the pattern recognition receptors that embody the family of toll-like receptors (TLRS). Especially, for ribonucleic acid virus such as COV,

viral genomic ribonucleic acid or the intermediates throughout viral replication, together with ds RNA, are recognized by either the endosomal ribonucleic acid receptors, tlr3 and tlr7/8, and also the cytosolic ribonucleic acid sensor, retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG I)/mda5. Systematically, such TLRS are found to activate totally different signalling pathways in human CD14+ monocytes, correlating with differential type I interferon and protein secretion concerned in CD4+ T cells polarization.

As a results of virus recognition, downstream transduction pathways, crucial for appropriate antiviral response, like IRF3 (IFN regulatory factor-3), nuclear factor (NF-ΚB), JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling pathways, are activated. The identification of the foremost relevant intracellular signalling pathways concerned within the modulation of host immune systems might offer necessary hints on how to overcome the communicable disease driven by SARS COV 2. Especially, taking into consideration the structural similarities of SARS-COV-2 yet because the analogies within the infection mechanisms with morbific SARS COV, it's tempting to take a position that the infection might induce the activation of shared intracellular pathways, especially of these in the main concerned in the innate immunogenic responses. However, to date, it's to be demonstrated whether or not such sequence similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2 are often directly translated into similar biological outcomes. Taking into consideration such limitation, the identification of sign pathways altered during into account infections might facilitate to unravel the most relevant molecular cascades involved in biological processes mediating viral infections and to unveil key molecular players which will be targeted. The advantage of targeting intracellular molecules instead of viral proteins is that their effect isn't doubtless to be negated by

mutations within the virus ordering. In fact, antiviral drugs inhibiting virus replication might choose for change escape, so rendering the therapy ineffective. Thus, the modulation of the host immune response shows the potential advantage of exerting less selective pressure on viral populations.

NF-ΚB/TNFα SIGNALLING NF-ΚB/TNFα

SIGNALING

The transcription factor could be a crucial regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity. Nf κb is maintained in the cytoplasm by the repressing proteins (iκbs). A variety of cellular stimuli, as well as pathogens, induce iκb phosphorylation, ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, thereby promoting NF κb nuclear translocation. Within the nucleus, NF κb induces the transcription of a wide spectrum of genes coding pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, stress response proteins, and anti apoptotic proteins. NF κb activity is important for survival and activation, and for initiating and propagating optimum immune responses. By contrast, the constitutional activation of the NF κb pathway is usually related to inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Notably, the exacerbation of NF-κb activation has been reported to be involved in respiratory organ inflammatory immunology induced by metastasis viruses, including SARS CoV.

The exposure to recombinant SARS-CoV spike protein induced an enormous protein release of IL 6 and TNFα in a very time and concentration dependent manner within the supernatants which such increase in IL-6 and TNFα secretion depends on the activation of NF-κb signal pathway. SARS CoV spike protein has been related to an increase a rise degradation, a necessary step needed for the activation of NF-κb signal pathway.

NF κb inhibition may well be a good strategy to counteract infective SARS-CoV. However, targeting NF-κb is an approach powerfully restricted by intrinsic pathways complexness. Molecules blocking lack for specificity and interfere with NF κb physiological roles in cellular homeostasis, leading to increased risk of undesired side effects, like a broad suppression of innate immunity. Moreover, at intervals the context of virus infection, a significant limitation of targeting NF-κb signalling depends on the power of viruses to expeditiously escape, by coding proteins specifically block this pathway.

Thus, a promising strategy might think about directly targeting the downstream effectors of the pathway, like TNFα, whose expression is especially controlled by NF κb transcriptional activity. Whereas while is thought to play a key role in the coordination and development of the inflammatory response, particularly within the acute phase, long lasting and excessive production of TNFα might possibly effective by probably sterilization TNF/TNF receptor signalling threshold that, after an initial wave of NF κb activation, favours sustained basal NF κb activity. In addition, despite other other pro-inflammatory proteins and mediators are concerned in the cytokine storm, specific blockade of TNFα has been rumored to be clinically effective in many pathological conditions.

Consequently, TNFα blockers, like anti-TNF compound and adalimumab, are with success used for the treatment of many immune mediated disorders, like skin disease, atrophic arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and marie-strumpell disease. Hence, anti-TNFα monoclonal antibodies are possibly to attenuate inflammatory processes occurring in covid-19, reducing the discharge of different inflammatory-exacerbating mediators. Indeed, once it is administrated in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, it's been incontestable to

induce a speedy decrease of a broad spectrum of cytokines (IL 6 and IL-1), similarly as of others acute-phase related proteins and vascular porosity factor.

The envelope infectious agent spike protein of SARS-CoV has been found to promote and induce the activity of TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) dependent shedding of ace2 receptor, that is a very important step for virus entry into the cell. TNFα blockers area unit effective therapeutic tools to counteract SARS CoV infection by a twin mechanism of action known as attenuation of inflammation and inhibition of viral infection. Regarding a possible intervention on NF-κb signal pathway, serine proteolytic enzyme inhibitors of trypsin like aminoalkanoic acid proteases (e.g. Camostat mesylate, nafamostat mesylate, gabexate mesylate, ulinastatin), used for the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and anticoagulant medication for haemodialysis, are found to inhibit viral replication and to attenuate inflammatory processes in numerous pathological contexts, like respiratory disease, chronic allergic pulmonic inflammation, and inflammatory cardiac muscle injury. For instance, nafamostat mesylate and gabexate mesylate are demonstrated to attenuate allergen-induced airway inflammation and eosinophilia in mouse model of allergic asthma attack, so reducing labrocyte activation, eosinophil infiltrations in the respiratory organ, and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-driven IL 4 and TNFα production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, treatment with nafamostat mesylate downregulated the expression of IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, eotaxin, inducible no synthase (INOS), CD86, and NF κb activation, however increased the expression of IL-12 and IL-10 in dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-driven IL-4 and TNFα production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, gabexate mesylate has been found to inhibit lps induced TNFα production in

human monocytes by blocking each and mitogen activated protein kinase activation. Thus, the pharmacological profile of serine proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, as inhibitors of complement pathways and broad spectrum anti inflammatory agents, offer a powerful principle that is used in the management.

IL-6/JAK/STAT SIGNALING PATHWAY:

The jak/stat signalling is a key pathway transducing extracellular signals transmitted by range of cytokines, lymphokines and growth factors. Above all, a set of cytokines employs the jak/stat signalling pathway so as to induce their biological effects. Notably, one amongst the most important activators of jak/stat sign is that the cytokine il 6, that has been reported to be dramatically enlarged in covid-19 patients, with a powerful implication in acute inflammation and cytokine storm. Above all, il 6 has been reported to activate varied cell types expressing the glycoprotein (gp130) receptor and also the membrane-bound il-6 receptor, in addition as a soluble type of il-6 receptor interacting with gp130, thereby promoting the downstream activation of jak/stat signaling. In turn, the activation of jak/stat pathway has been reported to stimulate the production of IL-6.Such signalling pathway has been reported to be aberrantly activated in patients with chronic inflammation conditions, like arthritis rheumatoid, and it's probably that its excessive over activation may occur in covid19 patients, thereby intensifying the host inflammatory response.

Chronic elevation of circulating IL 6 has been widely known as a predictor for increased risk of cardiovascular events. Consistently, IL6 is made from many tissues, including activated macrophages and endothelial and smooth muscle cells, wherever it promotes the secretion of alternative cytokines and, among others, it stimulates MCP-1

secretion from macrophages to promote pathology, will increase the expression of cell adhesion molecules, and stimulates the proliferation and migration of tube smooth muscle cells. Thus, the abnormal increase in IL 6 levels could also be involved, a minimum of at least, within the occurrence vessel diseases (e.g. Coronary atherosclerosis, inflammation in the system leading to diffuse micro angiopathy with thrombosis) discovered in covid 19 patients consequently, the synthesis and secretion of IL-6 has been incontestable to be iatrogenic by angiotensin II, that is domestically produced by the inflamed vessels during a jak/stat dependent manner. Above all, angiotensin II binding to angiotensin II receptor kind one (at 1 receptor) has been found to activate jak/stat pathway and to promote the downstream production of IL 6. Increased angiotensin II enhances IL 6 production in at 1/jak/stat dependent manner, so establishing a positive inflammatory feedback circuit. Apparently, the spike protein of SARS CoV has been demonstrated to down regulate ACE2 expression, so leading to over production of angiotensin II by the connected related ACE. In an exceedingly similar approach, it can be hypothesized that SARS COV 2 could down regulate ACE2 receptors, so resulting in an overproduction of angiotensin II, successively enhancing IL-6 production in at 1 /jak/stat dependent manner, and ultimately driving to vascular inflammation and lung injury, clinical signatures of covid-19. Moreover, the angiotensin II/at1 receptor axis has been reported to additionally activate each and every ADAM17. Notably, a vital substrate for ADAM17 is ACE2, whose cleavage by ADAM17 has been reported to inactivate it, enhancing angiotensin II retention, so resulting in high blood pressure, cardiovascular transforming, and different sorts of pathophysiology related to enhancement of the reninangiotensin system.

Beside its implication in the shedding of ACE2 receptor, basic for virus entry, ADAM17 induction has been found to method the membrane type of IL 6 receptor α (IL 6Rα) to the soluble kind (SIL 6Rα), followed by the GP130 mediated activation of stat3 via the SIL 6Rα-IL-6 complicated in a variety of type of cells. The activation of stat3 has been reported to be needed for the entire induction of NF κb pathway. Thus, SARS COV 2 infection could activate each and stat3 signalling, that successively will promote the IL-6 amplifier mechanism, needed for the hyper activation of NF κb by stat3, thereby causing multiple inflammatory and response diseases. The il 6 amplifier promotes the assembly and secretion of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, like IL 6, and therefore the enlisting of lymphoid and myeloid cells, sustaining the IL 6 amplifier driven positive feedback loop. Moreover, the metalloprotease ADAM17 has been found to mediate angiotensin II induced EGFR (epidermal protein receptor) transactivation by generating the mature type of heparin binding EGF-like growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, so resulting in vascular transforming. Notably, EGFR transactivation is important for angiotensin II-mediated vessel complications. During this regard, the EGFR kinase inhibitor erlotinib has been recently repurposed for the treatment of covid 19, based on its capability to cut back the infectivity of a large vary of viruses. Beside its antiviral activity, the implication of EGFR transactivation in cardiovascular complications represent another theoretical foundation for the utilization of erlotinib in the management of covid-19 patients.

Since IL-6 seems a key driver of cytokine storm and of its subsequent harmful effects, monoclonal antibodies against IL 6, like tocilizumab and sarilumab, are additionally planned to dampen this method. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody IL-6 receptor antagonist,

approved for the treatment of rheumatism and CRS, has been employed in clinical follow so as to manage severe cases.

The activation of jak/stat pathway, mediated by IFNS, is needed for the induction of the many IFN regulated genes, enjoying a crucial role as innate early weaponry against viral infections. The defensive role of jak/stat pathway is verified by proof demonstrating that the bulk of virus have developed escaping methods, like the assembly of viral encoded factors block this pathway, that area unit recognized as crucial determinants of virulence.

The activation of jak/stat pathway, mediate by IFNS, is needed for the induction of the many IFN-regulated genes, enjoying a polar role as innate early weaponry against infective agent infections. The defensive role of jak/stat pathway is verified by proof demonstrating that the bulk of virus have developed escaping methods, like the assembly of viral encoded factors block this pathway, that area unit recognized as crucial determinants of virulence.

THE SPHINGOSINE-1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTOR 1 PATHWAY:

The sphingosine 1 phosphate (s1p) one has emerged as a vital signalling lipid regulator of inflammation and immune reaction, together with lymphocyte trafficking, vascular integrity, and cytokine and chemokine production. Beside s1p role of second messenger during inflammation, most of s1p effects on innate and adaptive immunity are mediated by its binding to 5 g-protein-coupled receptors (s1prs1 5), which are differentially expressed in tissues. Among them, s1p1 receptor is ubiquitously expressed and paired with a g repressing inhibitory.

The activation of s1p1 receptor is related to ras/erk, pi3k/akt/enos, and plc/ca2+ downstream pathways. Notably, under physiological and pathological conditions, the s1p/s1pr1 axis has been experimentally done to control the trafficking and migration of various forms of immune cells, as well as t and b lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells. Moreover, the s1p1 receptor signalling pathways are reported to inhibit the pathological injury induced by the host innate and adaptive immune responses, so attenuating the cytokine storm influenza in respiratory disease viral infection. The administration of s1p1 agonist cytokine protein storm, by considerably inhibiting secretion of cytokines and chemokines related to influenza virusinduced pathology, like IFN α, CCL2, IL 6, TNFα, and IFN γ.Sp1 agonists, approved for multiple sclerosis, like fingolimod, can be used as therapeutic tools to dampen cytokine and chemokine responses in those patients displaying excessive immune responses

ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO SARS COV-2-BEAD BASED ASSAY FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ANTIBODY CONCENTRATION:

Combining the multiplex bead assay with the volumetric absorptive micro sampling (VAMS), anti-HCoV IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies can be measured from the blood samples. Results demonstrated that the multiplex CoV assay has high specificity and sensitivity. Recombinant antigen from virus for micro-bead coating were obtained along with the carboxylated micro-beads and are covalently conjugated. An aliquot of 2.5* 106 beads where removed and by vortexing and sonication it was re-suspended with the help of activation buffer which is monobasic sodium phosphate at PH 6.2. In order to activate the beads for cross linking with the proteins sulpho n

hydroxy sulfosuccinamide and 1 ethyl dimethylamino propylcarbodimide where shaken with the help of rotary shaker at room temperature for about 20 minutes and are washed with the help of phosphate buffered saline at PH 7.4. The beads are then washed twice with the help of PBS solution and re-suspended in blocking buffer which consists of tween 20 in PBS, sodium azide and are mixed.

Once the blocking process is completed the beads are re suspended in the blocking buffer and a stored in dark at 2-80 c. The concentration of each antigen can be determined by the coupling of different micro bead sets with a particular amount of HCoV antigen. Beads are also coated with bovine serum albumin as a negative control protein and goat anti human immunoglobulin g as a positive control. Once the assay are completed, it is important to go for the measurement of antibodies concentration. The direct comparison of the immunoglobulin concentration with the serum samples were done by the VAMS method that collects the capillary or unfractionated blood samples. Haemoglobin concentrations was estimated by using a bicalorimetric assay. The haematocrit (cellular fraction) of the VAMS, was estimated with haemoglobin concentration and is used to estimate the serum HCoVS IgG concentration.

{IgG serum}= -31.44*[IgGVAMS]/hgb-35.85

PLASMA CYTOKINES OR CHEMOKINES AND COVID-19 PATIENTS:

Attemps were made by multiplex panels with the help of plasma samples. It was found that the level of inflammatory cytokines or chemokine’s including, that are found to be highly in concentration in the plasma samples from the patients with in a week post symptoms as compared to the healthy controls.

ANTI-NUCLEO CAPSID N PROTEIN

ANTIBODIES:

The process involves detecting of antibodies against the N proteins the plasma samples from the patients were collected and cross reaction with SARS CoV N proteins were strongly observed there was about 90% of amino acids identical .analytical studies state that SARS CoV N protein were identical to S RBD of SARS CoV 2.Antibodies against SARS CoV 2 S RBD were detected in in individuals who have who has received their vaccines, it was found increasing exponentially after two to three weeks of the first dose and after 2 weeks of the second dose, while none of the subjects contain antibodies to SARS CoV N proteins.

SEX HORMONES AND IMMUNITY:

The sex hormones called testosterone is highly present in males than females in the elderly. Vitamin D deficiency and signs of testosterone and related factors can be found androgen receptors are higher than that of testosterone which defines that testosterone receptors that do not decreases as the hormone decreases and provides a good platform for the viral effect and in immune system. Immune system activation is the only way of producing high level of testosterone for androgen receptors moreover flutamide antagonist is being effective. Similarly oestrogen hormone place a key role in providing immunity against certain viral attack. It provides immunity against acute lung infection inflammation and influenza virus by the modulation of cytokines storm and thereby mediating the adaptive immune responses. Woman is comparatively less influenced to SARS CoV 2 due to the presence of oestrogen. It is studied that oestrogen has its own role in suppressing the endoplasmic reticulum stress which aggregates the infection through the activation of hormones mediated signalling pathways that results in the non proper protein responses so

called unfolded protein response. They take their part in the degrading of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate(PIP3) into diacyl glycerol(DAG) and inositol triphosphate with the action of an enzyme called phospholipase C. Calcium 2 + ions helps in the UPR activation by IP3. GRP 78 and XBP1 also helps in the activation by the aid of oestrogen.

Chemokines called interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor

Alpha are prevented by the inhibitory action of perivulatory dosages of oestrogen where small volume or dosage of oestradiol can be augmented for inflammatory mediators that briefly defines the proinflammatory responses that occurs during the postmenopausal stage in women. The postmenopausal stages in women is reported with an increased level of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha. Activated oestrogen receptors particularly the oestrogen receptor Alpha inhibits the NF kB inflammatory responses and cytokine production through the immune cells, lymphocytes macrophages and neutrophils. Treatment strategies for the infection in female patients remains much effective when Ag II activates the NF-kB pathway that promotes and increases the cytokines synthesis after the infection while oestrogen shuts off the NF-kB pathway.

LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS:

Among the infected patients, common laboratory abnormalities include lymphopenia , prolonged prothrombin time, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase . ICU-admitted patients had more laboratory abnormalities compared with non ICU patients . Some patients has been elevated by aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, creatinine, and C-reactive protein. Many patients report suggest that there

maintains a constant and normal serum procalcitonin levels.Infected patients show higher level of IL1β, IFN-γ, IP10, and MCP1 . ICUadmitted patients is found to have higher concentration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), IP10, MCP1A, MIP1A, and TNF-α .

REFERENCES:

1. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group-View ORCID ProfileAlexander E. Gorbalenya, Susan C. Baker, Ralph S. Baric, Raoul J. de Groot, Christian Drosten, Anastasia A. Gulyaeva, Bart L. Haagmans, Chris Lauber, Andrey M Leontovich, Benjamin W. Neuman, Dmitry Penzar, Stanley Perlman, Leo L.M. Poon, Dmitry Samborskiy, Igor A. Sidorov, Isabel Sola, John Ziebuhr

2. Paules, C. I., Marston, H. D., & Fauci, A. S. (2020). Coronavirus Infections More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA, 323(8), 707 708. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.0757

3. Corman, V. M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D. K., Bleicker, T., Brünink, S., Schneider, J., Schmidt, M. L., Mulders, D. G., Haagmans, B. L., van der Veer, B., van den Brink, S., Wijsman, L., Goderski, G., Romette, J. L., Ellis, J., Zambon, M., Peiris, M., … Drosten, C. (2020). Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 25(3), 2000045. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045

4. Chan, J. F., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K., Chu, H., Yang, J., Xing, F., Liu, J., Yip, C. C., Poon, R. W., Tsoi, H. W., Lo, S. K., Chan, K. H., Poon, V. K., Chan, W. M., Ip, J. D., Cai, J. P., Cheng, V. C., Chen, H., Hui, C. K., … Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus

indicating person to person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 514 523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140 6736(20)30154 9

5. Bauch, C. T., Lloyd Smith, J. O., Coffee, M. P., & Galvani, A. P. (2005). Dynamically modeling SARS and other newly emerging respiratory illnesses: past, present, and future. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 16(6), 791 801. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000181633.80269.4c

6. Lloyd Smith, J. O., Schreiber, S. J., Kopp, P. E., & Getz, W. M. (2005). Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature, 438(7066), 355359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04153

7. Holmes K. V. (2005). Structural biology. Adaptation of SARS coronavirus to humans. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5742), 1822 1823. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118817

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.02 54367

Chapter- 10

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF POST-HARVEST PATHOGENS

WITH THE NATURAL AGENESES

Madhu Praskash Srivastava

Department of Botany, Maharishi University of Information & Technology Lucknow 226001(U.P.) India

ABSTRACT

A wide variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens cause post harvest disease in fruit and vegetables. Some of these infect produce before harvest and then remain quiescent until conditions are more favorable for disease development after harvest. Other pathogens infect produce during and after harvest through surface injuries. In the development of strategies for post harvest disease control, it is imperative to take a step back and consider the production and postharvest handling systems in their entirety. Many preharvest factors directly and indirectly influence the development of postharvest disease, even in the case of infections initiated after harvest. Traditionally fungicides have played a central role in postharvest disease control. However, trends towards reduced chemical usage in horticulture are forcing the development of new strategies. Biological activity of Trichoderma spp towards Pathogen is widely reported which shown strong reducing effects on the development these pathogens with various mechanisms of antagonistic influence. The methanolic extract of plant extract leaves also showed an antimicrobial activity against Pathogen. This medicinal plant can be

used for the remedy of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic fungi. The inhibitory effect of plant extract is present in the latex.of the plants

Keywords - Integrated Management, Post harvest, Pathogen, Trichoderma spp, plant extract

INTRODUCTION

Fruits and vegetables are very important part of daily diet and are in very high demand from every section of the world. Perishables reservoirs of vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, etc., easily fall victim to biotic and abiotic adversities. Once the fruit or vegetable is detached from parent plant at harvest, they get deprived of essential ingredients such as hormones, nutrients, water and other requisites which enhance the ability to overcome the adverse effects. Apart from rendering the products unfit for human consumption they reduce the aesthetic appeal and also bring about substantial decrease in their food value and organoleptic quality.

Despite efforts made for checking decrease in quality and quantity of perishables, food loss takes place after crop harvest, between the field and the market. The post harvest sector includes all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing. Post harvest Food Loss (PHL) is the measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its consumption or other end uses (Hodges, Buzby and Bennett, 2011). PHLs can occur either due to food waste or due to different kinds of losses along the way.

Food losses can be quantitative as measured by decreased weight or volume, or can be qualitative, such as reduced nutrient value and unwanted changes to taste, color, texture, or cosmetic features of food (Buzby and Hyman, 2012). The quantitative loss is caused by the reduction in weight due to factors such as spoilage, consumption by pest and also due to physical changes in temperature, moisture content and chemical changes .The qualitative loss can occur due to incidence of insect pest, mites, rodents and birds, or from handling, physical changes or chemical changes in fat, carbohydrates and protein content, and by contamination of mycotoxins, pesticide residues, insect fragments, or excreta of rodents and birds and their dead bodies.

In India, postharvest loss occurs at every stage of the supply chain. Following harvest, about 60-70 percent of food grain is stored on farms for variable periods, normally in traditional structures and at dangerously high moisture levels. This makes them particularly vulnerable to infestations of pests and micro organisms. Significant losses also occur during processing, where the number of mills is insufficient to meet demand, and most processing units are small and use outdated technologies. The highest rates of loss are in perishable fruits and vegetables, where there is a lack of proper storage facilities, absence of proper handling, transportation, pre and post harvest treatment and processing.

The importance of post harvest loss of perishable fruits was for the first time emphasized by Powell who named this premise of plant pathology as “Market pathology”. According to Steven and Stevens, diseases occurring on fresh fruits and vegetables while in transit, storage, market and the means of controlling these diseases constitute the special field of market pathology.

The specific causes of postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables vary widely, depending on crop type, region, culture, weather, and farmers’ income. In some places, farmers transport their goods in locally-

produced bags and woven baskets, leaving the buyer to sort fruit by size or quality. Fruit at the bottom of the container ends up bruised or crushed. In India, inadequate cold chain storage and inefficient distribution account for losses in fruits and vegetables, milk, fish, and livestock. Even when modern storage technologies are available, such as the case with the grain sector, workers at these facilities may lack proper training. Significant postharvest loss, up to 50%, has been attributed to the lack of adequate knowledge and implementation of sound grain storage management. In nearly all cases, the lack of data makes it difficult for local authorities and international partners to assess the extent of postharvest loss. In many developing countries, necessary data is not available to credibly estimate the extent of postharvest loss at any phase of production and distribution.

There are some other factors which also contribute to postharvest losses in fresh fruits and vegetables. These include environmental conditions such as heat or drought, mechanical damage during harvesting and handling, improper postharvest sanitation, and poor cooling and environmental control. Efforts to control these factors are sometimes successful in reducing the incidence of disease.

Problem with chemicals

Disease control for post harvest treatment is mainly achieved through the use of fungicides (Fan and Tian, 2000). Many of the fungicides such as benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides are losing their effectiveness because of the development of resistance in many postharvest pathogens (Lennox and Spotts, 2003). Although maneb, mancozeb, chlorothanil, or copper fungicides are available for disease management but consumers are demanding less chemical residue on produce, and many fungi are developing resistance to commonly used fungicides (Conway et al., 2004, Fan and Tian, 2001).

Chemicals have been widely used to reduce the incidence of postharvest disease. Number of chemical pesticides, such as Imazalil, organic and inorganic sulphur compounds, benzimidazole and oxidizing material were introduce to control the disease but in several cases, environmental problems, toxicity to humans, development of resistant strains of the pathogen (Kumar and Dubey, 2001; Mamgain et al., 2013) and sometimes high cost of such combinations, their use is not recommended (Rahemi, 2003). Thus, several non chemical treatments have been proposed for fungal decay control (Sharma, 2014). The control of biotic post harvest diseases depends on understanding the nature of disease organisms, the conditions that promote their occurrence, and the factors that affect their capacity to cause losses. It is therefore necessary to develop alternatives to synthetic chemicals to reduce environment risks and raise consumer confidence.

Biological control

Biological control or bio control of pathogens by fungal microorganism is the reduction of pathogens by natural enemies and typically involves an active human role. Biological control is a method which involves the use of other living organism to biologically control the pathogens causing post harvest diseases. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms. The use of naturally occurring microbial antagonist has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives, either alone or as part of an integrated control strategy to reduce synthetic fungicides inputs (Fan and Tian, 2001). Using microorganisms to suppress the plant disease is a viable alternative against synthetic chemicals. Biological control is also likely to be more robust than disease control that is based on synthetic fungicides. Increasing the abundance of a particular strain in the vicinity of a plant

can suppress disease without producing organism in the ecosystem. The complexity of the organismal interactions, the involvement lasting effect on the rest of the microbial community or other of numerous mechanisms of disease suppression by a single microorganism and the adaptiveness of most biocontrol agents to the environment in which they are used all contribute to the belief that bio control will be more durable than synthetic chemicals.

In the postharvest environment, Trichoderma spp is the most common fungal biological control agent. Several cell wall degrading enzymes, like chitinase and glucanase are present in Trichoderma spp. which plays an important role in antagonistic activity against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens (Jat et al., 2013). Trichoderma spp. may put forth direct biocontrol by parasitizing a variety of fungi as they are capable of detecting other fungi and growing towards them (Sharma et al., 2011). The distant sensing is partly due to the sequential expression of cell wall degrading enzymes, mostly chitinases, glucanases and proteases (Harman et al., 2004). Most Trichoderma strains produce volatile and nonvolatile toxic metabolites that obstruct colonization by antagonized micro organisms. Some of these metabolites have been studied and the production of harzianic acid, alamethicins, tricholin, peptaibols, 6-penthyl- alpha-pyrone, massoilactone, viridin, gliovirin, glisoprenins, heptelidic acid and others have been described (Vey et al., 2001).

A part from Trichoderma spp., biologically active essential oil represents a rich potential source of an alternative and perhaps environmentally more acceptable disease management compounds. With a broad range of natural fungicidal plant volatiles, numerous opportunities exist to explore their usefulness in controlling post harvest

diseases. The general antifungal activity of essential oils is well documented by Meepagala et al., 2002 and there have been some studies on the effect of essential oil on post harvest pathogens. The advantage of essential oil is their bio activity in the vapor phase, a characteristic which makes them attractive as possible fumigants for stored product protection. There are various essential oils have been reported for its antifungal activity against post harvest pathogens.

Untreated

Treated

Fig 1. Effects of antagonist on the controlling of Penicilium soft rot in citrus fruits

Fruits and vegetables, important component of a balanced diet are more prone to diseases due to their tenderness and softness as compared to other crops and virtual absence of resistance characters because of intensive hybrid cultivation Both fungi and bacteria are responsible for the post harvest losses but fungi are the major pathogen resulting in detoriation (Singh and Sumbali, 2004). These microorganisms invade the fruits and can cause considerable damage during transit, handling, and storage and in the market. Thus, rendering it unmarketable and reducing its nutritional and commercial value (Singh et al., 2012).The

native value of healthy fruits and vegetables are altered because of certain mycotoxin produced by the fungal pathogens and make them unsuitable for human consumption (Ambuse et al., 2012). In India, occurrence of post harvest pathogens is a serious problem resulting in loss of food calories and nutritive element, and in the production of a wide variety of biologically active compounds, which pose a danger for the poisoning for the consumer (Sharma, 2014).

Frequent prevalence of F. moniliforme on papaya fruits was reported by Baiyewu and Amusa (2005), in coherence with the present study. Palou et al., 2001, and Moss M.O., 2006, reported the occurrence of Penicillium spp. in almost all the growing regions of the world. Penicillium spp. has been reported from every Indian market and is known to contribute all over losses in stored pomaceous fruits (Singh and Sumbali, 2004). Grape berries, both for table consumption or wine making, are mainly contaminated in the field by Aspergillus, Botrytis, and Penicillium species, which often can be isolated from symptomless berries (Battilani and Pietri, 2002), and successively by black Aspergillus and Botrytis cinerea in post harvest cold storage (Guzev et al., 2008). It is interesting to note that A. niger was isolated from Phylanthus emblica L. This result is similar with the observation of Shaista Akhund et al. (2013)) who found rotting of Amla fruits caused by A. niger in storage. Nayyar et al. (2014) have reported the formation of small, yellowish lesions by Alternaria spp. on older leaves of the members of family Brassicaceae.

The biological control of plant pathogens by microorganism has been considered a more natural and environmentally acceptable alternative to the existing chemical treatment methods (Rajendiran et al., 2010). Isolates of Trichoderma spp. significantly inhibited several pathogens.

The findings of Almeida et al. (2007) were in accordance with present study. Inhibition of pathogens in dual cultures begins soon after contact with the antagonist reported Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolin. The production of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics by the species of Trichoderma also was reported by Ghildyal and Pandey (2008). The growth inhibition of postharvest fungi by dual culture in this study could be due to its fast growing nature, secretions of harmful extracellular compounds like antibiotics, cell wall degrading enzymes (gluconases, endochitinases and chitinases) and mycoparasitism in dual culture as found with other fungi (Thirumala Rao and Sitaramaiah, 2000; Nakkeeran et al., 2002). Antibiosis, mycoparasitism and competition for food are the main mechanisms involved in biological control (Ghildyal and Pandey, 2008; Umamaheswari et al., 2009;). The growth inhibition of test pathogens may be due to antibiotic secretion like trichodermin, dermadin, trichovirdin and sesquiterpene heptalic acid (Nakkeeran et al ., 2002), nutrient impoverishment and pH alteration in the medium. Trichoderma spp. had a potential to develop as a biological agent to control the common post harvest diseases. The in vitro screening for microbial bio-control agents effective against post harvest pathogens is a simplistic approach to understand the biological system in the control of post harvest diseases. Our result explains that significant success in bio-control is achieved under in vitro conditions.

Even though more research is needed to understand the antagonistic mechanism, improvement of strains and development of supplementary products of biocontrol agent for restraint of post harvest pathogens. Thus, it is noticeable that a microbial biocontrol agent offers harmless to the animals and human beings, cheaper than chemicals and highly effective. There is no risk of the pathogens develop resistance, fungicide residues in food.

Fig 2. Effect of botanical from plant on Pathogens

Treated Untreated

Fig 3. Effect of botanical from plant on reduction of Aspergillus rot apple

Botanicals

Herbs and plants have been in use as a source of therapeutic compounds in traditional medicinal system since ancient time. Herbal medicines are reported to have minimal side effect (Doughari, 2006). There is a continuous need of the development of new effective antimicrobial

drugs because of the emergence of new infectious diseases and drug resistance (Tiwari et al., 2014).

Callistemon citrinus L. (Family- Myrtaceae) is a beautiful evergreen shrubs and small trees with 34 species. They are commonly known as crimson bottle brushes because of their cylindrical brush like flowers resembling a traditional bottle brush (Yesmin Begum, 2014). This shrub is found in the more temperate regions of Australia and seven species of Callistemon have been introduced in India as an ornamental tree (Khan et al., 2013). Methanoloic extract of Callistemon citrinus L. showed activity against two microorganisms, Alternaria spp. and Penicillium spp. at two different concentration i.e. 0.1mg/ml,0.2mg/ml. It was observed that inhibitory activity of Callistemon citrinus L. leaves extract at 0.2mg/ ml is higher in comparison to 0.1mg/ml. This result is consistent with investigations done by other researchers (Kumar et al., 2010; Das et al., 2008). It indicates that Callistemon citrinus L. leaf extracts may be an ideal for further research into their uses for food preservation as well as pharmaceutical and natural plant based products. (Sutar et al., 2014).

Calotropis spp is also is a widely growing plant native to India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka and China, commonly known as milk weed or crown flower weed. Calotropis spp is latex bearing plant and releases the latex after a tissue injury. Plant latex is a mixture of alkaloids, tannins, gum, sugars, starch, resins and protein. Latex is reported to contain purgative properties, procoagulant activity and wound healing activity (Parvin et al., 2014). Antimicrobial activity of latex against Fusarium spp. was studied by measuring the zone of inhibition formed around the well and its activity with respect to positive and negative control. All values were expressed as mean of

three replicates. This result is consistent with investigations done by other researchers (Kumar et al., 2010, Kareem et al., 2008). Thus, Calotropis spp. latex indicate that its latex may be ideal for future research in controlling Fusarium spp. on post harvested diseases.

CONCLUSION

It is a known fact that the fruit and vegetables constitute commercially and nutritionally important indispensable food commodities, playing a vital role in human nutrition by supplying the necessary growth factors such as vitamins and essential minerals in human daily diet that can help to keep a good and normal health. One of the limiting factors that influence the perishables economic value is the relatively short shelf life which is further reduced due to biotic invasion. Now it is clear that the stage is set for fungal biological disease control agents to play a greater part in agriculture and horticulture. The need for alternatives to chemical fungicides, when viewed against a groundswell of feeling by the public for more natural or organic food production systems, makes this a priority. This would require researchers and extension scientists, government, producers, grower organizations and levy boards, retailers and agrochemical companies to collaborate for successful implementation. It will open job and wealth creation opportunities because of numerous niche markets that it will create. Importantly, low cost production, corporate commitment, good management and market research will provide rapid success to small medium size enterprises and also benefit the end users. This approach would undoubtedly encourage environmentally desirable products that are wanted by the public to reach the market place rapidly.

REFERENCES

1. Shaista Akhund, , Suhail, Muhammad, Rani, Ishrat, Fozia, Ishrat, Memon and Abro Hidayatullah, Fruit Borne Mycoflora of Amla (Phyllanthus annus), Pak. J. Bot., 42(6): pp 42294233, 2010.

2. Almeida, F., Cerqueira, F., Silva, R., Uhoa, C., Lima, A., Mycoparatism studies of Trichoderma harzianum strains against Rhizoctonia solani: Evaluation of coiling and hydrolytic enzyme production, Biotechnol Lett., 29 (8), pp.1189 193, 2007.

3. Ambuse, M. G., Chatage, V. S. and Bhale, U. N., Influence of Trichoderma spp. against Alternaria tenuissima inciting leaf spot of Rumex acetosa, Bioscience Discovery, 3 (2), 259 -26, June 2012.

4. Battilani, P., P., Giorni and A., Pietri, Epidemiology of toxin producing fungi and ochratoxin a occurrence in grape, European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109, 715722, 2003.

5. Yesmin, Begum, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic activities of Callistemon citrinus leaves, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Drug Analyst, 2(3), pp: 259 263, 2014.

6. Buzby, J. C., and J., Hyman, Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States. Food Policy, 37 (5), 561-570, 2012.

7. Conway, W.S., Leverentz, B., Janisiewcz, W.J., Blodgett, A.B., Saftner R.A. & camp M.j., Integrating heat treatments, biocontrol and sodium bicarbonate to reduce post harvest decay of apple caused by Colleotrichum acutatum and Penicillium Expansum, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 34, 11-20, 2004.

8. Das, Anudwipa, Jaman, K., Singh, Akhilesh V., Antimicrobial and antioxidant Activities of Callistemon Linearis DC leaf extract, Pharmacologyonline, 3, 875 881, 2008.

9. Doughari, J.H., Antimicrobial Activity of Tamarindus indicus L., Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 5, 597-603, 2006.

10. Fan, Q. , Tian., S. P, .Postharvest biological control of Rhizopus rot of nectarine fruits by Pichia membraifaciens Hansenii, Plant Diseases, 84, 1212 1216, 2000.

11. Fan, Q. ,Tian, S. P., Postharvest biological control on grey mold and blue mold on apple by Cryptoccous albidicus (Saito) Skinner, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 21(3), 341 350, 2001.

12. Ghildyal, A., Pandey, A. “Isolation of cold tolerant antifungal strains of Trichoderma spp. from glacial sites of Indian Nimalayan Region,” Research Journal of Microbiology, 3(8), pp.559-64, 2008.

13. Guzev, L. A., Danshin, S. Ziv., Lichter, A., Occurrence of ochratoxin A producing fungi in wine and table grapes in Israel, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 111, S67-S71, 2006.

14. Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., Lorito, M., Trichoderma species opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts Nat Rev Microbiol, 2, 43 56, 2004.

15. Hodges, R.J., J.C., Buzby, B., Bennett, Postharvest losses and waste in developed and less developed countries: opportunities to improve resource use, Journal of Agricultural Science, 149, 37-45, 2011.

16. Jat, J., G., Agalave, H. R., Antagonistic properties of Trichoderma species against oilseed-borne fungi, Science Research Reporter, 3(2):171 174, Oct. 2013.

17. Kareem, S. O.; Akpan, I.,Ojo, O. P., Antimicrobial Activities of Calotropis procera on Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms , African Journal of Biomedical Research, 1; 105 110, 2008.

18. Khan, M., Shaiful, Islam, Chowdhury, Mahedy, Hasan, Saha, Partha, Haque, S.M., Estiar, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Crude Extracts of Callistemon linearis available in South East region of Banglades , International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 2(4), 48-49, April 2013.

19. Kumar, D., Dubey, S.C., Management of collar rot of pea by the integration of biological and chemical methods, Indian Phytopathol, 54, 62 66, 2001.

20. Kumar, Gaurav, Rao, Kartik Loganatham, K.V.B., Antimicrobial activity of Latex of Caloropis gigantean against Pathogenic Microorganism: An in vitro study, Pharmocologyonline, 3, 155-163, 2010.

21. Lennox, C.L.,Spotts, R.A., Sensitivity of population of Botrytis cineria from pear related sources to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides, Plant Diseases, 87,645-649, 2003.

22. Mamgain, A., Roychowdhury, R., Tah, J., Alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic controls, Research Journal of Biology, 1, 1 9, 2013.

23. Meepagala, K.M., Sturtz, G., Wedge, D.E., Antifungal constituents of the essential oil fraction of Artemisia drancunculus L. var. dranculus. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 50, 6989-6992, 2002.

24. Moss M.O., General characteristics of moulds in Food Spoilage Microorganisms, Blackburn C. de W., Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 401 414, 2006.

25. Nayyar, Brian Gagosh, Akhund, Shaista Akram, Abida, A review: management of Alternaria and its mycotoxins in crops, Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 4(7), pp. 432 437, July 2014.

26. Palou, L., Smilanick, J.L., Usal, L.J., Vinas, I., Control of Post Harvest blue and green molds of oranges by hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium carbonate, and sodium biocarbonate, Plant Diseases, 85, 371-376, 2001.

27. Parvin, Shumai, Kader, Md., Abdul, Chouduri, Aktar, Uzzaman, Rafshanjani, Md. Abu, Shuaib, Haque, Md. Ekramul, Antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of the nhexane and ethyl acetate fractions of methanolic extract of the leaves of Calotropis gigantea Linn, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2 (5), 47-51, 2014.

28. Rahemi, M. Post Harvest Physiology: Preface on Physiology and Transfer of Fruit, Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Shiraz. Uni. Pub. 437, 2003.

29. Rajendiran, R., Jegadeeshkumar, D., Sureshkumar, B.T., Nisha, T. In vitro assessment of antagonistic activity of Trichoderma viride against post harvest pathogens, Journal of Agricultural Technology,. 6(1), 31 35, 2010.

30. Sharma, Neeta, Biological Control For Preventing Food Detoriation, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, U.K., 2014.

31. Sharma, Poornima, Complexity of Trichoderma Fusarium interaction and manifestation of biological control, Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(8), 1027-1038, 2011.

32. Singh, Pooja , Mishra, A.K., Tripathi, N.N, Assessment of mycoflora associated with postharvest losses of papaya fruits , Journal of Agricultural Technology,. 8(3), pp 961 968, 2012.

33. Singh,Y.P., Sumbali, G, Performance of Apple and Pear Cultivators to Post Harvest Fruit Rot Fungi. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 34(3), 914 916, 2004.

34. Sutar, Niranjan , Sutar, Ranju , Kumar, Mudit; Callistemon citrinum (Bottle Brush), An Important Medicinal Plant: A Review of its Traditional uses, phytoconstituents and Pharmocological properties, Indian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science, pp 68-77; June,2014.

35. Tiwari, Udita, Jadon, Mohini. Nigam, Darshika, Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic leaf extract of Callistemon vinimalis, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Business Management, 2 (12) pp 01 12, December 2014.

36. Umamaheswari, B., Thakore, B., More, T., “Post-harvest management of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) fruit rot (Alternaria alternata (Fr.)) Keissler using Trichoderma species, fungicides and their combinations,” Crop Protection, 28(6), pp.525 32, 2009.

37. Vey, A., Hoagland, R.E., Butt, T.M., Toxic metabolites of fungal biocontrol agents. In: Butt TM, Jackson C, Magan N (eds) Fungi as biocontrol agents: Progress, problems and potential, CAB International, Bristol, pp 311-346, 2001.

Chapter-11

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 SITUATION OF EMAIL MARKETING IN TAMIL

N.

NADU

HARIHARAN DDTP., DOA, IBM

Paravathy’s Arts And Science College, Wisdom City, Dindigul. Tamil Nadu, India.

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal

Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura Kannauj, 209723, India

ABSTRACT

The worldwide pandemic of Coronavirus even as affecting various areas, sizedly affected advanced promoting a lot and publicizing and showcasing also, in worldwide, close by, and network recognition. Be that as it may, this effect for the g reatest component has end up a sublime one, in area of what has wind up being seen in severa different fields which incorporates a monetary framework, human valuable helpful asset, and a lot of others., while the infection made a lot of vulnerabilities among clients and advertisers the same, with perceive to wellness, social presence, financial equilibrium, work, and masses of others., the indistinguishable in addition added about conduct moves along with by walking distantly, investing a determination of energy inside, taking on to home-preparing, becoming more acquainted with new plans from the web, increased consideration on wellbeing and cleanliness, averting swarmed areas, duplicated web-based media

commitment, the change inside the course of on line content material, etc., and those enormously affected publicizing a lot and promoting and showcasing endeavors. Then, at that point 206 respondents assessment are collected to get the spotless picture around the current examinations.

INTRODUCTION

E mail marketing is regularly known as 'online marketing and marketing and marketing', 'internet marketing 'or' net marketing '. The time period Email marketing has grown in popularity over the years, especially in positive nations. In the USA. Online marketing is still popular, in Italy is referred as internet marketing but inside the United Kingdom United Kingdom and international, E mail advertising and marketing has turn out to be the most not unusual time period, especially after the year 2013.

E mail advertising is an umbrella term for the advertising and marketing of products or services the usage of E mail generation, especially at the net, but also along with cellular phones, display advertising and 160

Keyword - E mail Marketing, Covid 19, Internet Marketing

marketing, and some other virtual medium. The way wherein E mail advertising has advanced due to the fact the 1990 and 2000s has changed the manner manufacturers and organizations utilize era and virtual advertising and marketing for his or her advertising and advertising. Virtual advertising campaigns have become greater commonplace in addition to inexperienced, as E mail systems are an increasing number of included into advertising plans and everyday life, and as people use virtual gadgets in choice to going to bodily stores.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Assessment of literature is a written assessment of fundamental writings and extraordinary assets on a particular concern rely upon. This affords a crucial evaluation of miscellaneous research, researches, books, scholarly articles, blogs, and all other property associated with social media advertising techniques.

1. Laato et al. (2020) supplied a précis of the literature on the effect of pandemics on human conduct and discovered that researchers have given little hobby to an endemic's impact on customer behavior. Instead, research has typically centered on pandemic impacts on behavior for preventive health. The covid 19 pandemic permits benefiting treasured patron conduct insights inside the path of a situation of patron uncertainty approximately the manner to react. Because of this, modern day day have a take a look at sheds mild on how consumers' social media behaviors have shifted because the pandemic emerged.

2. Brendan James Kegan and Jennifer Rowley (2017) make a contribution to knowledge concerning social media advertising and advertising method thru growing a level version of sum assessment

and uncovering the traumatic situations on this system. The studies paper has developed a social media advertising and advertising evaluation framework. This framework has the following six ranges: putting assessment objectives, identifying key universal performance symptoms figuring out metrics, facts collection and assessment, record technology, and manipulate choice making.

3. Priyanka p.v and Padma Srinivasan (2015) in her studies have a look at recognized various factors that determine the purchase of a product the usage of social media from a consumer's point of view. A model from the store's attitude has been superior that explains how social media may be used for growing purchaser loyalty. The observation concludes that non prevent customer service services will result in improvement of patron retention. New packages and social structures will flourish and permit even extra personalization and actual time, place primarily based engagements in media.

4. Ates bayazit hasta (2013) in their research paper "a study on the of outcomes of social media on more youthful clients' shopping for behaviors" determines the outcomes of social media networks on purchasing behaviors of young customers. The determined effects suggest that social media gadget right away results in the shopping for behaviors of the customer, depending upon their age group and educational fame.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

These days the internet for all in the E mail international is important for growing utilization internet presents the development of social media for all people within the world. The technological improvement of converting the manner customers marketing for goods and offerings

quickly in day to day in present day technological development within the international. It's far beneficial for time financial savings, smooth accessibility, convenience, extraordinary price variety, availability of merchandise. At the same time of clients easily pay to product amount uncomfortable to present the financial institution account quantity, private information, credit score card numbers, and delay on delivery, transits protection issues, lack of interactivity, loss of substantial discount in social media advertising. And another important point of all applications run in only online. Some customers like offline applications it is main reason network issues.

OBJECTIVES

• This paper is to identify the value of E mail marketing.

• Towards analyze the management of covid -19 situation on Email marketing and impacts.

• The Covid 19 to analyze the destiny role of Email marketing post in covid -19.

• The research assessment of E mail marketing.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research technique directs the general pattern of forming method for accumulating legitimate and reliable facts in investigation. The study technique includes the outline of pattern length, study design, development, sampling techniques, and outline of the equipment. The facts series of number one and secondary information for reading E mail marketing.

METHODOLOGY

Primary Data

The research is through opinion is complete questionnaires in google forms.

Secondary Data

Secondary resources are the info are presented already. In this study, secondary information was collected from the posted articles, previous facts, submitted thesis, magazines, and internet, and so forth.

Sample Size

The sample size is 206 defendant’s estimation from the customers who currently purchasing products in E mail marketing.

1.

5.

Frequency of Online Purchasing

SI. NO Particulars Respondents Percentage

1 Purchase once annually 24 12% 2 2 5 purchases annually 88 43% 3 6 10 purchases annually 58 28% 4 11 purchases and above annually 36 17% 5 Total 206 100%

6. Offline mode of online shopping applications

FINDINGS

Email marketing have a grander upcoming in the current market. Consumers are fulfilled concluded buying E mail marketing.

• People discovery it safe type of online purchase. Ratio of male customers is very high in online shopping that is 65% in E mail marketing.

• Awareness around online shopping is 206 between the respondents used percentage analysis.

• Income of respondents mainly falls in the range of Rs. 10,001 to Rs. 20,000 that is 48%.

• Employees of different companies are purchasing more than others through online shopping that is 45% in the E mail marketing.

• Best numbers of respondents that is 38% feels that online shopping have simple buying procedures; others feel that they can have a broad variety of products, products with lower price, a variety mode of payments etc.

• Online information about Product & Services is outstanding 54% of respondents feel that availability in the E mail markeing .

• Then 43% of the respondents purchase the products 2 to 5 times annually it is very important for E mail marketing.

• Most of the customers liked offline mode of applications the highest response is yes 57%.

SUGGESTIONS

• Provide a straightforward and great office to the buyer prior and later buy.

• Producing mindfulness among individuals around computerized showcasing.

• Collect then, at that point execute the criticism gave through the shopper in the correct manner.

• Develop specialized progression in overhaul of computerized advertising.

• Complete report need to convey around the item to the online customers

• Most of the online shopping applications customers liked offline mode shopping.

Virtual advertising has shot out to be significant a part of technique of many companies. On the present day time, nonetheless for tiny business administrator to hand have an especially inexpensive and in a position method by using E mail advertising to marketplace their products or services inside the society. It has no restrictions. Enterprise can make use of any techniques including tablets, smart telephones, TV, laptops, media, social media, email and lot other to guide enterprise and its services and products. Virtual advertising may also whole something greater if it research purchaser requests as a peak priority.

Inside the current situation, virtual is in the coronary heart of all businesses, and E mail advertising inside the palms of brands and marketers to put in force advertising strategies in an infectious period. No matter the fantastic impact of the advertising enterprise, the virtual advertising branch noticed the most important incentive. Has covid 19 virtual marketing rapid tune and has brought about further enhancing virtual advertising and marketing measures.

REFERENCES

1) Chaffey d, e business & e commerce management strategy, implementation and practice Pearson education, Paris, 2011, 72-79

2) Chaffey d & smith p, e marketing excellence: planning and optimizing your E mail marketing, rout ledge. Fourth edition, 2008, 580-593

3) Wag mare GST, e commerce, a business review and future prospects in Indian business. Internet, marketing in India. Indian streams research journal, 2(5), 2012, 14.

4) Gangeshwer do, e commerce or internet marketing: a business review from Indian context”, international journal of - and eservice, science and technology, 6(6), 2013, 187 192.

5) Vishal mishap, article impact of consumer empowerment on online trust: an examination across genders, Elsevier international journal, 12(3), 2012, 198 205.

6) 2) April Hanlon, "E mail marketing: strategic planning and integration", sage launch, (2019).

7) Three) Dave said, br. Smith, "E mail advertising and marketing top notch: online advertising making plans, improvement, and coordination", Rutledge, fifth edition (2017).

8) diginomic.Com/what futureE mail markeing advertising and marketing and impact covid 19discover martech E mail markeing -occasion-overview

9) https://advertising.Toolbox.Com/articsvirtual advertising definition type strategies examples

10) https://www.Marketingprofs.Com/chirp/20 20/43008 / covid-19impact on business and virtual advertising and marketing initiatives

11) https://blogs.Perficient.Com/2020/04/08/th e-effect-E mailmarkeing -advertising and marketing in the course of covid-19 /

Chapter - 12

AN ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE IN ICICI BANK DURING COVID-19

N. HARIHARAN DDTP., DOA. IBM Paravthy’s Arts And Science College, Wisdom City, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE

Principal

Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura Kannauj, 209723, India

ABSTRACT

This study has been completed to evaluate the financial presentation of ICICI bank. ICICI was amongst brief to get an 'on a basic level' endorsement from the reserve financial institution of India (RBI) to installation a financial institution inside the personal region. The financial institution at present has an advantageous company of extra than 4,805 branches unfold over city areas across India. All branches are linked on a web regular premise. Customers in greater than 500 regions are moreover adjusting through cellphone banking. The financial institution moreover has an s enterprise of about more than 12,860 arranged ATMS 2,657 across city areas and cities. ICICI bank gives diverse gadgets and administrations inclusive of discount banking and retail banking, depository, automobile advances,

motorcycle advances, person advances, advances towards assets, consumer strong advances, and way of lifestyles develop, charge cards and the extraordinary computerized merchandise. The economic exhibition of previously mentioned bank has been assessed for as a long way back as 5 years i.e.2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. The statistics examined by share examination like modern proportion, coins function percentage, constant resources percentage, and obligation cost proportion and different share and offer translation to every percentage. To finish up this article the economic adequacy of the financial institution is appropriate at some stage in the research time body.

Keywords - ICICI, Bank, Ltd, Monetary, Ratio Analysis Execution Ratios.

INTRODUCTON

Economic execution is the manner closer to estimating how viably an enterprise uses its resources from critical method of commercial enterprise to raise salaries it additionally gauges associations entire financial well being at some stage in a particular timeframe. Financial execution of the affiliation manages the economic electricity and shortcomings of bank exactly setting up a connection among the asset report and pay clarification. This cycle used to manifestly comprehend the improvement of long time and present second of bank. There are a few special ways to break down statistics the professional utilized proportion investigation on this exploration. This exam likewise supportive comes to a decision the credit score value of the financial institution to evaluate the market function the various contenders.

HISTORY OFINDUSTRIAL CREDIT AND INVESTMENT CORPORATION OF INDIA ICICI BANK

Icici become fashioned in 1955 on the initiative of the arena bank, the authorities of india and representatives of indian enterprise. The foremost objective become to create a development economic institution for imparting medium term and lengthy-term challenge financing to indian companies. Till the past due eighties, icici in the main focused its activities on challenge finance, offering lengthy term finances to a variety of industrial projects. With the liberalization of the economic quarter in india in the 1990s, icici converted its enterprise from a development monetary group offering handiest assignment finance to a diversified monetary services company that, along side its subsidiaries and other organization companies, offered a huge variety of products and services. As india’s economic system have become more marketplace orientated and integrated with the arena economic system, icici capitalized on the new possibilities to offer a much broader range of monetary services and products to a broader spectrum of clients. Icici financial institution was included in 1994 as part of the icici organization. In 1999, icici became the primary indian employer and the first financial institution or monetary organization from non japan asia to be listed at the big apple stock exchange.

The difficulty of accepted banking, which in the indian context supposed conversion of lengthy-term lending establishments inclusive of icici into business banks, were discussed at duration within the overdue nineteen nineties. Conversion right into a financial institution 176

supplied icici the capability to simply accept low fee demand deposits and provide a much wider variety of products and services, and greater possibilities for earning non fund primarily based earnings within the shape of banking prices and commissions. After attention of various company structuring alternatives in the context of the rising aggressive situation inside the indian banking industry, and the flow closer to accepted banking, the managements of icici and icici bank fashioned the view that the merger of icici with icici financial institution would be the most beneficial strategic opportunity for both entities, and could create the top quality legal shape for icici organization's ordinary banking method. The merger could enhance fee for icici shareholders thru the merged entity's get entry to to low price deposits, greater possibilities for earning price based income and the capability to take part in the bills system and offer transaction-banking offerings. The merger could decorate fee for icici financial institution shareholders through a big capital base and scale of operations, seamless get admission to to icici's sturdy corporate relationships constructed up over 5 a long time, entry into new enterprise segments, better marketplace proportion in diverse commercial enterprise segments, mainly fee-based totally offerings, and get entry to to the sizable skills pool of icici and its subsidiaries.

In october 2001, the forums of directors of icici and icici financial institution accepted the merger of icici and of its totally-owned retail finance subsidiaries, icici non public financial services restrained and icici capital offerings restricted, with icici bank. The merger become approved by means of shareholders of icici and icici financial institution in january 2002, by means of the high court docket of gujarat at ahmedabad in march 2002, and by way of the excessive court docket of judicature at mumbai and the reserve financial institution of india in april 2002. Consequent to the merger, the icici group's financing and

banking operations, both wholesale and retail, had been integrated in a single entity.

ANNUAL REPORT OF 2021

REVIEW LITERATURE

1) Muradmohammadgalif al kaseasbah and abdelkarimsalimissaalbkour (2020) of their paper entitled, monetary execution of Indian banking region: a case observe of sbi and icici bank. To research the monetary presentation of sbiandicici financial institution. All through the investigation, it changed into tracked down that the sbi recorded fluctuating pattern however icici disregarded to cope with the increasing pattern.

2) Nagalekshmi v s, vineetha s das (2018), tracked down that the superb impact of consolidation kotakmahindra bank ltd with ingvysya bank. It additionally tracked down that groundbreaking augmentation in different budgetary like operating gain, internet benefit, profit in step with proportion, premium acquired, return on assets, cost percentage capital, pay on undertaking and so forth,

3) Priyanka Jha (2016) broke down financial execution of public area banks (Punjab national financial institution) and private quarter banks (icici) in India. The analyst finishes up her exploration pub has lower operational skill ability almost than icici financial

institution. If there have to be an occurrence of income pay out proportion, duty cost proportion and top rate used to revenue procured, icici financial institution has carried out sounder as assessment with pub. Jaywalk and Jain (2020) entitled a comparable research of financial execution sbi and icici bank in India. This examination appears at the financial presentation of Indian banks with the help of camel version. This exam examine the monetary exhibition of sbi and icici from 2010-11 to 2014-15.

4) Suruchisatsangiprem das Saini (2018) investigated monetary execution of kotakmahindra financial institution consolidation with ing-vysya financial institution. The discoveries of the examination confirmed the excessive improvement charge which is seen inside the financial execution of the kotakmahindra financial institution after the consolidations and acquisitions.

5) Vinothkumar and bhawnamalhothra (2019), endeavored has been made investigate the exhibition &economic adequacy of chose personal region banks in India for the period 20072017 camel approach has been utilized. This research reasoned that the ICICI financial institution is placed first underneath the camel exam observed with the aid of icici financial institution. Kotakmahindra financial institution concerned the third function. The fourth position involved with the aid of ICICI bank and the remaining function is worried with the aid of induslndbank among every one of the chose banks.

RESEARCH METHOLODOGY

This investigation is quantitative nature meaning it essentially manages budget summary of ICICI Bank for as long as five years. This examination depends on optional information which is taken from banks site and the yearly reports. The information is dissected by the

proportion investigation and the presentation of the bank is unmistakably clarified for the examination time frame.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

 To assess the monetary presentation of ICICI Bank.

 To examine the liquidity and dissolvability position of the bank.

 To discover the progressions in the patterns of the bank utilizing pattern investigation.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 The study is confined just the five monetary yearsi.e.2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

 The concentrate totally dependent on auxiliary information and the precision of the investigation relies upon the information got.

 This study may not be sufficiently broad to cover every one of the proportions to be considered in assessing the monetary adequacy of the bank precisely.

DATA ANALYSIS

A portion of the significant proportions have been assessed and deciphered to comprehend the monetary exhibition of the bank.

SHORT-TERM SOLVENCY RATIOS

CURRENT RATIO

Current proportion builds up connection between current resources and current liabilities. Current liabilities are those liabilities are settled or reimburse inside a year.

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities.

The standard or dependable guideline for current proportion is 2:1. It implies that let the aggregate sum of current liabilities. At the point when a bank's present proportion is at least 2 it implies that its liquidity position is acceptable.

TABLE 1: CURRENT RATIO

Year 20192020 20182019 20172018 20162017 20152016

CR 6.74 7.97 4.64 5.52 6.24

Source: Annual Report.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2019 2020 2018 2019 2017 2018 2016 2017 2015 2016

6.74 7.97 4.64 5.52 6.24

CASH POSITION RATIO

This is a variety of fast proportion. This proportion is determined when liquidity is profoundly limited regarding money and money counterparts. This proportion estimates liquidity as far as money and close to cash things and momentary current liabilities.

Money Position proportion = Cash and Bank Balances + Marketable Securities/Current Liabilities an ideal money position proportion is 0.75: 1. This proportion is a more thorough proportion of an organizations liquidity position. TABLE 2:

2014 15 is 1.11 which had diminished by 1.05 and 0.86 in the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 separately. However, in the year 2018-19 it had expanded to 2.68. In the year 201920 it had diminished 1.47. During the examination time frame the bank liquidity position is acceptable.

LONG TERM SOLVENCY RATIOS

FIXED ASSETS RATIO

This proportion bargains the connection between fixed resources and long haul reserves. The essential witticism of this proportion is to discover the extent of long haul subsidizes put resources into fixed resources.

Fixed Assets Ratio = Fixed Assets/Long-Term Funds

An ideal fixed resources proportion is 0.67. The proportion should not be multiple, if the proportion is under 1it demonstrates that a part of working capital had financed by long haul reserves. TABLE 3: FIXED

ASSETS RATIO

Source: Annual Report.

Fixed asset ratio

7.39 6.95 7.07 6.61 6.22 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 201819 201718 201617 201516 201415

Table 3 uncovers that fixed resources and long haul assets of the bank. In the year 2014-15 fixed resources proportion is 6.22 which has expanded to 6.61 in the year 2015 16. During the year 2016 17 the proportion was 7.07 and in the year 2017 18 it had diminished by 6.95. 2018-19 the proportion was expanded to 7.39.These proportions are contrasted and standard of fixed resources proportion, it is exceptionally high. Thus a bit of working capital had financed by long haul assets during the investigation time frame.

DEBT-EQUITY RATIO

This proportion is generally called as "Outer Internal Equity Ratio". Chiefly it is determined to survey the monetary sufficiency of long haul approaches and to decide the general portions of outcasts and investors. It decides connection between the obligation and value.

Debt-Equity Ratio = Shareholders Funds / Total Long-Term Funds

A high obligation value proportion shows the most noteworthy cases of loan bosses over resources of the firm than those of investors. A high proportion uncovers a horrible situation of the organization. A low obligation value proportion demonstrates lesser case of leasers and a higher edge is alright for them. The standard of this proportion 2:1 is agreeable.

TABLE 4: DEBT-EQUITY RATIO

Year 20192020 20182019 20172018 20162017 20152016

DER 1.27 0.86 1.20 1.37 1.37

Source: Annual Report.

Debt equity ratio

1.27 0.86

1

0.5

1.2 1.37 1.37 0

1.5 2019 2020 2018 2019 2017 2018 2016 2017 2015 2016

Table 4 clarifies obligation value relationship. In the year 2015 16 the proportion was 1.37 and it was same in the year 2016-17 followed by this it was diminished by 1.20 during the year 2017-18. In 2018-19 it was diminished by 0.86 But it was expanded in the year 2019 20 was 1.27. These proportions are not exactly the standard of 2:1. Henceforth, the leasers are protected during the investigation time frame.

PROPRIETARY RATIO

This proportion is called as proprietors store proportion or total assets proportion. This proportion calls attention to connection between the partner's assets and all out substantial resources.

Restrictive Ratio = Shareholders reserves/Total unmistakable resources

This proportion is extremely valuable to decide the drawn out dissolvability of the organization. It is essential to the loan bosses who can determine the extent of investors' assets in the all out resources utilized in the organization. Standard of this proportion 0.5, beneath this standard the lenders may need to misfortune intensely in case of ending up of the organization.

Table 5 obviously clarifies that drawn out dissolvability of the organization. In the year 2015-16 the proportion was 2.79 which have diminished by 1.75 in the year 2016 17. Yet, it was expanded to 1.95 during the year 2017 18. Followed by this in the year 2018 19 and 2019-20 it was expanded to 2.62 and 2.80 separately. These proportions are more than the standard of 0.5. It is obviously shows that the lenders are profoundly protected during the investigation time frame.

FINDINGS

 Current proportion demonstrates that banks liquidity and its reimbursement of obligations are sound during the time of study.

 Cash position proportion or Absolute Liquidity Ratio is shows during the investigation time frame the bank liquidity position is acceptable.

 Fixed resources proportion clarifies bit of working capital had financed by long haul assets during the examination time frame.

 Debt value proportion clarifies the loan bosses are protected during the examination time frame.

 Proprietary proportion uncovers that the bank long haul dissolvability position is acceptable in the examination period.

CONCLUSION

The ICICI Bank is the biggest private area bank in India. The analyst track down the monetary execution for as long as five monetary years from 2014 15 to 2018 19. The information gathered from yearly reports of the bank and the site. The information broke down through different proportions. This examination article at long last reasoned that the ICICI bankfinancial execution is strongduring the investigation time frame.

REFFRENCES

1) Business Review, Volume - 5, Issue-7, 87

2) Dr. A.Murthy and Dr. S.GurusamyManagement Accounting Theory and Practice Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited.Chennai.

3) Gupta (2014) "An Empirical investigation of Financial Performance of ICICI Bank A Comparative Analysis.IITM Journal of Business Studies (JBS), (1) 1, 1-14.

4) N. Hariharan student , study on HDFC bank analysis and prefomance in covid -19 situation IJRPR journal.

5) Innovation (IJRSI),| Volume V, Issue VII, 100-102. \

6) Jaywalk and Jain (2016) "A Comparative Study of Financial Performance of SBI and ICICI Banks in India". Global Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science and Engineering, 4(3), 1 6.

7) Nagalekshmi V S, Vineetha S Das (2018). Effect of Mergers in Banking Sector: A Case Study. International Journal of Research and Scientific

8) Turkey and Salem (2013) "A Comparative Study of Financial Statement of ICICI and ICICI Through Ratio Analysis". Global Journal of Accounting and Financial Management Research (IJAFMR), 3(4), 89-96.

9) Vino Kumar and Bhawnamalhothra(2017).A camel model investigation of Private Banks in India,EPRA International Journal of Economic and 10) www.ICICI .com

Chapter - 13

Incidence of Black Fungus among Covid-19 Patients in India

Areeba Ahmad and Mohd Ashaq

St Ann's College for Women, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad 500028

Department of Botany, Govt. PG College Rajouri, Jammu & Kashmir, India 185133

ABSTRACT

The review article aims to analyze the incidence of mucormycosis (black fungus) among covid 19 patients in India. Mucormycosis (previously known as zygomycosis) is a rare but serious fungal infection caused by group of molds called mucormycetes. Recently, black fungus cases were observed among COVID-19 patients in India which manifested in the skin and later on affected the lungs and the brain. Also, it mainly affects people who have health problems such as diabetes or various other significant diseases including pneumonia, the ones who undergo organ transplantation and to the ones who are immunocompromised. In COVID 19 patients it was observed that the ones who took steroids at an early stage or in high doses and suffered from diabetes or other diseases were more prone to the infection.

Keywords - Black fungus, fungal infection, India, mucormycosis, COVID 1, immunocompromise

INTRODUCTION

Mucormycosis commonly known as black fungus is a life threatening infection caused by fungi of order Mucorales.1 These fungal spores are airborne and are found in dust and also in hospital environment. The

most common organism isolated from mucormycosis infected patients is Rhizopusoryzae. The first case of mucormycosis in humans was reported in 1885 by German pathologist Paltauf. The term "mucormycosis" was coined by American pathologist R.D. Baker.2

In India, black fungus instances in covid 19 patients were first reported in Maharashtra in May 2021 and later found in Karnataka, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh and several other states. Till now India has reported 45,000+ cases of and 4,000+ deaths of black fungus.3 The first case of mucormycosis in children was reported in Karnataka and the 2 children suffered from acute juvenile diabetes. Some were treated and some lost their lives due to the life threatening infection.4

Therefore, in order to learn about the treatment, causes and effects of black fungus, we must dive deep into the history of the black fungus as well as the current scenario in order to find out the answers of a challenging situation that India is facing among COVID-19 patients. Now the question arises, how and why mucormycosis is recently found more in patients suffering from COVID 19 and not others? Why is it found mostly in India and not other countries? Is India able to tackle the devastating disease? Is there any cure?

In early days, before COVID 19, black fungus was not found commonly in all the patients suffering from diabetes or people who were immunocompromised but after COVID 19 it is found in most of these patients. Studies conducted till date, say that the main cause of this epidemic is due to the use of steroids which were given in early stages and high doses to the diabetic patients which in turn increased their blood sugar level.5

The studies show that excessive use of steroids for COVID 19 patients was likely the cause of the upsurge of this otherwise very rare fungal disease. It is further stated that the infection originates from the reduced capacity to naturally clear the spores because of the COVID 19 infection and reduced immune response as a result of the steroids used to limit the immune system's overreaction to infection 16. Research suggest that immuno suppressive drugs and supportive oxygen favor the biosynthesis of ergosterol which is a key component of fungal cell membranes17. The infection was particularly dangerous in patients with diabetes15,18, 19, with specific explanations elusive.

The numbers of black fungus infections (or COVID 19 infection) of India must be put in the correct perspective, as the absolute numbers in a country of 1366 M people may appear incredibly high in countries with a dramatically smaller population such as the United Kingdom.

On May 28, 2021, there were recorded almost 12,000 cases of the “black fungus” infection in India 16, 27.37 M cases of COVID 19, and 315,235 COVID-19 fatalities. In 2019, there were about 7.27 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants in India, or 9.93 M. The major causes of death in India in 2019 in order of relevance were Ischemic heart disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Stroke, Diarrheal diseases, Neonatal disorders, Lower respiratory infect, Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Cirrhosis, Falls, Road injuries and Self-harm20

While the black fungus infection does not affect in a sizeable way the case-fatality rate of COVID-19 infection, that is not the main cause of fatality in India, still, it was certainly a reason for relative concern 21 , not only for India but also for other South Asian countries

DISCUSSION

Earlier, black fungus infection was mostly observed in patients who had undergone organ transplantation or suffered from cancer and received immunosuppressive drugs and to those who suffered from diabetes which later developed as diabetic ketoacidosis (poorly controlled diabetes in which body produces high levels of ketones).6 Also, it affected those who had low levels of neutrophils which are WBCs and to the ones who received broad spectrum antibiotics. There was no covid 19 back then, then why did black fungus rupture out recently leading it to an epidemic? It is claimed that this is due to high doses of corticosteroids, anti inflammatory drugs that damp down the immune system’s overreaction to infection.7 Steroids do kill the harmful microorganisms and save lives but simultaneously it destroys the necessary microorganisms that are already present in the body. This might be due to self-medication as it was seen during the outbreak, that people were taking their own medications unnecessarily and in high doses. As these steroids (antifungals and antivirals) are used to treat severe patients, they were commonly used by non-severe patients too which had adverse effects.8 The diagnosis of this infection can be done by swab test, biopsy, CT or MRI scan.

Black fungus is of various types such as9,10:

1. Cutaneous mucormycosis: it affects the skin and causes pain in an area of a skin and inflammation of the underlying tissue.

2. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: Affects the sinus and brain and causes lethargy, seizures, slurred speech, cranial neuropathies, a brain abscess, altered consciousness and coma.

3. Pulmonary mucormycosis: Affects the lungs. The spores are breathed in and reach the respiratory system and causes fever, cough or chest pain and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).

4. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis: Affects the gastrointestinal system and occurs when spores are breathed into the mouth or contaminated food is eaten.

5. Disseminated mucormycosis: Mainly affects the people who are immunocompromised and the infection spreads to several areas of the body and becomes widespread (disseminated).

Rhino Orbito

Cerebral Mucormycosis (ROCM)

and

Pulmonary

Mucormycosis are the two kinds of black fungi that were reported among covid-19 patients in India.11 In May 2021, India reported cases of black fungus among COVID 19 patients. But why black fungus cases surged only in India and not other countries? This might be due to environmental conditions, daily habits depending from person to person, and use of steam on a daily basis, poor hygiene & sanitation and numerous other reasons which are still to be researched. The aftermaths of surgery of mucormycosis includes loss of upper jaw and sometimes even an eye, though Prosthetic replacement is performed as a replacement. After a while cases were reported from other countries including Pakistan, Russsia, Oman.12,13 However, the situation was under control. These countries too blame the use of steroids which was used for treating covid-19 patients as the major source of outbreak of black fungus. Currently, black fungus is being treated surgically by removing the affected part of the body so as to stop the infection from spreading elsewhere and by using antifungals such as Amphotericin B, posaconazole, isavuconazole.14

CONCLUSION

To sum up, black fungus (mucormycosis), a deadly infection is prevalent in immunocompromised patients as a post Covid 19 complication. The patients who used steroid to combat Covid-19 and sugar patients usually found more vulnerable to black fungus. Thus, as ‘Prevention is better than cure’, hence in order to avoid this life threatening infection, one must get his/her blood sugar levels checked (whether suffering from Covid or not), use steroids carefully in accurate doses, maintain hygiene in and around yourselves, wear clean masks and get yourself diagnosed immediately if any symptom occurs. Meanwhile, various factors of black fungus and its causes and treatment are still under research.

REFERENCES

1. Centers for disease control and prevention, “Mucormycosis” https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/mucormycosis/index.html

2. “Mucormycosis historical perspective”, https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mucormycosis_historical_pers pective, 29 July, 2020

3. “Black fungus declared an epidemic in 4 states, 1 UT”, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/black fungus an epidemic-in-4-states-1-ut/articleshow/82804720.cms, 21 May, 2021

4. “In a first Karnataka reports black fungus in 2 children”, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/in-a-firstkarnataka reports black fungus in 2 children/article34678460.ece, 29 May, 2021

5. “Mucormycosis or black fungus: Why are covid 19 patients getting affected by this disease?” https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/black fungus, 8 June, 2021

6. “Mucormycosis: a case study”, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11871522/, February 2000

7. “Why deadly black fungus is ravaging COVID patients in India”, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why deadly black fungus-is-ravaging-covid-patients-in-india/, 28 May, 2021

8. “Mucormycosis: Doctor explains types of black fungus, medical tests to diagnose them”, https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/mucormycosisdoctor explains types of black fungus medical tests to diagnose them/2261277/, 29 May, 2021

9. “Mucormycosis NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)” https://rarediseases.org/rare diseases/mucormycosis/

10. “Mucormycosis in COVID 19: A Clinico Microbiological Dilemma”, https://www.kauveryhospital.com/kauverian-scientificjournal/mucormycosis in covid 19 a clinico microbiological dilemma

11. “Mucormycosis: The black fungus maiming Covid patients in India”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world asia india 57027829, 9 May, 2021

12. “Black fungus detected in 3 covid-19 patients in Oman”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/15/black fungus detected covid-19-patients-oman, 15 June, 2021

13. “COVID-19 and fungi: A nightmare in the making”, https://www.jhsph.edu/covid 19/articles/covid 19 and fungi a nightmare-in-the-making.html, 1 July, 2021

14. “Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis”, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286196/

15. Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, Rudramurthy SM, Arastehfar A, Gangneux JP, Nasir N, Bonifaz A, Araiza J, Klimko N and Serris A, (2021) The Emergence of COVID 19 Associated Mucormycosis: Analysis of Cases From 18 Countries. Papers.ssrn.com. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3844587

16. McKenna M (2021) Why Deadly ‘Black Fungus’ Is Ravaging COVID Patients in India. www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-deadly-black-fungus-isravaging covid patients in india/

17. Chakraborty S. The epidemic of ‘Black fungus’(mucormycosis) in Covid19 patients in India-a perfect synergy between immunosuppressive drugs and supportive oxygen that promotes the bio syntheses of ergosterol (a key component of fungal cell membranes)? Osf Preprints. 2021 doi: 10.31219/osf.io/pbnwy.

18. Thomas L, Tay SY, Howard D, Falhammar H. Mucormycosis in a 40 year old woman with diabetic ketoacidosis. CMAJ. 2020;192(16):E431 E433. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.191364.

19. Rammaert B, Lanternier F, Poirée S, Kania R, Lortholary O. Diabetes and mucormycosis: a complex interplay. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38(3):193 204. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2012.01.002.

20. Taylor HJ, Khundkar R, Krishan K, Eagan AW, Boloor A, Bockarie MJ, Kawakami N, Pana A, Geberemariyam BS, Whisnant JL, Cercy KM. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Glob Health Metr. 2020;396(10258):1204 1222.

21. Rahman FI, Islam MR, Bhuiyan MA. Mucormycosis or black fungus infection is a new scare in South Asian countries during COVID-19 pandemic: associated risk factors and preventive measures. J Med Virol. 2021 doi: 10.1002/jmv.27207.

Chapter - 14

A STUDY ON MARUTI SUZUKI CARS IN REFERENCE TO CUSTOMER BRAND AWARENESS ON THE CURRENT SITUATION IN TAMILNADU

N. HARIHARAN DDTP.,DOA.,IBM Parvathi College Of Commerce , Tamilnadu , India

DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal

CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN ETHNO & MEDICO BOTANY M. G. COLLEGE, MARHPURA, KANNAUJ 209723, INDIA

ABSTRACT

Brand awareness version for enjoy products that overcomes the limitations of patron desire fashions, especially when it is not smooth to take into account a few qualitative attributes of a product or while there are too many attributes relative to the available quantity of preference date, via capturing the consequences of unobserved product attributes with the residuals of reference consumers for the identical product. They decompose the deterministic factor of product software into parts: that accounted for by way of found attributes and that because of non located attributes. By using estimating the unobserved factor via concerning it to the corresponding residuals of digital experts representing homogeneous corporations of people who experienced the product earlier and evaluated it. The usage of Bayesian estimation

methods and markov chain MonteCarlo simulation inference, applying two kinds of patron preference.1. Standard preference data for online customer ratings in internet reference services. 2) Revolved preferences it is data for movies for offline customers. Thevalues empirically show that this new approach outperforms several opportunity collaborativefiltering and attribute based choice fashions with each in and out of sample fits. The modelis relevant to each net recommendation services and client preference research.

Keywords - Brand consciousness, Consumer alternatives, Maruti Suzuki, Honda, Cars.

INTRODUCTION

With the opening of the market or the publish liberalization period has resulted in manyorganizations getting into the markets with services of their items and offerings. In the earlierranges of economic revolution client needed to take delivery of what the manufacturer has produced but these days customers are a great deal more knowledgeable, disturbing, count on lot greater to healthy their ever changing existence patterns. There through their satisfactory expectancies have been increased from time to time a good way to rebuild it self round its purchaser. The producer ought to be capable of fulfill, with the form of product and offerings to suit the ever-changing patron requirements. In developing an advertising and marketing strategy for merchandise, the dealers need to confront the branding selection. Logo is a chief difficulty in product. Clients have strong preference for specific variations and types of basic goods and services. The manufactures ultimately study that market electricity lies with the logo name companies. Clients shopping for choices are prompted through the Brand. In this competitive international, the “Brand performs an

essential role and a logo may be very prominent asset owned by means of accompany. Logo is endowed with focus, perceived exceptional, institutions and logo loyalty. Brand is offered as creative concept. A logo is a promise of the seller to supply a particular set of advantages or attributes or offerings to the buyer. Logo represents a stage of exceptional.

ABOUT THE MARUTI SUZUKI CARS

Marathi Suzuki vehicles India ltd. (chill), a leading producer of premium automobiles in India, became established in December 1995 with a commitment to offer Honda’s passenger vehicle models and technologies, to the Indian clients. Chill’s company workplace is based in extra Naiad, up and its brand new production facility is positioned at tapukara, district. Alwar, Rajasthan.The Business enterprise’s product range include Maruthi, Suzuki jazz, Maruthi, Suzuki amaze, Maruthi, Suzuki wry-v, and Maruthi, Suzuki city catering to numerous desires of its discerning buyers across specific segments. Honda’s fashions are strongly associated with superior layout and technology, aside from their hooked up qualities of sturdiness, reliability, safety and fuelperformance. The company has a sturdy income and distribution community unfold across the U.S.Besides The Brand New Vehicle commercial enterprise, Maruthi, Suzuki gives one prevent solution for purchasing and selling pre-owned automobiles via its commercial enterprise feature Maruthi, Suzuki auto terrace. The Maruthi, Suzuki certified pre-owned vehicles come with an assurance of satisfactory and peace of mind that caters to the various and burgeoning wishes of pre owned vehicle buyers throughout the U.S.

REVIEW LITERATURE

1) Brown et al (2007) analyzed the clients' attitude towards ecru, Jap and the USA cars. They found that United States of beginning followed by using emblem name, decrease charge and distributor's recognition plays a significant role in the consumers' conduct. The consequences of the study conducted by way of Chen (2007) highlight the importance of speed, consolation and protection in us customers' buying decision when they purchase a sedan automobile.

2) Clement and venkatapathy (2005) studied the peer influence in the acquisition of car with reference to Coimbatore district. . Cowley and Mitchell (2003) concluded that as clients differ of their knowledge about the product, marketing verbal exchange should be tailored thus.

3) Evaluate of literature joseph and kamble (2011) evaluated the behavioral pattern shown by using passenger automobile customers in dakshinakannada district of Karnataka kingdom. The have a look at is based on the records accrued from 525 passenger automobile owners consisting of professionals, personnel of public and private area, businessmen and agriculturist indakshina Kannada district. They found that one of the most crucial elements that affect purchase of passenger automobiles in India is the provision of car finance or patron credit score.

4) Kaur and Sandhu (2006) attempted to discern out the features considered by means of the clients while going for the purchase of a vehicle. The study become carried out in Punjab and Chandigarh. The respondents gave extra weight to protection and luxury accompanied by means of luxuriousness.

5) Purohit (2009) identified that consumers are in particular happy through the corporation, durability, riding consolation, brand popularity, spare parts availability, journey comfort and common look. Good product capabilities led the clients to purchase multiproduct than the others.

6) Within the word of Philip Kotler “A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or layout or mixture of them. Intended to discover the products or offerings of 1 dealer or organization of dealers and to distinguish them from the ones of competitors.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

The intention of any organization is to for the most part obtain bigger piece of the pie high level of deals the Industry; this could be just accomplished by building a higher level of brand faithful clients. Any organization can get by through there is a solid computational the market on the off chance that it has brand steadfast clients. Today many significant organizations in the market attempt to keep up and improve their marked value. Without making appropriate brand mindfulness they can't fabricate brand image.

Solid brands help assemble the corporate image and furthermore by making it simpler for the organizations dispatch new brands. Today marks are treated as major suffering resources of an organization more over brand value are significant supporter of client value. This all can happen just there is appropriate brand mindfulness. The lights four wheeler businesses have been growing quickly are gone the day while having a little and blend size vehicles were viewed as an extravagance. Presently days it is seen as a simple need.

Client relationship the board and information mining are basic differentials that empower upper hand for firms zeroed in on expanding client piece of the pie. In spite of the fact that interest in advertising, deals and administration advancement can be compelled because of financial and social contemplations, the underlying investigation of the examination demonstrates regular European buyer clothing destinations empower higher substance profundity, navigational setting and help, customer correspondence, and business effectiveness. Nonetheless, the investigation simultaneously demonstrates lower client customization and mining, way of life association and advertising, and customer, Community connection, on the locales.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research role is very important in customers brand awareness in covid 19 situation on Maruthi suzuki cars. It is help to human achievements towards understand and identify the brand. The systematic markets research helps to brand image and finding of the customers in awareness of Maruthi suzuki cars. The research mainly focused to Madurai city peoples to different locations, age groups and particular brand find out of the preference.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY







To customer to purchase product Maruthi suzuki cars

To variables of brands and awareness influence them to purchase.

To understand what role does the logo has in the minds of customers.





To identify awareness to brand Maruthi, Suzuki Cars four wheelers.

To about the customer’s satisfaction in Maruthi, Suzuki Cars offers

 To discover the marketplace capacity for Maruthi, Suzuki cars four wheelers.

 To Maintain and improve brand awareness.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 The customers not be contracted in outstand lack of time

 The research has been classified to Madurai city only.

 The project sample study is 200 customers only.

 The complete customer feelings

 The customers change from time to time it is possibility of research so some changes in the result it is awareness level.

 Sometimes few customers not responded suitably due to lack of time, ignorance.

RESEARCH METHOLODOGY

The data collected sources in primary and secondary, the information get to regard products and organization.

Primary Data:

The primary data collect questonnrie it is related in customer brand awareness towards Maruthi, Suzuki cars product different features and satisfactions. Such as Price, Color, Modal, brand etc.

Secondary Data:

The secondary data taken from Reports, Advertisements, Newspapers, Customer database, Pamphlets, it five sources collected secondary data.

INTERNET SAMPLEING

The Maruthi suzuki cars limited customers in Madurai City only and range of allover India. Samples taken target is population of study in brand awareness in Maruthi suzuki cars.

SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size is 200 collected form selected data base company. The research depth survey and collecting data observation concerning Maruthi suzuki cars customers brand awareness.

ROLE OF BRANDING

In today’s global logo names come to create perceive to distinguish one product from every other. The subsequent points to pin down its specific role.

 Brand is a great asset: Brand is an intangible asset, due to the fact it is not possible to copy brand name.

 Brand is promotional device: the product differentiation is done with the aid of a brand through sales promotion.

 Brand is a weapon to protect marketplace: a customer has tried and appreciated a product, the logo permits him to discover the product and repeat the purchase.

 Brand is antidote for middle men’s survival: the elegance of middle man constantly tends to move for a success logo.

 Brand Is A Means Of Identifications Of Clients: logo is the perfect manner of figuring out services or products by using customers.

DATA ANALYSIS

EXPLAINATION

The chart is occupation it is business persons is high level of 62% out of 200 respondents are professional is 42 are employee is 54% and student is 42 %. Over allhigh level is business persons.

EXPLAINATION

The chart is 200respondents till now is before 3 years is 20 %, before 2 year is 54% and before 1 year is 66 % it is highest level of using the cars.

Q3. Who influenced you toward purchase a car? Sample

EXPLAINATION

The chart is influenced you toward purchase a car More Than peoples purchased car is sales person is 76% Friends is 60 % and watching add is 22 % peoples liked sales persons buying cars.

Q4. How is their Maruthi suzuki carscomplaints handling?

Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 70 60 40 30 200

Poor

Good Average

Excellent

Q4. Complaints handling

40

60

70

30 0 20 40 60 80

EXPLAINATION

The chart is complaints of Maruthi suzuki cars excellent is 70% are good is 60 % are average is 40% and poor 30 % finally handling complaints excellent way of Maruthi suzuki cars.

Q5. How is the delivery system of Maruthi suzuki cars?

Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 60 54 66 20 200

EXPLAINATION

The chart is delivery system of Maruthi suzuki cars it is liked customers excellent is 60% out of 200 respondents average is high level 66% are poor is very low 20 and good is 54%. Finally delivery system is good liked people’s only Maruthi suzuki cars.

From the chart is Maruthi, suzuki cars users overall satisfaction level it respondents of 200 more than users liked the product so 76% good of this second place is excellent is 64% are average is 34% and poor is 26 it is very lower level of poor. Finally Maruthi suzuki cars is satisfied of the customers

EXPLAINATION

The chart is office respondent of Maruthi suzuki cars in the office total respondents is 200 very lower level is poor 2% are good is 96% it is

EXPLAINATION

The customer satisfaction chart is 200 respondents average is higher level 122% are good respondents is 48% are customer satisfaction is excellent 24% in theMaruthi suzuki cars.

EXPLAINATION

From the following thechart total respondents is 200 Poor is 64%, good is 46% respondents average is 60% it is high level out of 200 respondents. Finally excellent is 30%. Overall facility is poor.

Explanation

The total 200 respondentsExcellent 30% are good, Satisfactory is 60% are average is 76, and finally 34% are poor, opinion of them Maruthi suzuki cars services are good. It is leader of automobile Industry.

Reparability facility

The 200 respondents in excellent 46% are good, 40% are poor is 54% are poor in reparability facility is to be good. Maintain of service stations and improve delivery departments.

Spare parts facility

From the table and chart note is 200 responding Excellent is 34% , are average and 54% are poor in this 52% spare parts facility may be satisfied. The spare parts not available in all shops. So improve spare sprat shops inMaruthi suzuki cars.

Time bounding facility

The table and graphs noted total 200 responding reveals is 72% are excellent 34% are good, 60% it is average, and finally 34% are poor.

The time bounding facility is good, sometimes delay delivery of product.

FINDINGS

 After the analysis the sample size 100 it include the customers, method of questonnrie find out the brand awareness towards in covid 19 situation towardsMaruthi suzuki cars.

 The customers bought the cars in 2 years back it is useful to Indian economy and important point of thee customers.

 The Maruthi suzuki cars advertisements press and electronic media playing dynamic mode it is a promotional strategy.

 The Maruthi suzuki cars customers conducted the educational program purpose is maintain the Maruthi suzuki cars

 Maruthi suzuki cars popular brand is Indica it is processed the customers of 45% in Maruthi suzuki cars.

SUGGESTIONS OF THE STUDY

 The Maruthi suzuki cars all brand spare parts maintain in the company of the motors four wheelers. It case of inconvenient of the customers. It is important for one.

 The four wheeler Motors reduce the service charges for some rupees. It liked to Maruthi suzuki cars customers.

 The main point of facing problems of some peoples in Mileage problems it is must rectified.

 Maruthi suzuki cars Pvt. Ltd. Increasing customers loyalty and service campus it promotional measure.

 The motor services stations very demand of areas but available in small service stations it is satisfactions of customers.

 The research focused Maruthi suzuki cars sales and services it is useful to important and improves companies.

CONCLUSION

The customers having the good awareness and level of the regarding programs of Maruthi suzuki cars conduct attend various reasons attending programs. Delivery of New cars serviced the car in correct time. Sometimes delay in the service secessions. Customers faces the some mileage problems. It is comparing Incica cars and remaining another models. The some complaint during in the delivery of the car some damages and late of delivery it some issues ofMaruthi suzuki cars it is branch complain but Maruthi suzuki cars is best customers satisfaction.

The Maruthi suzuki cars continue to work it is useful for emerging economics of the world. Increase the market share low and end of the all cars. Maruthi suzuki cars is market leader of the auto mobile industry and high market share available.

REFERENCES

1) Guiles, mug (2008), “gas economic system takes a back seat as vehicles get faster and more a laugh”, wall street journal, October, p.33.

2) N. Hariharan, Parvathy’s arts and science college, dindigul, 2021, september.22, A study on customer brand preferance in renualt cars, swranjali publications, gujrath.

3) Madikonda kishore babu and raghunatha raddy, d., a study on passenger automobile enterprise in India’,Indianjournal of marketing, vol. 34, no. 10, cot 2004.

4) Ramaparsed, p.v., passenger automobile surplus manufacturing will lead to higher exports- part ii, motor India, vol48, no.7, Feb 2004.

5) N. Hariharan Parvathy’s arts and science college, dindigul, july a atudy on online shoppinhg custoemrs preferance in covid 19 situation, Redshine publications , london, inida. Multidiclipnary research area volume 2 book.

6) Ashok j., a take a look at on growing strategies to improve the sales of martinZenpassenger automobile’, international journal of control technological know how, vol. 1 no. 1, July 2005.

7) BhargavaS.C. passenger car enterprise: maruti continues the lead’, statistics for you, April 2000.

8) Bhasin t.m. ‘channelising retail credit ’indianbanks ‘association, vol. xxvii, no. 8, aug 2005.

9) AayushChowdhury, abhishek Kapoor, profiling the younger indian client’, advertising and marketing express, vol. v, issue9 2005.

Chapter - 15

Fluoride Concentration in Potable Groundwater in Rajasthan, India:- A Review

Arvind Chouhan Assistant Professor (Zoology) Government College Luni (Jodhpur)

ABSTRACT:

Rajasthan is parched state almost all 33 districts face water scarcity problem. If open or surface water resources present, heavily contaminated with heavy metals and planktons. If untreated water uses for drinking purpose responsible for various infections and disease such that guine worm (Dracunculus medinensis). To cope up above mention problems in last 50 years dependency upon tube wells and bore specially in rural Rajasthan increases many folds.

The acceptable limit of fluoride for humans is 1.0 1.5 ppm. Ground water of all 33 districts of Rajasthan contaminated with varying amount of fluoride (F), as results hydro-fluorosis has become more extensive in rural Rajasthan, especially desert districts.

The finding of this article put some on hydro-fluorosis, which is burning health issue of Rajasthan. These findings can helpful in the designing and enactment of health policy for mitigation and deterrence of endemic hydro-fluorosis.

Keywords - guine worm, hydro fluorosis, health issue, deterrence, endemic.

INTRODUCTION

Out of 33 districts of Rajasthan, the Thar desert spread in 12 districts. The Aravalli Mountain range separate the forest region of the east and the desert region of the west. The present study put some light on the acute problem of hydro fluorosis which is extensive in the Rajasthan.

Sources of Fluoride

The main source of fluoride to human and domesticated animals are fluoridated potable water, crops grown on fluorotic soils, plants, certain edible marine animals [1] .

Other source are phosphate feed supplements containing fluoride, mineral mixture, medicines, cosmetics, dust in air and industrial fluoride pollution [2] .

Consumption of Fluoride for a long period through fluoridated potable water responsible directly or indirectly for serious health problems in the form of hydro fluorosis in both humans and animals [3] .

The fluoride sources are both natural and man-made, the natural resources responsible for endemic fluorosis, whereas the man made sources restricted to a particular region [4] .

In last two decades, industrial fluoride emissions have also been found to responsible for fluorosis [5]. Many industries release fluoride in both gaseous and particulate and responsible for industrial fluoride pollution.

Industrial emitted fluoride contaminates surrounding terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and their food chains and also biotic communities, on which humans and animals are generally dependent for food and water [6]. Prolonged periods of ingestion of industrial fluoride also

causes mild to severe health hazards in the form of neighbourhood fluorosis [7]. In Rajasthan, groundwater used for drinking is the main source for chronic fluoride intoxication in both humans and domestic animals [8] .

Fluoride in Drinking Groundwater

Studies pointed out that water in almost every bore/ tube well fitted with hand pump of Rajasthan is contaminated with high concentration of fluoride [9]., means above the maximum acceptable limits of 1.0 1.5 ppm, which is not safe for both human and animal health [10]. At present, data of fluoride concentration in potable water sources in all districts of Rajasthan show that higher concentration of fluoride[11]. All 33 districts of Rajasthan on the basis of fluoride concentration can be categorize into three groups on the basis of range, viz. 1.0 1.5 ppm (first group), 5.1 10.0 ppm (second group) and >10 ppm (third group). Based on fluoride concentration, 22 districts belonging to third group are highly prone to chronic fluoride poisoning in Rajasthan.

Table On the basis of fluoride concentration range in potable water Categorization of districts of Estimation of fluoride of all sources including dams, lakes, perennial surface water sources and large reservoirs of all districts of Rajasthan necessary. The report revealed that perennial large ponds and reservoirs located in Banswara, Dungarpur and Udaipur districts are contaminated with fluoride range between 0.1 3.05 ppm. These surface waters sources can also cause hydro-fluorosis in domestic and wild animals. However, till today not a single report on chronic fluoride poisoning in any species of wild animals has been reported so far in the country.

Group I Group II Group III

0.1-5.0 ppm 5.1-10.0 ppm +10 ppm

Banswara, Baran, Dholpur Jhalawar Karauli, Kota Pratapgarh, Rajsamand

Alwar, Bundi Chittorgarh, Hanumangarh Sawai Madhopur

Ajmer, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara

Bikaner, Churu, Dausa, Dungarpur Jalore, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jhunjhunu Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Sikar Sirohi, Sri Ganganagar, Tonk, Udaipur

Reasons behind High Fluoride Concentration

The main reason of high fluoride concentration in ground water is natural causes, higher plenty of fluoride bearing minerals in the sediments and rocks. The important rocks are mica, granite, limestone, schists, sandstone, shales, phosphorite, acid igneous rocks, clays, basalts, alluvium etc. and these contain fluorotic minerals accounting for fluoride in the range 180-3100 ppm [12] .

Their chemical nature like dissociation, decomposition, dissolution and interaction with water is considered to be the main cause of fluoride in groundwater. Distribution of Fluoride is also related to regional hydrogeological and climatic condition. Besides the hydrogeological set up, climate and physiography are other important factors.

The areas of less rainfall have waters with higher Fluoride concentration compared to groundwater in high rainfall areas, despite similar hydrogeological formation. The groundwater in districts like Banswara, Chittorgarh, Udaipur receiving higher rainfall have low Fluoride concentration compared to Bhilwara and Ajmer districts [13] . Physiographical, it is found that hilly areas have water with low F content when compared to the plain areas. Dilution along with rapid flushing out of salts in high rainfall and hilly areas result in low F content in waters of these areas.

The weathering and leaching process, mainly by moving and percolating water, also plays an important role in reducing or increasing of F concentration in groundwater. Other factors like chemical composition, presence and accessibility of F minerals to water and contact time between the source of minerals and water also govern the release of F into water.

Impacts of Fluoride Exposure

Consumption of fluoride rich water over long periods lead to chronic exposure to fluoride ingestion and results in its accumulation predominantly in hard tissues such as teeth and bones causing diverse adverse changes that appear in the form of dental fluorosis (dental mottling) and skeletal fluorosis (osteal deformations) in human and animals [14] .

Besides these maladies, gastrointestinal discomforts, neurological disorders, impaired endocrine and reproductive functions, teratogenic effects, renal effects, genotoxic effects, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, etc. have also been reported in humans as well as in domestic and laboratory animals. These toxic effects due to chronic F exposure in soft tissues or organs are generally known as non-skeletal fluorosis [15] .

Remedy of Fluorosis

Hydro-fluorosis is irreversible, it can be mitigated by consumption of water containing no fluoride or concentration less than 1.0 1.5 ppm.Fluoride free or consumption concentration could be done by using the Nalgonda de-fluoridation technique, which is low cost, simple and effective. This technique should be adopted at the domestic as well as community level for drinking ground water.Establish more and more de-fluoridation units containing activated alumina under the supervision of Public Health and Engineering Department of Rajasthan. This technique’s benefits provide to last person of society and ensure community participation.

Rain water harvesting and conserving is a better option to obtain fluoride free drinking water.

Villages with higher concentration of fluoride supply treated water of perennial water sources to villages.

CONCLUSION

Based on published data, it is seeming that potable groundwater sources in rural Rajasthan contaminated with fluoride, and all most all of them have fluoride beyond the permissible limit of 1.0 1.5 ppm. Consumption of such water for a long time is a health hazard for both human and domestic animals. Therefore, a provision for supply of fluoride free water is need of hour in all endemic villages of Rajasthan. Fluoride analysis of perennial surface water sources are also essential.

The present study provides important information pertaining to district wise fluoride distribution in potable groundwater that could be useful in the shaping of health policies at the state level for prevention and control of endemic hydro fluorosis.

REFERENCES

1. Walbot, V. (1985). On the Life Strategies of Plants and Animals. Trends in Genetics, 1, 16 169.

2. Koli, P., Yadav, S., Yadav, D. K., and Devi, S. (2017). Fluoride Toxicity in Livestock. Popular Kheti, 5(2), 110-13.

3. Network, F. A. FAN’s Submission to UK: “Have Your Say on Extending Water Fluoridation Schemes”.

4. Ayenew, T. (2008). The Distribution and Hydrogeological Controls of Fluoride in the Groundwater of Central Ethiopian Rift and Adjacent Highlands. Environmental Geology, 54(6), 1313 1324.

5. Krook, L., and Maylin, G. A. (1979). Industrial Fluoride Pollution. Chronic Fluoride Poisoning in Cornwall Island Cattle. The Cornell Veterinarian, 69, suppl-1.

6. Fujii, S., Polprasert, C., Tanaka, S., Hong Lien, N. P., and Qiu, Y. (2007). New POPs in the Water Environment: Distribution, Bioaccumulation and Treatment of Perfluorinated Compounds- A Review Paper. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology AQUA, 56(5), 313-326.

7. Brindha, K., and Elango, L. (2011). Fluoride in Groundwater: Causes, Implications and Mitigation Measures. Fluoride Properties, Applications and Environmental Management, 1, 111136.

8. Choubisa, S. L. (2018). Fluoride Distribution in Drinking Groundwater in Rajasthan, India. Current Science, 1851-1857.

9. Suthar, S., Garg, V. K., Jangir, S., Kaur, Goswami, N., and Singh, S. (2008). Fluoride Contamination in Drinking Water in Rural Habitations of Northern Rajasthan, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 145(1), 1-6.

10. Chowdhary, T., and Chaudhary, R. (2013). Impact of Fluoride Rich Groundwater on Health with Special Reference to (Didwana) Nagaur, Rajasthan. Binay Barman, 272.

11. Tiwari, K. K., Krishan, G., Prasad, G., Mondal, N. C., and Bhardwaj, V. (2020). Evaluation of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater in a Semi arid Region, Dausa District, Rajasthan, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 11, 100465.

12. Agrawal, V., Vaish, A. K., and Vaish, P. (1997). Groundwater Quality: Focus on Fluoride and Fluorosis in Rajasthan. Current Science, 73(9), 743 746.

13. Choubisa, S. L., Choubisa, D., and Choubisa, A. (2022). Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater and its Threat of Health of Villagers and their Domestic Animals and Agriculture Crops in Rural Rajasthan, India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1 22.

14. Stepec, D., and Ponikvar Svet, M. (2019). Fluoride in Human Health and Nutrition. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 66(2), 255-275.

15. Kabir, H., Gupta, A. K., and Tripathy, S. (2020). Fluoride and Human Health: Systematic Appraisal of Sources, Exposures, Metabolism, and Toxicity. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(11), 1116 1193.

Chapter - 16

Determination of Fluoride Ion Using an Ion Selective Electrode

M.Shanti Assistant Professor, B.S Dept,GNITS,Hyderabad

ABSTRACT :

In recent years direct potentiometry has become important as an analytical technique largely because of the development of ionselective electrodes (ISE). This type of electrode incorporates a special ion sensitive membrane which may be glass, a crystalline inorganic material or an organic ion-exchanger. The membrane interacts specifically with the ion of choice, in our case fluoride, allowing the electrical potential of the half cell to be controlled predominantly by the F- concentration.

Keywords Electrodes, Multimeter, Ion exchanger

INTRODUCTION

The potential of the ISE is measured against a suitable reference electrode using an electrometer or pH meter. The electrode potential is related to the logarithm of the concentration of the measured ion by the Nernst equation.

E = E o+ 2.303 RT log[M]

where n is the ion charge (negative for anions). The factor 2.303 RT/F has a theoretical value of 59 mV at 25 °C. The equation is only valid for very dilute solutions or for solutions where the ionic strength is constant. Ionic strength is defined by

where Zi is the charge on an ion and Ci is its concentration. ISEs are available for measuring more than 20 different cations (e.g., Ag+, Na+, K+, Ca++, Cu++) and anions (e.g., F , Cl , S 2, CN ).

In this experiment you will use a fluoride sensitive electrode and either a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) or Ag/AgCl external reference electrode to measure the fluoride-ion content of a solution. Fluoride is added to drinking water and toothpaste to inhibit dental caries; it is also present in effluents from many industrial processes, e.g., manufacture of fluoro polymers.

Flouride ISEs only respond to free ionized F- in solution and can thus be used to measure this ion in the presence of other fluorine compounds, e.g., AlF63 or organofluorine compounds. In other words, the electrode responds to F activity.

REAGENTS AND EQUIPMENT

• NaF, dried at 100 °C for 1 hour.

• Liquid NaF unknown.

• KCl (7.55 g)

• Fluoride ISE and Ag/AgCl or SCE reference electrode

PROCEDURE

Preparation of Standards

1. Dry the NaF solid for 1 hour at 100 °C.

2. Accurately weigh out about 0.42 g of NaF, dissolve in deionized water, dilute to 100 mL in a volumetric flask and mix well. This solution is about 10 1 F in NaF.

3. Transfer 10.00 mL of the solution prepared in (2) to a 100 mL volumetric flask using a pipet, dilute to volume with deionized water and mix well. This solution is about 10 2F in NaF.

4. Weigh out 7.55 g of KCl on a top-loading balance and dissolve in 100 mL of deionized water. This solution is 1 F in KCl.

5. Prepare standard solutions in four 100 mL volumetric flasks as follows: mL 10 2 F NaF (from 3) mL 1 F KCl (I) 1.00 10.00 (II) 2.00 10.00 (III) 5.00 10.00 (IV) 10.00 10.00

Dilute each flask to volume with deionized water and mix well.

Instrument Setup and Operation

Figure 1. Instrument setup for ISE measurements. Left: Back of

pH/mV meter showing ISE (A), reference electrode (B) and power (C) connections. Right: Front view showing typical arrangement for mV measurements. Note that electrodes are suspended off the bottom of the beaker that holds the sample.

NOTE: When the electrodes are not immersed in solution, be sure to set the meter to the “OFF” position to avoid polarizing the electrodes. During measurement, set the meter to the “mV” position, making sure that the “mV” indicator light is illuminated.

Analysis of Unknown

Your unknown for this experiment is a solution. When you obtain your unknown, you need to quantitatively transfer it to a 100 mL volumetric flask and dilute it to the mark, resulting in the "prepared" unknown solution. You are to report the results of this "prepared" unknown.

1. Add 1 mL of your prepared unknown, then 10 mL of KCl to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to the 100 mL mark with deionized water.

2. Measure the potential in mV of the fluoride ISE vs the reference electrode for each of the four standards and unknowns.

C A U T I O N: Do not touch the ISE ion sensitive membrane. Rinse it with deionized water between measurements and then with a small volume of the new solution. Do not wipe it dry.

3. Pour about 30 mL of each standard or unknown solution into a clean, dry 100 mL beaker and immerse the electrodes in the solution to a depth of not more than 2 cm, as shown in Figure 1. Measure the electrode potential, taking care to note both the sign and the magnitude of the potential.

4. When you finish, rinse the electrodes with deionized water. Leave the reference electrode in the appropriate storage solution. The F ISE should be stored dry and loosely capped. DO NOT force the cap onto the electrode tip!

Discussion: Analysis of Fluoride in Toothpaste

The toothpaste sample should be prepared and analyzed at the same time the standards and your prepared unknown.

1. Accurately weigh about 0.2 g of toothpaste into a 100 mL beaker. Add 10 mL of 1F KCl and about 40 mL of water to the beaker.

2. Boil the mixture gently for 3 5 minutes, breaking up the toothpaste with a stirring rod if necessary.

3. Cool the solution, quantitatively transfer the liquid to a 100 mL volumetric flask and dilute to volume.

4. Analyze this sample when you perform the analysis on your standards and unknown. Report your results in terms of the % (w/w) F in the toothpaste. Report this on your unknown card in

addition to the unknown sample results that you turn in.

TREATMENT OF RESULTS

1. Accurately calculate the molarity of NaF for each of the standard solutions.

2. Plot a graph of the logarithm of [NaF] in the standard solutions vs E. Determine the best line through the four standard solution experimental points. Calculate the slope of the calibration curve, and its associated uncertainty. How nearly does it equal the theoretical slope, 59 mV? (Slope = dE/ dlog[NaF]).

3. Utilizing the calibration curve, determine the concentration of NaF in your “prepared” unknown solution. Report this as percent fluoride (% w/v) in the “prepared” unknown. Report the 95% confidence interval for your results.

CONCLUSION:

Fluoride levels in drinking water should be within the recommended and accepted levels to prevent dental caries and reduce the risk of dental fluorosis. The less than recommended fluoride level in drinking water (both tap + bottled) as well as beverages poses wider implications

for an effective and comprehensive fluoride program for caries prevention in children. Oral health care professionals in UAE should always be aware of reduced levels of fluoride in drinking water (both tap + bottled) as well as beverages.

REFERENCES:

1. Ahiropoulos V. Fluoride content of bottled waters available in Northern Greece. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2006;16(2):111 116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Aldrees A.M., Al Manea S.M. Fluoride content of bottled drinking waters available in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi. Dent. J. 2010;22:189 193. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Beverage Marketing Corporation, 2014. “2013 Market Report Findings” Available online at <http://www.bottledwater.org/public/2011%20BMC%20Bottled%2 0Water%20Stats_2.pdf#overlay context=economics/industry statistics>.

4. Bratovcic A., Odobasic A., Catic S. The advantages of the use of ion-selective potentiometry in relation to UV/VIS spectroscopy. Agric. Conspec. Sci. 2009;74:139 141. [Google Scholar]

5. Burton L.E., David C., Davis O.S. Comparison of colorimeter and electrode analysis of water fluoride. Pediatr. Dent. 1992;14:47 49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Ceci Q.V., Paulo F. Fluoride concentration in bottle water. Cad. Saúde. Clet. 2015;23(4):460 467. [Google Scholar]